DOCSLIB.ORG

Peace and Violence After Conflict

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Peace and Violence After Conflict Peace and Violence after Conflict Shoko KOHAMA Nara, Japan B.A. University of Tokyo, 2006 M.A. University of Tokyo, 2008 A Dissertation presented to the Graduate Faculty of the University of Virginia in Candidacy for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Politics University of Virginia December 2014 Contents Abstract vi Acknowledgments viii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Motivation ......................................... 6 1.2 The Argument ....................................... 8 1.3 The Scope of This Research ............................... 12 1.4 Literature on Post-Conflict Peace ............................. 13 1.4.1 Theories of Post-Conflict Peace .......................... 13 1.4.2 The Role of Formal Agreements ......................... 14 1.4.3 Material Conditions of Post-Conflict Peace ................... 15 1.5 Outline of the Dissertation ................................. 16 2 A Theory of Post-Conflict Peace 18 2.1 A Basic Model ....................................... 21 2.1.1 Ceasefire ...................................... 21 2.1.2 Post-Conflict Phase ................................ 24 2.1.3 Results of A Basic Model ............................. 27 2.2 A Full Model ........................................ 29 2.2.1 Outcomes and General Mechanisms ....................... 32 2.2.2 Analysis: Resumption of Fighting ........................ 35 2.2.3 Analysis: Achievement of Ceasefire ........................ 38 i CONTENTS ii 2.3 Summaries and Implications ................................ 42 3 Explain the Duration of Ceasefires 45 3.1 Dataset on Ceasefires .................................... 47 3.2 Measurement of Violent Resource Transfer ........................ 49 3.2.1 Territorial Change ................................. 49 3.2.2 Characteristics of Territorial Change ....................... 51 3.2.3 Terms of Settlement ................................ 56 3.3 Alternative Hypotheses .................................. 57 3.4 A Statistical Model ..................................... 58 3.5 Results ............................................ 60 3.5.1 Resource Transfer Causes Unstable Peace .................... 60 3.5.2 \Who Gets What" Matters ............................ 65 3.6 Summary of Findings ................................... 69 4 Illustration: Sino-Vietnamese Conflict 70 4.1 Case Selection ........................................ 73 4.2 Puzzles: Ceasefires between China and Vietnam .................... 74 4.3 Theoretical Predictions and Competing Arguments ................... 76 4.4 Comparison over Time ................................... 78 4.4.1 Road to the First Sino-Vietnamese War ..................... 79 4.4.2 The First Sino-Vietnamese War .......................... 81 4.4.3 Fragile Ceasefire .................................. 83 4.4.4 The Second War and Post-War Peace ...................... 85 4.5 Comparison across Locations ............................... 87 4.5.1 Between 1974 and 1988 .............................. 89 4.5.2 Resumption of Conflict in March 1988 and after ................ 92 4.5.3 Rise in Hostility in 2014 ............................. 93 4.6 Past and Future of the Sino-Vietnamese Relationship .................. 95 5 Conclusion 97 5.1 Explaining Post-Conflict Peace .............................. 98 5.1.1 Why and Under What Conditions Does Fighting Resume? ........... 98 CONTENTS iii 5.1.2 Findings of Empirical Analysis .......................... 100 5.1.3 Future Avenue of Research ............................ 103 5.2 Implications for International Relations ......................... 104 5.3 Constructing Post-Conflict Peace ............................. 108 Appendix A Proof of the Model 111 Appendix B Descriptive Statistics of Variables 114 Appendix C List of Cases 116 Appendix D Post-Estimation Analysis 121 D.1 The Effect of Territorial Change (Table 3.1) ....................... 121 D.2 The Nature of Territorial Change (Table 3.2) ...................... 125 List of Figures 1.1 Duration of Ceasefires 1946-2004 ............................. 2 2.1 A Strategic Game of Ceasefire ............................... 22 2.2 A Basic Model: The Sequence of Moves ......................... 26 2.3 The Loser's Strategies ................................... 28 2.4 A Full Model: The Sequence of Moves .......................... 31 2.5 The Loser's Strategies in A Full Model .......................... 34 3.1 Density and Area of Exchanged Territories ....................... 55 3.2 Effects on the Likelihood of War Resumption (Model 5 in Table 3.1) ......... 63 3.3 Characteristics of the Gainer and Survival of Post-War Peace (Model 3 in Table 3.2) 66 4.1 Map: Southeast Asia in 2012 (Central Intelligence Agency, 2012) ........... 75 4.2 Map: South China Sea (Central Intelligence Agency, 1988) .............. 88 D.1 Deviance Residuals of the original analysis (Model 5, Table 3.1) ............ 122 D.2 Dfbeta of the quasi-original analysis (Model 1, Table D.1) ............... 123 D.3 Dfbeta of the post-estimation analysis (Model 4, Table D.1) .............. 123 D.4 Deviance Residuals of the original analysis (Model 3, Table 3.2) ............ 126 D.5 Dfbeta of the quasi-original analysis (Model 1, Table D.2) ............... 126 iv List of Tables 3.1 Replications and the Effect of Territorial Change .................... 61 3.2 Characteristics of Territorial Change and Post-War Peace ............... 67 4.1 Predictions of Existing Theories .............................. 77 4.2 Theoretical Predictions: the Duration of Ceasefires ................... 87 B.1 Summary Statistics .................................... 114 B.2 Cross-Correlation Table .................................. 115 D.1 Robustness Check, Table 3.1 in Chapter 3 ........................ 124 D.2 Robustness Check, Table 3.2 in Chapter 3 ........................ 127 v Abstract This dissertation investigates why certain post-conflict peace between states last longer than others. Many ceasefires break down within a few years, which suggests that despite tremendous costs, violence has been a surprisingly ineffective means of solving international disputes, although existing literature assumes that armed conflict mitigates the causes of conflict. Specifically, two theoretical puzzles are drawn from this observation. The first puzzle is why conflicting parties often dishonor ceasefires to which they once mutually agreed. Because rational adversaries must believe that they are better off terminating conflict than continuing fighting at the moment of the conflict’s termination, they should not have an incentive to renege on the settlement in the same environment. The second puzzle is why countries fail to peacefully renegotiate an initial settlement and resort to force when they become dissatisfied with it. Revisionist wishes do not necessarily imply that further fighting is inevitable because adversaries can peacefully renegotiate the terms of the original settlement if necessary. This situation is all the more puzzling considering that, in the framework of the existing literature, combat resolves the cause of conflict, whether it is informational asymmetry or a commitment problem. To solve these questions, this dissertation provides a game-theoretic model that analyzes con- flict termination, renegotiation, and conflict resumption as a single process. My theory demonstrates that uncertainty regarding the degree to which resources acquired during conflict empower the gainer determines the stability of post-conflict peace because the divergence between the ex-ante expec- tation and ex-post realization of the gainer's post-conflict power growth provokes a revisionist and opportunistic incentive for the loser. Specifically, conflict resumes when the country who obtained resources, such as territory, during a conflict fails to fully exploit the resources because such tem- poral stagnation in resource usage incentivizes the loser to seek an opportunity to recapture some resources before the gainer can fully utilize the resources. Conversely, the loser appeases his growing vi ABSTRACT vii opponent and fighting does not resume when the gainer's power increases more than anticipated because the loser does not want to confront a strong opponent. The disturbing effects of uncertainty are amplified, ceteris paribus, if a greater amount of resources is transferred; if the gainer is expected to be more capable of extracting obtained resources; and if capable gainers, such as democracies, obtain resources that reward investments, such as colonies. The logic behind these findings is that, in such circumstance, the losing party has a greater incentive to react to the temporal stagnation of the gainer's resource usage more opportunistically, anticipating that it would have to give up more resources to appease the growing gainer if it did not resume conflict now. Empirical analyses confirm these arguments. The statistical analysis of ceasefires between 1946 and 1997 demonstrates that ceasefires that include resource transfer such as territorial change are thirteen times more likely to break down than those without territorial change. Moreover, the analysis shows that ceasefires are most likely to break down when wealthy democracies obtain large and populated territory. The case study on the Sino-Vietnamese conflict also shows that the nature of transferred resources conditional on the gainer's capability of exploiting them is the key to explaining fragile ceasefires at their land border and relatively stable ceasefires in the South China Sea. This study provides sensible grounds for determining successful third party intervention, identi-
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Interstate Peacekeeping: Causal Mechanisms and Empirical Effects
    INTERSTATE PEACEKEEPING: CAUSAL MECHANISMS AND EMPIRICAL EFFECTS Virginia Page Fortna* Department of Political Science & Saltzman Institute of War and Peace Studies Columbia University permanent address 420 W. 118th Street New York NY 10027 w. 212 854-0021 h. 212 662-5395 f. 212 864-1686 AY 2004-2005 address Hoover Institution Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 w. 650 723-0746 c. 503 548-7429 f. 650 723-1687 email: [email protected] Version: September 14, 2004 * The author owes debts of gratitude to more people than can be listed here for help and feedback with the project of which this paper is a part. She thanks in particular, Nisha Fazal, Hein Goemans, Lise Howard, Bob Jervis, Bob Keohane, Lisa Martin, Jack Snyder, Alan Stam, Barb Walter, and Suzanne Werner. This research was made possible by grants from the Center for International Security and Cooperation at Stanford, the Carnegie Corporation of New York, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. INTERSTATE PEACEKEEPING: CAUSAL MECHANISMS AND EMPIRICAL EFFECTS ABSTRACT Peacekeeping is perhaps the international community’s most important tool for maintaining peace in the aftermath of war. Its practice has evolved significantly in the past ten or fifteen years as it has been used increasingly in civil wars. However, traditional peacekeeping between states is not well understood. Its operation is under-theorized and its effects under-tested. This article explores the causal mechanisms through which peacekeepers keep peace, and examines its empirical effects after interstate wars. To take the endogeneity of peacekeeping into account, it also examines where peacekeepers tend to be deployed.
    [Show full text]
  • War As a Constitutive Moment
    Dodging a Bullet: Democracy’s Gains in Modern War* Paul Starr That war drives state-building is virtually a truism of historical sociology, summed up in the late Charles Tilly’s well-known aphorism that states make war, and war makes states. (Tilly, 1990) But if war and state-building merely reinforce each other, why have liberal democracies flourished and proliferated during the past two centuries when war reached unprecedented dimensions? Why not militaristic autocracies? What role, if any, has war played in the formation and spread of liberal democratic regimes? To raise these questions is not to suggest that war is one of democracy’s primary causes, but rather to ask how democracy and, more particularly, liberal democracy dodged a bullet--a bullet that, according to many ancient and plausible theories, might well been fatal. The belief that democracy is a liability in war has been a staple of political thought, beginning with Thucydides. If liberalism and democracy had been sources of severe military disadvantage during the past two centuries, liberal democratic regimes should have perished in wars as they were conquered and eliminated by other states, or when their own populations rose up to overthrow them in the wake of defeat, or because they were forced to abandon their institutions in order to survive. That this was not their fate suggests a range of possibilities. At a minimum, their institutions have not been a disabling handicap in war, and no consistent relationship may exist between war and democracy. Alternatively, war may have contributed to the spread of democratic regimes if democracy itself or features correlated with democracy have increased the chances of a regime’s survival in war, or if war has promoted changes favorable to democratic institutions.
    [Show full text]
  • Wars Since 1945: an Introduction
    Wars since 1945: An Introduction Beatrice Heuser1 While most Europeans lived through an exceptionally peaceful period of histo- ry, termed ‘The Long Peace’ by John Lewis Gaddis,2 the populations of other continents were decidedly less fortunate. What was a ‘Cold War’ for the Euro- peans was anything but ‘cold’ for the Koreans, Vietnamese, Cambodians and Laotians, for most Arab peoples, the Afghans, Pakistanis, Bangladeshis, and Indians, the populations of the Congo, Kenya, Nigeria, Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, Ethiopia, Somalia and Eritrea, and of most of Latin America. How, then, can one be so sanguine as to characterise this period as that of a ‘Cold War’ or a ‘long peace’? The reason is that the long-expected Third World War has not (yet?) taken place. It was the prospect of such a Third World War, a ‘total’ and in all probability nuclear war, that attracted the attention of con- cerned minds in Europe and North America, the cultures that over centuries produced most publications on the subjects of war, strategy, military affairs and international relations. 1. An overview Admittedly, Americans, Britons, Frenchmen, Belgians, Portuguese and the Dutch were soon reminded of the existence of a world outside the Europe- centric East-West conflict. Almost immediately after the end of the Second World War, Britain and France became involved in decolonisation wars in Asia and Africa, and America woke up to the enduring reality of lesser wars with Korea. American strategists like Robert Osgood turned to Clausewitzian con- cepts to define these: they called them ‘limited wars’, since no nuclear weapons were used, and because they did not escalate to global war.3 While many of them recognised the continuing occurrence of such non-nuclear, non-global wars, Americans (and indeed Britons and Frenchmen) tended to see them as part of the larger framework of the Cold War.
    [Show full text]
  • El Salvador1 El Salvador Is a Small Central American Country
    Background- El Salvador1 El Salvador is a small Central American country (population about 6.3 million in 2016) that was devastated by a 1979 to 1992 civil war that featured repeated, large-scale massacres of civilians. Since the 1500s, El Salvador has been dominated by a small plantation-owning elite and has had repeated conflicts with its neighbors. The Spanish arrived in 1524 and started cocoa and later indigo plantations farmed by members of various small Indian tribes related to the Maya and Aztec. Although Salvadoran planters were wealthy and politically powerful within El Salvador, they felt frustrated by the regional dominance of Guatemalan merchants and clergy and repeatedly fought with Guatemala. In 1821, El Salvador joined the rest of Central America in declaring independence from Spain but, by 1841, attempts to form a united Central America had failed and Central America broke down into separate independent states. Within El Salvador, tensions between the planters and the working class were exacerbated in the late 1800s by the development of artificial dyes and the resulting crash in the indigo market. Although planters successfully switched to coffee, the switch entailed taking most of the indigenous tribes’ remaining land and violently putting down the resulting rebellions. During the Great Depression of the 1930s, tensions between the Salvadoran working class and elites boiled over into a communist revolt, setting the stage for a series of military dictatorships. In 1929, the Wall Street collapse caused coffee prices to crash, intensifying Salvadoran’s existing dissatisfaction with the unequal distribution of wealth. In response, the military lead a coup in 1931 and the Salvadoran Communist Party led a revolt in 1932.
    [Show full text]
  • Football and the Military in Contemporary Britain: an Exploration of Invisible Nationalism
    Football and the Military in Contemporary Britain: An Exploration of Invisible Nationalism Penn, R., & Berridge, D. (2018). Football and the Military in Contemporary Britain: An Exploration of Invisible Nationalism. Armed Forces and Society, 44(1), 116-138. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095327X16682784 Published in: Armed Forces and Society Document Version: Peer reviewed version Queen's University Belfast - Research Portal: Link to publication record in Queen's University Belfast Research Portal Publisher rights © 2017 The Author. This work is made available online in accordance with the publisher’s policies. Please refer to any applicable terms of use of the publisher. General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Queen's University Belfast Research Portal is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The Research Portal is Queen's institutional repository that provides access to Queen's research output. Every effort has been made to ensure that content in the Research Portal does not infringe any person's rights, or applicable UK laws. If you discover content in the Research Portal that you believe breaches copyright or violates any law, please contact [email protected]. Download date:05. Oct. 2021 Football and the Military in Contemporary Britain: An Exploration of Invisible Nationalism Roger Penn, Queens University Belfast Acknowledgements All the pictures used in the text were taken by the authors apart from Photographs F, G and H which were provided courtesy of Bolton Wanderers FC by Phil Mason, the Club’s Chaplain and Photograph I which was supplied courtesy of Carlisle United FC by their Head of Media, Andy Hall.
    [Show full text]
  • Examining Alliance Treaty Renegotiation
    ABSTRACT Title of Dissertation: HOLDING HANDS WHILE PARTING WAYS: EXAMINING ALLIANCE TREATY RENEGOTIATION Ping-Kuei Chen, Doctor of Philosophy, 2016 Ping-Kuei Chen, Doctor of Philosophy , 2016 Dissertation directed by: Prof. Scott Kastner Department of Government and Politics This study investigates the renegotiation of security alliances, specifically the structural conditions surrounding their revision. Although the field of international relations offers a rich discussion of the formation and violation of alliance treaties, few scholars have addressed the reasons why alliance members amend security obligations. After the formation of an alliance, a member may become dissatisfied owing to changes in the external and domestic security environments. A failure to address this discontent increases the risk of alliance breakdown. Members manage their alliance relationship through a negotiation process or intra-alliance bargaining in the search for a new arrangement that can endure. Factors that help to show commitment to the alliance and communicate a set of feasible solutions are crucial if members are to find a mutually acceptable arrangement. By taking these factors into account, allies are more likely to revise an existing treaty. Examining a set of bilateral alliances dating from 1945 to 2001, this research demonstrates that public requests for renegotiation compel allies to change the status quo. It is found that alliance-related fixed assets and the formation of external alliances increase the likelihood of treaty revision, though institutionalization of an alliance does not help to resolve interest divergence. In addition, this study examines the strategy of delay in intra-alliance bargaining. Allies may postpone a dispute by ignoring it while working to maintain the alliance.
    [Show full text]
  • International Crisis Behavior Data Codebook, Version 12 Michael
    International Crisis Behavior Data Codebook, Version 12 Michael Brecher, Jonathan Wilkenfeld, Kyle Beardsley, Patrick James and David Quinn 23 August 2017 Dataset: ICB 1 (System Level) This dataset (ICB1) comprises the system level data of the International Crisis Behavior (ICB) Project. The data span the period 1918-2013, with data on 470 international crises. For an extensive discussion of the system level data, see Michael Brecher and Jonathan Wilkenfeld, A Study of Crisis. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press, 2000. Identifier Variables Identifier Variable: 1 Name: ICB1 INTERNATIONAL CRISIS BEHAVIOR PROJECT - SYSTEM LEVEL DATASET Identifier Variable: 2 Name: CRISNO SEQUENCE NUMBER OF INTERNATIONAL CRISIS Identifier Variable: 3 Name: CRISNAME NAME OF INTERNATIONAL CRISIS 1-1 2 ICB List of States in the International System, 1918-2003 The three-letter actor codes and the three-digit identification numbers for states in the system correspond to those presented by Gleditsch and Ward, and are almost identical to the codes in the Correlates of War Project. See Kristian S. Gleditsch and Michael D. Ward (1999). “Interstate System Membership: A Revised List of the Independent States since 1816,” International Interactions 25: 393-413. CODE NAME NUMBER NAME (ACTOR) (CRACID) Afghanistan AFG 700 Albania ALB 339 Algeria ALG 615 Andorra AND 232 Angola ANG 540 Antigua & Barbuda AAB 058 Argentina ARG 160 Armenia ARM 371 Australia AUL 900 Austria AUS 305 Azerbaijan AZE 373 Bahamas BHM 031 Bahrain BAH 692 Bangladesh BNG 771 Barbados BAR
    [Show full text]
  • Football and the Football War Lonial Town That Gave Birth to Bra- Zil’S Independence
    Marco Polo Bridge incident 20 years on, A spy’s KGB defector Vasili secrets Mitrokhin's notes made revealed public Richard Norton-Taylor Valuable information Vasili Mitrokhin's handwritten notes which were part of the archives published recently. PHOTO: AP When the scruffy-looking KGB Codenamed Hola, Norwood (main security agency for the Sovi- “passed on a lot of valuable materi- intelligence analysts and some So- et Union) officer walked into the als for nuclear energy which he ac- viet defectors have warned that the British embassy in Riga, the Lat- cessed by removing them from her KGB seriously exaggerated the sig- vian capital, one of his first de- boss’s safe, photographing them nificance and number of its con- mands was that his unique cache of and then placing them back”, ac- tacts and operations to impress the files on Moscow’s foreign intelli- cording to her KGB file. She was Soviet leadership - and increase its gence operations he smuggled out awarded the order of the Red Ban- budget. of the Soviet Union must be ner and, “for many years of excel- Mitrokhin copied the files be- published. lent work”, a lifetime pension of tween 1972 and 1984 when he su- Twenty years later, Vasili Mi- pounds 20 a month. pervised the transfer of the KGB’s trokhin’s wish is beginning to An editor of the weekly, Tri- foreign intelligence archives from come true. On July 7, the first bune, codenamed Dan, is claimed the Lubyanka to its new headquar- batch of 2,000 closely typed pages during the 1960s to have published ters in Moscow.
    [Show full text]
  • Politics of Forgetting: New Zealand-Greek Wartime Relationship
    Politics of Forgetting: New Zealand-Greek Wartime Relationship Martyn Brown Bachelor of Arts Graduate Diploma Library Science Graduate Diploma Information Technology Post-Graduate Diploma Business Research Master of Arts (Research) A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at The University of Queensland in 2014 School of History Philosophy Religion and Classics Abstract In extant New Zealand literature and national public commemoration, the New Zealand experience of wartime Greece largely focuses on the Battle of Crete in May 1941 and, to a lesser extent, on the failed earlier mainland campaign. At a politico-military level, the ill-fated Greek venture and the loss of Crete hold centre stage in the discourse. In terms of commemoration, the Battle of Crete dominates as an iconic episode in the national history of New Zealand. As far as the Greeks are concerned, New Zealand elevates and embraces Greek civilians to the point where they overshadow the Greek military. The New Zealand drive to place the Battle of Crete as supporting its national self-imagining has been achieved, but what has been forgotten in the process? The wartime connection between the Pacific nation and Greece lasted for the remainder of the international conflict and was highly complex and sometimes violent. In occupied Greece and Crete, as well as in the Middle East, North Africa and Italy, New Zealand forces had to interact with a divided Greek nation that had been experiencing ongoing political turmoil and intermittent civil conflict. Individual New Zealanders found themselves acting as liaison officers with competing partisan groups. Greek military units with a history of mutiny and political intrigue were affiliated with the main New Zealand fighting force, the Second New Zealand Division.
    [Show full text]
  • Logics of War: Explanations for Limited and Unlimited Conflicts
    Logics of War A volume in the series Cornell Studies in Security Affairs edited by Robert J. Art, Robert Jervis, and Stephen M. Walt A list of titles in the series is available at www.cornellpress.cornell.edu. Logics of War Explanations for Limited and Unlimited Confl icts Alex Weisiger Cornell University Press Ithaca and London Cornell University Press gratefully acknowledges receipt of a subvention from the School of Arts and Sciences at the University of Pennsylvania which aided in the publication of this book. Copyright © 2013 by Cornell University All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in a review, this book, or parts thereof, must not be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the publisher. For information, address Cornell University Press, Sage House, 512 East State Street, Ithaca, New York 14850. First published 2013 by Cornell University Press Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Weisiger, Alex, 1977– Logics of war: explanations for limited and unlimited confl icts / Alex Weisiger. p. cm. — (Cornell studies in security affairs) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8014-5186-7 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. War—Causes. 2. Limited war. 3. Low-intensity confl icts (Military science) 4. Total war. I. Title. JZ6385.W45 2013 355.02—dc23 2012043954 Cornell University Press strives to use environmentally responsible suppliers and materials to the fullest extent possible in the publishing of its books. Such materials include vegetable-based, low-VOC inks and acid-free papers that are recycled, totally chlorine-free, or partly composed of nonwood fi bers.
    [Show full text]
  • International Relations of Southeast Asia, Latin America, and the European Union Countries Chienwu Hsueh University of South Carolina
    University of South Carolina Scholar Commons Theses and Dissertations 2015 The Liberal Commercial Peace, Regional Considerations: International Relations of Southeast Asia, Latin America, and the European Union Countries Chienwu Hsueh University of South Carolina Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd Part of the Political Science Commons Recommended Citation Hsueh, C.(2015). The Liberal Commercial Peace, Regional Considerations: International Relations of Southeast Asia, Latin America, and the European Union Countries. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd/3571 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you by Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE LIBERAL COMMERCIAL PEACE, REGIONAL CONSIDERATIONS: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS OF SOUTHEAST ASIA, LATIN AMERICA, AND THE EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES by Chienwu Hsueh Bachelor of Arts National Chengchi University, Taiwan, 2004 Master of Arts National Chengchi University, Taiwan, 2007 Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science College of Arts & Sciences University of South Carolina 2015 Accepted by: Timothy M. Peterson, Major Professor John Fuh-Sheng Hsieh, Committee Member Harvey Starr, Committee Member Gerald McDermott, Committee Member Lacy Ford, Vice Provost and Dean of Graduate Studies © Copyright by Chienwu Hsueh, 2015 All Rights Reserved. ii DEDICATION To my father, Tiencheng Hsueh (薛天成); my mother, Shumei Ku (古淑媚); my uncle, Tunglo Liu (劉銅鑼); my aunt, Hsin Tung (董信); and, my wife, Tingchia Wang (王廷嘉). And, to my senior and good friend, Tsungmu Wu (吳宗穆).
    [Show full text]
  • Gaza: International Organizations and Identity Construction in Gaza
    'Recreating' Gaza: International organizations and Identity Construction in Gaza Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Herman, Lyndall Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 30/09/2021 09:22:37 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/624515 'RECREATING' GAZA: INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND IDENTITY CONSTRUCTION IN GAZA by Lyndall Herman __________________________ Copyright © Lyndall Herman 2017 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the SCHOOL OF MIDDLE EASTERN AND NORTH AFRICAN STUDIES In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2017 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Dissertation Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Lyndall Herman, titled ‘Recreating’ Gaza: International Organizations and Identity Construction in Gaza and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 4 April 2017 Leila Hudson _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 4 April 2017 Maha Nassar _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 4 April 2017 Alex Braithwaite _________________________________________________________________ Date: 4 April 2017 Ben Fortna Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate’s submission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement.
    [Show full text]