DOCSLIB.ORG

Lizenziatsarbeit Larissa Forster Definitiv

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Lizenziatsarbeit Larissa Forster Definitiv Universität Zürich Institut für Politikwissenschaften Abteilung für Internationale Beziehungen Seilergraben 53 8001 Zürich Lizenziatsarbeit der Philosophischen Fakultät der Universität Zürich Amerikanische Militärinterventionen in internationalen Krisen Eine empirische Analyse Betreut von Prof. Dr. Albert A. Stahel März 2007 Larissa Forster Hauptfach: Politikwissenschaften Birmensdorferstrasse 145 1. Nebenfach: Publizistikwissenschaften 8003 Zürich 2. Nebenfach: Philosophie Matrikelnummer: 01-704-873 [email protected] Amerikanische Militärinterventionen Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis Abbildungsverzeichnis...................................................................................................... 5 Abkürzungsverzeichnis..................................................................................................... 6 1. Einleitung...................................................................................................................... 7 1.1. Militärische Interventionen als Form der amerikanischen Aussenpolitik........................................ 7 1.2. Wann wird militärische Gewalt angewandt? ................................................................................... 9 1.3. Entdeckungs- und Verwertungszusammenhang ............................................................................. 10 1.4. Fragestellung ................................................................................................................................. 11 1.5. Exkurs: Legalität von militärischen Interventionen....................................................................... 12 1.6. Aufbau der Studie........................................................................................................................... 13 2. Nominaldefinitionen ................................................................................................... 14 2.1. Krise und internationale Krise....................................................................................................... 14 2.2. Krise versus Konflikt...................................................................................................................... 14 2.3. Intervention und militärische Intervention..................................................................................... 15 3. Bisheriger Forschungsstand........................................................................................ 17 4. Historischer Rückblick ............................................................................................... 20 4.1. Die Zeit bis zum 2.Weltkrieg .......................................................................................................... 20 4.2. Der 2.Weltkrieg und die Harry Truman Jahre (1945-1953).......................................................... 22 4.2.1. Der 2.Weltkrieg...................................................................................................................... 22 4.2.2. Die Truman Administration ................................................................................................... 23 4.2.3. Berlin Blockade...................................................................................................................... 25 4.2.4. Korean War I.......................................................................................................................... 26 4.3. 1953- 1961 Dwight D. Eisenhower................................................................................................ 26 4.3.1. Eisenhower Administration.................................................................................................... 26 4.3.2. Guatemala............................................................................................................................... 27 4.3.3. Iraq Lebanon Upheaval ....................................................................................................... 29 4.4. 1961-1963 John F. Kennedy .......................................................................................................... 30 4.4.1. Kennedy Administration ........................................................................................................ 30 4.4.2. Bay of Pigs ............................................................................................................................. 31 4.4.3. Yemen War I .......................................................................................................................... 32 4.5. 1963-1969 Lyndon B. Johnson....................................................................................................... 32 4.5.1. Johnson Administration.......................................................................................................... 32 4.5.2. Dominican Intervention.......................................................................................................... 33 4.5.3. TET Offensive........................................................................................................................ 34 4.6. 1969-1974 Richard Nixon.............................................................................................................. 35 4.6.1. Nixon Administration............................................................................................................. 35 4.6.2. Invasion of Cambodia ............................................................................................................ 37 4.6.3. October-Yom Kippur War...................................................................................................... 37 4.7. 1974-1977 Gerald Ford ................................................................................................................. 38 4.7.1. Ford Administration ............................................................................................................... 38 4.7.2. Mayaguez ............................................................................................................................... 39 4.7.3. War in Angola ........................................................................................................................ 39 4.8. 1977-1981 Jimmy Carter ............................................................................................................... 40 4.8.1. Carter Administration............................................................................................................. 40 4.8.2. Afghanistan Invasion.............................................................................................................. 43 2 Amerikanische Militärinterventionen Inhaltsverzeichnis 4.8.3. Onset Iran-Iraq War................................................................................................................ 44 4.9. 1981-1989 Ronald Reagan............................................................................................................. 45 4.9.1. Reagan Administration........................................................................................................... 45 4.9.2. Gulf of Syrte I ........................................................................................................................ 48 4.9.3. Contras II................................................................................................................................ 48 4. 10. 1989-1993 George Bush ............................................................................................................. 49 4.10.1. Bush Administration............................................................................................................. 49 4.10.2. Invasion of Panama .............................................................................................................. 51 4.10.3. Gulf War............................................................................................................................... 51 4.11. 1993-2001 William Clinton.......................................................................................................... 53 4.11.1. Clinton Administration......................................................................................................... 53 4.11.2. Haiti Military Regime .......................................................................................................... 54 4.11.3. Desert Strike......................................................................................................................... 55 4.12. 2001-2008 George W. Bush ......................................................................................................... 56 4.12.1. G. W. Bush Administration.................................................................................................. 56 4.13. Wandel in der US-Aussenpolitik bezüglich des Einsatzes von militärischer Gewalt ................... 56 5. Theorie........................................................................................................................ 60 5.1. Begründung der Theoriewahl ........................................................................................................ 60 5.2. Der Realismus................................................................................................................................ 60 5.2.1. Gemeinsame Elemente der verschiedenen Ausprägungen des Realismus ............................. 60 5.2.2. Der klassische Realismus ......................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Know the Past ...Shape the Future
    FALL 2018 - Volume 65, Number 3 WWW.AFHISTORY.ORG know the past .....Shape the Future The Air Force Historical Foundation Founded on May 27, 1953 by Gen Carl A. “Tooey” Spaatz MEMBERSHIP BENEFITS and other air power pioneers, the Air Force Historical All members receive our exciting and informative Foundation (AFHF) is a nonprofi t tax exempt organization. Air Power History Journal, either electronically or It is dedicated to the preservation, perpetuation and on paper, covering: all aspects of aerospace history appropriate publication of the history and traditions of American aviation, with emphasis on the U.S. Air Force, its • Chronicles the great campaigns and predecessor organizations, and the men and women whose the great leaders lives and dreams were devoted to fl ight. The Foundation • Eyewitness accounts and historical articles serves all components of the United States Air Force— Active, Reserve and Air National Guard. • In depth resources to museums and activities, to keep members connected to the latest and AFHF strives to make available to the public and greatest events. today’s government planners and decision makers information that is relevant and informative about Preserve the legacy, stay connected: all aspects of air and space power. By doing so, the • Membership helps preserve the legacy of current Foundation hopes to assure the nation profi ts from past and future US air force personnel. experiences as it helps keep the U.S. Air Force the most modern and effective military force in the world. • Provides reliable and accurate accounts of historical events. The Foundation’s four primary activities include a quarterly journal Air Power History, a book program, a • Establish connections between generations.
    [Show full text]
  • Glomar Explorer
    Approved for Release: 2018/10/01 C02623718 INTERNAL USE ONLY This publication contains clippings from the domestic and foreign press for YOUR BACKGROUND INFORMATION. Further use of selected items would rarely be advisable. NO. 13 • PAGE GOVERNMENT AFFAIRS 1 GENERAL 23 EASTERN EUROPE 34 WEST EUROPE 36 NEAR EAST 39 AFRICA 41 EAST ASIA 43 LATIN AMERICA 44 CLASSIFIED BY: 008354 » DESTROY AFTER BACKGROUNDER HAS SERVED ITS PURPOSE OR WITHIN 60 DAYS CpNPfl5ENTIAL Approved for Release: 2018/10/01 C02623718 Approved for Release: 2018/10/01 C02623718 THE NEW YORK TIMES, TUESDAY, JULY 20, 1976 The C.LA. Cloud Over the Press By Daniel Schorr ASPEN, Colo.—One of Wil­ liam E. Colby's less exhilarating . moments as Director of Central Intelligence was having to call a news conference to demand deletion from the Senate report on assassination plots of a dozen names, including such underworld figures as Sam Giancana and John Rosselli. However misguided the re­ cruitment of these worthies in . the C.I.A.’s designs on Fidel Castro, they had been promised eternal secrecy about, their roles, and, for the agency, de­ livering on that promise was an . article of faith. as well as law. Again, when Mr. Colby was subpoenaed by the House In-, telligerrce Committee for the names of certain intelligence officers, he faced up to a threat­ ened! contempt citation by mak­ ing ’it clear that he would rather go to jail' than com­ promise intelligence sources. This goes, as well, for the. names of journalists who have served the C.LA. And Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • Please Download Issue 1-2 2015 Here
    B A L A scholarly journal and news magazine. April 2015. Vol. VIII:1–2. From TIC the Centre for Baltic and East European Studies (CBEES), Södertörn University. The story of Papusza, W a Polish Roma poet O RLDS A pril 2015. V ol. VIII BALTIC :1–2 WORLDSbalticworlds.com Special section Gender & post-Soviet discourses Special theme Voices on solidarity S pecial section: pecial Post- S oviet gender discourses. gender oviet Lost ideals, S pecial theme: pecial shaken V oices on solidarity solidarity on oices ground also in this issue Illustration: Karin Sunvisson RUS & MAGYARS / EsTONIA IN EXILE / DIPLOMACY DURING WWII / ANNA WALENTYNOWICZ / HIJAB FASHION Sponsored by the Foundation BALTIC for Baltic and East European Studies WORLDSbalticworlds.com in this issue editorial Times of disorientation he prefix “post-” in “post-Soviet” write in their introduction that “gender appears or “post-socialist Europe” indicates as a conjunction between the past and the pres- that there is a past from which one ent, where the established present seems not to seeks to depart. In this issue we will recognize the past, but at the same time eagerly Tdiscuss the more existential meaning of this re-enacts the past discourses of domination.” “departing”. What does it means to have all Another collection of shorter essays is con- that is rote, role, and rules — and seemingly nected to the concept of solidarity. Ludger self-evident — rejected and cast away? What Hagedorn has gathered together different Papusza. is it to lose the basis of your identity when the voices, all adding insights into the meaning of society of which you once were a part ceases solidarity.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Oklahoma Graduate College
    UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE AN EXAMINATION OF INTERNATIONAL CRISES: THE EFFECT OF DECISION MAKER STRESS ON CRISIS MANAGEMENT , ATTRIBUTES, AND OUTCOMES IN NON -PROTRACTED CONFLICT AND PROTRACTED CONFLICT CRISES A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO T HE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy BY GREG ORY ROY COWAN Norman, Oklahoma 2007 UMI Number: 3254416 Copyright 2007 by Cowan, Gregory Roy All rights reserved. UMI Microform 3254416 Copyright 2007 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346 AN EXAMINIATION OF INTERNATIONAL CRISES: THE EFFECT OF DECISION MAKER STRESS ON CRISIS MANAGEMENT, ATT RIBUTES, AND OUTCOMES IN NON -PROTRACTED CONFLICT AND PROTRACTED CONFLICT CRISES A DISSERTATION APPROVED FOR THE GRADUATE COLLEGE BY ___ ____________________ Kelly R. Damphousse , Chair ___ ____________________ Trina L. Hope ___ _______________ _____ Nicole T. Judice -Campbell ___ ____________________ Susan S. Nash ___ ____________________ Joseph L. Rodgers © Copyright by GREGORY ROY COWAN 2007 All Rights Reserved Acknowledgements This dissertation woul d not have been possible without the assistance, support, encouragement, friendship, and love of many people. I want to thank my fantastic chair, Dr. Kelly Damphousse. Your guidance throughout this process has been invaluable. I also want to recognize t he rest of my committee, Drs. Hope, Judice -Campbell, Nash, and Rodgers. I could not have picked a better committee for this project. This dissertation and degree would never have happened without my wonderful parents, Howard and Sue Cowan.
    [Show full text]
  • Bee Playoff Round 2
    NHBB Nationals Bee 2015-2016 Bee Playoff Round 2 Bee Playoff Round 2 Regulation Questions (1) Cardinal Innitzer offered aid for this event, only to be told that its home country had \neither cardinals nor cannibals." The New York Times' Walter Duranty won a Pulitzer Prize for his correspondence work, which explicitly denied this event. In 2007, the (+) Verkhovna Rada declined to vote on a bill that would criminalize the denial of this event; that bill was proposed by Viktor (*) Yushchenko. The possession of food was a criminal offense during, for the point, what 1932-33 Soviet-engineered genocide in which over three million Ukrainians starved to death? ANSWER: Holodomor (prompt on descriptions of a Soviet famine in Ukraine; do not accept or prompt \Holocaust") (2) Richard Brewer was appointed the leader of a group with this name by John B. Wilson. That group was created to catch the killers of John Tunstall. William Tyrod defeated a force with this name, led by Herman Husband, at the Battle of Alamance in North Carolina. One group of this name employed Billy the Kid during the (+) Lincoln County War. A militia group of this name was led by Charles Jackson in Shelby County, close to the Louisiana-Texas border, in a cattle-thieving conflict in which 40 people died in the (*) 1840s. For the point, give this shared name of several 19th century forces, one of which fought a war with the Moderators, who used vigilante action to control the government. ANSWER: Regulators (accept Lincoln Country Regulators; do not accept vigilantes) (3) Both of these countries were thrown out of the 1987 World Juniors after the Punch-Up in Piestany.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ends of Modernization: Development, Ideology, and Catastrophe in Nicaragua After the Alliance for Progress
    THE ENDS OF MODERNIZATION: DEVELOPMENT, IDEOLOGY, AND CATASTROPHE IN NICARAGUA AFTER THE ALLIANCE FOR PROGRESS A Dissertation Submitted to the Temple University Graduate Board In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY by David Johnson Lee December 2015 Examining Committee Members: Dr. Richard Immerman, Advisory Chair, History, Temple University Dr. Harvey Neptune, History, Temple University Dr. David Farber, History, University of Kansas Dr. Michel Gobat, History, University of Iowa © Copyright 2015 by David Johnson Lee All Rights Reserved ii ABSTRACT This dissertation traces the cultural and intellectual history of Nicaragua from the heyday of modernization as ideology and practice in the 1960s, when U.S. planners and politicians identified Nicaragua as a test case for the Alliance for Progress, to the triumph of neoliberalism in the 1990s. The modernization paradigm, implemented through collusion between authoritarian dictatorship and the U.S. development apparatus, began to fragment following the earthquake that destroyed Managua in 1972. The ideas that constituted this paradigm were repurposed by actors in Nicaragua and used to challenge the dominant power of the U.S. government, and also to structure political competition within Nicaragua. Using interviews, new archival material, memoirs, novels, plays, and newspapers in the United States and Nicaragua, I trace the way political actors used ideas about development to make and unmake alliances within Nicaragua, bringing about first the Sandinista Revolution, then the Contra War, and finally the neoliberal government that took power in 1990. I argue that because of both a changing international intellectual climate and resistance on the part of the people of Nicaragua, new ideas about development emphasizing human rights, pluralism, entrepreneurialism, indigenous rights, and sustainable development came to supplant modernization theory.
    [Show full text]
  • International Crisis Behavior Data Codebook, Version 12 Michael
    International Crisis Behavior Data Codebook, Version 12 Michael Brecher, Jonathan Wilkenfeld, Kyle Beardsley, Patrick James and David Quinn 23 August 2017 Dataset: ICB 1 (System Level) This dataset (ICB1) comprises the system level data of the International Crisis Behavior (ICB) Project. The data span the period 1918-2013, with data on 470 international crises. For an extensive discussion of the system level data, see Michael Brecher and Jonathan Wilkenfeld, A Study of Crisis. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press, 2000. Identifier Variables Identifier Variable: 1 Name: ICB1 INTERNATIONAL CRISIS BEHAVIOR PROJECT - SYSTEM LEVEL DATASET Identifier Variable: 2 Name: CRISNO SEQUENCE NUMBER OF INTERNATIONAL CRISIS Identifier Variable: 3 Name: CRISNAME NAME OF INTERNATIONAL CRISIS 1-1 2 ICB List of States in the International System, 1918-2003 The three-letter actor codes and the three-digit identification numbers for states in the system correspond to those presented by Gleditsch and Ward, and are almost identical to the codes in the Correlates of War Project. See Kristian S. Gleditsch and Michael D. Ward (1999). “Interstate System Membership: A Revised List of the Independent States since 1816,” International Interactions 25: 393-413. CODE NAME NUMBER NAME (ACTOR) (CRACID) Afghanistan AFG 700 Albania ALB 339 Algeria ALG 615 Andorra AND 232 Angola ANG 540 Antigua & Barbuda AAB 058 Argentina ARG 160 Armenia ARM 371 Australia AUL 900 Austria AUS 305 Azerbaijan AZE 373 Bahamas BHM 031 Bahrain BAH 692 Bangladesh BNG 771 Barbados BAR
    [Show full text]
  • Swedish Security & Defence Policy 1990-2012
    Royal Military Academy, Military Academy Karlberg, Brussels Stockholm Swedish Security & Defence Policy 1990-2012 The transformation from neutrality to solidarity through a state identity perspective Cdt Dan Lundquist Supervisor: Dr. Nina Wilén This bachelor thesis comprises 18 ECTS and is included as a compulsory part of the Swedish National Defence College Officers’ Programme 2010-2013 (180 ECTS) at the Military Academy Karlberg, Stockholm The European Union’s ERASMUS Exchange Programme, Royal Military Academy Brussels, May 2013 The Royal Military Academy of Belgium Page 2 of 62 2013-05 Cdt Dan Lundquist “God and the soldier we both adore when at the brink of ruin, not before. The danger over, both are like requited, God is forgotten, and the soldier slighted.” – Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936) The Royal Military Academy of Belgium Page 3 of 62 2013-05 Cdt Dan Lundquist Acknowledgement First and foremost I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Dr Nina Wilén for her valuable support, constructive critique, and insightful comments when planning and accomplishing this thesis. I wish to acknowledge the support from the staff of the Department of Conflict Studies, particularly the assistance provided by Lt Col Bruno Janssens, Mj Koen Troch, Adjt Franky Cools, and Lt Lic Pietro Caputo, which has been highly appreciated and has facilitated my time at the Academy. I would like to offer my sincere acknowledgements to Mara Kreslina (at the Swedish National Defence College in Stockholm) for her excellent and much appreciated language support. I wish to thank Paloma Blanco (a former Erasmus-student at RMA) for taking the time to answer many of the questions I had about writing my thesis in Brussels.
    [Show full text]
  • An Inquiry Steered from the Top?
    Susanne Berger March 1, 2015 An Inquiry Steered From The Top? Twenty-five years later, still many loose ends in three major Cold War Cases 1 Preface I. Introduction II. Opportunity and Risk - The End of the Soviet Union a. The creation of three Working Groups b. Narrow parameters c. Early successes, with significant limitations III. An Inquiry steered from the Top? Russia – The Problems of an indirect Inquiry a. The suppression of documentation in the Raoul Wallenberg Case b. Severe restrictions of access to relevant Soviet/Russian intelligence archives Sweden – No Desire to dig deep a. The failure to address important background questions b. Other Swedes in the Soviet prison system IV. Incomplete Record - Mixed Results a. A tightly controlled investigation b. The results of the Working Groups and supplementary inquiries Conclusion © Susanne Berger 2 An Inquiry Steered From The Top? Twenty-five Years Later, Still Many Loose Ends In Three Major Cold War Cases Susanne Berger In 1944, the Swedish diplomat Raoul Wallenberg went to Hungary to protect the Jewish population of Budapest from deportation and death at the hands of Nazi death squads. In six short months, he managed to save thousands of lives and aided countless more by implementing an extensive humanitarian aid effort. In January 1945, he was arrested by Soviet troops and disappeared in the Soviet Union. In 1957, Soviet authorities announced that he had died in a Moscow prison in July 1947. They never presented any conclusive evidence for this claim and the full circumstances of his fate remain unknown. 1 On June 13, 1952 a Soviet fighter plane shot down a Swedish DC-3 reconnaissance aircraft over the Baltic sea.
    [Show full text]
  • Amphibious Aircrafts
    Amphibious Aircrafts ...a short overview i Title: Amphibious Aircrafts Subtitle: ...a short overview Created on: 2010-06-11 09:48 (CET) Produced by: PediaPress GmbH, Boppstrasse 64, Mainz, Germany, http://pediapress.com/ The content within this book was generated collaboratively by volunteers. Please be advised that nothing found here has necessarily been reviewed by people with the expertise required to provide you with complete, accurate or reliable information. Some information in this book may be misleading or simply wrong. PediaPress does not guarantee the validity of the information found here. If you need specific advice (for example, medical, legal, financial, or risk management) please seek a professional who is licensed or knowledge- able in that area. Sources, licenses and contributors of the articles and images are listed in the section entitled ”References”. Parts of the books may be licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. A copy of this license is included in the section entitled ”GNU Free Documentation License” All third-party trademarks used belong to their respective owners. collection id: pdf writer version: 0.9.3 mwlib version: 0.12.13 ii Contents Articles 1 Introduction 1 Amphibious aircraft . 1 Technical Aspects 5 Propeller.............................. 5 Turboprop ............................. 24 Wing configuration . 30 Lift-to-drag ratio . 44 Thrust . 47 Aircrafts 53 J2F Duck . 53 ShinMaywa US-1A . 59 LakeAircraft............................ 62 PBYCatalina............................ 65 KawanishiH6K .......................... 83 Appendix 87 References ............................. 87 Article Sources and Contributors . 91 Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors . 92 iii Article Licenses 97 Index 103 iv Introduction Amphibious aircraft Amphibious aircraft Canadair CL-415 operating on ”Fire watch” out of Red Lake, Ontario, c.
    [Show full text]
  • A Brief History of the FRA
    A Brief History of the FRA From Morse to Cyber Defence Fredrik Wallin A Brief History of the FRA FROM MORSE TO CYBER DEFENCE Fredrik Wallin THIS PUBLICATION IS A COMPILATION OF THE HISTORY OF THE FRA ON THE OCCASION OF THE 75TH ANNIVERSARY 2017, AND IS MAINLY BASED ON HISTORICAL WORKS COVERING THE FRA BY JAN-OLOF GRAHN, MICHAEL FREDHOLM, ANDERS WIK AND SAM NILSSON. COPYRIGHT FRA 2018 COVER The present meets the past ORIGINAL/LAYOUT Peo Werngren, FRA, 2018 DESIGN . Nowa Kommunikation, Göteborg What is signals intelligence? Signals intelligence is the art of extracting information (intelligence) from electronic signals. Signals intelligence has existed since the mid 19th century with the advent of telegraphic communications, and from the beginning of the 20th century concerning radio. The first step in signals intelligence is intercepting the interesting signals, usually in radio or cable transmissions. When the signal is col- lected, it often has to be processed to extract information, for example by translation, codebreaking or traffic analysis. Traffic analysis is the art of deducing information via patterns in communication or geographic locations of transmitters. In this way important information can be gleaned even if the content of the transmis- sion is not known. Encryption is when the content of a message is hidden, either by replacing words by codes, or by enciphering, where each character is changed according to a mathematical formula. Encryption was initially done manually with the aid of tables and codebooks. From the 1920s, electro-mechanical encryption machines were developed, the most well known of which is the German Enigma machine.
    [Show full text]
  • Externalization of Conflict
    Société québécoise de science politique Externalization of Conflict: Testing a Crisis-Based Model Author(s): Patrick James Reviewed work(s): Source: Canadian Journal of Political Science / Revue canadienne de science politique, Vol. 20, No. 3 (Sep., 1987), pp. 573-598 Published by: Canadian Political Science Association and the Société québécoise de science politique Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3228858 . Accessed: 08/10/2012 14:33 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Canadian Political Science Association and Société québécoise de science politique are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Canadian Journal of Political Science / Revue canadienne de science politique. http://www.jstor.org Externalizationof Conflict: Testing a Crisis-Based Model PATRICK JAMES McGill University Austro-Hungarianpolicy is generallycriticized but this criticismis misleading. Berchtold is almost universallystigmatized for seeking to preserve a doomed empire at the risk of a European war. Although espoused by pacifists and apologists for the other powers, this criticism could have little relevance for Austro-Hungarianstatesmen. It was their duty to preserve Austria-Hungary, not peace. Since they perceivedthat Austria-Hungarywas doomed unless war was risked [in 1914],it was their responsibilityto risk war.' Externalization is one of the most enduring theories in the literature devoted to international conflict; Austria-Hungary going to war in 1914 in a desperate effort to restore internal order and prolong its existence is but one commonly cited example.
    [Show full text]