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Appendix: Note on Military Expenditure, 1960-88

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Appendix: Note on Military Expenditure, 1960-88 Appendix: Note on Military Expenditure, 1960-88 Statistics on Finland's military expenditure, as outlined in the following table, convey a slightly unrealistic picture of Finland's defence capabilities. Finland has consistently spent more money on defence than statistics reveal. For example, the appropriations of the border guard are not included in military budgets (since the border guard is under the Ministry of the Interior). Neither are major defence construction projects in central and northern Finland included in military budgets, as funds for these projects come from the budgets of other ministries. Furthermore, pensions are paid out of the budget of the Ministry of Social Affairs and conscripts are paid even nowadays only a few pounds per day. It has been estimated that if Finland paid its conscripts the same rate that is paid in Denmark, Finland would have to increase its defence budget by 25 per cent. The adding of the expenditures of the Border Guard would increase the military budget by another 10 per cent. 163 164 Appendix: Note on Military Expenditure. 1960-88 Appendix 1: Total Government military Year GNP expenditures expenditures 1960 16199 3998 203 61 18362 4465 282 62 19661 4967 420 63 21352 4874 320 64 24083 5745 351 65 26634 6821 371 66 28554 7167 402 67 31321 8058 455 68 35908 9784 559 69 40986 10210 541 1970 45743 10781 584 71 50257 11944 656 72 58625 13 970 783 73 71364 16961 886 74 90055 21307 1063 75 104209 27546 1317 76 117643 31094 1514 77 129790 35064 1733 78 143376 38938 1962 79 166992 45036 2264 1980 192825 50812 2737 81 218817 57797 3071 82 246187 68008 3899 83 275230 77190 4180 84 309567 85748 4528 85 336824 95803 4881 86 360319 105178 5423 87 393608 116704 5658 88 435550 114247 6316 Appendix: Note on Military Expenditure, 1960-88 165 Military Expenditures 1960-88 Defence Military Defence Total military material expenditures material expenditures acquisitions % of all govt. acquisitions % of GNP % of GNP expenditures 70.0 1.25 0.43 5.08 91.4 1.54 0.5 6.32 220.7 2.14 1.12 8.46 95.0 1.5 0.44 6.57 111.2 1.46 0.46 6.11 128.4 1.39 0.48 5.44 117.3 1.41 0.41 5.61 123.7 1.45 0.39 5.65 116.0 1.56 0.32 5.71 90.2 1.32 0.22 5.3 115.9 1.28 0.25 5.42 148.6 1.31 0.3 5.49 200.3 1.34 0.34 5.6 224.7 1.24 0.31 5.22 246.2 1.18 0.27 4.99 283.9 1.26 0.27 4.78 282.8 1.29 0.24 4.87 369.7 1.34 0.28 4.94 485.4 1.37 0.34 5.04 630.1 1.36 0.38 5.03 840.3 1.42 0.44 5.39 842.1 1.4 0.38 5.31 1275.9 1.58 0.52 5.73 1246.4 1.52 0.45 5.42 1337.2 1.46 0.43 5.28 1416.6 1.45 0.42 5.09 1713.9 1.51 0.48 5.16 1719.1 1.44 0.44 4.85 1990.0 1.45 0.46 5.53 NOTE: Figures in millions of Finnish marks or in percentages. Figures for 1987 and 1988 are unconfirmed estimates. SOURCE: Finnish Ministry of Defence, Department of Military Affairs. Notes Introduction 1. One could not, for example, use the strategy of defence in depth if the enemy was only interested in extracting certain border areas from the defending state. See Karl von Clausewitz, On War, Michael Howard and Peter Paret, eds. and trans., Princeton 1976, p. 488. 2. C. L. Lundin, Finland in the Second World War, Bloomington 1957. 3. Shtemenko, The Soviet General Staff at War, pp. 377-78, 384. 4. Ibid., p. 384. 5. Sampo Ahto, Aseveljet vastakkain, Lapin sota 1944-45, Helsinki 1980, p. 109. 1 'The Years of Danger', 1944-47 l. Lauri Hyvamaki, Vaaran vuodet, Helsinki 1954. 2. Article 22 of the Armistice Agreement. 3. See Reijo Ahtokari, Punainen Va/po. Valtiollinen poliisi Suomessa vaaran vuosina, Helsinki 1969, pp. 186-87. 4. The 1945 Government Policy Declaration called for the prosecution of war criminals and for the democratisation and 'cleaning up' of the police and the military forces. Jussi Raumolin, Puolustuspolitiikka ja 'Turvallisuuspolitiikan' opetus varusmiehille Suomessa, Kehityspiirteitii ja ongelmia, Maanpuolustustiedotuksen suunniltelukunta, Helsinki 1977, p.25. 5. Emil Skog, Sosialisti ja Patrioolti muistelee, Porvoo 1971, pp. 259-6l. 6. Even the location of the Control Commission Headquarters - in the tallest building in Helsinki, the Hotel Tomi - was psychologically imposing. 7. J. K. Paasikivi, J. K. Paasikiven piiiviikirjat 1944-1956, I Osa 28.6.1944-24.4.1949, ed. by Blomsted and Klinge, Juva 1985, p.33. 8. Helsingin Sanomat, 22 September, 1985. 9. See Blinnikka, Valvontakomission aika, p. 69. For details on the Control Commission's operations, see The Finnish War Archives, SA/T 20362/l. lO. See, Warner G. Hahn, Postwar Soviet Politics. The Fall of Zhdanov and the defeat of Moderation 1946-1953, Ithaca 1982, p. 28 and pp. lOl-2. 1l. Djilas, Conversations with Stalin, p. 140. Molotov replied: 'Ach, Finland - that is a peanut'. 166 Notes to pp. 8-15 167 12. The US representative in Finland, Hamilton, reported to the Secretary of State on 17 March 1945 that the Control Commission had not 'taken any action vis-It-vis the Finnish Government which cannot be more or less clearly justified under the armistice terms'. Foreign Relations of the United States 1945, IV, p. 609. 13. 'Directive for British Section of Allied Control Commission in Finland', dated 12 October 1944, reproduced in J. H. Magill, Tasavalta tulikokeessa, Mikkeli 1981. 14. Stig Jagerskitild, Mannerheim, Marshal of Finland, London 1986, p.182. 15. Paasikivi cited rumours about Soviet occupation still in March 1949. See J. K. Paasikiven piiiviikirjatl, pp. 702fT. 16. Jagerskitild, Viimeiset vuodet, p. Ill. 17. Minister Fagerholm's account of discussion with Mannerheim, cited in Jagerskitild, Viimeiset vuodet, p. 111. 18. Tervasmaki, Mannerheim, p. 234. Mannerheim referred to threatening movements by the German navy in the proximity of the Aland Islands. 19. Gustav Mannerheim's archives, kansio 614 VArk, cited in Tervasmaki, Mannerheim, p. 235, reproduced in Jagerskitild, Viimeiset vuodet, p.129. 20. See: Martti Turtola, Heinrichs; Tervasmaki, Mannerheim, p. 239; Jligerskitild, Viimeiset vuodet, p. 129; and Pekka Visuri, 'Puolustus­ voimien sodanjaIkeiset linjaratkaisut kestaneet', Helsingin Sanomat, 4 September 1985. 21. Sampo Ahto, 'The War in Lapland' in Kanninen (ed.), Aspects of Security, pp. 226-7. 22. Zhdanov's letter in The Finnish War Archives. SA T 19498/8 a. 23. The Finnish War Archives, Ark/Tl9527/376, appendix 1: the letter of appointment from the Ministry of Defence. 24. Pekka Visuri, 'Puolustusperiaatteiden kehitys Keski-Euroopassa Toisen Maailmansodan jaIkeen vertailtuna vastaavaan kehitykseen Suomessa', Tutkimus Suomen Sotatieteelliselle seuralle, Helsinki 15 February 1985, p. 165. 25. Erich Heinrich, 'Esitys Puolustusrevisiolle Suomen sotilaspoliittisesta tilanteesta ja asennoitumisesta 19. 6. 1945', Gustav Mannerheim's Archives, kansio 614 VArk, partially reproduced in Tervasmaki, Mannerheim, p. 237. 26. Visuri, 'Puolustusvoimien sodanjaIkeiset linjaratkaisut', Helsingin Sanomat, 4 June 1985. 27. Jussi Raumolin, 'Puolustuspolitiikan ja "Turvallisuuspolitiikan" opetus varusmiehille Suomessa', p. 26. 28. The 1945 Teaching Instructions (Valistustohjeet), cited in Raumolin, 'Puolustuspolitiikka ja 'Turvallisuuspolitiikan' opetus varusmiehille Suomessa, p. 27. 29. Ibid., p. 20. 168 NOles 10 pp. 16-20 30. Hannu Koskinen, 'Suomen Puolustusvoimat Iiittoutuneiden Val­ vontakomission aikana', Sotakorkeak:oulu MSL 38, Helsinki 30 July 1985, p. 34, 39. 31. Ibid., p. 39. 32. Ibid., p. 34. Then: is no record of Lundqvist's resignation in The Finnish War Archives. It is therefore possible that the President simply told him in person that he had to resign. 33. Ibid., p. 36. 34. General Sihvo's 1949 memorandum on the tasks of the defence forces, cited in Kalle Lehmus, Kolme kriisiii, Helsinki 1971. 35. Koskinen, 'Suomen Puolustusvoimat liittoutuneiden Valvonta­ komission aikana', p. 42. 36. Paasikivi,l. K. Paasikiven piiiviikiriatl, p. 148. 37. A summary of the work of the liaison committee and Zhdanov's letter to Paasikivi: SAlT 21 565/15, Finnish War Archives. 38. Paasikivi,l. K. Paasikiven piiiviikiriatl, p. 181. 39. The sentences met the minimum requirements set by the Control Commission, varying from two to ten years. 40. Jagerskiold, Viimeiset vuodet, p. 175, for fuller accounts see, Aladar Paasonen, Marsalkan tiedustelupiiiillikkbnii ja hallituksen asiamiehenii, Helsinki 1974, and Kakonen, Miehityksen varalta, Helsinki 1970. 41. The transfer was made 22 and 23 September 1944, see JagerskiOld, Viimeiset vuodet, p. 176. Rislakki puts the total number of the Finnish refugees at BOO, Rislakki, erittiiin salainen, p. 279. For an autobiographi­ cal account of the operation see Harry Lewing, Oneraatio Stella Polaris, Helsinki 1977. 42. On the duration of the operation see Eduskunnan Pbytiikirjat 1950 IV, p.4184. 43. Rislakki, Erittiiin salainen, p. 275,279. 44. Ibid., pp. 273-4. See also Reijo Ahtokari, Punainen Valpo, pp. 172-4. 45. See e.g. Hyvamaki, Vaaran vuodel, p. 35; Lukkari, Asekiitkentiijuttu, pp. 21, 260, 265; Hannu Rautkallio, Suomen suunta 1945-48, Savonlinna 1974, p. 107-12. 46. Reijo Ahtokari, Asekiitkentiijuttu, p. 54. 47. Tervasmaki, Mannerheim, p. 222, Kairinen, Marttisen miehet, p. 11, Lukkari, Asekiitkentii, pp. 24, 28, and Ahtokari, Asekiitkentiijuttu, pp.12-14. 48. Ahtokari, Asekiitkentiijuttu, pp. 12-14. Same figures reproduced in Lukkari, Asekiitkentii, p. 26, 27. 49. According to Kairinen preparations were begun on 22 September; according to Tervasmaki they were begun on 23 September; and according to Lukkari on 24 September.
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