Frauen Und Diaspora: Zur Konstitution Weiblicher Subjektivität in Der Diaspora Am Beispiel Der Sino-Helvetischen Autorin Zhao Shuxia

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Frauen Und Diaspora: Zur Konstitution Weiblicher Subjektivität in Der Diaspora Am Beispiel Der Sino-Helvetischen Autorin Zhao Shuxia Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2013 Frauen und Diaspora: Zur Konstitution weiblicher Subjektivität in der Diaspora am Beispiel der sino-helvetischen Autorin Zhao Shuxia Ensinger, Kathrin Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-91789 Dissertation Published Version Originally published at: Ensinger, Kathrin. Frauen und Diaspora: Zur Konstitution weiblicher Subjektivität in der Diaspora am Beispiel der sino-helvetischen Autorin Zhao Shuxia. 2013, University of Zurich, Faculty of Arts. Frauen und Diaspora: Zur Konstitution weiblicher Subjektivität in der Diaspora am Beispiel der sino-helvetischen Autorin Zhao Shuxia Abhandlung zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Philosophischen Fakultät der Universität Zürich vorgelegt von Kathrin Ensinger Angenommen im Frühjahrssemester 2013 auf Antrag von Prof. Dr. Andrea Riemenschnitter und Prof. Dr. Nicola Spakowski Zürich, 2016 Inhaltsverzeichnis I Einleitung 3 I.1 Auswahl des Stoffes und Forschungsstand.........................................................................3 I.1.1 Literarische Zeugnisse eines Lebens in der Fremde: Patriotische Bekenntnisse oder Manifestationen eines transkulturellen Identifikationsprozesses..........................................3 I.1.2 Chinesischsprachige Literatur am Rande: Zwischen wissenschaftlicher Marginalisierung und politischer Instrumentalisierung.........................................................7 I.1.3 Der Roman Sai Jinhua: Neue Weiblichkeit im Dienste patriotischer Einschwörung? .............................................................................................................................................11 I.2 Theoretische Ausrichtung.................................................................................................22 I.2.1 Diaspora als Herausforderung und Hoffnungsträger..................................................22 I.2.2 Standortbestimmungen in der Chinesischen Diaspora................................................28 II Das literarische Feld 35 II.1 Eine kurze Geschichte chinesischer Migration: Phänomene und Begriffe.......................35 II.2 Shijie huawen wenxue 世界華文文學: Chinesischsprachige Literatur als transnationale, transkulturelle Institution.........................................................................................................38 II.3 Weltweite transnationale Institutionalisierung und Vernetzung literarischer Aktivitäten als Schlüsselmoment diasporischer Identitätsfindung...................................................................44 III Zur Biographie und schriftstellerischen Laufbahn Zhao Shuxias 52 III.1 Stationen eines bewegten Lebens.....................................................................................54 III.2 Eine schriftstellerische Karriere zwischen Entfremdung und Neuorientierung...............62 IV Visionen weiblicher Handlungskompetenz: Zhao Shuxias Roman Sai Jinhua 71 IV.1 Die Figur Sai Jinhua im Kontext literarischer Rollenzuweisungen.................................72 IV.1.1 Historische Hintergründe..........................................................................................75 IV.1.2 Zwischen Fiktion und historischer Realität: Kurze Geschichte einer Legende........94 IV.2 Der Roman Zhao Shuxias: (Versuch einer) Neuinterpretation aus diasporischer Sicht. 116 IV.2.1 Zur Auseinandersetzung mit den literarischen Vorgängern im Roman..................118 IV.2.2 Vom Blumenmädchen zur Grande dame: Ein Lebensweg im Wechselspiel zwischen Selbstbestimmungsrecht und Fremdbestimmung..............................................................122 IV.2.3 Auf der Suche nach dem eigenen Ich: Identitätsverhandlungen im Kontext diverser Grenzüberschreitungen......................................................................................................151 IV.2.4 Auf der Suche nach der neuen Zeit: Historische Diskurse neu beleuchtet.............172 IV.2.5 Opfer, Heilige, Femme fatale: Optionen weiblicher Emanzipation im Spannungsfeld 1 geschlechtlicher Identifikationen.......................................................................................182 V Nostalgische Sehnsucht oder kreatives Erinnern: Zhao Shuxia zwischen den Welten 195 VI Zusammenfassung/Schluss 224 Glossar 231 Abkürzungen 239 Bibliographie 239 Primärliteratur...................................................................................................................239 Sekundärliteratur...............................................................................................................240 2 I Einleitung I.1 Auswahl des Stoffes und Forschungsstand I.1.1 Literarische Zeugnisse eines Lebens in der Fremde: Patriotische Bekenntnisse oder Manifestationen eines transkulturellen Identifikationsprozesses Die sino-helvetische Schriftstellerin Zhao Shuxia 趙 淑 俠 (geb. 1931; im deutschsprachigen Raum bekannt als Susie Chen) ist seit über vierzig Jahren eine der wichtigsten Persönlichkeiten in der chinesischsprachigen Literaturszene Europas. Ihre Werke sind sowohl in der Republik China (Taiwan) als auch in der VR China bekannt. Von 1961 an lebte und arbeitete sie vierzig Jahre lang in der Schweiz, ohne jedoch die Verbindungen in ihre chinesische Heimat abreißen zu lassen. Als sie im Jahre 2001 dem ehemaligen Ostasiatischen Seminar der Universität Zürich1 im Rahmen einer Schenkung ihre private Bibliothek, ihre Briefe und andere Dokumente übergab, hatte sie sich entschlossen, mit 70 Jahren noch einmal die Koffer zu packen und ihren Kindern in die USA nach New York zu folgen. Mit der Schenkung verknüpfte sie die Hoffnung auf eine wissenschaftliche Auseinandersetzung mit ihren Werken, die einen Zweig der chinesischen Literatur repräsentieren, der bisher von der europäischen Sinologie nur am Rande wahrgenommen wurde, namentlich der außerhalb Chinas oder Taiwans entstehenden 2 chinesischsprachigen Literatur (haiwai huawen wenxue 海外華文文學). Die Sammlung gibt lebhaft Zeugnis von einer aktiven literarischen und persönlichen Aus- einandersetzung mit verschiedenen Kulturen. Es finden sich darin nicht nur ihre in China und Taiwan publizierten Werke, sondern ebenso die Manuskripte aller wichtigen Romane, einiger Essays und Gedichte, zum Teil unveröffentlichte Dokumente, mehr als 300 Briefe und zahlrei- che Zeitschriften. Akribisch sind Artikel (insgesamt ca. 600) aus – hauptsächlich chinesischspra- chigen – Zeitschriften und Zeitungen der ganzen Welt zusammengetragen, die sich Zhao Shuxia und ihren Werken widmen. Darüber hinaus bietet die Sammlung Materialien, die der Autorin selbst als Quellen für ihre Werke dienten. So lässt sich neben der Rezeptionsgeschichte auch die Geschichte einzelner Motive und Themen rekonstruieren. 1 Im Januar 2013 wurde an der Universität Zürich das Asien-Orient-Institut gegründet, dem neben dem ehemaligen Ostasiatischen Seminar (mit den Abteilungen Japanologie und Sinologie) auch das ehemalige Orientalische Seminar (mit den Abteilungen Islamwissenschaften und Gender Studies) sowie die Indologie angehören. 2 Zur ausführlichen Erläuterung des Begriffes siehe unten. 3 Vor allem die Briefe erlauben einen Einblick in die engen Verbindungen Zhao Shuxias zu chinesischen und westlichen Schriftstellerinnen und Schriftstellern in allen Teilen der Welt. Sie zeigen ein Netzwerk auf, in dem Zhao Shuxia ganz offensichtlich ein wichtiger Dreh- und An- gelpunkt war und noch heute ist. Sie demonstrieren das Engagement, mit dem Zhao Shuxia sich selbst wichtige Unterstützung und Kontakte suchte und mit dem sie ebensolche Unterstützung auch anderen zukommenließ. Neben offiziellen Verlagskorrespondenzen, bei denen es um die Veröffentlichung einzelner Aufsätze oder auch ganzer Monographien geht, finden sich Anträge auf Mitgliedschaften in verschiedenen Schriftstellerorganisationen der Schweiz und Deutsch- lands und die Reaktionen darauf sowie unzählige Briefe chinesischer Schriftstellerinnen und Schriftsteller aus Europa, Amerika und Asien, die Planungen für gemeinsame Veranstaltungen und Projekte ebenso zum Inhalt haben wie den Dank für gewährte Unterstützung. Ergänzt durch die persönlichen Gespräche mit Zhao Shuxia erwächst aus all dem das Bild einer Frau, deren Hauptanliegen darin besteht, die innere Zerrissenheit und anfängliche Einsam- keit, die eine Wanderung zwischen zwei kulturell verschiedenen Welten begleiten, zu überwin- den und als Antriebskraft für das eigene gesellschaftliche Wirken zu begreifen und zu nutzen. Den Verlust der Heimat kompensiert sie dabei mit erhöhtem Engagement in einem literarischen Feld3, dessen Rahmen abgesteckt ist durch die formale und inhaltliche Anbindung an die moder- ne chinesische Literatur der ersten Hälfte des zwanzigsten Jahrhunderts auf der einen und durch die Gegebenheiten des Lebens und Arbeitens außerhalb der Grenzen Chinas und Taiwans auf der anderen Seite. Dazu zählen nicht nur spezielle Produktions-, Publikations- und Rezeptions- bedingungen, sondern auch Einflüsse der westlichen Kultur und Literatur sowie Besonderheiten der persönlichen Situation. Die Popularität Zhao Shuxias schlägt sich nieder in einer beachtlichen Anzahl von kriti- schen Auseinandersetzungen mit ihrem Leben und Werk. In chinesischsprachigen Publikationen galt und gilt sie noch immer als die wichtigste und einflussreichste Vertreterin der huawen wen- xue 華 文 文 學 (chinesischsprachige Literatur) in Europa. Eingeordnet wird sie vor allem von volksrepublikanischer Seite zunächst in die sogenannte
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