ENGLISH EDUCATION JOURNAL THE SEE SUBTYPE VERBS IN (E2J) ENGLISH AND WOLIO Research Journal LANGUAGES: A SEMANTIC APPROACH TO GRAMMAR https://www.ejournal.lppmunidayan.ac. id/index.php/english Nur Melansari 1), Nining Syafitri 2) 1&2) Lecturers of English Education Department, Universitas Dayanu Ikhsanuddin E-ISSN: 2686-3731 Jl. Sultan Dayanu Ikhsanuddin No. 124 P-ISSN: 2460-0504 Baubau, Southeast ,

Article Info Article history: Author's Correspondence Received: 10/10/2020 e-mail: [email protected] Received in revised form: 27/10/2020 Accepted: 30/10/2020

Abstract This research aimed to investigate See subtype verbs in English and Wolio languages: the meanings and grammatical properties. The research is descriptive qualitative research. The sources of the data in this research include events, information, and documents. The techniques of collecting data are observation and interview. The data were analyzed through some steps: data reduction, data display, and conclusion and verification. The result shows that the English See subtype verbs identified are see, hear, smell, taste, feel, observe, notice and perceive. While the Wolio See subtype verbs identified are kamata, rango, bou, penami, namisi, and tuminda. In the aspect of meaning, the Wolio See subtype verbs do not always have the same function with English in the use. Some verbs in Wolio language have more wide semantic range, such as ‘kamata’ and ‘namisi’. ‘Kamata’ refers to become aware of somebody/something by using of eyes either in a glance or over period of time and carefully or not. Publisher: In addition, ‘kamata’ also can be used to see a English Education Department movie, witness the accident, and observed somebody or something. ‘namisi’ also can cover Faculty of Teacher Training and feel and perceive. Though it is a transitive and Education intransitive verb at once, but the passive sentence Universitas Dayanu Ikhsanuddin of this verb is not allowed. In addition, this verb also does not have the imperative form when it Address: refers to ‘perceive’. Contrast with ‘tumindaea’ that has more narrow semantic meaning. ‘tumindaea’ Jl. Sultan Dayanu Ikhsanuddin No. 124 is just used to pay attention or notice somebody or Baubau, post code 93724 his/her speech or advice. , Indonesia Keywords: grammar, See subtype, semantic approach

76 Abstrak “a hand of banana”. People in Indonesia see it Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kata as a comb, while people in England see it as a kerja See subtype dalam bahasa Inggris dan Wolio: hand. Actually it is caused by the way of makna dan sifat gramatikal. Jenis penelitian yang thinking of those societies, as we know that digunakan adalah penelitian kualitatif deskriptif. the way of thinking is one of the elements of Sumber data dalam penelitian ini meliputi peristiwa, informasi, dan dokumen. Teknik culture. pengumpulan data adalah observasi dan Indonesia is a very large country which wawancara. Analisis data dilakukan melalui has about 750 languages. The languages beberapa tahapan yaitu reduksi data, penyajian consist of Indonesian as a nationality data, penarikan kesimpulan dan verifikasi. Hasil language and the rests are local languages. penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kata kerja See Wolio language is one of the local subtype bahasa Inggris yang diidentifikasi adalah languages in the island of . This see, hear, smell, taste, feel, observe, notice dan language is an official language of the perceive. Sedangkan kata kerja See subtype bahasa government system at the kingdom of Buton. Wolio yang diidentifikasi adalah kamata, rango, Until now Wolio language is still used by the bou, penami, namisi, dan tuminda. Pada aspek makna, kata kerja See subtype bahasa Wolio tidak community, especially in Baubau city. In selalu memiliki fungsi yang sama dengan bahasa addition, Wolio language is still known by Inggris dalam penggunaannya. Beberapa kata people around the kingdom of Buton. kerja dalam bahasa Wolio memiliki jangkauan Abas et. al [2] states that the structure of semantik yang lebih luas, seperti 'kamata' dan Wolio language consists of subject, verb, 'namisi'. 'Kamata' mengacu pada menyadari akan object or complement (SVO). In a context seseorang/sesuatu dengan menggunakan mata where the subject can be inferred from the baik dalam sekejap atau selama periode waktu previous discourse it enables to omit the dan dengan hati-hati atau tidak. Selain itu, subject [3]. However, it needs to be 'kamata' juga dapat digunakan untuk menonton strengthened by other research regarding film, menyaksikan kecelakaan, dan mengamati seseorang atau sesuatu. 'Namisi' juga bisa there are just a few research about Wolio mencakup feel dan perceive. Meskipun kata kerja language. ini merupakan kata kerja transitif dan intransitif, Verb is the most important element in a namun bentuk pasif kata kerja ini tidak sentence which shows the activity done by diperbolehkan. Selain itu, kata kerja ini juga tidak the doer. Understanding the meaning of a memiliki bentuk imperatif yang mengacu pada verb will help learners to think of the way 'perceive'. Berbeda dengan 'tumindaea' yang how to construct a sentence using the verb memiliki makna semantik yang lebih sempit. [4]. When one has knowledge about meaning 'Tumindaea' hanya digunakan untuk of a verb it will help them to think about the memperhatikan seseorang atau ucapan atau grammatical properties of the verb, because nasihatnya. grammar can be approached by using Kata kunci: tata bahasa, See subtype, pendekatan semantics. semantik Leech [5] categorized English verbs based on tense and aspect. The verbs used in simple present are divided into ‘state verb’, ‘event 1. INTRODUCTION verb’ and ‘habitual verb’. Verb with progressive aspect are divided into eight There are varieties of languages in the classes: ‘momentary verbs’, ‘transitional world. It is about 7.000 languages. Each event verbs’, ‘activity verbs’, ‘process verbs’, language is different from one another, but ‘verbs of inert perception’, ‘verbs of inert they have similarities, such as structure and cognition’, ‘verbs of attitude’, ‘state verbs of meaning. It depends on the culture of the having and being’, and ‘verbs of bodily society. sensation’. However, from the categorization, Culture affects people as a society in it just focuses on a set of grammatical forms thinking, naming, and categorizing things [1]. in relation to a set of meaning, without raising For example “sesisir pisang” in Indonesian is discussion of syntax and morphology [3]. different from English. In English it is called

77 Dixon [6] came up with a new idea of 2.2 Source of the Data interrelation of grammar and meaning, and The sources of the data in this research discovered that the varying grammatical include events, information, and documents. behaviors of words are a consequence of their 1. Event meaning difference. He divided verbs into The event in this research is all activities two main categories based on their meaning where people use the languages in approach: Primary and Secondary verbs. communicating. Primary refers to some activity or state which independently can be the only verb in a 2. Informants sentence, while Secondary verbs refer to Informant is considered as a person who verbs which provide semantic modification of gives information about something. In other some other verbs. words, informant is a person who becomes Primary verbs are then divided into the source of the data specifically for Wolio Primary-A and Primary-B. Primary-B verbs language data. The informants of this may have noun phrases filling subject and research must fulfil some criteria: (1) native object slots but they also allow a complement speakers of Wolio language, (2) undergo clause as an alternative to fill one of these education at least senior high school, and (3) slots. Moreover, they can be the only verb in a can speak at least two languages. sentence. Primary-B verbs have many various 3. Documents types; Attention, Thinking, Deciding, The documents used in this research is all Speaking, Liking, Annoying, and Others. Each available written documents which concern type has its own subtype. on both English and Wolio languages. The Attention has seven subtypes; See,

Show, Recognise, Discover, Witness, Look, 2.3 Technique of Data Collection and Watch subtypes. In this research, the writer focuses on Attention type, especially a. Observation on the See subtype. Observation is a technique of data The SEE subtype, involving collection which has specific characteristics straightforward description of an act of relating to human’s behavior, work process, perception (which can be involuntary)—see, natural phenomena, and respondents hear, smell, taste, feel, etc.. observed are not wide [9]. In this research, This research aimed to investigate See the researchers conducted observation to get subtype verbs in English and Wolio information about the meanings and languages: the meanings and grammatical grammatical properties of the See subtype properties. verbs naturally. b. Interview 2. METHODS One of the most popular techniques for 2.1 Design of The Research obtaining information when conducting This is a qualitative and descriptive research by asking respondent orally is called research. Maxwell [7] stated that the strength interview. The information is obtained as qualitative research derives primarily from directly from the respondents while talking its inductive approach, its focus on specific face to face. In this research the researcher situation or people, and its emphasis on used semi-structured interview in order to words rather the numbers. This research is obtain adequate information about the See descriptive qualitative research because the subtype verbs in Wolio language. The data are in the written form. Elliot and question of interview was about how those Kratochwill [8] stated that descriptive study verbs used to show the act of perception. is a research in which the investigator examines and reports thing as the way are in 2.4 Technique of Data Analysis an attempt to understand and explain them. According to Miles and Hubermen in Lisa [10], they stated in analyzing the data the

78 researcher needs through some steps that are Then all the data are elaborated and data reduction, data display, and conclusion analyzed by semantic approach to English and verification. grammar. The use of each verb was presented in a table. Then, the meaning and the 1. Data Reduction grammatical properties of each verb were Data reduction is the process of taking described descriptively. and selecting the right data that appear in written-up field note or transcriptions Data 1 according to needed standard criteria. In this Kinds of case, the researchers reduced the information English Wolio Language from the research activities if the data were sentence unimportant or did not support the data the Active ‘See’ ‘Kamata’ researcher needed. e.g. John saw e.g. Ku kamata La that Mary had Amin sao i kawina 2. Data Display won. sabhangkaku Display of the data is a description of the (I saw Amin a data. As the second component in analyzing while ago in my the data, this technique is used in arranging friend’s wedding party) information, description or narration to be presented. Passive ‘be seen’ ‘Kamatea’ e.g. Mary was e.g. La Amin 3. Conclusion and Verification seen by John akamatea The researcher draws the conclusion of in graduation pinoinana apogau party. te sabhangkana i data after describing and interpreting the bhanuana guruna data continuously and throughout in the (Amin was seen by course of study as the outcome of his aunt talking interpretation. The conclusion drawing is with his friend in started after the data were collected by his teacher’s making temporary conclusion. In the other home) words, it can be said that conclusion is imperative ‘See’ ‘Kamatea’ analyzed continuously and the validity is e.g. See the e.g. Ku lingka po i verified to get the perfect conclusion. picture! dawa, kamatea siytu andimu! 3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION (I want to go to the market, take 3.1 Result care your little There are eight verbs of SEE subtype in sister!) English and Wolio languages that have been found, as follow: The function of ‘see’ and ‘kamata’ are same, they refer to become aware of Table 1. See Subtype verbs in English and somebody/something by using of eyes (which Wolio languages can be involuntary). The examples that are Data English Bahasa Wolio shown in the table have given clear view of 1 see kamata the use of those verbs. In the passive and 2 hear rango imperative forms, ‘a’ at the end of ‘kamata’ is 3 smell bou dropped and changed by suffix –ea. In the 4 taste penami imperative form, it can be used ‘kamatapea’ 5 feel namisi that is more polite form of asking someone to do something. Also, in imperative sentence 6 observe kamata the meaning becomes wider. In that sentence, 7 notice tuminda the meaning of ‘kamataea’ is take care of or 8 perceive namisi keep.

79 In ‘see’, an O NP can be omitted if it could allows varieties of complement clause fill O be inferred from the preceding discourse or slot. context, e.g. ‘Mary hit John on the temple!’ ‘Yes, I saw’. While in ‘kamata’, it cannot omit the O Data 3 NP, at least the ‘a’ at the end of the word must Kinds of English Wolio Language be dropped and it must retain suffix –ea as sentence pronoun. Active ‘Smell’ ‘Bou’ Another difference is in word ‘see’, all e.g. John e.g. Ku bou kinds of complement varieties are allowed to smelled the makolona puru i fill O slot; THAT, WH-, Modal (For) To, gas from that kamaramu Judgement To, and ING complement. While in broken car (I smell small Wolio language, it does not have any variety fragrant in your of complement clause. room) Passive ‘be smelt’ ‘Boua’ Data 2 e.g. The good e.g. Makolona puru Kinds of smell of soap aboua La Amin i English Wolio Language sentence is always kamaramu smelt from (The small fragrant Active ‘Hear’ ‘Rango’ the was smelt by Amin e.g. I heard e.g. Ku rango lele bathroom in your room) that John will minaakai come at the sabhangkaku imperative ‘Smell’ ’Boua’ party akawimo La Amin e.g. Smell the e.g. Boua siytu (I heard news flower! dhangia makolona from my friend puru! that Amin has (Smell the small married) fragrant!) Passive ‘be heard’ ‘Rangoa’ e.g. The news e.g. Lele yitu The two words above, ‘smell’ and ‘bou’, about Mary’s arangoa La Amin refer to notice or recognize a particular smell, leaving was minaakai put your nose near something to test its heard by John sabhangkana smell. Actually, there is no different function (That news was of these two verbs. In the passive and heard by Amin imperative sentence, ‘bou’ obtain suffix –a. from his friend) Suffix –pea can be added in imperative form imperative ‘Hear’ ‘Rangoa’ to make it more polite. e.g. Hear e.g. Rangoa siytu Omission of NP in O slot is not allowed in Mary’s voice, pogauna ‘smell’. The ‘bou’ must retain suffix –a if the it sounds mancuanamu! object is omitted. The complement clause that melodious! (Hear your allows in ‘smell’ is all of the variety, except parents’ Modal (For) To complement clause can occur speaking!) in some situation.

‘Hear’ and ‘rango’ refer to be aware of Data 4 sounds with your ears or pay attention to Kinds of English Wolio Language somebody. These two verbs have the same sentence function in the use. In the passive and Active ‘Taste’ ‘Penami’ imperative forms there must be added suffix e.g. The chef of e.g. Yawi ku –a. In the imperative form, ‘rango’ can be the restaurant penami kasuami added suffix –pea to create polite sense. tasted cooking karajaana opuaku The same matter with ‘see’, ‘hear’ also can of the new (Yesterday I tasted omit an O NP if it could inferred from the worker Kasuami that was preceding context. While ‘rango’ is at least made by my must retain suffix –a. Furthermore, ‘hear’ grandmother)

80 Passive ‘be tasted’ ‘Penamia’ imperative ‘Feel’ ‘Namisipea’ e.g. The e.g. Bobuno siytu e.g. Feel the cold! e.g. Namisipea pancake has padamo apenamia siy been tasted by La Amin, kancuramaka Mary, she says amameko siytu ba:u! that it is so (The yellow fruits (Feel this new delicious has been tasted by sofa!) Amin, they are sweet) ‘Feel’ and ‘namisi’ have the same function imperative ‘Taste’ ‘Penamipea’ in the use. Both refer to notice or be aware of e.g. Taste the e.g. Penamipea something, think or believe that something is tea, I will put bobuno siy, the case, give you a particular feeling or more sugar if amameko ka impression, but there is no passive form of you need! yinda? ‘namisi’ in Wolio language. The imperative (Taste these form of this verb ‘namisi’ is same with yellow fruits, are ‘penami’ in Data 4. They take suffix –pea they sweet or which brings polite meaning. not?) Feel cannot omit the noun phrase in O slot, but there are three further sets that ‘Taste’ and ‘penami’ refer to quality that allow adjective follows verbs smell, taste, feel different foods and drinks have that allows as we know them as linking verb. Feel can you to recognize them when you put them in take any kinds complement clause, except your mouth. The table has outlined briefly the Modal (For) To, because Modal (For) To is use of the two words, that there is the same just used in some situation. function in the use of both. The passive form in Wolio language obtain addition –a, while Data 6 the imperative form do not allow –a even Kinds of English Wolio Language though based on the previous three data have sentence shown the passive and imperative forms Active ‘Observe’ ‘Kamata’ were always same, because the meaning will e.g. We e.g. Oamaku be negative. Therefore, the imperative form observed akamata manga takes –pea that implies more polite sense in John’s tuka mokaraja:na asking another to do something. stealing bhanua mami The O NP cannot be omitted in ‘taste’ and those apples (My father observed it takes all varieties of complement clause, the craftsmen who except Modal (For) To complement can be was building our used in the certain situation. The same way house) with ‘penami’ cannot omit an O NP, so at least Passive ‘be ‘Kamatea’ there must be suffix –a (penamia) as pronoun. observed’ e.g. Manga muri e.g. The sun mopengka:darina Data 5 eclipse was siytu akamatea observed by guruna Kinds of Wolio English John (The students that sentence Language were studying were Active ‘Feel’ ‘Namisi’ observed by the e.g. I felt that she e.g. Ku namisi teacher) was the right yinda amalape person for the job siy imperative ‘Observe’ ‘Kamatea’ (I feel not good) e.g. Observe e.g. Kamatea siytu Passive ‘be felt’ - the behavior manga tuka e.g. The happiness of the mokaraja:na can be felt by teenager! bhanua! those family, even (Observe the though they live craftsmen that are in poverty building the house!)

81 ‘Observe’ refers to see or notice ‘Notice’ refers to see or hear somebody/something, watch somebody/ somebody/something, pay attention to something carefully. While ‘kamata’ refers to somebody/something. While ‘tumindaea’ has become aware of somebody/something by more narrow semantic meaning. It refers to using of eyes either in a glance or over period pay attention to somebody or his/her speech, of time and carefully or not. Beside the advice. The active, passive, and imperative general use of ‘kamata’ as explained in Data 1, forms are same. There is no addition of suffix ‘kamata’ also can be used to see a movie, or dropping a letter of this verb. Adding suffix witness the accident, and observed somebody –pea to bring more polite sense in imperative or something. It has more wide semantic form is not allowed in this verb. range. The examples has been shown briefly The O NP can be omitted in verb ‘notice’ in table above. The passive and imperative like ‘see’ and ‘hear’ and all of the varieties of forms are same with the passive and complement clause are also allowed in O slot. imperative forms ‘kamata’ in Data 1. In While ‘tumindaea’ cannot omit O NP. imperative form of ‘kamata’ refers to observe, it does not mean take care of and keep like in Data 8 the Data 1. The addition of suffix –pea is also Kinds of English Wolio Language allowed in this verb that brings more polite sentence meaning. Active ‘Perceive’ ‘Namisi’ The omission of NP in O slot is not e.g. Mary e.g. Ku namisi allowed in verb ‘observe’, but it can take all perceived that dhangia she was being kakamata:ku varieties of complement clause like the other observed (I perceive that verbs in the SEE subtype as explained above. there is someone While ‘kamata’ is also like ‘kamata’ in the that notice me) Data 1, ‘rango’, ‘bou’, ‘penami’ must retain Passive ‘be perceived’ - suffix –a. e.g. Mary’s coming in the Data 7 wedding party Kinds of was perceived English Wolio Language sentence as a gift for Active ‘Tumindaea’ John imperative ‘Perceive’ - e.g. Ku ‘Notice’ e.g. Perceive tumindaea e.g. I noticed her coming is malape pogauna John to be important in mancuanaku asleep this meeting! (I noticed my parents’ advices) ‘Perceive’ and ‘namisi’ refer to notice or Passive ‘Tumindaea’ ‘be noticed’ become aware of something, think of e.g. Pogauna e.g. Mary’s guruna something in a particular way. As data dance was atumindaea La explained above ‘namisi’ can cover both of noticed by the Amin feel and perceive. Though it is a transitive and audiences in (His teacher’s intransitive verb at once, but the passive that advices are sentence of the use of this verb is not allowed. competition noticed by Amin) In addition, this verb also does not have the imperative ‘Tumindaea’ imperative form when it refers to ‘perceive’. ‘Notice’ e.g. Tumindaea Omission of O NP is not allowed in verb e.g. Notice that pogauna ‘perceive’, but it allows all varieties of tall man who is mancuanamu! complement clause. The same matter with watching Mary! (Notice your ‘namisi’ that refers to ‘perceive’, it cannot parents’ advices!) omit the O NP.

82 3.2 Discussion human or higher animate) who finds out The SEE subtype refers to verbs that something about an Impression through use indicate acts of perception whether it is of eyes, or ears, or nose, or the taste-buds in voluntary or not, in a glance or over period of the tongue, or the tactile feelings in the skin. time and carefully or not. The English See The second role is Impression which is result subtype verbs identified are see, hear, smell, of the use of eyes, or ears, or nose, or the taste, feel, observe, notice and perceive. While taste-buds in the tongue, or the tactile the Wolio See subtype verbs identified are feelings in the skin. The Perceiver is always kamata, rango, bou, penami, namisi, and mapped onto A and the Impression onto O tuminda. syntactic relation (except for show). In In the aspect of meaning, the Wolio See addition, many of the verbs take any type of subtype verbs do not always have the same noun phrases in O relation. function with English in the use. Some verbs in Wolio language have more wide semantic 4. CONCLUSION range, such as ‘kamata’ and ‘namisi’. ‘Kamata’ refers to become aware of Based on the explanation that is outlined somebody/something by using of eyes either in the previous chapter, now we turn to the in a glance or over period of time and conclusion. The verbs in Wolio language that carefully or not. Beside the general use of are analyzed by using SEE subtype of ‘kamata’ as explained in Data 1, ‘kamata’ also ATTENTION verbs do not always have the can be used to see a movie, witness the same function with English in the use. Some accident, and observed somebody or verbs in Wolio language have more wide something. ‘namisi’ also can cover feel and semantic range, such as ‘kamata’ and ‘namisi’. perceive. Though it is a transitive and ‘Kamata’ refers to become aware of intransitive verb at once, but the passive somebody/something by using of eyes either sentence of the use of this verb is not allowed. in a glance or over period of time and In addition, this verb also does not have the carefully or not. Beside the general use of imperative form when it refers to ‘perceive’. ‘kamata’ as explained in Data 1, ‘kamata’ also Contrast with ‘tumindaea’ that has more can be used to see a movie, witness the narrow semantic meaning. ‘tumindaea’ is just accident, and observed somebody or used to pay attention or notice somebody or something. ‘namisi’ also can cover feel and his/her speech or advice. perceive. Though it is a transitive and In terms of the grammatical properties, intransitive verb at once, but the passive the See Subtype verbs have two core roles: a sentence of the use of this verb is not allowed. Perceiver and Impression. Perceiver can be In addition, this verb also does not have the human or higher animate who does the act of imperative form when it refers to ‘perceive’. perception, which is always mapped onto Contrast with ‘tumindaea’ that has more subject slot. While Impression can be an NP narrow semantic meaning. ‘tumindaea’ is just or complement clause which is always used to pay attention or notice somebody or mapped onto object slot. The NP in object slot his/her speech or advice. can be omitted if it can inferred from the preceding discourse, except English verbs REFERENCES smell, taste, feel, observe and Wolio verbs kamata and rango (in a certain condition), [1] “Language, culture and society,” Lang. Cult. bou, and penami. For all the English See Soc., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1–7, 2019, doi: subtype verbs, they can have complement 10.1075/lcs.00001.edi. clause in object slot while it is not allowed in [2] H. Abas, Struktur Bahasa Wolio. Jakarta: Wolio language, except verbs kamata, rango Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan and namisi. Bahasa, Depdikbud, 1983. As supported by Dixon [6] who states that [3] N. Melansari, “Motion Verbs in English and verbs of Attention subtype have two core Wolio Language: A Semantic Point of View,” roles. The first role is A Perceiver (which is Universitas Hasanuddin, 2015.

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