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Also by Jung Chang Empress Dowager Cixi: The Concubine Who Launched Modern China Mao: The Unknown Story (with Jon Halliday) Wild Swans: Three Daughters of China THIS IS A BORZOI BOOK PUBLISHED BY ALFRED A. KNOPF Copyright © 2019 by Globalflair Ltd. All rights reserved. Published in the United States by Alfred A. Knopf, a division of Penguin Random House LLC, New York. Originally published in hardcover in Great Britain by Jonathan Cape, an imprint of Vintage, a division of Penguin Random House Ltd., London, in 2019. www.aaknopf.com Knopf, Borzoi Books, and the colophon are registered trademarks of Penguin Random House LLC. Library of Congress Control Number: 2019943880 ISBN 9780451493507 (hardcover) ISBN 9780451493514 (ebook) ISBN 9780525657828 (open market) Ebook ISBN 9780451493514 Cover images: (The Soong sisters) Historic Collection / Alamy; (fabric) Chakkrit Wannapong / Alamy Cover design by Chip Kidd v5.4 a To my mother Contents Cover Also by Jung Chang Title Page Copyright Dedication List of Illustrations Map of China Introduction Part I: The Road to the Republic (1866–1911) 1 The Rise of the Father of China 2 Soong Charlie: A Methodist Preacher and a Secret Revolutionary Part II: The Sisters and Sun Yat-sen (1912–1925) 3 Ei-ling: A ‘Mighty Smart’ Young Lady 4 China Embarks on Democracy 5 The Marriages of Ei-ling and Ching-ling 6 To Become Mme Sun 7 ‘I wish to follow the example of my friend Lenin’ Part III: The Sisters and Chiang Kai-shek (1926–1936) 8 Shanghai Ladies 9 May-ling Meets the Generalissimo 10 Married to a Beleaguered Dictator 11 Ching-ling in Exile: Moscow, Berlin, Shanghai 12 The Husband and Wife Team 13 Getting Chiang’s Son Back from Stalin’s Clutches 14 ‘A woman protects a man’ Part IV: The Sisters in Wars (1937–1950) 15 Bravery and Corruption 16 Red Sister’s Frustration 17 Little Sister’s Triumph and Misery 18 The Downfall of the Chiang Regime Part V: Three Women, Three Destinies (1949–2003) 19 ‘We must crush warm-feeling-ism’: Being Mao’s Vice Chairman 20 ‘I have no regrets’ 21 Taiwan Days 22 The Hollywood Connection 23 New York, New York 24 In the Face of a Changed Time Notes Archives Consulted Bibliography Acknowledgements Illustrations A Note About the Author List of Illustrations 1 The three Soong sisters, 1917 (Alamy) 2 Ei-ling, 1912 (Wesleyan College Archives) 3 Ching-ling, 1912 (Wesleyan College Archives) 4 May-ling, c. 1908 (Wesleyan College Archives) 5 Soong Charlie, early 1880s (Fifth Avenue United Methodist Church Archives, Wilmington, North Carolina) 6 Sun Yat-sen’s release from the Chinese Legation, London (Nationalist Party History Archive, Taipei) 7 Sun Yat-sen, Huang Xing and fellow republicans, 1912 (Alamy) 8 Sun with his family, 1912 9 Yuan Shi-kai, 1913 (Historical Photographs of China at the University of Bristol) 10 Chen Qi-mei (Alamy) 11 Song Jiao-ren (Alamy) 12 Mrs Soong Charlie with her two elder daughters (Alamy) 13 Members of the Soong Family at Ei-ling’s wedding (with permission of the owner of the photograph) 14 The Soong family in Shanghai, 1917 (Michael Feng) 15 Mikhail Borodin, Wang Jing-wei and others (Historical Photographs of China at University of Bristol) 16 The founding ceremony of the Whampoa military academy, 1924 (Michael Feng) 17 Ching-ling and her husband, 1924 (Academia Historica, Taipei) 18 Sun Yat-sen’s catafalque, 1929 (Alamy) 19 Ching-ling as a top-ranking leader of the Nationalist party, 1927 (Michael Feng) 20 Ching-ling, Ei-ling and May-ling, 1927 (Academia Historica, Taipei) 21 The wedding of May-ling and Chiang Kai-shek, 1927 (Academia Historica, Taipei) 22 May-ling and Chiang on their honeymoon (Academia Historica, Taipei) 23 Ei-ling and her husband, H.H. Kung (Wesleyan College Archives) 24 Ching-ling with Deng Yan-da (Alamy) 25 Chiang Kai-shek and May-ling sightseeing, 1936 (Academia Historica, Taipei) 26 The Chiangs flying home from Xian, 1936 (Alamy) 27 May-ling visiting wounded soldiers (Academia Historica, Taipei) 28 Ching-ling and May-ling being carried up the mountain to Chongqing, 1940 (Academia Historica, Taipei) 29 The sisters reunited in Chongqing, 1940 (Gregory Kung) 30 The sisters with Chiang Kai-shek, 1940 (Academia Historica, Taipei) 31 The sisters visiting a military hospital, 1940 (Academia Historica, Taipei) 32 The Chiangs with Captain Claire Chennault (Academia Historica, Taipei) 33 Joseph Stilwell and Ching-ling, c. 1940 (Alamy) 34 Wendell Wilkie, May-ling, H.H. Kung and Ching-ling, 1942 (Academia Historica, Taipei) 35 May-ling addressing Congress in America, 1943 (Academia Historica, Taipei) 36 May-ling at the Hollywood Bowl, 1943 (Alamy) 37 The Chiangs, Roosevelt and Churchill (Academia Historica, Taipei) 38 T.V. Soong, Roosevelt and Farley, 1942 (Michael Feng) 39 The Soong brothers, 1942 (with permission of the owner of the photograph) 40 The Chiangs eating under his portrait, 1940 (Gregory Kung) 41 Chiang’s portrait on Tiananmen Gate (Academia Historica, Taipei) 42 May-ling returning to Chongqing from New York, 1945 (Academia Historica, Taipei) 43 The three sisters in Chongqing 44 Chiang Kai-shek’s family, 1946 (Academia Historica, Taipei) 45 Chiang Kai-shek visiting his ancestral temple, 1949 46 Ei-ling at Chiang’s birthday, 1956 (Academia Historica, Taipei) 47 Chiang meeting May-ling at Taipei airport, 1959 (Academia Historica, Taipei) 48 Red Sister visiting Moscow with Mao, 1957 (Alamy) 49 Ching-ling with Mao and Zhou En-lai on Tiananmen Gate, 1965 (Alamy) 50 Ching-ling at Mao’s memorial service in Tiananmen Square, 1976 51 Ching-ling and Yolanda (Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Library) 52 Ching-kuo with the body of his father, 1975 (Academia Historica, Taipei) 53 Ching-kuo and his wife, Faina Vakhreva (Academia Historica, Taipei) 54 Ei-ling (Gregory Kung) 55 Ching-ling (Gregory Kung) 56 May-ling (Gregory Kung) 57 Ching-ling in exile, 1927–8 (Alamy) 58 ‘May-ling Palace’, the necklace made from a mountain (Alamy) 59 May-ling in America, c. 1943 (Getty) 60 Ei-ling with Debra Paget, 1969 (Gregory Kung) 61 May-ling leaving Taiwan in 1991 (Academia Historica, Taipei) 62 May-ling, aged around 100 (Gregory Kung) 63 Postcard of Li Yuan-hong, Sun Yat-sen and Huang Xing (private collection) 64 Statue park, Taipei (Jung Chang) While every effort has been made to trace copyright holders, if any have inadvertently been overlooked the publishers would be happy to acknowledge them in future editions. Introduction The best-known modern Chinese ‘fairy tale’ is the story of three sisters from Shanghai, born in the last years of the nineteenth century. Their family, named Soong, was wealthy and prominent and among the city’s elite. The Soong parents were devout Christians, the mother a member of China’s most illustrious Christian clan (that of Xu, after whom a district of Shanghai is named), and the father the first Chinese to be converted in the American South by the Methodists, when he was in his teens. Their three daughters – Ei-ling (‘Kind Age’, born in 1889), Ching-ling (‘Glorious Age’, born in 1893), and May-ling (‘Beautiful Age’, born in 1898) – were sent as children to America to be educated, something extremely rare at the time; and the girls returned home years later speaking better English than Chinese. Petite and square- jawed, they were not great beauties by traditional standards, their faces not shaped like melon seeds, eyes not resembling almonds and eyebrows no arching willow shoots. But they had very fine skin, delicate features and graceful bearing, enhanced by fashionable clothes. The sisters had seen the world; they were intelligent, independent-minded and self-confident. They had ‘class’. What ultimately made them modern China’s ‘princesses’, though, were their extraordinary marriages. One man who fell first for Ei-ling and then for Ching-ling was Sun Yat-sen, who pioneered the republican revolution that overthrew the monarchy in 1911. Known as the ‘Father of (republican) China’, Sun is revered throughout the Chinese-speaking world. Ching-ling married him. Sun died in 1925; his successor, Chiang Kai-shek, courted and married May-ling, Little Sister. Chiang went on to form a Nationalist government in 1928, and ruled China until the Communists drove him to Taiwan in 1949. Little Sister was the first lady of the country for twenty-two years while he was in power. During the Second World War, as Chiang led the Chinese resistance against Japanese invasion, she became one of the most famous women of her time. Her eldest sibling Ei-ling, Big Sister, married H.H. Kung who, thanks to his wife’s connections, occupied the posts of prime minister and finance minister for many years. These jobs in turn helped Ei-ling as she succeeded in becoming one of the richest women in China. The Soong family, which also had three sons, constituted the inner circle of Chiang Kai-shek’s regime – except Ching-ling, Sun Yat-sen’s widow, who joined the Communists. She was sometimes referred to as Red Sister. Thus two antagonistic political camps separated the siblings. During the civil war following the Second World War, Red Sister did her best to help the Communists beat Chiang, even though this meant the ruin of her family. After the collapse of Chiang’s regime and the founding of Communist China under Mao Ze-dong, in 1949, Red Sister became Mao’s vice chairman. Clearly the sisters were exceptional beyond their influential marriages. In the Chinese-speaking world, people never tire of talking about them, including their private lives. I remember two particular stories from when I was growing up in Mao’s China from the 1950s to the 1970s, when the country was under rigid totalitarian control and completely isolated from the outside world.
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