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The Diary of Sultan Ahmad As-Salleh Syamsuddin

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The Diary of Sultan Ahmad As-Salleh Syamsuddin THE UNIVERSITY OF HULL The history of Boné A.D. 1775-1795: The diary of Sultan Ahmad as-Salleh Syamsuddin being a thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in the University of Hull by: Rahilah Omar 2003 iv CONTENTS Pages Acknowledgements i Abstract iii List of contents iv List of abbreviations viii List of figures x List of maps xi List of tables xii Chapter One: Background 1 1.0 Research objectives 1 1.1 Research methodology 1 1.2 Area of study 2 1.3 The diary of Sultan Ahmad as-Salleh 2 1.4 Problems of research 3 1.5 Structure and layout of the thesis 3 Chapter Two: The Bugis and their writing culture 5 2.0 Introduction 5 2.1 South Sulawesi: a general overview 5 2.1.1 The Bugis of South Sulawesi 8 2.1.2 The regency of Boné 10 2.2 The writing culture of the Bugis 12 2.2.1 The development of the Bugis written tradition 13 2.2.2 The Bugis writings 16 2.3 Literature review 17 2.4 Summary and conclusions 22 v Chapter Three: The Bugis diaries 23 3.0 Introduction 23 3.1 Philological introduction 23 3.2 Historical background of the Bugis diaries 24 3.3 The Bugis scripts and its development 28 3.4 The Bugis diaries: a general overview 30 3.5 The BL MS. Add. 12354, the DAS 32 3.5.1 The script and the language of DAS 35 3.5.2 The layout of the diary 38 3.5.3 The contents of DAS 40 3.6 The bilang 42 3.7 The Bugis diary: identifying the ‘moment in time’ 45 3.8 Summary and conclusions 47 Chapter Four: The diary as a historical text: Political events 48 4.0 Introduction 48 4.1 The death of Sultan Abdul Razak and the election of Sultan Ahmad as-Salleh as the Crown Prince 48 4.1.1 The ancestry of Sultan Ahmad as-Salleh 50 4.1.2 The election of Ahmad as-Salleh as the twenty-third Arumponé 52 4.1.3 The 100 days of mourning 56 4.1.4 The early months of Sultan Ahmad as-Salleh as Arumponé 63 4.2 I Sangkilang: pretender to the throne of Gowa 65 4.2.1 I Sangkilang: the persona 67 4.2.2 The cause of the downfall of Gowa 68 4.2.3 The key role of Arung Palakka 72 4.3 The involvement of Sultan Ahmad as-Salleh in Gowa’s crisis 75 4.3.1 DAS’ account of events following the fall of Gowa in 1778 78 4.3.2 A review of I Sangkilang’s rebellion 80 4.4 The regalia of Gowa: a conflict 80 4.4.1 The appointments of the Governor of Makassar and the ruler of Gowa 81 4.4.2 The question of Sultan Ahmad as-Salleh’s dual rulership 84 4.4.3 The contest for the sudang 87 4.4.4 The submission of the hill Makasars to the Company 90 4.4.5 The issue of the sudang: a hidden agenda 91 4.4.6 The sudang: a drawn-out affair 94 4.5 Summary and conclusions 96 vi Chapter Five: The diary as a historical text: Events on economy 98 5.0 Introduction 98 5.1 The economy of the Bugis: an introduction 98 5.1.2 Description of agricultural produce 100 5.1.3 Trade and commodities 102 5.2 DAS on the economy of Boné 103 5.2.1 Subsistence of agriculture: The cultivation of wet-rice 104 5.2.2 Agricultural rites and the annual cycle of rice cultivation 108 5.2.3 The labour economy 110 5.2.4 Sultan Ahmad as-Salleh’s ownership of rice-fields 111 5.2.5 The Arumponé’s revenues from rice cultivation 112 5.2.6 Fish and fish farming 116 5.2.7 Types of fishing equipment 117 5.2.8 Other activities relating to fishing 120 5.3 Land and the kasuwiyang 121 5.3.1 Types of land 121 5.3.2 The kasuwiyang 124 5.3.3 Land taxes and disputes over land 132 5.3.4 A personal conflict with the paghter, Intje’ Sadulla 141 5.4 Trade 143 5.4.1 The decline of the VOC 143 5.4.2 Types of currency used 145 5.4.3 Agreements and disputes on trading 147 5.4.4 DAS on the Chinese communities 152 5.5 Slavery 154 5.5.1 The terminology of slavery in DAS 155 5.5.2 Downward social mobility: from freeman to slave 158 5.5.3 Upwards social mobility: from slave to favoured servant or freeman 163 5.5.4 DAS as a record on slaves 165 5.5.5 DAS on the economic importance of slaves 169 5.6 Other revenues 176 5.6.1 Grant from the Dutch 176 5.6.2 Tax from the Cenrana river toll bar 177 5.6.3 Financial penalties and gambling revenues 180 5.6.4 Deer hunting 198 5.7 Summary and conclusions 190 Chapter Six: The diary as a historical text: Social and cultural events 193 6.0 Introduction 193 6.1 Bugis society: Social hierarchy 193 6.1.1 The social status in Boné as exhibited in official office 196 6.2 Kinship in Boné 199 6.3 DAS on material culture 203 vii 6.3.1 Rites of passage on birth 203 6.3.2 Royal births and post natal mortalities 205 6.3.3 Marriage and divorce in Bugis society 206 6.3.4 Dowries as status symbols 208 6.3.5 The wedding 210 6.3.6 Traditional customs after the wedding ceremony 213 6.3.7 Divorce and polygamy among members of the court of Boné 214 6.4 DAS on non-material culture 218 6.4.1 Performing arts 218 6.4.2 Types of dances and their purposes 219 6.5 Scribal activities 224 6.5.1 Literary activities in the court of Boné 225 6.5.2 Hobbies and leisure activities 231 6.5.2.1 Cock-fighting 232 6.5.2.2 Horse riding 234 6.5.2.3 River sailing 239 6.6 Religious activities 244 6.6.1 The hajj 244 6.6.2 DAS on hajj 245 6.6.3 The official procedure on hajj in the eighteenth century 247 6.6.4 International relations between Boné and Mecca 248 6.6.5 Activities during the fasting month of Ramadhan 250 6.6.6 The Khalwatiyyah tariqa in Boné 252 6.7 The tradition of mangngaruq 254 6.7.1 The investiture of Sultan Ahmad as-Salleh 257 6.8 The tradition of giving and receiving gifts 263 6.8.1 The social symbolism of gifts 266 6.8.2 Types of gifts 269 6.9 Summary and conclusions 273 Chapter Seven: Conclusions 275 Bibliography 281 Glossary 309 Appendices: a. Genealogies of the rulers of Boné from the first ruler to post independence Indonesia 319 b. The family tree of Sultan Ahmad as-Salleh 320 c. Photographs 321 viii List of abbreviations A.D. Anno Domini (Christian Era) A.H. Anno Hijrah (Muslim Calendar) a.m. before noon anon. anonymous ANRI Arsip Nasional Republik Indonesia (Archive National Republic of Indonesia) Ar. Arab B.C. Before Christ BKI Bijdragen Tot de Taal, Land-en Volkenkunde BL British Library B. Bugis c. circa cf. confer D. Dutch DAS Diary of Sultan Ahmad as-Salleh Depdikbud Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan (Department of Education and Culture) DJM Diary of Jennang of Maros DoM Diary of Maqdanrang DTM Diary of Tomarilalang Malolo EEIC English East India Company F./ Fols Folio(s) Fr. French H. Hijrah, Muslim calendar Id. Indonesia JAS Journal of Asian Studies JMBRAS Journal of the Malaysian Branch, Royal Asiatic Society JSEAH Journal of Southeast Asian History JSEAS Journal of Southeast Asian Studies Kg. Kilogrammes KITLV Koninklijk Instituut voor de Taal-, Land,- en Volkenkunde Mak. Makasar/ Makassar (of manuscripts) Mal. Malay MS./MSS Manuscript(s) n.p no pagination OIOC Oriental and Indian Office Collections OR. Oriental Record p.m. after noon PBUH Peace Be Upon Him PNI Perpustakaan Nasional Indonesia P. Portuguese r. recto of a page; reigned RAS Royal Asiatic Society RIMA Review of Indonesian and Malaysian Affairs SOAS School of Oriental and African Studies SUSENAS Survei Sosio-Ekonomi Nasional ix TNI Tijdschrift voor Taal-, Land, en Volkenkunde van Nederlansch Indië UM University of Malaya UnHas Universitas Hasanuddin UP Ujung Pandang (former name of Makassar) v. verso of a page VOC Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie YKSST Yayasan Kebudayaan Sulawesi Selatan dan Tenggara 1 Chapter One Background 1.0 The research objective The objective of this thesis is to establish what can be learnt from the diary of Sultan Ahmad as-Salleh about the politics, economy, society and culture of the Kingdom of Boné from 1775 to 1795. Sultan Ahmad as-Salleh’s diary is one of the ten Bugis diaries held in the British Library. None of these diaries has ever been examined by a historian. Together they offer a remarkable, untapped wealth of information on life and politics at the court of Boné, the most powerful and important of the Bugis kingdoms of South Sulawesi in the eighteenth century. 1.1 Research methodology This thesis takes an interdisciplinary approach, combining the findings of anthropology with historical and archival research. In the last two decades the historical methodology used to study South Sulawesi has moved away from a single approach using archival materials, in favour of a multi-disciplinary approach combining textual and non-textual sources.
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