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La Voix Dissonante Des Personnages D'esprit-Renard Dans Deux Romans En Langue Vernaculaire De La Fin Des Qing

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La Voix Dissonante Des Personnages D'esprit-Renard Dans Deux Romans En Langue Vernaculaire De La Fin Des Qing Carrières de renards : la voix dissonante des personnages d’esprit-renard dans deux romans en langue vernaculaire de la fin des Qing Lucrezia Zanzottera To cite this version: Lucrezia Zanzottera. Carrières de renards : la voix dissonante des personnages d’esprit-renard dans deux romans en langue vernaculaire de la fin des Qing. Littératures. Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales- INALCO PARIS - LANGUES O’, 2020. Français. NNT : 2020INAL0022. tel-03232555 HAL Id: tel-03232555 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03232555 Submitted on 21 May 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. INSTITUT NATIONAL DES LANGUES ET CIVILISATIONS ORIENTALES Ecole Doctorale n0 265 Langues, littératures et sociétés du monde Institut Français de Recherche sur l’Asie de l’Est (IFRAE) THESE présentée par Lucrezia ZANZOTTERA soutenue le 20 novembre 2020 pour obtenir le grade de Docteur de l’INALCO en Littératures et civilisations Carrières de renards : la voix dissonante des personnages d'esprit-renard dans deux romans en langue vernaculaire de la fin des Qing Thèse dirigée par : M. Vincent Durand-Dastès Professeur des Universités, INALCO M. Rainier Lanselle Directeur d’études, EPHE, CRCAO RAPPORTEURS : M. Pierre Kaser Professeur des Universités, Aix-Marseille Université M. Keith McMahon Professeur des Universités, Université de Kansas (USA) MEMBRES DU JURY : M. Vincent Durand-Dastès Professeur des Universités, INALCO M. Rainier Lanselle Professeur des Universités, EPHE, CRCAO M. Keith McMahon Professeur des Universités, Université de Kansas (USA) Mme Françoise Robin Professeur des Universités, INALCO Mme Solange Cruveillé Maître de conférences, Université Paul Valéry Montpellier 1 2 INSTITUT NATIONAL DES LANGUES ET CIVILISATIONS ORIENTALES Ecole Doctorale n0 265 Langues, littératures et sociétés du monde Institut Français de Recherche sur l’Asie de l’Est (IFRAE) THESE présentée par Lucrezia ZANZOTTERA soutenue le 20 novembre 2020 pour obtenir le grade de Docteur de l’INALCO en Littératures et civilisations Carrières de renards : la voix dissonante des personnages d'esprit-renard dans deux romans en langue vernaculaire de la fin des Qing Thèse dirigée par : M. Vincent Durand-Dastès Professeur des Universités, INALCO M. Rainier Lanselle Directeur d’études, EPHE, CRCAO RAPPORTEURS : M. Pierre Kaser Professeur des Universités, Aix-Marseille Université M. Keith McMahon Professeur des Universités, Université de Kansas (USA) MEMBRES DU JURY : M. Vincent Durand-Dastès Professeur des Universités, INALCO M. Rainier Lanselle Professeur des Universités, EPHE, CRCAO M. Keith McMahon Professeur des Universités, Université de Kansas (USA) Mme Françoise Robin Professeur des Universités, INALCO Mme Solange Cruveillé Maître de conférences, Université Paul Valéry Montpellier 3 4 SOMMAIRE Introduction Partie I Tenants et aboutissants : l’esprit-renard en général et dans les deux romans analysés Partie II Le Yaohua zhuan : plus qu’une femme Partie III Le Huliyuan quanzhuan : une femme impossible Conclusion Bibliographie Annexes Table des matières 5 Je tiens à remercier mes directeurs de thèse qui ont été pour moi véritablement complémentaires dans l’aide fournie au cours de cette longue aventure. Je remercie aussi Patricia Péryguey, chère amie qui m’a toujours aidée dans les moments difficiles. Une pensée au cher ami Michel Didier, qui n’est plus parmi nous mais qui reste toujours dans mon cœur. Un remerciement tout spécial à Carla Bettinelli, mon ange, et à Solange Cruveillé, qui m’a généreusement guidée pour revoir mon travail. Merci vraiment, chère Madame. 6 «Nous sommes tous chacun notre propre démon et nous faisons de ce monde notre enfer ». Oscar Wilde. 7 Introduction Cette thèse ne nait avec aucune présomption : elle n’a que des espoirs. Et ces espoirs, de nature multiple et différente, reposent sur deux objectifs principaux. Tout d’abord, présenter deux ouvrages méconnus mais très intéressants qui n’ont jamais été traduits en langue occidentale : le Yaohua zhuan de Ding Bingren et le Huliyuan Quanzhuan de Zuiyue Shanren. Ensuite, parvenir à voir dans l’esprit-renard quelque chose d’autre qu’un simple démon lubrique et définir sa transgression pas seulement en tant que sexuelle mais aussi en tant que sociopolitique dans le contexte du roman vernaculaire. Mais qu’est-ce qu’un esprit-renard ? Pourquoi le choisir comme sujet d’une thèse ? Ce qu’on appelle esprit-renard, huli jing 狐狸 精 en chinois, est un personnage majeur dans l’histoire de la religion, du folklore et de la littérature pas uniquement chinoise mais aussi coréenne et japonaise. C’est un renard magique, doté de multiples pouvoirs et notamment du pouvoir de métamorphose en être humain1. Mâle ou femelle, jeune et téméraire ou vieux et sage, il se situe toujours entre l’animal et l’humain, le divin et le démoniaque. Il peut se consacrer à sa propre autocultivation en suivant les règles de l’Ecole taoïste ou bouddhiste, ou choisir d’hanter des humains pour s’emparer de l’énergie vitale nécessaire à son autocultivation rapide (énergie yang pour les femelles et yin pour les 1 Parmi les nombreux spécialistes de l’esprit-renard, notamment en ce qui concerne sa métamorphose, voir : Li Jianguo 李剑国, Hulijing de gushi 狐狸精的故事 [Histoires d’esprits-renards], Tianjin : Nankai daxue, 1994 ; Zhongguo hu wenhua 中国狐文化 [La culture du renard en Chine], Beijing : Zhonghua shuju, 2001. Ylva Monschein, Der Zauber der Fuchsfee : Entstehung und Wandel eines « Femme-Fatale » Motivs in des chinesischen Literatur [La magie de la fée renarde : formation et évolution du thème de la femme-fatale dans la littérature chinoise], in Heidelberger Schriften zur Ostasienkunde, Frankfurt : Haag une Herchen, vol. 10, 1988. Liu Xicheng 刘锡诚, « Jiuweihu de wenhua neihan » 九尾狐的内涵 [Compréhension culturelle du renard à neuf queues], in Minjian wenxue luntan : lilun yu fangfa 民间文学论坛: 理论与方法 [Tribune sur la littérature populaire : théorie et méthode], Beijing : Zhongguo wenlian, coll. Zhongguo wenlian wanxia wenku, 2007. Li Shouju 李寿菊 , « Huli de meili nanju – huxian xinyang qilaiyouzi » 狐狸的魅力难拒 - 狐仙信仰其来有自 [Du charme irrésistible du renard : l’origine de la croyance sur le renard ?], in Zhongyang ribao, Changhe, Taipei: 1991; Huxian xinyang tanyan 狐仙信仰探研 [Recherches sur les croyances en l’immortel renard], Taipei : Wenhua daxue, 1994; Huxian xinyang yu hulijing gushi 狐仙信仰与狐狸精故事 [Croyance en l’immortel renard et histoires de hulijing], Taipei : Taiwan xuesheng shuju, 1995. Kang Xiaofei, « The Fox [hu] and the Barbarian [hu]: Unraveling Representations of the Other in Late Tang Tales », in Journal of Chinese Religions, n. 27, Madison: University of Wisconsin, 1999, pp. 35-67; Power on the margins: The Cult of the Fox in Late Imperial China, Columbia University, 2000; « Sex with Foxes: Fantasy and Power in Traditional Chinese Stories », in River Gazette, 5 (2), 8, 2005, p. 8; The Cult of the Fox: Power, Gender, and Popular Religion in Late Imperial China, New York: Columbia University Press, 2006; « Fox Spiritism and Daoism in Qing Vernacular Literature », unpublished paper presented at the Fifth International Daoist Studies Conference at Wudangshan, Pittsburg : Carnegie Mellon University, april 4th, 2009. Rania Huntington, « Tigers, Foxes and the Margins of Humanity in Tang chuanqi fiction », in Harvard Papers on Chinese Literature I, 1993 ; « Foxes and Sex in Late Imperial Chinese Narrative », in Nan Nü: Men, Women and Gender in Early and Imperial China, vol. 2, n. 1, Leiden: Brill, 2000; Alien Kind: Foxes and Late Imperial Chinese Narrative, Cambridge: Harvard University Asia Center, 2003. 8 mâles)2. Il peut hanter des espaces, notamment isolés ou en ruine, et il a un lien très étroit avec la mort et le monde yin (notamment les cimetières). Il hante les humains de deux manières : soit il contrôle leur esprit en faisant égarer leur identité, soit il a des rapports sexuels illicites avec eux. Rappelons en plus que, se nourrissant de qi, l’esprit-renard peut aussi s’amuser à provoquer la rage des hommes pour s’emparer du qi évacué (justement sheng qi 生氣 émettre le qi). Malgré les nombreux exemples de hantise de la part de renards mâles sur des femmes, qui, généralement, deviennent alors folles, et les nombreux exemples de vieux renards sages qui aident les hommes à pratiquer la Voie, la figure sûrement la plus répandue dans la littérature classique est celle de la belle renarde femme fatale, qui vampirise les hommes pour obtenir l’immortalité ou pour se lier à eux dans une relation de véritable amour et de secours à l’homme aimé3. Ces personnages de renard peuvent être présentés de manière ponctuelle, comme dans les récits les plus anciens, ou de manière étalée, comme dans les romans en langue vulgaire plus récents. Les recherches menées jusqu’à aujourd’hui montrent un intérêt majeur porté sur les récits ponctuels — voir par exemple Rania Huntington et Kang Xiaofei en anglais, avec une attention particulière consacrée au Liaozhai zhiyi 聊齋誌異 de Pu Songling 蒲松齡 (1640- 1715), ou encore Ylva Monschein et Birthe Blauth en allemand, avec
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