International Crisis Behavior Data Codebook, Version 12 Michael
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Interstate Peacekeeping: Causal Mechanisms and Empirical Effects
INTERSTATE PEACEKEEPING: CAUSAL MECHANISMS AND EMPIRICAL EFFECTS Virginia Page Fortna* Department of Political Science & Saltzman Institute of War and Peace Studies Columbia University permanent address 420 W. 118th Street New York NY 10027 w. 212 854-0021 h. 212 662-5395 f. 212 864-1686 AY 2004-2005 address Hoover Institution Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 w. 650 723-0746 c. 503 548-7429 f. 650 723-1687 email: [email protected] Version: September 14, 2004 * The author owes debts of gratitude to more people than can be listed here for help and feedback with the project of which this paper is a part. She thanks in particular, Nisha Fazal, Hein Goemans, Lise Howard, Bob Jervis, Bob Keohane, Lisa Martin, Jack Snyder, Alan Stam, Barb Walter, and Suzanne Werner. This research was made possible by grants from the Center for International Security and Cooperation at Stanford, the Carnegie Corporation of New York, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. INTERSTATE PEACEKEEPING: CAUSAL MECHANISMS AND EMPIRICAL EFFECTS ABSTRACT Peacekeeping is perhaps the international community’s most important tool for maintaining peace in the aftermath of war. Its practice has evolved significantly in the past ten or fifteen years as it has been used increasingly in civil wars. However, traditional peacekeeping between states is not well understood. Its operation is under-theorized and its effects under-tested. This article explores the causal mechanisms through which peacekeepers keep peace, and examines its empirical effects after interstate wars. To take the endogeneity of peacekeeping into account, it also examines where peacekeepers tend to be deployed. -
Know the Past ...Shape the Future
FALL 2018 - Volume 65, Number 3 WWW.AFHISTORY.ORG know the past .....Shape the Future The Air Force Historical Foundation Founded on May 27, 1953 by Gen Carl A. “Tooey” Spaatz MEMBERSHIP BENEFITS and other air power pioneers, the Air Force Historical All members receive our exciting and informative Foundation (AFHF) is a nonprofi t tax exempt organization. Air Power History Journal, either electronically or It is dedicated to the preservation, perpetuation and on paper, covering: all aspects of aerospace history appropriate publication of the history and traditions of American aviation, with emphasis on the U.S. Air Force, its • Chronicles the great campaigns and predecessor organizations, and the men and women whose the great leaders lives and dreams were devoted to fl ight. The Foundation • Eyewitness accounts and historical articles serves all components of the United States Air Force— Active, Reserve and Air National Guard. • In depth resources to museums and activities, to keep members connected to the latest and AFHF strives to make available to the public and greatest events. today’s government planners and decision makers information that is relevant and informative about Preserve the legacy, stay connected: all aspects of air and space power. By doing so, the • Membership helps preserve the legacy of current Foundation hopes to assure the nation profi ts from past and future US air force personnel. experiences as it helps keep the U.S. Air Force the most modern and effective military force in the world. • Provides reliable and accurate accounts of historical events. The Foundation’s four primary activities include a quarterly journal Air Power History, a book program, a • Establish connections between generations. -
Glomar Explorer
Approved for Release: 2018/10/01 C02623718 INTERNAL USE ONLY This publication contains clippings from the domestic and foreign press for YOUR BACKGROUND INFORMATION. Further use of selected items would rarely be advisable. NO. 13 • PAGE GOVERNMENT AFFAIRS 1 GENERAL 23 EASTERN EUROPE 34 WEST EUROPE 36 NEAR EAST 39 AFRICA 41 EAST ASIA 43 LATIN AMERICA 44 CLASSIFIED BY: 008354 » DESTROY AFTER BACKGROUNDER HAS SERVED ITS PURPOSE OR WITHIN 60 DAYS CpNPfl5ENTIAL Approved for Release: 2018/10/01 C02623718 Approved for Release: 2018/10/01 C02623718 THE NEW YORK TIMES, TUESDAY, JULY 20, 1976 The C.LA. Cloud Over the Press By Daniel Schorr ASPEN, Colo.—One of Wil liam E. Colby's less exhilarating . moments as Director of Central Intelligence was having to call a news conference to demand deletion from the Senate report on assassination plots of a dozen names, including such underworld figures as Sam Giancana and John Rosselli. However misguided the re cruitment of these worthies in . the C.I.A.’s designs on Fidel Castro, they had been promised eternal secrecy about, their roles, and, for the agency, de livering on that promise was an . article of faith. as well as law. Again, when Mr. Colby was subpoenaed by the House In-, telligerrce Committee for the names of certain intelligence officers, he faced up to a threat ened! contempt citation by mak ing ’it clear that he would rather go to jail' than com promise intelligence sources. This goes, as well, for the. names of journalists who have served the C.LA. And Mr. -
War As a Constitutive Moment
Dodging a Bullet: Democracy’s Gains in Modern War* Paul Starr That war drives state-building is virtually a truism of historical sociology, summed up in the late Charles Tilly’s well-known aphorism that states make war, and war makes states. (Tilly, 1990) But if war and state-building merely reinforce each other, why have liberal democracies flourished and proliferated during the past two centuries when war reached unprecedented dimensions? Why not militaristic autocracies? What role, if any, has war played in the formation and spread of liberal democratic regimes? To raise these questions is not to suggest that war is one of democracy’s primary causes, but rather to ask how democracy and, more particularly, liberal democracy dodged a bullet--a bullet that, according to many ancient and plausible theories, might well been fatal. The belief that democracy is a liability in war has been a staple of political thought, beginning with Thucydides. If liberalism and democracy had been sources of severe military disadvantage during the past two centuries, liberal democratic regimes should have perished in wars as they were conquered and eliminated by other states, or when their own populations rose up to overthrow them in the wake of defeat, or because they were forced to abandon their institutions in order to survive. That this was not their fate suggests a range of possibilities. At a minimum, their institutions have not been a disabling handicap in war, and no consistent relationship may exist between war and democracy. Alternatively, war may have contributed to the spread of democratic regimes if democracy itself or features correlated with democracy have increased the chances of a regime’s survival in war, or if war has promoted changes favorable to democratic institutions. -
Wars Since 1945: an Introduction
Wars since 1945: An Introduction Beatrice Heuser1 While most Europeans lived through an exceptionally peaceful period of histo- ry, termed ‘The Long Peace’ by John Lewis Gaddis,2 the populations of other continents were decidedly less fortunate. What was a ‘Cold War’ for the Euro- peans was anything but ‘cold’ for the Koreans, Vietnamese, Cambodians and Laotians, for most Arab peoples, the Afghans, Pakistanis, Bangladeshis, and Indians, the populations of the Congo, Kenya, Nigeria, Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, Ethiopia, Somalia and Eritrea, and of most of Latin America. How, then, can one be so sanguine as to characterise this period as that of a ‘Cold War’ or a ‘long peace’? The reason is that the long-expected Third World War has not (yet?) taken place. It was the prospect of such a Third World War, a ‘total’ and in all probability nuclear war, that attracted the attention of con- cerned minds in Europe and North America, the cultures that over centuries produced most publications on the subjects of war, strategy, military affairs and international relations. 1. An overview Admittedly, Americans, Britons, Frenchmen, Belgians, Portuguese and the Dutch were soon reminded of the existence of a world outside the Europe- centric East-West conflict. Almost immediately after the end of the Second World War, Britain and France became involved in decolonisation wars in Asia and Africa, and America woke up to the enduring reality of lesser wars with Korea. American strategists like Robert Osgood turned to Clausewitzian con- cepts to define these: they called them ‘limited wars’, since no nuclear weapons were used, and because they did not escalate to global war.3 While many of them recognised the continuing occurrence of such non-nuclear, non-global wars, Americans (and indeed Britons and Frenchmen) tended to see them as part of the larger framework of the Cold War. -
Please Download Issue 1-2 2015 Here
B A L A scholarly journal and news magazine. April 2015. Vol. VIII:1–2. From TIC the Centre for Baltic and East European Studies (CBEES), Södertörn University. The story of Papusza, W a Polish Roma poet O RLDS A pril 2015. V ol. VIII BALTIC :1–2 WORLDSbalticworlds.com Special section Gender & post-Soviet discourses Special theme Voices on solidarity S pecial section: pecial Post- S oviet gender discourses. gender oviet Lost ideals, S pecial theme: pecial shaken V oices on solidarity solidarity on oices ground also in this issue Illustration: Karin Sunvisson RUS & MAGYARS / EsTONIA IN EXILE / DIPLOMACY DURING WWII / ANNA WALENTYNOWICZ / HIJAB FASHION Sponsored by the Foundation BALTIC for Baltic and East European Studies WORLDSbalticworlds.com in this issue editorial Times of disorientation he prefix “post-” in “post-Soviet” write in their introduction that “gender appears or “post-socialist Europe” indicates as a conjunction between the past and the pres- that there is a past from which one ent, where the established present seems not to seeks to depart. In this issue we will recognize the past, but at the same time eagerly Tdiscuss the more existential meaning of this re-enacts the past discourses of domination.” “departing”. What does it means to have all Another collection of shorter essays is con- that is rote, role, and rules — and seemingly nected to the concept of solidarity. Ludger self-evident — rejected and cast away? What Hagedorn has gathered together different Papusza. is it to lose the basis of your identity when the voices, all adding insights into the meaning of society of which you once were a part ceases solidarity. -
El Salvador1 El Salvador Is a Small Central American Country
Background- El Salvador1 El Salvador is a small Central American country (population about 6.3 million in 2016) that was devastated by a 1979 to 1992 civil war that featured repeated, large-scale massacres of civilians. Since the 1500s, El Salvador has been dominated by a small plantation-owning elite and has had repeated conflicts with its neighbors. The Spanish arrived in 1524 and started cocoa and later indigo plantations farmed by members of various small Indian tribes related to the Maya and Aztec. Although Salvadoran planters were wealthy and politically powerful within El Salvador, they felt frustrated by the regional dominance of Guatemalan merchants and clergy and repeatedly fought with Guatemala. In 1821, El Salvador joined the rest of Central America in declaring independence from Spain but, by 1841, attempts to form a united Central America had failed and Central America broke down into separate independent states. Within El Salvador, tensions between the planters and the working class were exacerbated in the late 1800s by the development of artificial dyes and the resulting crash in the indigo market. Although planters successfully switched to coffee, the switch entailed taking most of the indigenous tribes’ remaining land and violently putting down the resulting rebellions. During the Great Depression of the 1930s, tensions between the Salvadoran working class and elites boiled over into a communist revolt, setting the stage for a series of military dictatorships. In 1929, the Wall Street collapse caused coffee prices to crash, intensifying Salvadoran’s existing dissatisfaction with the unequal distribution of wealth. In response, the military lead a coup in 1931 and the Salvadoran Communist Party led a revolt in 1932. -
Lizenziatsarbeit Larissa Forster Definitiv
Universität Zürich Institut für Politikwissenschaften Abteilung für Internationale Beziehungen Seilergraben 53 8001 Zürich Lizenziatsarbeit der Philosophischen Fakultät der Universität Zürich Amerikanische Militärinterventionen in internationalen Krisen Eine empirische Analyse Betreut von Prof. Dr. Albert A. Stahel März 2007 Larissa Forster Hauptfach: Politikwissenschaften Birmensdorferstrasse 145 1. Nebenfach: Publizistikwissenschaften 8003 Zürich 2. Nebenfach: Philosophie Matrikelnummer: 01-704-873 [email protected] Amerikanische Militärinterventionen Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis Abbildungsverzeichnis...................................................................................................... 5 Abkürzungsverzeichnis..................................................................................................... 6 1. Einleitung...................................................................................................................... 7 1.1. Militärische Interventionen als Form der amerikanischen Aussenpolitik........................................ 7 1.2. Wann wird militärische Gewalt angewandt? ................................................................................... 9 1.3. Entdeckungs- und Verwertungszusammenhang ............................................................................. 10 1.4. Fragestellung ................................................................................................................................. 11 1.5. Exkurs: Legalität von militärischen Interventionen...................................................................... -
Football and the Military in Contemporary Britain: an Exploration of Invisible Nationalism
Football and the Military in Contemporary Britain: An Exploration of Invisible Nationalism Penn, R., & Berridge, D. (2018). Football and the Military in Contemporary Britain: An Exploration of Invisible Nationalism. Armed Forces and Society, 44(1), 116-138. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095327X16682784 Published in: Armed Forces and Society Document Version: Peer reviewed version Queen's University Belfast - Research Portal: Link to publication record in Queen's University Belfast Research Portal Publisher rights © 2017 The Author. This work is made available online in accordance with the publisher’s policies. Please refer to any applicable terms of use of the publisher. General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Queen's University Belfast Research Portal is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The Research Portal is Queen's institutional repository that provides access to Queen's research output. Every effort has been made to ensure that content in the Research Portal does not infringe any person's rights, or applicable UK laws. If you discover content in the Research Portal that you believe breaches copyright or violates any law, please contact [email protected]. Download date:05. Oct. 2021 Football and the Military in Contemporary Britain: An Exploration of Invisible Nationalism Roger Penn, Queens University Belfast Acknowledgements All the pictures used in the text were taken by the authors apart from Photographs F, G and H which were provided courtesy of Bolton Wanderers FC by Phil Mason, the Club’s Chaplain and Photograph I which was supplied courtesy of Carlisle United FC by their Head of Media, Andy Hall. -
Examining Alliance Treaty Renegotiation
ABSTRACT Title of Dissertation: HOLDING HANDS WHILE PARTING WAYS: EXAMINING ALLIANCE TREATY RENEGOTIATION Ping-Kuei Chen, Doctor of Philosophy, 2016 Ping-Kuei Chen, Doctor of Philosophy , 2016 Dissertation directed by: Prof. Scott Kastner Department of Government and Politics This study investigates the renegotiation of security alliances, specifically the structural conditions surrounding their revision. Although the field of international relations offers a rich discussion of the formation and violation of alliance treaties, few scholars have addressed the reasons why alliance members amend security obligations. After the formation of an alliance, a member may become dissatisfied owing to changes in the external and domestic security environments. A failure to address this discontent increases the risk of alliance breakdown. Members manage their alliance relationship through a negotiation process or intra-alliance bargaining in the search for a new arrangement that can endure. Factors that help to show commitment to the alliance and communicate a set of feasible solutions are crucial if members are to find a mutually acceptable arrangement. By taking these factors into account, allies are more likely to revise an existing treaty. Examining a set of bilateral alliances dating from 1945 to 2001, this research demonstrates that public requests for renegotiation compel allies to change the status quo. It is found that alliance-related fixed assets and the formation of external alliances increase the likelihood of treaty revision, though institutionalization of an alliance does not help to resolve interest divergence. In addition, this study examines the strategy of delay in intra-alliance bargaining. Allies may postpone a dispute by ignoring it while working to maintain the alliance. -
University of Oklahoma Graduate College
UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE AN EXAMINATION OF INTERNATIONAL CRISES: THE EFFECT OF DECISION MAKER STRESS ON CRISIS MANAGEMENT , ATTRIBUTES, AND OUTCOMES IN NON -PROTRACTED CONFLICT AND PROTRACTED CONFLICT CRISES A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO T HE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy BY GREG ORY ROY COWAN Norman, Oklahoma 2007 UMI Number: 3254416 Copyright 2007 by Cowan, Gregory Roy All rights reserved. UMI Microform 3254416 Copyright 2007 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346 AN EXAMINIATION OF INTERNATIONAL CRISES: THE EFFECT OF DECISION MAKER STRESS ON CRISIS MANAGEMENT, ATT RIBUTES, AND OUTCOMES IN NON -PROTRACTED CONFLICT AND PROTRACTED CONFLICT CRISES A DISSERTATION APPROVED FOR THE GRADUATE COLLEGE BY ___ ____________________ Kelly R. Damphousse , Chair ___ ____________________ Trina L. Hope ___ _______________ _____ Nicole T. Judice -Campbell ___ ____________________ Susan S. Nash ___ ____________________ Joseph L. Rodgers © Copyright by GREGORY ROY COWAN 2007 All Rights Reserved Acknowledgements This dissertation woul d not have been possible without the assistance, support, encouragement, friendship, and love of many people. I want to thank my fantastic chair, Dr. Kelly Damphousse. Your guidance throughout this process has been invaluable. I also want to recognize t he rest of my committee, Drs. Hope, Judice -Campbell, Nash, and Rodgers. I could not have picked a better committee for this project. This dissertation and degree would never have happened without my wonderful parents, Howard and Sue Cowan. -
Bee Playoff Round 2
NHBB Nationals Bee 2015-2016 Bee Playoff Round 2 Bee Playoff Round 2 Regulation Questions (1) Cardinal Innitzer offered aid for this event, only to be told that its home country had \neither cardinals nor cannibals." The New York Times' Walter Duranty won a Pulitzer Prize for his correspondence work, which explicitly denied this event. In 2007, the (+) Verkhovna Rada declined to vote on a bill that would criminalize the denial of this event; that bill was proposed by Viktor (*) Yushchenko. The possession of food was a criminal offense during, for the point, what 1932-33 Soviet-engineered genocide in which over three million Ukrainians starved to death? ANSWER: Holodomor (prompt on descriptions of a Soviet famine in Ukraine; do not accept or prompt \Holocaust") (2) Richard Brewer was appointed the leader of a group with this name by John B. Wilson. That group was created to catch the killers of John Tunstall. William Tyrod defeated a force with this name, led by Herman Husband, at the Battle of Alamance in North Carolina. One group of this name employed Billy the Kid during the (+) Lincoln County War. A militia group of this name was led by Charles Jackson in Shelby County, close to the Louisiana-Texas border, in a cattle-thieving conflict in which 40 people died in the (*) 1840s. For the point, give this shared name of several 19th century forces, one of which fought a war with the Moderators, who used vigilante action to control the government. ANSWER: Regulators (accept Lincoln Country Regulators; do not accept vigilantes) (3) Both of these countries were thrown out of the 1987 World Juniors after the Punch-Up in Piestany.