DOCSLIB.ORG

The Ends of Modernization: Development, Ideology, and Catastrophe in Nicaragua After the Alliance for Progress

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Ends of Modernization: Development, Ideology, and Catastrophe in Nicaragua After the Alliance for Progress THE ENDS OF MODERNIZATION: DEVELOPMENT, IDEOLOGY, AND CATASTROPHE IN NICARAGUA AFTER THE ALLIANCE FOR PROGRESS A Dissertation Submitted to the Temple University Graduate Board In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY by David Johnson Lee December 2015 Examining Committee Members: Dr. Richard Immerman, Advisory Chair, History, Temple University Dr. Harvey Neptune, History, Temple University Dr. David Farber, History, University of Kansas Dr. Michel Gobat, History, University of Iowa © Copyright 2015 by David Johnson Lee All Rights Reserved ii ABSTRACT This dissertation traces the cultural and intellectual history of Nicaragua from the heyday of modernization as ideology and practice in the 1960s, when U.S. planners and politicians identified Nicaragua as a test case for the Alliance for Progress, to the triumph of neoliberalism in the 1990s. The modernization paradigm, implemented through collusion between authoritarian dictatorship and the U.S. development apparatus, began to fragment following the earthquake that destroyed Managua in 1972. The ideas that constituted this paradigm were repurposed by actors in Nicaragua and used to challenge the dominant power of the U.S. government, and also to structure political competition within Nicaragua. Using interviews, new archival material, memoirs, novels, plays, and newspapers in the United States and Nicaragua, I trace the way political actors used ideas about development to make and unmake alliances within Nicaragua, bringing about first the Sandinista Revolution, then the Contra War, and finally the neoliberal government that took power in 1990. I argue that because of both a changing international intellectual climate and resistance on the part of the people of Nicaragua, new ideas about development emphasizing human rights, pluralism, entrepreneurialism, indigenous rights, and sustainable development came to supplant modernization theory. The piecemeal changes in development thinking after modernization corresponded not to a single catastrophic shift, but rather obeyed a catastrophic logic of democratic empire, in which U.S. and Nicaraguan politics were characterized by a dialogue about ideas of development but U.S. power remained the final determining factor. Though the new ideas did not replace modernization's former unifying power, they nonetheless constitute the contemporary paradigm of neoliberalism. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS It is a pleasure to thank all the people who made this project possible. Temple University’s History Department provided an ideal setting to encourage creativity grounded in rigorous scholarship. Richard Immerman, David Farber, Harvey Neptune, and Arthur Schmidt all provided invaluable mentorship, helping me see this project through from its earliest vague outline to its completion. Michel Gobat provided thoughtful and incisive comments and encouragement. My frequent trips to Central America and to archives around the United States were made possible by generous grants and scholarships from the Temple University Graduate School, the Center for Force and Diplomacy, the Center for the Humanities, and the College of Liberal Arts. The Society of Historians of American Foreign Relations also provided travel funding. The staff at the many archives I visited in working on this project provided a great deal of support. I’m especially grateful for the kind and patient staff at the archive and library at the Instituto de Historia de Nicaragua y Centroamérica in Managua. None of this would have been possible without the many friends and colleagues who provided support and guidance. Alex Elkins read and helped improve countless drafts of my work, often helping me articulate what I wanted to say before I quite knew myself. Colbert Root, aided mightily by Brittany, courageously slogged up and down the mud-strewn mountains of prose I inflicted upon him. Jared Brey and Juliana Rausch also persevered in keeping up a steady flow of good ideas, good conversation, and good spirits. Ben Webster helped critique my work early in the process, and Phil Lewin accompanied me on the first of what would be many trips to Nicaragua. Noelle Egan proved to be an able reader and good travel company. Lara Gunderson and Leah Trangen were great companions in figuring out what the canal was all about. Kelsey Baack helped me find my way to El Castillo. Maria José Gonzalez and Margarita Loring provided wonderful hospitality in Barrio Monseñor Lezcano. Aynn Setright and Lillian iv Hall helped orient me in the country to which they’ve devoted so much work and affection. Casa Ben Linder provided a welcoming space to meet other people as fascinated by Nicaragua as I was. Eimeel Castillo helped me get to know her beloved Managua. My students at Temple University, The College of New Jersey, Philadelphia University, and Holy Family University constantly reminded me why I got into the business of scholarship and persevered through all its difficulties. I would especially like to thank the gentlemen at Garden State and Albert C. Wagner Youth Correctional Facilities, who were the best students I could ever hope to have. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................. iv LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... vii INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. ix CHAPTER 1. DE-CENTERING MANAGUA: POST-EARTHQUAKE RECONSTRUCTION AND REVOLUTION IN NICARAGUA .................................1 2. DIS-INTEGRATING RURAL DEVELOPMENT ......................................................47 3. PLURALISM, DEVELOPMENT, AND THE NICARAGUAN REVOLUTIONS........................................................................................................106 4. RETRACING IMPERIAL PATHS ON THE MOSQUITO COAST: THE CASE OF NICARAGUA’S MISKITO INDIANS AT THE END OF THE COLD WAR AND BEYOND ...................................................................................152 5. CONCERTACION AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: INSTITUTIONALIZING PRECARITY IN POST-WAR NICARAGUA ...............192 EPILOGUE ......................................................................................................................240 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................261 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. A graphic illustration of the totality of the downtown’s destruction, showing the city’s numerous fault lines………………….……………………………….53 2. Planners’ vision of a decentralized Managua, with an unspecified "government" at the center…………………...…………………………….…...66 3. Illustration of post-earthquake Managua, showing the class structure of the emerging city. Housing projects were deliberately placed in areas marked as “low income.” ......................................................................................................68 4. Advertisement for Managua’s Metrocentro Mall to the south of the destroyed city center echoed planners' language of “development poles”: “Why go to the poles when you can be at the center?”…………………………..………......70 5. “Dawn in Las Américas”: Residents using water stations in the night.………...73 6. Artist’s rendering of the "El Paraíso" urban development……………….…..... 83 7. The illustrations heading each chapter of Pedro Joaquin Chamorro’s Richter 7, depicting the post-earthquake threat to Nicaragua………………... 108 8. Two front age images from La Prensa…………….…….................................. 116 9. La Prensa illustration of the workings of Plasmaféresis………………………118 10. Advertisement for Tur-Nica……………………………………........................ 164 11. Frontispiece for Nietschmann’s manuscript, depicting himself with the Indian rebels of “Yapti Tasba.” ………………………………........................ 220 12. Cover of "Fourth World Revolution: With Yapti Tasba Guerrillas Fighting the Sandinista Invasion.” …………………………………………………….. 220 13. Nietschmann's illustration of the Soviet-Cuban “dry canal,” whose style evokes the common Reagan administration-produced illustrations of the Nicaraguan threat to the Caribbean...................................................................221 14. Nietschmann’s depiction of the “States” and “Nations” of Central America, showing indigenous rights to control much of the region’s territory and spanning state borders.……………………………………………………..….221 15. While arguing that the Miskito “moral economy” had been violated, Nietschmann also noted that Miskito access to imported consumer goods was severely curtailed under the FSLN..……………………………………….......222 vii 16. Hugo Spadafora, guerrilla………………………………………………….....223 17. Hugo Spadafora, theorist. The caption reads: “Hugo at work editing our manuscript in San Jose, January 1984……………………..………………….223 18. Nietschmann helping turn warriors into students..……………………….…...224 19. A Misura member at the Tegucigalpa seminar wearing a Soldier of Fortune t-shirt…………………………………………………………………………..224 20. Antigona at the Universidad Centroamericana……...………………………..285 21. Antigona, Teatro Justo Rufino Garay..………………………………………..286 22. Hugo Chávez overlooking Avenida Bolívar.......................................................290 23. Mini-Managua in Paseo Xolotlán……………………………………………..291 viii INTRODUCTION
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Ortega for President: the Religious Rebirth of Sandinismo in Nicaragua
    European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies 89, October 2010 | 47-63 Ortega for President: The Religious Rebirth of Sandinismo in Nicaragua Henri Gooren Abstract: This article analyses various connections between Daniel Ortega’s surprising victory in the presidential elections of 5 November 2006, his control of the Frente Sandinista de la Liberación Nacio- nal (FSLN) party, and the changing religious context in Nicaragua, where Pentecostal churches now claim almost one quarter of the population. To achieve this, I draw from my fieldwork in Nicaragua in 2005 and 2006, which analysed competition for members between various religious groups in Managua: charismatic Catholics, the Assemblies of God, the neo-Pentecostal mega-church Hosanna, and the Mormon Church. How did Ortega manage to win the votes from so many religious people (evangelical Protestants and Roman Catholics alike)? And how does this case compare to similar cases of populist leaders in Latin America courting evangelicals, like Chávez in Venezuela and earlier Fujimori in Peru? Keywords: Nicaragua, religion, elections, FSLN, Daniel Ortega. Populist leadership and evangelical support in Latin America At first look, the case of Ortega’s surprise election victory seems to fit an estab- lished pattern in Latin America: the populist leader who comes to power in part by courting – and winning – the evangelical vote. Alberto Fujimori in Peru was the first to achieve this in the early 1990s, followed by Venezuelan lieutenant-colonel Hugo Chávez in the late 1990s and more recently Rafael Correa in Ecuador (Op- penheimer 2006). These three populist leaders came to power thanks to the break- down of an old party system, which gradually became stagnant and corrupted.
    [Show full text]
  • Other Contributions
    Other Contributions NATURE NOTES Amphibia: Caudata Ambystoma ordinarium. Predation by a Black-necked Gartersnake (Thamnophis cyrtopsis). The Michoacán Stream Salamander (Ambystoma ordinarium) is a facultatively paedomorphic ambystomatid species. Paedomorphic adults and larvae are found in montane streams, while metamorphic adults are terrestrial, remaining near natal streams (Ruiz-Martínez et al., 2014). Streams inhabited by this species are immersed in pine, pine-oak, and fir for- ests in the central part of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (Luna-Vega et al., 2007). All known localities where A. ordinarium has been recorded are situated between the vicinity of Lake Patzcuaro in the north-central portion of the state of Michoacan and Tianguistenco in the western part of the state of México (Ruiz-Martínez et al., 2014). This species is considered Endangered by the IUCN (IUCN, 2015), is protected by the government of Mexico, under the category Pr (special protection) (AmphibiaWeb; accessed 1April 2016), and Wilson et al. (2013) scored it at the upper end of the medium vulnerability level. Data available on the life history and biology of A. ordinarium is restricted to the species description (Taylor, 1940), distribution (Shaffer, 1984; Anderson and Worthington, 1971), diet composition (Alvarado-Díaz et al., 2002), phylogeny (Weisrock et al., 2006) and the effect of habitat quality on diet diversity (Ruiz-Martínez et al., 2014). We did not find predation records on this species in the literature, and in this note we present information on a predation attack on an adult neotenic A. ordinarium by a Thamnophis cyrtopsis. On 13 July 2010 at 1300 h, while conducting an ecological study of A.
    [Show full text]
  • Miskito Cays Honduras
    Honduras’ MiskitoText and photos by George Stoyle Cays 49 X-RAY MAG : 59 : 2014 EDITORIAL FEATURES TRAVEL NEWS WRECKS EQUIPMENT BOOKS SCIENCE & ECOLOGY TECH EDUCATION PROFILES PHOTO & VIDEO PORTFOLIO Diver swims along the edge of a reef covered Miskito Cays travel in marine life, Miskito Cays, Honduras PREVIOUS PAGE: Rope sponges cling to a boulder Following six flights, two nights and a 30-hour boat trip, I found myself approaching a relatively uncharted group of small coral cays about 60km off the northeast coast of Honduras, not far from the Nicaraguan border. I joined a group of scien- tists from various institutions around the world, assigned to document their activities and photograph the habi- tats and associated wildlife both above and below the water. Embarking on the Caribbean Pearl II from Utila, one of the Bay Islands a few miles off the north coast of Honduras, we made our way along the coast to an area unknown to the region’s tour- ist diving operations. As we got close to the cays, our crew grew increasingly nervous, perhaps jus- tifiably so. This part of Honduras has long been a major route for cocaine trafficking into the United States from South America, and the region through which we were sailing was well-known for its use were boarded ourselves by five The archipelago islands and sand bars are dis- inhabit communities along the the blood-sucking insects) La by certain cartels who preferred soldiers armed to the teeth, car- The Miskito Cays form an archi- persed across 750 squ km of shal- coast of both countries.
    [Show full text]
  • A~ ~CMI $~Fttl' G//,-L1 , Date L~-Co-'Fv It.-Lip/I 'L V 12-11 ~ 9T
    ,\)..lrS A.J.D. EVALUATION SUMMARY - PART I IDENTIFICATION DATA 't~ A. Reporting A.J.D. Unit: B. Was Evaluation Scheduled in Current C. Evaluation Timing USAID/NICARAGUA FY Annual Evaluation Plan? Yes .lL Slipped _ Ad Hoc - Interim .x.. Final_ Evaluation Number:96/3 Evaluation Plan Submission Date: FY: 95 0:2 Ex Post - Other _ D. Activity or Activities Evaluated (List the following information for projectls) or program(s}; if not applicable list title and date of the evaluation report.) Project No. Project/Program Title First PROAG Most Recent Planned LOP Amount or Equivalent PACD Cost {OOOI Obligated to (FY) (mo/yrl date (000) 524-Q.3-l-&- ~,~ Natural Resource Management Project (NRM) 1991 9/99 12,053 10,032 ACTIONS* E. As part of our ongoing refocusing and improved project implementation, we have agreed upon the following actions: 1- The new implementation strategy includes a strong emphasis on buffer zone activities, to be implemented under new, specialized TA. 2- The new implementation strategy will include TA for MARENA to develop an implementation strategy at the national level for the National Protected Areas System (SINAP). 3- Mission contracted with GreenCom to do environmental education activities with Division of Protected Areas (delivery order effective 511 5/96) 4 - Management plans have now been completed for Miskito Cays (CCC), and field work with indigenous communities is near completion for Bosawas. An operational plan has been completed for Volcan Masaya National Park. 5- Mission has no plan to significantly increase number of institutions receiving USAID assistance. Protected Area staff are being placed near field sites as logistics permit.
    [Show full text]
  • Nicaragua Page 1 of 4
    Nicaragua Page 1 of 4 Nicaragua International Religious Freedom Report 2008 Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor The Constitution provides for freedom of religion, and other laws and policies contributed to the generally free practice of religion. The law at all levels protects this right in full against abuse, either by governmental or private actors. The Government generally respected religious freedom in practice. There was no change in the status of respect for religious freedom by the Government during the period covered by this report. There were no reports of societal abuses or discrimination based on religious affiliation, belief, or practice. The U.S. Government discusses religious freedom with the Government as part of its overall policy to promote human rights. Section I. Religious Demography The country has an area of 49,998 square miles and a population of 5.7 million. More than 80 percent of the population belongs to Christian groups. Roman Catholicism remains the dominant religion. According to a 2005 census conducted by the governmental Nicaraguan Institute of Statistics and Census (INEC), 58.5 percent of the population is Roman Catholic and 21.6 percent is evangelical Protestant including Assembly of God, Pentecostal, Mennonite, and Baptist. Groups that constitute less than 5 percent include the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons), the Moravian Church, and Jehovah's Witnesses. Both Catholic and evangelical leaders view the census results as inaccurate; according to their own surveys Catholics constitute approximately 75 percent of the population and evangelicals 30 percent. The most recent 2008 public opinion survey from the private polling firm M&R indicates that 58 percent are Catholic and 28 percent evangelical.
    [Show full text]
  • Know the Past ...Shape the Future
    FALL 2018 - Volume 65, Number 3 WWW.AFHISTORY.ORG know the past .....Shape the Future The Air Force Historical Foundation Founded on May 27, 1953 by Gen Carl A. “Tooey” Spaatz MEMBERSHIP BENEFITS and other air power pioneers, the Air Force Historical All members receive our exciting and informative Foundation (AFHF) is a nonprofi t tax exempt organization. Air Power History Journal, either electronically or It is dedicated to the preservation, perpetuation and on paper, covering: all aspects of aerospace history appropriate publication of the history and traditions of American aviation, with emphasis on the U.S. Air Force, its • Chronicles the great campaigns and predecessor organizations, and the men and women whose the great leaders lives and dreams were devoted to fl ight. The Foundation • Eyewitness accounts and historical articles serves all components of the United States Air Force— Active, Reserve and Air National Guard. • In depth resources to museums and activities, to keep members connected to the latest and AFHF strives to make available to the public and greatest events. today’s government planners and decision makers information that is relevant and informative about Preserve the legacy, stay connected: all aspects of air and space power. By doing so, the • Membership helps preserve the legacy of current Foundation hopes to assure the nation profi ts from past and future US air force personnel. experiences as it helps keep the U.S. Air Force the most modern and effective military force in the world. • Provides reliable and accurate accounts of historical events. The Foundation’s four primary activities include a quarterly journal Air Power History, a book program, a • Establish connections between generations.
    [Show full text]
  • Glomar Explorer
    Approved for Release: 2018/10/01 C02623718 INTERNAL USE ONLY This publication contains clippings from the domestic and foreign press for YOUR BACKGROUND INFORMATION. Further use of selected items would rarely be advisable. NO. 13 • PAGE GOVERNMENT AFFAIRS 1 GENERAL 23 EASTERN EUROPE 34 WEST EUROPE 36 NEAR EAST 39 AFRICA 41 EAST ASIA 43 LATIN AMERICA 44 CLASSIFIED BY: 008354 » DESTROY AFTER BACKGROUNDER HAS SERVED ITS PURPOSE OR WITHIN 60 DAYS CpNPfl5ENTIAL Approved for Release: 2018/10/01 C02623718 Approved for Release: 2018/10/01 C02623718 THE NEW YORK TIMES, TUESDAY, JULY 20, 1976 The C.LA. Cloud Over the Press By Daniel Schorr ASPEN, Colo.—One of Wil­ liam E. Colby's less exhilarating . moments as Director of Central Intelligence was having to call a news conference to demand deletion from the Senate report on assassination plots of a dozen names, including such underworld figures as Sam Giancana and John Rosselli. However misguided the re­ cruitment of these worthies in . the C.I.A.’s designs on Fidel Castro, they had been promised eternal secrecy about, their roles, and, for the agency, de­ livering on that promise was an . article of faith. as well as law. Again, when Mr. Colby was subpoenaed by the House In-, telligerrce Committee for the names of certain intelligence officers, he faced up to a threat­ ened! contempt citation by mak­ ing ’it clear that he would rather go to jail' than com­ promise intelligence sources. This goes, as well, for the. names of journalists who have served the C.LA. And Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • Abrams Says Resignation of Uno Leader Arturo Cruz Heavy Blow to Contra Movement Deborah Tyroler
    University of New Mexico UNM Digital Repository NotiCen Latin America Digital Beat (LADB) 2-13-1987 Abrams Says Resignation Of Uno Leader Arturo Cruz Heavy Blow To Contra Movement Deborah Tyroler Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/noticen Recommended Citation Tyroler, Deborah. "Abrams Says Resignation Of Uno Leader Arturo Cruz Heavy Blow To Contra Movement." (1987). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/noticen/432 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Latin America Digital Beat (LADB) at UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in NotiCen by an authorized administrator of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. LADB Article Id: 077109 ISSN: 1089-1560 Abrams Says Resignation Of Uno Leader Arturo Cruz Heavy Blow To Contra Movement by Deborah Tyroler Category/Department: General Published: Friday, February 13, 1987 At a Feb. 11 meeting with more than 200 top university educators at the State Department, Asst. Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs Elliott Abrams said the resignation of Arturo Cruz from the United Nicaraguan Opposition (UNO) would deal a heavy blow to the contra movement. In view of Cruz's reported resignation, Abrams said the contra forces are discussing what constitutes a "better structure, a more effective structure...You must remember that support for the opposition is directly proportional to its effectiveness." At a recent press conference UNO leader Adolfo Calero refused to comment on the resignation
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document
    The Norwegian Trust Fund for Private Sector and Infrastructure (NTFPSI) Grant TF093075 - P114019: Central America. Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Infrastructure and Small Scale Private Sector Development for Coastal Cities of Honduras and Nicaragua – Supporting Responsible Tourism Strategies for Poverty Reduction FIRST PHASE Public Disclosure Authorized Final Report Consulting Team: Walter Bodden Liesbeth Castro-Sierra Mary Elizabeth Flores Armando Frías Italo Mazzei Alvaro Rivera Irma Urquía Lucy Valenti César Zaldívar The George Washington University: Carla Campos Christian Hailer Jessie McComb Elizabeth Weber January 2010 1 y Final Report Infrastructure and Small Scale Private Sector Development for Coastal Cities of Honduras and Nicaragua – Supporting Responsible Tourism Strategies for Poverty Reduction First Phase Table of Contents 1 BACKGROUND ........................................................................................................................................................... 8 2 OBJECTIVE .................................................................................................................................................................. 9 3 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................................ 10 4 HONDURAN COASTAL CITIES OVERVIEW ..............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Please Download Issue 1-2 2015 Here
    B A L A scholarly journal and news magazine. April 2015. Vol. VIII:1–2. From TIC the Centre for Baltic and East European Studies (CBEES), Södertörn University. The story of Papusza, W a Polish Roma poet O RLDS A pril 2015. V ol. VIII BALTIC :1–2 WORLDSbalticworlds.com Special section Gender & post-Soviet discourses Special theme Voices on solidarity S pecial section: pecial Post- S oviet gender discourses. gender oviet Lost ideals, S pecial theme: pecial shaken V oices on solidarity solidarity on oices ground also in this issue Illustration: Karin Sunvisson RUS & MAGYARS / EsTONIA IN EXILE / DIPLOMACY DURING WWII / ANNA WALENTYNOWICZ / HIJAB FASHION Sponsored by the Foundation BALTIC for Baltic and East European Studies WORLDSbalticworlds.com in this issue editorial Times of disorientation he prefix “post-” in “post-Soviet” write in their introduction that “gender appears or “post-socialist Europe” indicates as a conjunction between the past and the pres- that there is a past from which one ent, where the established present seems not to seeks to depart. In this issue we will recognize the past, but at the same time eagerly Tdiscuss the more existential meaning of this re-enacts the past discourses of domination.” “departing”. What does it means to have all Another collection of shorter essays is con- that is rote, role, and rules — and seemingly nected to the concept of solidarity. Ludger self-evident — rejected and cast away? What Hagedorn has gathered together different Papusza. is it to lose the basis of your identity when the voices, all adding insights into the meaning of society of which you once were a part ceases solidarity.
    [Show full text]
  • Nicaragua: Revolution and Restoration
    THE NEW GEOPOLITICS NOVEMBER 2018 LATIN AMERICA NICARAGUA: REVOLUTION AND RESTORATION RICHARD E. FEINBERG NICARAGUA: REVOLUTION AND RESTORATION RICHARD E. FEINBERG EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Since independence, Nicaragua has suffered periodic internecine warfare, deep distrust between contending factions dominated by powerful caudillos (strongmen), and interventions by foreign powers. While the United States was frequently a party to these conflicts, local Nicaraguan actors often outmaneuvered U.S. diplomats. At the end of the Cold War, internationally supervised elections yielded an interlude of relatively liberal democracy and alternation of power (1990-2006). To the consternation of the United States, Sandinista Party leader Daniel Ortega regained the presidency in 2007, and orchestrated a successful strategy of coalition-building with the organized private sector and the Catholic Church. Supported by the international financial institutions and the Venezuelan Chavista government, Nicaragua achieved strong economic performance with moderately inclusive growth. President Ortega used those economic resources to gradually capture or suppress—one by one—many of the nation’s political institutions, eroding institutional checks and balances. Ortega’s strategy of co-opting all centers of power extended to the military and national police. The restoration of traditional caudillo politics and the fusion of family-state-party-security forces were all too reminiscent of the Somoza family dynasty (1934-1979). Frustrated by Ortega’s narrowing of democratic
    [Show full text]
  • Lizenziatsarbeit Larissa Forster Definitiv
    Universität Zürich Institut für Politikwissenschaften Abteilung für Internationale Beziehungen Seilergraben 53 8001 Zürich Lizenziatsarbeit der Philosophischen Fakultät der Universität Zürich Amerikanische Militärinterventionen in internationalen Krisen Eine empirische Analyse Betreut von Prof. Dr. Albert A. Stahel März 2007 Larissa Forster Hauptfach: Politikwissenschaften Birmensdorferstrasse 145 1. Nebenfach: Publizistikwissenschaften 8003 Zürich 2. Nebenfach: Philosophie Matrikelnummer: 01-704-873 [email protected] Amerikanische Militärinterventionen Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis Abbildungsverzeichnis...................................................................................................... 5 Abkürzungsverzeichnis..................................................................................................... 6 1. Einleitung...................................................................................................................... 7 1.1. Militärische Interventionen als Form der amerikanischen Aussenpolitik........................................ 7 1.2. Wann wird militärische Gewalt angewandt? ................................................................................... 9 1.3. Entdeckungs- und Verwertungszusammenhang ............................................................................. 10 1.4. Fragestellung ................................................................................................................................. 11 1.5. Exkurs: Legalität von militärischen Interventionen......................................................................
    [Show full text]