DOCSLIB.ORG

Muna Dialects and Monic Lan:;(Jages: 'Icmards a Rex:Ons'iruction

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

MUNA DIALECTS AND MONIC LAN:;(JAGES: 'ICMARDS A REX:ONS'IRUCTION Rene van den Eerg University of Ieiden/ Surrrrer Institute of Linguistics p:iper to oo presented at the Fifth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics Auckland, NE.w Zealand, January 10-16, 1988 ·...- MUNA DIALECI'S AND MUNIC ~ES: 'KMARDS A ROCONSTRu::::TION1 Rene van den Berg University of Leiden/ Sumrer Institute of Linguistics 0. Introduction 1. Muna: language l:x>undaries and dialects 2. Standard Muna phonology 3. Muna dialects: phonological differences 4. Muna dialects: the free pronouns 5. Muna dialects: lexical-sarantic differences 6. Pancanic isolects References Appendix 1: Cognate percentages Appendix 2: Proto-Muna etym:i. Appendix 3: Map 2 Muna-Buton area 0. Introduction Our knCMledge of the linguistic situation on the islands off the souteast coast of Sulawesi is still rud..i.rrentary . ..Adriani (1914) rrentions two languages for the islands Muna and Buton. Esser ( 1938) coined the teirn 'Muna.-Buton group' and included four languages in it. Fifty years later we still do not knCM exactly how :rrany languages there are. in this area: Anceaux ( 1978) and Bhurhanuddin ( 1979) both list seven, excluding the Bungku languages and 'Iblaki, in which they follCM Esser. In Sneddon (1982) these seven are reduced to five, whereas Kaseng et al. ( 19 83) reach a total of eight. 'Ihe only language in this group al:xmt which adequate lexical and grarrnatical info:r::rration is available is 'Wolio (Anceaux 1952, 1987) . 'Ihe question of internal subgrouping within the putative Muna-Buton group is hardly asked, nor do we know on what basis these languages are grouped tog-ether, and whether other languages should be included in this group. During my stay on Muna in 1985 and 1986 for the purpose of writing a descriptive grarrmar of the Muna language, I was able to collect infonration and \<;Grdlists of Muna dialects and related languages and dialects on Buton. 2 It turned out that the existing literature does not adequately cover all the speech carmunities (isolects) 3 that are found on Buton. In other \'K)rds, it is still r:ossible to discover a hitherto unrer:orted isolect, which nay in fact turn out to be a separate language. In this paper I will canbine geo-linguistic data (where are the languages sr:oken?) with a historical-canparative approach. Starting from the Muna language I will discuss its dialects and fram there reconstruct the Proto-Muna sound system with sare etyrra, including pronouns. In section 6 I will briefly :rrention the closest relatives of Muna, which I call the Pancanic languages. I assurre that Proto-Muna and the Pancanic languages are descendants from a cc:mron ancestor, P:roto-Munic. 'Ihe tenn 'Munic' nay then be used to include both Muna and the Pancanic languages. 'Ihe relationship of the Munic languages to other languages 2 in the putative Muna-Buton group falls outside the scope of this paper. Cia-cia (saretilres called South-Buton) seens to be the next closest. The position of Wolio, in many respects deviant fran the neighl:x:mring languages, is still an open question. My sources are first of all my own field notes, supplerented. by Professor Anceaux's unpublished. field notes on the languages of Muna and Euton (Anceaux n.d.), which he very kindly put at my disposal. Bhurhanuddin (1979) also proved to contain valuable infonnation, as does Kaseng et al. ( 1983) . For the Muna dialects "V>Ordlists ~ collected. in the follCMing locations (for which I will use abbreviations) : SM Standard Muna MAW Mawasangka (desa I.asori) SIO Sicmpu (desa Tongali) u::M Ianbe LAK I.akudo WAK Wakea-kea KAD Kadatua (desa B:mabungi) LAO Laanpo . KAT Katobengke BUR Burukene Anceaux (n.d.) gives infonna.tion for the following locations; the numbers refer to his 'V>D:i::dlists as published. in Anceaux (1978): KOL KolONa. (13) WAS Wasilarata (15) KAT Katobengke (22) LAI< I.akudo (23) MAW Mawasangka (24) u::M Ianbe (25) MBCM Mlx:mbonawulu (26) SIO Sianpu (27) MOL Sicmpu (desa Molena) ( 28) KAD Kadatua (29) All the narres of locations cited in this paper are found on the oop in appendix 3. 1. Muna: language boundaries and dialects The language boundaries and the dialects of the Muna language in southeast Sulawesi are fOOrly known. Anceaux (1978:281) rightly observes: 'Because of the dialectal variations nobcxiy has clear ideas of what belongs to it and what does not'. On the map presented. in that article it can be seen that Muna is not only spoken on the whole island of Muna but also on northern Euton and sare coastal areas in southern Buton. I will m:ike these boundaries sarewhat sharper and name specific villages in areas where rrore than one language is spoken. Standard Muna is spoken with rararkably little dialectal variation in a large area on Muna canprising the four kecaTIBtans that oode up the old Muna kingdan: Tongkuno, Kaba"V>O, Lawa and Katobu. It is also the language of Tobea Besar, an island be~ Muna and the Il'dinland of Southeast Sulawesi. In Sned.don ( 1982) Tobea Besar is wrongly,assigned to the Tolaki-speaking area. The Muna population 3 on Tobea Eesar consists of recent inmigrants frcm central Muna. There is also a Ba.jau settlerent; Ba.jau's are also found on Tol:ea Kecil and Renda, two islands close to Tobea Eesar. 4 'Ihe eastern bonndary of Muna is on northern Buton • All along the western coast of Buton (kecarratan Wakorurnba) there are Muna settlenents, sarre of which are said to be founded by people frcm Loghia, a fishing village on Muna' s east coast, a few miles south of the capital Raha. 'Ihey all speak standard Muna. It is nnclear whether the southern bonnda.cy of these settlerents coincides with the kecarratan roundary between Wakorurnba. and Kapontori. However, there is one village on the Wakorrnnba coast, Maligano, northeast of I~ha, where the original population speaks Taluki, a Bungku isolect which is 76% cognate with Kulisusu, the closest Bungku language. To my knowledge, the existence of this isolect has never been reported. In north-west Muna a different dialect is found in kecarratan Tikep (Th~ro Kepulauan) on the Tiv.uro islands and around Kambara. The island population in the Tiv.uro ai:'ch.ip;:!lago is a mixture of Ba jau' s, Bugis, Muna and people fran Kadatua (an island sout.hvvest of Ba.uba.u). Quite a few islands are uninhabited. On the nainland of Muna the dialect roundary bea..een Tiv.uro and Standard Muna runs across Mm:ol:ea (for:rrerly Dandila), east of Karnbara. Moving south ~ enconnter a very i.nlr::ortant bundle of isoglosses which roughly coincides with an administrative ronndary. The two southerrurost kecam:i.tans of Muna, Gu and Ma.wasangka, belong to the southern group of Muna dialects. Following Indonesian usage I will use the tenn Gurras to refer to these dialects. Certain villages, hov;ever, are exceptional in that they are located in the 'wrong' area. Tampunav.uu in northwest Ma.wasangka is Standard Muna sp;:!aking, whereas a fet1 villages in southern Tongknno sp;:!ak a Gurras dialect, such as Wale-ale and I.awama.. 'Ihe present dialect boundary runs right across Tongknno' s capital Wakuru and causes dialectal differences between generations. My impression is that the rounda.cy is :rroving south, due to the influence of Standard Muna in Wakuru. Gu and Ma.wasangka are occupied by a nun'lber of closely related sul:x:lialects. Gu shows the biggest number of dialectal differences in the whole Muna sp;:!aking area; v.urdlists are available for Lanbe (one by rcyself and one by Anceaux (A); the two are slightly different), I.a.kudo (again two different lists), Wakea-kea, Mb:mbonawulu (A) and Kolowa (A). The village 'lblandona, located on the Buton Strait is 'Wolio-sp;:!aking. Muna dialects are also found on two srrall islands southwest of Ba.ubau, Kadatua and Sicmpu. Kadatua has a Gurras sul:xlialect, but Sicmpu shows a different southern dialect. On Sianpu another language is also found, Kaimbulawa, to be discussed in 6. The middle island Liwuto-ngkidi ('Small-island') is uninhabited. Finally a number of Muna dialects are spoken on the west coast of Buton, just north and south of Ba.ubau. North of Baubau there are the fishing villages Lowu­ Lowu and Kalia-lia with slightly different Gurras dialects. South of Baubau we find Katobengke, Topa, Sulaa and I.awela, all speaking Gumas dialects. Moving further south we first rnn into a separate language, Busoa (cf. 6 ) , after which follow I.aanpo (opposite Sianpu) and Burakene. These two closely related dialects are also part of the Gurras dialect canplex. 4 Our present knowledge of the Muna dialect situation is therefore as follows. The reasons for naking this division will be discussed in 2. Population figures are estimated: 1. Standard Muna 140,000 2. Th~ro dialect 10,000? 3. Southern dialects a. Sianpu 7,000? b. Gt.mas dialects 50,000? The total number of Muna speakers is approx.irrately 200,000. On Map 1 the l:::oun­ daries of the Muna language have been indicated. Map 1 SU.LAWES I 5ULAWESI Q Area where the Muna language is sp::iken: a: Standard Muna b: Ti'W:>ro dialect c: Southern dialects 5 2. Standaid Muna phonology Before I consider the points on which the Muna dialects differ f ran each other I will present a short sketch of the phonology of standa.Id. Muna. The consonant inventory is presented. in the following chart: bilabial labio- dental alveolar velar uvular glottal dental stop vl p t k vd b ,..,d d g vl p:renas mp nt vd p:renas rob nd implosive nasal m n fricative vl f s h vd vl p:renas ns trill r lateral 1 approxlirant w Vowels: i,e,a,o,u The following points should be noted about Muna phonology: 1.
Recommended publications
  • Plural Words in Austronesian Languages: Typology and History

    Plural Words in Austronesian Languages: Typology and History

    Plural Words in Austronesian Languages: Typology and History A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Research Master of Arts in Linguistics by Jiang Wu Student ID: s1609785 Supervisor: Prof. dr. M.A.F. Klamer Second reader: Dr. E.I. Crevels Date: 10th January, 2017 Faculty of Humanities, Leiden University Table of contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................ iii Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................... iv List of tables ................................................................................................................... v List of figures ................................................................................................................ vi List of maps ................................................................................................................. vii List of abbreviations .................................................................................................. viii Chapter 1. Introduction .................................................................................................. 1 Chapter 2. Background literature ................................................................................... 3 2.1. Plural words as nominal plurality marking ....................................................... 3 2.2. Plural words in Austronesian languages ..........................................................
  • The Socio'historical Backgroundof the Adoption of Hangul Invernacular

    The Socio'historical Backgroundof the Adoption of Hangul Invernacular

    JapaneseJapaneseSociety Society of CulturalCultuial AnthiopologyAnthropology Researeh Note The Socio'Historical Background of the Adoption of Hangul inVernacularEducation inIndonesia Hiroko Yamaguchi Hitotsubashi University Abstract/ This article aims to inve$tigate the meanings and social backgrounds of a unique vernacular education project that started in 2009 in a small village located on Buton lsland in eastern lndonesia. In thjs project, the Iocal dialect, called CLa-Cia, is taught in some elementary schools whiie Korean Hangul is adopted to transeribe the dialect. Some linguists have asserted that Hangul is phonetically less appropriate than the Roman alphabet fortranscr]bing Cia-Cia. In addition to an overview of these linguistic discussions, this article w"1 consider the project from multiple socio-historical perspectives and discuss the historical rivalry among the different ethnic societies in the region, the [anguage education system and local identity "globalization politics in present-day lndonesia under decentralization, and the of Hangul" movement [n Korea, Key word$/ Cia-Cia, Hangul, Buton, lndonesia, decentralization, vernacular education This artiele attempts to provide a rare and vivid case study of the process by which a smalltscale society adopted a foreign script and of how the socio-political dynamics worked in this process. A unique veTnaculaT edueation project started in 2009 in a small village in Baubau City, located on Buton Island in eastern Indonesia. A local dialect called Cia"Cia is being taught at a number of elementary schools, while Hangul, the Korean scTipt, has been adopted to transcribe the dialect, The phenomenon has attracted the interest of world-wide media, but it has also led to aeademic debates, especially in the field of linguistics.
  • The Cia-Cia's Adoption of the Korean Alphabet and Identity Politics in Decentralised Indonesia

    The Cia-Cia's Adoption of the Korean Alphabet and Identity Politics in Decentralised Indonesia

    KEMANUSIAAN Vol. 20, No. 1, (2013), 51–80 Being Korean in Buton? The Cia-Cia's Adoption of the Korean Alphabet and Identity Politics in Decentralised Indonesia SEUNG-WON SONG Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin, South Korea [email protected] Abstract. This study1 investigates the motives behind the adoption of Hangeul, the Korean alphabet, by the Cia-Cia ethnic group in Baubau, Sulawesi, Indonesia. The import of Hangeul exemplifies how Indonesian peripheries have tried to form their own regions as distinctive entities against the nation. Their attempts to do so expand beyond the nation in hopes of emerging as new centres in a decentralised Indonesia, in which new power dynamics can be negotiated. Furthermore, this case portrays how the local population copes with growing ethnic identities and the mission of modernisation simultaneously. Keywords and phrases: Hangeul in Buton, Cia-Cia ethnic group, Indonesia's identity politics Introduction In August 2009, Amirul Tamim, the Mayor (2003–2012) of Baubau City on Buton Island, located in the south-eastern part of Sulawesi, announced that the Cia-Cia ethnic group in the region had just adopted Hangeul, the Korean alphabet, as a transcription tool for its ethnic language. This ethnic group, with a population of approximately 60,000, lives primarily in the Buton district and the nearby islands; however, one-third of the ethnic group now resides in Baubau.2 This export of Hangeul was initiated by the Hunmin Jeongeum Society,3 a scholarly association consisting of several linguists in Korea. For the past decade, this association has attempted to export Hangeul to a number of remote areas in countries such as China, Nepal and Thailand.
  • Agustus 2014.Pdf

    Agustus 2014.Pdf

    MASYARAKAT LINGUISTIK INDONESIA Didirikan pada tahun 1975, Masyarakat Linguistik Indonesia (MLI) merupakan organisasi profesi yang bertujuan mengembangkan studi ilmiah mengenai bahasa. PENGURUS MASYARAKAT LINGUISTIK INDONESIA Ketua : Katharina Endriati Sukamto, Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya Wakil Ketua : Fairul Zabadi, Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa Sekretaris : Ifan Iskandar, Universitas Negeri Jakarta Bendahara : Yanti, Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya DEWAN EDITOR Utama : Bambang Kaswanti Purwo, Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya Pendamping : Lanny Hidajat, Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya Anggota : Bernd Nothofer, Universitas Frankfurt, Jerman; Ellen Rafferty, University of Wisconsin, Amerika Serikat; Bernard Comrie, Max Planck Institute; Tim McKinnon, Jakarta Field Station MPI; A. Chaedar Alwasilah, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia; E. Aminudin Aziz, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia; Siti Wachidah, Universitas Negeri Jakarta; Katharina Endriati Sukamto, Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya; D. Edi Subroto, Universitas Sebelas Maret; I Wayan Arka, Universitas Udayana; A. Effendi Kadarisman, Universitas Negeri Malang; Bahren Umar Siregar, Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya; Hasan Basri, Universitas Tadulako; Yassir Nasanius, Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya; Dwi Noverini Djenar, Sydney University, Australia; Mahyuni, Universitas Mataram; Patrisius Djiwandono, Universitas Ma Chung; Yanti, Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya. JURNAL LINGUISTIK INDONESIA Linguistik Indonesia diterbitkan pertama kali pada tahun 1982 dan sejak tahun 2000 diterbitkan tiap bulan Februari dan Agustus. Linguistik Indonesia telah terakreditasi berdasarkan SK Dirjen Dikti No. 040/P/2014, 18 Februari 2014. Jurnal ilmiah ini dibagikan secara cuma-cuma kepada para anggota MLI yang keanggotaannya umumnya melalui Cabang MLI di pelbagai Perguruan Tinggi, tetapi dapat juga secara perseorangan atau institusional. Iuran per tahun adalah Rp 200.000,00 (anggota dalam negeri) dan US$30 (anggota luar negeri).
  • The Archaeology of Sulawesi Current Research on the Pleistocene to the Historic Period

    The Archaeology of Sulawesi Current Research on the Pleistocene to the Historic Period

    terra australis 48 Terra Australis reports the results of archaeological and related research within the south and east of Asia, though mainly Australia, New Guinea and Island Melanesia — lands that remained terra australis incognita to generations of prehistorians. Its subject is the settlement of the diverse environments in this isolated quarter of the globe by peoples who have maintained their discrete and traditional ways of life into the recent recorded or remembered past and at times into the observable present. List of volumes in Terra Australis Volume 1: Burrill Lake and Currarong: Coastal Sites in Southern Volume 28: New Directions in Archaeological Science. New South Wales. R.J. Lampert (1971) A. Fairbairn, S. O’Connor and B. Marwick (2008) Volume 2: Ol Tumbuna: Archaeological Excavations in the Eastern Volume 29: Islands of Inquiry: Colonisation, Seafaring and the Central Highlands, Papua New Guinea. J.P. White (1972) Archaeology of Maritime Landscapes. G. Clark, F. Leach Volume 3: New Guinea Stone Age Trade: The Geography and and S. O’Connor (2008) Ecology of Traffic in the Interior. I. Hughes (1977) Volume 30: Archaeological Science Under a Microscope: Studies in Volume 4: Recent Prehistory in Southeast Papua. B. Egloff (1979) Residue and Ancient DNA Analysis in Honour of Thomas H. Loy. M. Haslam, G. Robertson, A. Crowther, S. Nugent Volume 5: The Great Kartan Mystery. R. Lampert (1981) and L. Kirkwood (2009) Volume 6: Early Man in North Queensland: Art and Archaeology Volume 31: The Early Prehistory of Fiji. G. Clark and in the Laura Area. A. Rosenfeld, D. Horton and J. Winter A.
  • UNCORRECTED PROOFS © JOHN BENJAMINS PUBLISHING COMPANY 1St Proofs 224 Michael Cysouw

    UNCORRECTED PROOFS © JOHN BENJAMINS PUBLISHING COMPANY 1St Proofs 224 Michael Cysouw

    Chapter 7 A typology of honorific uses of clusivity Michael Cysouw Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology In many languages, pronouns are used with special meanings in honorific contexts. The most widespread phenomenon cross-linguistically is the usage of a plural pronoun instead of a singular to mark respect. In this chapter, I will investigate the possibility of using clusivity in honorific contexts. This is a rare phenomenon, but a thorough investigation has resulted in a reasonably diverse set of examples, taken from languages all over the world. It turns out that there are many different honorific contexts in which an inclusive or exclusive pronoun can be used. The most commonly attested variant is the usage of an inclusive pronoun with a po- lite connotation, indicating social distance. Keywords: politeness, respect, syncretism, clusivity 1. Introduction In his study of the cross-linguistic variation of honorific reference, Head (1978: 178) claims that inclusive reference, when used honorifically, indicates less social dis- tance. However, he claims this on the basis of only two cases. In this chapter, a sur- vey will be presented of a large set of languages, in which an inclusive or exclusive marker is used in an honorific sense. It turns out that Head’s claim is not accurate. In contrast, it appears that inclusive marking is in many cases a sign of greater so- cial distance, although the variability of the possible honorific usages is larger than might have been expected. There are also cases in which an inclusive is used in an impolite fashion or cases in which an exclusive is used in a polite fashion.
  • (Pré)Histoires D'articles Et Grammaire Comparée Des Langues Austronésiennes

    (Pré)Histoires D'articles Et Grammaire Comparée Des Langues Austronésiennes

    Alain Lemaréchal Bulletin de la Société de linguistique de Paris, t. XCIX (2004), fasc. 1, p. 395-456 (PRÉ)HISTOIRES D'ARTICLES ET GRAMMAIRE COMPARÉE DES LANGUES AUSTRONÉSIENNES RÉSUMÉ. — Après avoir examiné dans une perspective comparative le système des diathèses et des voix de quelques langues austroné- siennes (BSLP 2001), nous nous livrerons au même travail sur un autre domaine associant dans cette famille stabilité et renouvelle- ments/remaniements, celui des articles-«∞∞∞marques de cas∞∞∞», à partir d'un échantillon de 35 langues. Introduction Cet article s'inscrit dans le prolongement de celui paru dans le BSLP 20011 qui examinait les systèmes de marques de voix («∞∞∞focus∞∞∞») et de quelques autres marques verbales dans un certain nombre de langues austronésiennes. En effet, si ces dernières constituent sans doute l'élément le plus constant et le plus stable permettant (hors langues océaniennes) d'identifier une langue comme appartenant à la famille austronésienne, les articles + marques de cas + prépositions forment aussi une constellation récur- rente, certes en remaniement constant dans les différentes langues, mais réunissant des marques à signifiant stable et en petit nombre∞∞∞: les articles2 *a(∞), *i ou *si (*t'i chez Dahl), la marque de Génitif et de complément d'agent *n-, des prépositions/marques d'objet, de locatif, etc., *sa (*t'a chez Dahl), *i ou *di, *kV (ou *kan). Le Note∞∞: Je n'ai pu tirer parti, pour cet article prévu par le BSLP 2003, des textes parus dans Faits de langues, 23-24, 2004 (voir bibliographie). 1. «∞∞∞Problèmes d'analyse des langues de Formose et grammaire comparée des langues austronésiennes∞∞∞», BSLP, XCVI/1, p.
  • Sulawesi Phonologies (Workpapers in Indonesian Languages And

    Sulawesi Phonologies (Workpapers in Indonesian Languages And

    WORIKPAPERS IN INDONESIAN LANGUAGES AND CULTURES Vol~um~e 12 THE SUM~MER INSTITU'TE OF LINGUISTICS IN COUPERATION \VITH~ TH~E DEPARTM~ENT OF EDUCATlON AND CULTURE WORKPAPERS IN INDONESIAN LANGUAGES AND CULTURES Volume 12 SULAWESI PHONOLOGIES Rene van den Berg Editor THE SUMMER INSTITUTE OF LINGUISTICS IN COOPERATION WITH THE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION AND CULTURE WORKPAPERS IN INDONESIAN LANGUAGES AND CULTURES VOLUME 12 SULAWESI PHONOLOGIES René van den Berg, Editor Printed 1991 Ujung Pandang, Sulawesi, "Indonesia Copies of this publication may be obtained from The Summer Institute of Linguistics KUlak Posl64 Ujung Pundang 90001 Sulewesi Selatan Indonesia Microfiche copies of this and other publications ofThe Summer Institute of Linguistics may be obtained from Academic Book Center The Summer Institute of Linguistics 7500 West Camp Wisdom Road Dallas, TX 75235 U.S.A. ISBN 979-8132-85-8 FOREWORD Earlier issues of Workpapers in Indonesian Languages and Cultures that focused on Sulawesi have dealt with survey results (see volumes 5 and 11). This is the first to be exclusively devoted to the results of phonological analysis in Sulawesi, following the pattern set by the volumes dealing with phonologies of Maluku and Irian Jaya languages. The phonologies of five languages are presented, three of which belong to the lesser known languages of the South Sulawesi group. PUS (Pitu Ulunna Salu) is described by Philip Campbell, Mamasa by DaVId Matti, and Aralle- Tabulahan by Robin McKenzie. Although the phonology of Mamasa appears to be very similar to that of Sa'dan Toraja, the other two languages show remarkable divergences, such as the presence of a sixth vowel, constraints on final nasals (only m in PUS) and the development of geminate consonants intohp,ht, etc.
  • The Diary of Sultan Ahmad As-Salleh Syamsuddin

    The Diary of Sultan Ahmad As-Salleh Syamsuddin

    THE UNIVERSITY OF HULL The history of Boné A.D. 1775-1795: The diary of Sultan Ahmad as-Salleh Syamsuddin being a thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in the University of Hull by: Rahilah Omar 2003 iv CONTENTS Pages Acknowledgements i Abstract iii List of contents iv List of abbreviations viii List of figures x List of maps xi List of tables xii Chapter One: Background 1 1.0 Research objectives 1 1.1 Research methodology 1 1.2 Area of study 2 1.3 The diary of Sultan Ahmad as-Salleh 2 1.4 Problems of research 3 1.5 Structure and layout of the thesis 3 Chapter Two: The Bugis and their writing culture 5 2.0 Introduction 5 2.1 South Sulawesi: a general overview 5 2.1.1 The Bugis of South Sulawesi 8 2.1.2 The regency of Boné 10 2.2 The writing culture of the Bugis 12 2.2.1 The development of the Bugis written tradition 13 2.2.2 The Bugis writings 16 2.3 Literature review 17 2.4 Summary and conclusions 22 v Chapter Three: The Bugis diaries 23 3.0 Introduction 23 3.1 Philological introduction 23 3.2 Historical background of the Bugis diaries 24 3.3 The Bugis scripts and its development 28 3.4 The Bugis diaries: a general overview 30 3.5 The BL MS. Add. 12354, the DAS 32 3.5.1 The script and the language of DAS 35 3.5.2 The layout of the diary 38 3.5.3 The contents of DAS 40 3.6 The bilang 42 3.7 The Bugis diary: identifying the ‘moment in time’ 45 3.8 Summary and conclusions 47 Chapter Four: The diary as a historical text: Political events 48 4.0 Introduction 48 4.1 The death of Sultan Abdul Razak and the election of
  • Comparative Constructions in Muna

    Comparative Constructions in Muna

    More than Most: Comparative Constructions in Muna René van den Berg SIL International Comparative constructions are an understudied field of research in the regional languages of Indonesia. This paper provides a detailed look at Muna, an Austronesian language of southeast Sulawesi, where there appears to be an unusually large assortment of comparative constructions and lexemes. These include the comparative, superlative and equative degree (all of which are expressed non-morphologically), correlative and ‘let alone’ constructions, as well as various inherently comparative lexemes. Of typological interest are the use of a comitative preposition for the standard marker, and the lack of a designated word meaning ‘less’. The wealth of data available is possibly related to various aspects of the Muna culture, including the popularity of competitive games and the traditional social stratification. 1. Introduction Muna is a Western Austronesian language spoken in southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia (see map 1 for the location of Muna in Indonesia).1 It is a member of the small Muna-Buton group, itself part of the larger Celebic group, which is a subgroup of Western Malayo-Polynesian. Muna is probably spoken by over 300,000 people, but the exact number of speakers is very difficult to ascertain. There has been considerable outmigration from the island of Muna to the provincial capital Kendari, as well as to other places in eastern Indonesia (Maluku, Papua), and these are not usually included in census figures. Also, there is considerable language shift to Indonesian. Traditionally this shift happened among urban and educated Muna people (especially in Kendari, but also in Raha, the capital of Muna), but it is now increasingly found across the whole island, due to widespread education in Indonesian and exposure to the media, specifically television.
  • Niklas Jonsson

    Niklas Jonsson

    TEMPORAL AND CO- VARYING CLAUSE COMBINING IN AUSTRONESIAN LANGUAGES Niklas Jonsson ii Temporal and co-varying clause combining in Austronesian languages Semantics, morpho-syntax and distributional patterns Niklas Jonsson iii Doctoal dissertation 2012 Department of Linguistics Stockholm University 106 91 stockholm ©Niklas Jonsson, Stockholm 2012 ISBN 978-91-7447-488-6 Printed in Sweden by Universitetsservice AB, Stockholm 2012 Distributor: Department of Linguistics, Stockholm University iv Abstract Various semantic relations are represented by combined clause constructions in the languages of the world. This study investigates combined clause con- structions for ten distinct semantic relations in a cross-section of Austrone- sian languages. The semantic relations selected for the study are of a tem- poral or co-varying nature, the former commonly expressed in English by such markers as when, then, until, etc. and the latter by if, so, because, etc. The research falls into three main domains: semantics, morpho-syntax and distributional patterns. First, the study provides an overview of the semantics of temporal and co-varying relations in the Austronesian languages. Several subdistinctions are found to be made within the semantic relations investigated, some cross- linguistically rare, such as general vs. fulfilled purpose, and others more common, such as distinguishing counterfactuality and concessivity for con- ditionals. The study also explores polysemic relation markers, and several patterns are identified. The single most common pattern is the overlap be- tween (open) conditional and (non-past) co-occurrence relations, for which many Austronesian languages employ the same relation marker. Second, the study develops a morpho-syntactic typology of Austronesian clause combining based on three parameters related to features common to clause combining constructions.
  • A Grammar of Paku: a Language of Central Kalimantan

    A Grammar of Paku: a Language of Central Kalimantan

    A grammar of Paku: a language of Central Kalimantan Author: ORCID: Daniela Diedrich 0000-0001-6459-3341 Submitted in total fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2018 Department of Linguistics and Applied Linguistics School of Languages and Linguistics The University of Melbourne Victoria, Australia i Abstract This thesis describes the phonology, morphology and syntax of Paku, a highly endangered East Barito language spoken in four villages in the southeast of Central Kalimantan province, Indone- sia. It has currently about fifty speakers (conservative estimate, including semi-speakers) and since children, for a variety of reasons, no longer learn the language, it is classified as moribund. This thesis is part of a ARC-funded project The South East Barito languages in Indonesia and Mada- gascar: Safeguarding their past and future concerned with the documentation of Southeast Barito languages which Paku was thought to be a member of until the recent reclassification of lan- guages in Borneo by Smith (2017). It is a contribution to the description of the rapidly declining linguistic diversity in Borneo and other parts of the world. In doing so, this thesis will also con- tribute data of Bornean languages to broader typological research. Like many other endangered languages Paku is virtually undescribed and one of the main aims of this part of the project is the thorough documentation of Paku and the compilation of an extensive corpus of data consisting of both narratives and elicited material. This will help create a record of the language before it disappears, a fate which at this stage seems inevitable.