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Muna Dialects and Monic Lan:;(Jages: 'Icmards a Rex:Ons'iruction

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Muna Dialects and Monic Lan:;(Jages: 'Icmards a Rex:Ons'iruction MUNA DIALECTS AND MONIC LAN:;(JAGES: 'ICMARDS A REX:ONS'IRUCTION Rene van den Eerg University of Ieiden/ Surrrrer Institute of Linguistics p:iper to oo presented at the Fifth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics Auckland, NE.w Zealand, January 10-16, 1988 ·...- MUNA DIALECI'S AND MUNIC ~ES: 'KMARDS A ROCONSTRu::::TION1 Rene van den Berg University of Leiden/ Sumrer Institute of Linguistics 0. Introduction 1. Muna: language l:x>undaries and dialects 2. Standard Muna phonology 3. Muna dialects: phonological differences 4. Muna dialects: the free pronouns 5. Muna dialects: lexical-sarantic differences 6. Pancanic isolects References Appendix 1: Cognate percentages Appendix 2: Proto-Muna etym:i. Appendix 3: Map 2 Muna-Buton area 0. Introduction Our knCMledge of the linguistic situation on the islands off the souteast coast of Sulawesi is still rud..i.rrentary . ..Adriani (1914) rrentions two languages for the islands Muna and Buton. Esser ( 1938) coined the teirn 'Muna.-Buton group' and included four languages in it. Fifty years later we still do not knCM exactly how :rrany languages there are. in this area: Anceaux ( 1978) and Bhurhanuddin ( 1979) both list seven, excluding the Bungku languages and 'Iblaki, in which they follCM Esser. In Sneddon (1982) these seven are reduced to five, whereas Kaseng et al. ( 19 83) reach a total of eight. 'Ihe only language in this group al:xmt which adequate lexical and grarrnatical info:r::rration is available is 'Wolio (Anceaux 1952, 1987) . 'Ihe question of internal subgrouping within the putative Muna-Buton group is hardly asked, nor do we know on what basis these languages are grouped tog-ether, and whether other languages should be included in this group. During my stay on Muna in 1985 and 1986 for the purpose of writing a descriptive grarrmar of the Muna language, I was able to collect infonration and \<;Grdlists of Muna dialects and related languages and dialects on Buton. 2 It turned out that the existing literature does not adequately cover all the speech carmunities (isolects) 3 that are found on Buton. In other \'K)rds, it is still r:ossible to discover a hitherto unrer:orted isolect, which nay in fact turn out to be a separate language. In this paper I will canbine geo-linguistic data (where are the languages sr:oken?) with a historical-canparative approach. Starting from the Muna language I will discuss its dialects and fram there reconstruct the Proto-Muna sound system with sare etyrra, including pronouns. In section 6 I will briefly :rrention the closest relatives of Muna, which I call the Pancanic languages. I assurre that Proto-Muna and the Pancanic languages are descendants from a cc:mron ancestor, P:roto-Munic. 'Ihe tenn 'Munic' nay then be used to include both Muna and the Pancanic languages. 'Ihe relationship of the Munic languages to other languages 2 in the putative Muna-Buton group falls outside the scope of this paper. Cia-cia (saretilres called South-Buton) seens to be the next closest. The position of Wolio, in many respects deviant fran the neighl:x:mring languages, is still an open question. My sources are first of all my own field notes, supplerented. by Professor Anceaux's unpublished. field notes on the languages of Muna and Euton (Anceaux n.d.), which he very kindly put at my disposal. Bhurhanuddin (1979) also proved to contain valuable infonnation, as does Kaseng et al. ( 1983) . For the Muna dialects "V>Ordlists ~ collected. in the follCMing locations (for which I will use abbreviations) : SM Standard Muna MAW Mawasangka (desa I.asori) SIO Sicmpu (desa Tongali) u::M Ianbe LAK I.akudo WAK Wakea-kea KAD Kadatua (desa B:mabungi) LAO Laanpo . KAT Katobengke BUR Burukene Anceaux (n.d.) gives infonna.tion for the following locations; the numbers refer to his 'V>D:i::dlists as published. in Anceaux (1978): KOL KolONa. (13) WAS Wasilarata (15) KAT Katobengke (22) LAI< I.akudo (23) MAW Mawasangka (24) u::M Ianbe (25) MBCM Mlx:mbonawulu (26) SIO Sianpu (27) MOL Sicmpu (desa Molena) ( 28) KAD Kadatua (29) All the narres of locations cited in this paper are found on the oop in appendix 3. 1. Muna: language boundaries and dialects The language boundaries and the dialects of the Muna language in southeast Sulawesi are fOOrly known. Anceaux (1978:281) rightly observes: 'Because of the dialectal variations nobcxiy has clear ideas of what belongs to it and what does not'. On the map presented. in that article it can be seen that Muna is not only spoken on the whole island of Muna but also on northern Euton and sare coastal areas in southern Buton. I will m:ike these boundaries sarewhat sharper and name specific villages in areas where rrore than one language is spoken. Standard Muna is spoken with rararkably little dialectal variation in a large area on Muna canprising the four kecaTIBtans that oode up the old Muna kingdan: Tongkuno, Kaba"V>O, Lawa and Katobu. It is also the language of Tobea Besar, an island be~ Muna and the Il'dinland of Southeast Sulawesi. In Sned.don ( 1982) Tobea Besar is wrongly,assigned to the Tolaki-speaking area. The Muna population 3 on Tobea Eesar consists of recent inmigrants frcm central Muna. There is also a Ba.jau settlerent; Ba.jau's are also found on Tol:ea Kecil and Renda, two islands close to Tobea Eesar. 4 'Ihe eastern bonndary of Muna is on northern Buton • All along the western coast of Buton (kecarratan Wakorurnba) there are Muna settlenents, sarre of which are said to be founded by people frcm Loghia, a fishing village on Muna' s east coast, a few miles south of the capital Raha. 'Ihey all speak standard Muna. It is nnclear whether the southern bonnda.cy of these settlerents coincides with the kecarratan roundary between Wakorurnba. and Kapontori. However, there is one village on the Wakorrnnba coast, Maligano, northeast of I~ha, where the original population speaks Taluki, a Bungku isolect which is 76% cognate with Kulisusu, the closest Bungku language. To my knowledge, the existence of this isolect has never been reported. In north-west Muna a different dialect is found in kecarratan Tikep (Th~ro Kepulauan) on the Tiv.uro islands and around Kambara. The island population in the Tiv.uro ai:'ch.ip;:!lago is a mixture of Ba jau' s, Bugis, Muna and people fran Kadatua (an island sout.hvvest of Ba.uba.u). Quite a few islands are uninhabited. On the nainland of Muna the dialect roundary bea..een Tiv.uro and Standard Muna runs across Mm:ol:ea (for:rrerly Dandila), east of Karnbara. Moving south ~ enconnter a very i.nlr::ortant bundle of isoglosses which roughly coincides with an administrative ronndary. The two southerrurost kecam:i.tans of Muna, Gu and Ma.wasangka, belong to the southern group of Muna dialects. Following Indonesian usage I will use the tenn Gurras to refer to these dialects. Certain villages, hov;ever, are exceptional in that they are located in the 'wrong' area. Tampunav.uu in northwest Ma.wasangka is Standard Muna sp;:!aking, whereas a fet1 villages in southern Tongknno sp;:!ak a Gurras dialect, such as Wale-ale and I.awama.. 'Ihe present dialect boundary runs right across Tongknno' s capital Wakuru and causes dialectal differences between generations. My impression is that the rounda.cy is :rroving south, due to the influence of Standard Muna in Wakuru. Gu and Ma.wasangka are occupied by a nun'lber of closely related sul:x:lialects. Gu shows the biggest number of dialectal differences in the whole Muna sp;:!aking area; v.urdlists are available for Lanbe (one by rcyself and one by Anceaux (A); the two are slightly different), I.a.kudo (again two different lists), Wakea-kea, Mb:mbonawulu (A) and Kolowa (A). The village 'lblandona, located on the Buton Strait is 'Wolio-sp;:!aking. Muna dialects are also found on two srrall islands southwest of Ba.ubau, Kadatua and Sicmpu. Kadatua has a Gurras sul:xlialect, but Sicmpu shows a different southern dialect. On Sianpu another language is also found, Kaimbulawa, to be discussed in 6. The middle island Liwuto-ngkidi ('Small-island') is uninhabited. Finally a number of Muna dialects are spoken on the west coast of Buton, just north and south of Ba.ubau. North of Baubau there are the fishing villages Lowu­ Lowu and Kalia-lia with slightly different Gurras dialects. South of Baubau we find Katobengke, Topa, Sulaa and I.awela, all speaking Gumas dialects. Moving further south we first rnn into a separate language, Busoa (cf. 6 ) , after which follow I.aanpo (opposite Sianpu) and Burakene. These two closely related dialects are also part of the Gurras dialect canplex. 4 Our present knowledge of the Muna dialect situation is therefore as follows. The reasons for naking this division will be discussed in 2. Population figures are estimated: 1. Standard Muna 140,000 2. Th~ro dialect 10,000? 3. Southern dialects a. Sianpu 7,000? b. Gt.mas dialects 50,000? The total number of Muna speakers is approx.irrately 200,000. On Map 1 the l:::oun­ daries of the Muna language have been indicated. Map 1 SU.LAWES I 5ULAWESI Q Area where the Muna language is sp::iken: a: Standard Muna b: Ti'W:>ro dialect c: Southern dialects 5 2. Standaid Muna phonology Before I consider the points on which the Muna dialects differ f ran each other I will present a short sketch of the phonology of standa.Id. Muna. The consonant inventory is presented. in the following chart: bilabial labio- dental alveolar velar uvular glottal dental stop vl p t k vd b ,..,d d g vl p:renas mp nt vd p:renas rob nd implosive nasal m n fricative vl f s h vd vl p:renas ns trill r lateral 1 approxlirant w Vowels: i,e,a,o,u The following points should be noted about Muna phonology: 1.
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