Urho Kekkosen Historia- Ja Politiikkakäsitykset Teoriasta Käytäntöön 1933–1981

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Urho Kekkosen Historia- Ja Politiikkakäsitykset Teoriasta Käytäntöön 1933–1981 JYVÄSKYLÄ STUDIES IN HUMANITIES 70 Timo J. Tuikka Kekkosen konstit Urho Kekkosen historia- ja politiikkakäsitykset teoriasta käytäntöön 19331981 JYVÄSKYLÄN YLIOPISTO JYVÄSKYLÄ STUDIES IN HUMANITIES 70 Timo J. Tuikka "Kekkosen konstit" Urho Kekkosen historia- ja politiikkakäsitykset teoriasta käytäntöön 1933-1981 Esitetään Jyväskylän yliopiston humanistisen tiedekunnan suostumuksella julkisesti tarkastettavaksi yliopiston Historica-rakennuksen salissa H320 toukokuun 26. päivänä 2007 kello 12. JYVÄSKYLÄN YLIOPISTO JYVÄSKYLÄ 2007 "Kekkosen konstit" Urho Kekkosen historia- ja politiikkakäsitykset teoriasta käytäntöön 1933-1981 JYVÄSKYLÄ STUDIES IN HUMANITIES 70 Timo J. Tuikka "Kekkosen konstit" Urho Kekkosen historia- ja politiikkakäsitykset teoriasta käytäntöön 1933-1981 JYVÄSKYLÄN YLIOPISTO JYVÄSKYLÄ 2007" Editors Petri Karonen Department of History and Ethnology, University of Jyväskylä Irene Ylönen, Marja-Leena Tynkkynen Publishing Unit, University Library of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Studies in Humanities Editorial Board Editor in Chief Heikki Hanka, Department of Art and Culture Studies, University of Jyväskylä Petri Karonen, Department of History and Ethnology, University of Jyväskylä Matti Rahkonen, Department of Languages, University of Jyväskylä Petri Toiviainen, Department of Music, University of Jyväskylä Minna-Riitta Luukka, Centre for Applied Language Studies, University of Jyväskylä Raimo Salokangas, Department of Communication, University of Jyväskylä Cover picture: Urho Kekkonen, 1955. Photo by Toivo Grönroos. Tasavallan presidentin arkistosäätiö. URN:ISBN:9789513928278 ISBN 978-951-39-2827-8 (PDF) ISBN 978-951-39-2804-9 (nid.) ISSN 1459-4331 Copyright © 2007 , by University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä University Printing House, Jyväskylä 2007 ABSTRACT Tuikka, Timo J. ”Kekkonen´s way”. Urho Kekkonen’s conceptions of history and politics from theory to practice, 1933–1981 Jyväskylä: University of Jyväskylä, 2007, 413 p. (Jyväskylä Studies in Humanities ISSN 1459-4331; 70) ISBN 978-951-39-2827-8 (PDF), 978-951-39-2804-9 (nid.) Summary Diss. This study explores Urho Kekkonen’s (1900–1986) conceptions of history and politics, covering his entire career in party politics (1933–1981). His exception- ally long political career included, for example, five terms as prime minister (1950–1956) and his five presidential terms (1956–1981). Urho Kekkonen is one of the most thoroughly discussed and studied politicians in Finnish history. As these studies reveal, Kekkonen was both admired by his supporters and abominated by his opponents. This dissertation concentrates on Kekkonen’s political rhetoric and his use of concepts in the context of Finnish political culture from the 1930’s to the 1980’s by analysing four conceptual cases: the battle over ‘democracy’ in the 1930’s, the struggle over ‘realpolitik’ in the 1940’s, the dispute over the ‘national interest’ from the beginning of the 1950’s to the end of the 1960’s, and the dis- course on presidential power covering the era from the end of the 1960’s to the beginning of the 1980’s. This study is based on research material including Kekkonen’s speeches and writings, and especially on a variety of pamphlets and anthologies. Urho Kekkonen’s political success was largely built on his rhetorical com- petence and flexibility, which enabled him to appeal to different audiences. Es- pecially after the Continuation War, Kekkonen concentrated on defining the “indisputable facts” of history and what he saw as the only political option for Finland. In time his views on e.g. Finnish democracy, patriotism, and neutrality became generally accepted in Finland. Kekkonen’s political goal was to protect Finland’s independence and national unity. In his politics, “morality” was sub- ordinate to the Machiavellian “best interest of the nation”. Keywords: democracy, history, policy of neutrality, politics, realpolitik, rheto- ric, Urho Kekkonen. Author´s address Timo J. Tuikka [email protected] Supervisor Professor Petri Karonen Department of History and Ethnology University of Jyväskylä Reviewers Professor Pauli Kettunen Department of Social Science History University of Helsinki Docent Lasse Kangas Department of History and Ethnology University of Jyväskylä Opponent Professor Pauli Kettunen Department of Social Science History University of Helsinki Cover picture: Toivo Grönroos 1955 (Tasavallan presidentin arkistosäätiö) ALUKSI Kun synnyin elokuussa 1975, paistatteli Urho Kekkonen mahtavimmillaan ETYK-konferenssin jälkilämmössä. Tätini luoman Kekkos-myytin mukaan en- simmäisiä sanojani oli ”kekko”, mikä merkitsi minulle kaljupäistä miestä. Mi- nulta kesti 30 vuotta saada selville, että 20 vuotta ennen syntymääni, vuoden 1956 tiukassa presidentinvaalikamppailussa, ”kekko”-sanan merkityksestä tais- teltiin hampaat irvessä. Kekkosesta kansallista esikuvaa luoneen Kustaa Vilku- nan mukaan sana merkitsi jättiläistä, joka asettelee kiviä vuoren huipulle. Matti Kuusi vastasi yhdistämällä nimen viinakekkuliin. Muutamia satunnaisia kohtaamisia lukuun ottamatta ”kekko” ei juuri koskettanut minua ennen kuin aloin vuosituhannen vaihtuessa pohtia aihetta graduuni. Halusin tutkielmalleni mahdollisimman helpon aiheen, josta löytyisi paljon kirjallisuutta. Valintani oli osin onnistunut. Käytyäni valmistuttuani toteamassa oikeiden töiden merkityksen, palasin mahdollisuuden tarjoutuessa takaisin tieteellisen kirjoittamisen pariin. Itseni lisäksi suurin syyllinen työni toteutumiseen on ohjaajani, professori Petri Karo- nen. Ilman hänen ennakkoluulotonta kiinnostustaan ja lujaa tukeaan laajahkoa aihevalintaani kohtaan tätä väitöskirjaa tuskin olisi koskaan syntynyt. Lisäksi työhöni ovat vaikuttaneet niin useat tahot, että suokoot anteeksi, jos unohdan jonkun. Erityiskiitokset professori Pauli Kettuselle, jonka lukuisat kommentit auttoivat minua ajattelemaan ”totuuksiani” uudemman kerran. Väitöskirjani toiselle tarkastajalle dosentti Lasse Kankaalle sekä professori Toi- vo Nygårdille, dosentti Pasi Ihalaiselle, dosentti Heikki Roiko-Jokelalle ja do- sentti Juhani Suomelle esitän kiitokset hyvistä vinkeistä työni eri vaiheissa. Pää- johtaja Jouko Loikkanen kertoi 1960- ja 1970-lukujen poliittisten puheiden teko- tavoista ja taustoista. Jyväskylän yliopiston valtio-opin laitoksella yritin viiden vuoden ajan oppia, mitä politiikka eli yhteisten asioiden hoitaminen on. Erityi- sesti dosentti Eeva Aarnion ja professori Kari Palosen palaute on auttanut mi- nua ymmärtämään politiikkaa hieman laajemmista näkökulmista. Kiitos Jyväskylän yliopiston rehtorille ja Emil Aaltosen sekä Ella ja Georg Ehrnroothin säätiöille saamastani rahoituksesta. Ilman näiden karttuisaa kättä en olisi syönyt Lozzilla joka päivä pihviä. Arkistoissa minua on palveltu kuin parempaakin tutkijaa. Kiitos Keskustan ja maaseudun ja Yleisradion arkistoille, Tamminiemen museolle ja Oulun yliopiston kirjastolle sekä erityisesti Urho Kekkosen arkiston vallattomille hoitajille Pekka Lähteenkorvalle ja Ari Mesi- vaaralle, jotka pitivät Moccamasteria ja saunaa jatkuvasti lämpimänä. Vaikka en olekaan harhaillut kotona päämäärättömästi tieteellisessä kata- toniassa, vaan katsonut sohvalla päämäärätietoisesti jalkapalloa, tahdon kau- niisti kiittää Siniä, joka työni lopussa yritti opettaa minulle pilkun paikkaa. Kii- tos myös vanhemmilleni, jotka patistivat minut taistelemaan tieni ulos Muonion lukiosta. Lisäksi kiitän lounaskahviretkuetta, joka eittämättä viivästytti työtäni lukuisin santsikupein, mutta sai minut näkemään maailman toisin silmin. Jyväskylässä 16.4.2007, Timo J. Tuikka SISÄLLYS ABSTRACT ALUKSI I JOHDANTO...........................................................................................................9 Kekkonen tutkimusongelmana...........................................................................9 Historia- ja politiikkakäsitykset...............................................................12 Tutkimustapausten ja -näkökulmien valinta ........................................14 Kekkosen tekstit tutkimusaineistona......................................................19 Kekkos-kirjallisuuden lajityypit ..............................................................24 Historian ja politiikan yhteys ............................................................................28 Historian poliittisuus ja politiikan historiallisuus ................................30 Aika, historia ja politiikka ........................................................................32 Poliittinen historia Suomessa ja ideologia politiikassa ........................34 Historian ja politiikan aatehistoriallisuus ..............................................36 Käsitehistoria ja retoriikka tutkimuksen tukena ............................................38 Puheet ja kirjoitukset puhetekoina..........................................................41 Kekkonen puhujana ja kirjoittajana ........................................................43 Politiikan yleisöt retoriikan kohteena.....................................................45 Keskeiset käsitteet ja käsitekimput .........................................................47 II KAMPPAILU KANSANVALLASTA (1933–1939).........................................50 Kansanvallasta puoluepolitiikkaan..................................................................50 Tasavaltalainen historiakäsitys ja Snellman-suhde ..............................53 Puoluepolitikointi ja valtiolliset asiat .....................................................60 Lujan kansanvallan ja maalaiskansan puolesta.....................................65
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