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Cenozoic History of Northeastern Montana and Northwestern North Dakota with Emphasis on the Pleistocene

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Cenozoic History of Northeastern Montana and Northwestern North Dakota with Emphasis on the Pleistocene Cenozoic History of Northeastern Montana and Northwestern North Dakota With Emphasis on the Pleistocene GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 326 Cenozoic History of Northeastern Montana and Northwestern North Dakota With Emphasis on the Pleistocene By ARTHUR DAVID HOWARD GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 326 A study emphasizing the Pleistocene history of the north-central Great Plains, with descriptions of glacial and nonglacial deposits and of major drainage changes UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1960 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FRED A. SEATON, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan, Director The U.S. Geological Survey Library catalog card for this publication appears after page 107 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D.C. CONTENTS Page Page Abstract, _ __________ _______________________________ 1 Quaternary stratigraphy Continued Introduction _______________________________________ 3 Early Wisconsin (?) drift Continued Purpose of study ______________________________ 3 Surface topography. ________________-_----__ 33 Field methods. ________________________________ 3 Differentiation _____________________________ 34 Pebble analyses. _ ___________________________ 3 Age of drift. ____-_-_-_____-______----_----_ 35 Isopleth maps. _____________________________ 4 Wisconsin age. _ ________________________ 35 Acknowledgments------ __---_-_-_-______________ 7 Summary of age discussion__ _______ ______ 36 Physiographic setting _______________________________ Middle Wisconsin(?) drift--___-_-_--_------------ 36 Regional setting ________________________________ Distribution. _______________________________ 36 Local setting. ----_-__-__-___________-__________ Physical characteristics. _____________________ 37 Topography ________________________________ Underlying topography and geology ________ 38 Drift prairie_ ______ _____________________ Surface topography, __________________------ 38 Missouri Plateau. _______________________ Differentiation. _______________--__-__----_- 38 Flaxville Plateaus and Flaxville Plain _____ 9 Geomorphic relations. _ __________________ 38 Plateaus north of the Missouri River__ 10 Lithologic evidence ___________-_--_---_- 39 Plateaus south of the Missouri River__ 10 Additional arguments against superglacial Cypress Hills and Cypress Plain__________ 10 origin __________-__-_______-_---_---- 40 Glacial mantle_ _ ________________________ 10 Restricted distribution ________----__ 40 Sand dunes ____________________________ 10 Absence of similar deposit on Mankato Drainage __________________________________ 12 42 Climate ___________________________________ 13 Probable intervening soil _____--__------- 42 Temperature. __________________________ 13 Intervening unconformity______-__- ------ 43 Precipitation. __________________________ 13 Presence of boulder-clay facies___ _________ 43 Ground water __________________________ 13 Summary of discussion of differentiation. __ 43 13 Middle Wisconsin (?) glaciofluvial and lacustrine Vegetation. ________________________________ 13 sediments. _ ------------------------------ 44 Soils ______________________________________ 14 Age of drift ___________________-_--------_-- 44 Flood plains and terraces. _______________________ 14 Mankato drift.. _ ------------------------------- 44 Flood plains- ____ ______ _____________________ 14 Distribution. _ ------------------------------ 44 Flood-channel steps_ ________________________ 15 Terminology ------------------------------- 45 Valley terraces _____________________________ 15 Physical characteristics. _____________________ 45 Pre- Pleistocene stratigraphy and structure _____________ 15 Underlying topography and geology- ____-_--- 46 Regional geologic setting, ________________________ 15 Surface topography- ------------------------ 47 Local geologic setting ___________________________ 15 Differentiation _________________--__---_---- 51 Areal geology and stratigraphy _______________ 15 Lithologic contrast with middle Wiscon­ Upper Cretaceous, _ _____________________ 15 sin^) drift -____-_____-_-----------_-- 51 Tertiary. ______________________________ 16 Suggestive stratigraphic relations _________ 51 Fort Union formation _______________ 16 Railroad cut east of Tioga_ __________ 51 Golden Valley formation. ____________ 16 White Earth River valley exposure____ 52 White River formation __--_________- 17 Geomorphic relations. _ __________________ 52 Rimroad graveL ____________________ 17 Topography- _ -------------------------- 52 Flaxville gravel. ____________________ 17 Concentration of ice-contact features and Structure __________________________________ 17 valley trains ____________---_--------- 52 Relation of topography and drainage to structure- 17 Summary of discussion of differentiation, __ 53 Quaternary stratigraphy. _ ___________________________ 18 Location of drift border ______________---_--- 53 Cartwright graveL ______________________________ 19 Terrace silts older alluvium and slope wash_-_--_- 54 Crane Creek graveL ____________________________ 21 Distribution and composition, ---------------- 54 Possible pre- Wisconsin drift__ ____________________ 23 Stratigraphic and geomorphic relations. _______ 55 Till(?) at Smoke Creek_,____________________ 23 Age_ ___________ __________--------_-------- 56 Deposits near Bainville_ _____________________ 26 Eolian deposits, -------------------------------- 57 Early Wisconsin(?) drift. _ _______________________ 27 57 Distribution. _______________________________ 27 Loess_ ______ 57 Physical characteristics of till. _______________ 29 Recent alluvium. 58 Underlying topography and geology__-,-_-____ 33 Colluvium ------ 58 in IV CONTENTS Page Page Geologic history___--_-_-_----------_-----__-__--_-_- 59 Geologic history Continued Tertiary._-___-------------_---_---_-------_--- 59 Pleistocene Continued Pleistocene. _________-____-_----_____-_____-____ 61 Summary of drainage history,________________ 77 Missouri Plateau peneplain, _________________ 61 Early Wisconsin (?) glaciation ________________ 77 Ancestral drainage._________________________ 62 Advance of the ice______________________ 77 Missouri River. ________________________ 62 Waning of the ice_______________________ 82 Yellowstone River ______________________ 63 Rate of recession. ______________________ 86 Date of diversion of the Missouri and Yel- Landscape modifications,________________ 88 stone Rivers_ _____-_---_-_-_.__-_____ 66 Summary of early Wisconsin(?) glaciation__ 89 Evidence for pre-Wisconsin date, _____ 66 Early-middle Wisconsin(?) erosion interval_____ 89 Evidence for Kansan date.___________ 67 Middle Wisconsin (?) glaciation _ ______________ 90 Little Missouri River_-_____________--_-_ 68 Summary of middle Wisconsin(?) glaciation_ 91 Crane erosion cycle_________________________ 70 Middle Wisconsin(?)-Mankato erosion interval, 93 Smoke Creek glaciation_._-__________._______ 70 Mankato glaciation____.-_-___-_--____-_____ 93 Deep-trench erosion cycle.___________________ 70 Summary of Mankato glaciation..._______ 96 Minor drainage changes prior to early Wiscon­ Post-Mankato time_________________________ 96 sin^) glaciation. _________________________ 72 Jones cut, an exposure of multiple drifts.______________ 98 Poplar River and Big Muddy Creek valleys. 72 Stratigraphy of the southeast face_ _______________ 98 Little Muddy Creek valley.______________ 75 Stratigraphy of the northwest face________________ 99 White Earth River valley________________ 75 Selected references._________________________________ 101 Miscellaneous streams.__________________ 76 Index _____________________________________________ 105 ILLUSTRATIONS [Plates in pocket] PLATE 1. Glacial map of northeastern Montana and north­ FIGURE 11. Pebble analyses of Crane Creek gravel, Page western North Dakota. valley of Yellowstone River, Mont_______ 22 2. Physiographic map of northeastern Montana and 12. A, Edge of Crane terrace opposite Glendive, northwestern North Dakota. Mont.; B, Early Wisconsin(?) till resting 3. Flood-plain profiles across the Missouri and lower on Crane gravel at Wolf Point, Mont____ 24 Yellowstone River valleys. 13. Section along Smoke Creek, Roosevelt 4. Map of pre-Pleistocene rocks of northeastern Mon­ County, Mont_ __---__-------------_-- 24 tana and northwestern North Dakota. 14. Early Wisconsin(?) till resting on older 5. Histogram map showing erratic-pebble content of till(?), Roosevelt County, Mont. ________ 24 surface till. 15. Section along Sand Creek, McKenzie County, 6. Generalized sections of terraces composed of glacial N. Dak_____--------------_--_-------- 27 deposits and silts older than the flood plain. 16. Early Wisconsin (?) till along the Poplar 7. Generalized stratigraphic sections of modern and River, Mont-------------------------- 29 fossil soils and loess. 17. Early Wisconsin(?) till east of Brockton, 8. Ancestral drainage in relation to principal ice- Mont___.___ _ --__- ---------- 29 marginal channels. Page 18. Comparison of glacial-pebble content of FIGURE 1. Physiographic map of northern Great Plains. _ 4 Mankato, middle Wisconsin (?), and early 2. Badlands of the Little Missouri River, south of Wisconsin(?) tills_-_ __ ------ 31 Watford City, McKenzie County, N. Dak_ _ 19. Exposure of middle Wisconsin (?) till, and 3. Flaxville upland north of the Missouri River, early Wisconsin (?) till near Williston, N. Sheridan County, Mont_ _______________ 37 4. Projected profiles of the Yellowstone River 20. Relations of
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