Finnish Diplomats As Interpreters of Finland's Foreign Policy 1955
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The Baltic Sea Region the Baltic Sea Region
TTHEHE BBALALTTICIC SSEAEA RREGIONEGION Cultures,Cultures, Politics,Politics, SocietiesSocieties EditorEditor WitoldWitold MaciejewskiMaciejewski A Baltic University Publication Case Chapter 2 Constructing Karelia: Myths and Symbols in the Multiethnic Reality Ilja Solomeshch 1. Power of symbols Specialists in the field of semiotics note that in times of social and political crises, at Political symbolism is known to have three the stage of ideological and moral disintegra- major functions – nominative, informative tion, some forms of the most archaic kinds of and communicative. In this sense a symbol in political symbolism reactivate in what is called political life plays one of the key roles in struc- the archaic syndrome. This notion is used, for turing society, organising interrelations within example, to evaluate the situation in pre- and the community and between people and the post-revolutionary (1917) Russia, as well as various institutions of state. Karelia Karelia is a border area between Finland and Russia. Majority of its territory belongs to Russian Republic of Karelia, with a capital in Petrozavodsk. The Sovjet Union gained the marked area from Finland as the outcome of war 1944. Karelia can be compared with similar border areas in the Baltic Region, like Schleswig-Holstein, Oppeln (Opole) Silesia in Poland, Kaliningrad region in Russia. Probably the best known case of such an area in Europe is Alsace- -Lorraine. Map 13. Karelia. Ill.: Radosław Przebitkowski The Soviet semioticity When trying to understand historical and cultural developments in the Russian/Soviet/Post-Soviet spatial area, especially in terms of Centre-Peripheries and Break-Continuity paradigms, one can easily notice the semioticity of the Soviet system, starting with its ideology. -
Pienvaltiodemokratia Perusetujansa Turvaamassa Suomen Kansallinen Identiteetti, Tshekkoslovakian Miehitys Ja Baltian Maiden Itsenäistyminen
Tampereen yliopisto Johtamiskorkeakoulu MATTI PESU Pienvaltiodemokratia perusetujansa turvaamassa Suomen kansallinen identiteetti, Tshekkoslovakian miehitys ja Baltian maiden itsenäistyminen Kansainvälinen politiikka Pro gradu -tutkielma Toukokuu 2014 Tampereen yliopisto Johtamiskorkeakoulu PESU, MATTI: Pienvaltiodemokratia perusetujansa turvaamassa – Suomen kansallinen identiteetti, Tshekkoslovakian miehitys ja Baltian maiden itsenäistyminen Pro gradu -tutkielma 116 s. Kansainvälinen politiikka Toukokuu 2014 Tutkimuksessa analysoidaan Suomen kylmän sodan ulko- ja turvallisuuspolitiikkaa Anne. L. Clunanin aspirationaalisen konstruktivismin näkökulmasta, ja sillä on kahtalaiset tavoitteet. Ensimmäiseksi tutkimuksessa hahmotetaan Suomen kylmän sodan kansallisen identiteetin syntyä ja kehitystä, millä halutaan tuoda teoreettista näkökulmaa keskusteluun Suomen ulko- ja turvallisuuspoliittisesta historiasta. Lisäksi tutkielmassa analysoidaan kansallisen identiteetin ja aspirationaalisen konstruktivismin muiden käsitteiden avulla Suomen ulkopoliittista linjaa suhteessa Tshekkoslovakian miehitykseen vuonna 1968 ja Baltian maiden itsenäistymiseen vuosina 1989–1991. Pyrkimys on ymmärtää, miksi Suomi toimi, kuten se toimi. Tapauksista tekee kiinnostavan eräänlainen moraalinen jännite Suomen koetun kansallisen edun ja tilanteiden välille. Tapahtumat herättivät suomalaisissa runsaasti tunteita, joiden tulkkina maan perusetua varjellut valtiojohto ei kyennyt toimimaan. Teoreettisena viitekehyksenä aspirationaalinen konstruktivismi liikkuu perinteisemmän -
Erkki Tuomioja, Minister for Foreign Affairs of Finland
Erkki Tuomioja, Minister for Foreign Affairs of Finland CHECK AGAINST DELIVERY At the European University Viadrina, Frankfurt an der Oder EMBARGOED UNTIL 11 January 2005 11.1.2005 12.00 From Europe to Real-Europa The recent events in Ukraine remind us of the fact that the transformation of Europe, which started in 1989, is still continuing. German reunification, the collapse of the Soviet Union, the re-established independence of the Baltic States and the liberation of Eastern Europe set in motion a process that has not yet come to an end. This chain of events released energy, which had previously been held back by the command economy, and gave impetus to a comprehensive modernization process of societies. The gap in living standards between East and West began to shrink. A major milestone was the enlargement of the European Union by ten new Member States in May 2004. To quote Willy Brandt: "What belongs together, grows together". Ukraine’s Orange Revolution has finally proved that freedom without democracy does not work. On the other hand, democracy does not function without the safeguards guaranteed by the rule of law and the democratic control exercised by civil society, a political opposition and the media – in other words a system of checks and balances. The bloodless dissolution of the Soviet Union and the ideological system it represented was a historic event, the uniqueness of which is accentuated by the violent collapse of Yugoslavia. Freedom is a mighty power. German re-unification became possible only after the birth of true freedom brought about by the collapse of the Berlin Wall. -
Agamben, Giorgio 507 Aho, Juhani 486 Ahonen, Sirkka 36, 462 Ahtisaari, Martti 466, 494 Ahto, Sampo 20, 541–3, 547–8 Air Raid
INDEX Agamben, Giorgio 507 Axis Powers 74, 89, 111, 122, 135, 138, Aho, Juhani 486 173, 339, 362, 369, 549 Ahonen, Sirkka 36, 462 see also Hungary; Italy; Japan; Ahtisaari, Martti 466, 494 Romania Ahto, Sampo 20, 541–3, 547–8 air raids 1, 11 (fi g.), 59, 71–2, 78, Baltic Sea (region) 2, 52 (map), 56, 64, 144, 153, 172 (table), 173, 181, 191, 65 (map), 68, 75, 77 (map), 107, 206, 193, 195, 198, 212 (fi g.), 215, 223, 230, 399 259–60, 326, 340 Baltic States 3, 5, 49, 52 (map), 53–4, Airo, Aksel 174 57–8, 65 (map), 67, 76, 88, 94, 97, 191, Ajossaari Island 377 251, 274, 379, 381, 399, 493 Åland Islands 52 (map) see also Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania Alasjärvi, Lake 508, 511, 513, 515 Bay of Vyborg 150, 163–4, 461 Alexander I, Czar 49 Behring, Emil Adolf von 338 Allied Control Commission 9, 25 n.41, Belorussia 80–1, 159–60, 164, 381, 387 30, 85 (fi g.), 86, 89, 169, 390, 392, Benelux countries 5, 67, 97, 129, 338 478 n.96 Berlin 65 (map), 66, 68, 80, 124–5, 160, Allied Powers (Western Powers) 187, 369, 388 during and aft er the Continuation Beveridge, William 352 War 1, 8, 76, 78–80, 82–3, 87–9, Bion, Wilfred 291–2 113–4, 128, 135, 155 (map), 156, Björklund, Johannes 270 272, 394, 404, 457, 466, 480, 491 Björkman, Sven and Rakel 279, 284, during the Winter War and the 298, 300–2, 304–6, 308–10 Interim Peace 2, 15 n.15, 22, 62–4, Blomstedt, Yrjö 529 n.28, 544–5 65 (map), 78, 98, 150, 187 Blücher, Wipert von 26, 93, 95–6, see also France; Great Britain; United 100–1, 106–7, 109–10, 112, 116–23, States 125, 129, 131, 133–4, 138 Anderson, Benedict -
Interim Governments and the Stability of Peace
Interim Governments and the Stability of Peace Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Dr. rer. pol. im Fach Politikwissenschaft vorgelegt von Julia Strasheim eingereicht an der Fakultät für Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften der Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg im September 2016 Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Aurel Croissant Zweitgutachterin: Prof. Dr. Jale Tosun Julia Strasheim GIGA German Institute of Global and Area Studies Neuer Jungfernstieg 21 20354 Hamburg [email protected] First printed 2016 iv Acknowledgements Writing this dissertation would not have been possible without the outstanding direct and indirect support of a long list of people. First and foremost, I would like to thank my dissertation supervisors at the University of Heidelberg. I am greatly indebted to my main supervisor Aurel Croissant, who oversaw more than three years of my doctoral research and who provided excellent supervision and invaluable comments on numerous chapter drafts. I am equally grateful to my second supervisor Jale Tosun, whose constructive comments and rigorous feedback during my final year of doctoral research greatly contributed to this project. In this regard, I would also like to express my gratitude to the partic- ipants of both of my supervisors’ colloquiums at the University of Heidelberg for their helpful remarks and suggestions during various presentations; and to the Graduate Academy at the University of Heidelberg for generously funding my fieldwork (and for unbureaucratically supporting me in postponing my trip following Nepal’s 25 April 2015 Gorkha earthquake). Besides joining the excellent research environment of the University of Hei- delberg as an external PhD candidate, I have throughout the process of writing my dissertation been fortunate to be based as a research fellow at the GIGA German Institute of Global and Area Studies in Hamburg, and I am grateful to a number of people at the GIGA. -
International Associations 1968
Provides articles, surveys, book reviews, notes on current activities and plans for new international organizations, changes of address, together with International • the International Congress Calendar, and • the " Bibliographical Current List of Papers, Reports and Proceedings of International Meetings " (monthly). Associations Each issue contains 76-150 pages. Bilingual (English/French) Annual subscription: (Calendar year); US$11; 75/-; BF 450 is published by the UNION OF INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS Comité de Direction de l´UAI : Executive Council : Autres publications : Other publications : Président : President : • Yearbook of International Organizations - 11th edition, F A CASADIO, Directeur, Societa Italiana per l´Orga- 1966-67 (English) nizzazione Internazionale (Italie); • Petit répertoire des organisations internationales, Vice-Présidents : Vice-Présidents : liste alphabétique en langue française avec adresses. Sir Ramaswami MUDALIAR, President India Steamship Company (India); • International Initialese, 2nd edition with supplement. Pierre VASSEUR, Secrétaire général honoraire de la • Select Bibliography on International Organization Chambre de Commerce Internationale (France); (1985-1964), by G P Speeckaert. Membres : Members : Bibliographie sélective sur l'organisation internatio- nale (1885-1964) par G P Speeckaert. Th CAVALCANTI. Président de l'Institut de Droit Public de la Fondation Getulio Vargas (Brésil); • Bibliography of Proceedings of International Meetings Etienne de la VALLEE POUSSIN, Sénateur, Délégué held In 1957, 1958, 1959 (3 volumes). belge à l'Assemblée Consultative du Conseil de Bibliographie des comptes rendus des réunions l'Europe (Belgique); internationales tenues en 1957, 1958, 1959 (3 vol). Dr Mohamed Aly RIFAAT (RAU). Secrétaire général de l'Organisation Afro-Asiatique de Coopération Econo- • Yearbook of International Congress Proceedings mique; 1960-68 (in preparation). S ROKKAN, Director of Research, Chr Michelsen • International Congress Science Series : 7 volumes in Institut (Norway); English and French editions. -
1 Introduction
Notes 1 Introduction 1. What belongs together will now grow together (JK). 2. The well-known statement from Brandt is often wrongly attributed to the speech he gave one day after the fall of the Berlin Wall at the West Berlin City Hall, Rathaus Schöneberg. This error is understandable since it was added later to the publicized version of the speech with the consent of Brandt himself (Rother, 2001, p. 43). By that time it was already a well known phrase since it featured prominently on a SPD poster with a picture of Brandt in front of the partying masses at the Berlin Wall. The original statement was made by Brandt during a radio interview on 10 November for SFP-Mittagecho where he stated: ‘Jetzt sind wir in einer Situation, in der wieder zusammenwächst, was zusammengehört’ (‘Now we are in a situation in which again will grow together what belongs together’). 3. The Treaty of Prague with Czechoslovakia, signed 11 December 1973, finalized the Eastern Treaties. 4. By doing this, I aim to contribute to both theory formation concerning inter- national politics and foreign policy and add to the historiography of the German question and reunification policy. Not only is it important to com- pare theoretical assumptions against empirical data, by making the theoretical assumptions that guide the historical research explicit, other scholars are enabled to better judge the quality of the research. In the words of King et al. (1994, p. 8): ‘If the method and logic of a researcher’s observations and infer- ences are left implicit, the scholarly community has no way of judging the validity of what was done.’ This does not mean that the historical research itself only serves theory formation. -
Hungarologische Beiträge 18, 2006
HUNGAROLOGISCHE BEITRÄGE 18 BRIDGE BUILDING AND POLITICAL CULTURES Political Cultures in Urho Kekkonen’s Finland and János Kádár’s Hungary Heino NYYSSÖNEN 1 Introduction Comparing Finland and Hungary is a fruitful task despite the ap- parent historical differences: after the Second World War the for- mer remained a democracy whilst the latter became a dictatorship. Also their relation to their greatest and most powerful neighbour, Soviet Union, seems to be different. Hungary belonged to the same military pact as the Soviet Union, but Finland’s foreign pol- icy was based on the idea of neutrality. However, the difference between the most eastern country of the West and the most west- ern country of the East is not that evident. According to an old standpoint Finns and Hungarians are re- latives and with special relationship. We can, however, doubt that the structural similarities in language and common roots 6,000 years ago hardly make sense, when we study recent po- litical culture. Rather than ‘kinship’ the concept of national in- terest gained a more important role in mutual co-operation af- ter 1945. Nevertheless, maintaining the old idea of a relation- ship, defined as ‘scientific truth’, made communication easier between these two nations. Already in the end of the 1960s Hungary had most connections with Finland among capitalist countries. In Europe Finland became a forerunner also in the 1970s, when visa between the two countries was abolished. The purpose of this article is to compare political cultures in Finland and Hungary during the Urho Kekkonen and János Kádár era. The critical question is, what kind of results we can get, 13 HEINO NYYSSÖNEN when we compare these two countries to each other and not to their ‘traditional’ frames i.e. -
Otto Ville Kuusinen Commemorated
Otto Ville Kuusinen Commemorated T AUNO SAARELA The legalisation of the Communist Party of Finland (SKP) and the foundation of the People’s Democratic League (SKDL), a wider organisation of socialists and communists, in autumn 1944 gave the communist movement better opportunities to become part of Finnish political life. A good 20 percent support and a position in the government in 1945–48, 1966–1971 and 1975–82 was far different from living under various restrictions or underground they did during the inter-war years. It was now easier for the communist movement to make known its own interpretation of its history and to challenge the identifi cation of Finnish communism with the Soviet Union. For this purpose various articles and books on the activities of the movement in the 1920s and 1930s were published1, important leaders were presented and Otto Ville Kuusinen commemorated. Kuusinen, who had lived in the Soviet Union since the Finnish Civil War in 1918, served as a secretary of the Communist International in 1921–1939 and belonged to the leadership of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) from the 1940s, was a controversial fi gure in Finland after the Second World War. For the bourgeoisie he symbolised the Soviet origin and interests of the Finnish communist movement, as indicated by the establishment of the Terijoki government during the Winter War in November 1939 and participation in the war propaganda against Finland during the Continuation War. Among the communists, on the other hand, he was regarded as a great man with a remarkable international career. -
From the Tito-Stalin Split to Yugoslavia's Finnish Connection: Neutralism Before Non-Alignment, 1948-1958
ABSTRACT Title of Document: FROM THE TITO-STALIN SPLIT TO YUGOSLAVIA'S FINNISH CONNECTION: NEUTRALISM BEFORE NON-ALIGNMENT, 1948-1958. Rinna Elina Kullaa, Doctor of Philosophy 2008 Directed By: Professor John R. Lampe Department of History After the Second World War the European continent stood divided between two clearly defined and competing systems of government, economic and social progress. Historians have repeatedly analyzed the formation of the Soviet bloc in the east, the subsequent superpower confrontation, and the resulting rise of Euro-Atlantic interconnection in the west. This dissertation provides a new view of how two borderlands steered clear of absorption into the Soviet bloc. It addresses the foreign relations of Yugoslavia and Finland with the Soviet Union and with each other between 1948 and 1958. Narrated here are their separate yet comparable and, to some extent, coordinated contests with the Soviet Union. Ending the presumed partnership with the Soviet Union, the Tito-Stalin split of 1948 launched Yugoslavia on a search for an alternative foreign policy, one that previously began before the split and helped to provoke it. After the split that search turned to avoiding violent conflict with the Soviet Union while creating alternative international partnerships to help the Communist state to survive in difficult postwar conditions. Finnish-Soviet relations between 1944 and 1948 showed the Yugoslav Foreign Ministry that in order to avoid invasion, it would have to demonstrate a commitment to minimizing security risks to the Soviet Union along its European political border and to not interfering in the Soviet domination of domestic politics elsewhere in Eastern Europe. -
The German Democratic Republic's Attitude
PRZEGLĄD ZACHODNI 2011, No 1 ANNA WOLff-POWęskA Poznań THE GERMAN DEMOCRATIC Republic’s AttITUDE TOWARDS THE NAZI PAST Periods of change connected with a transition from dictatorship to democracy are characterized by intensive search for a new binder of national unity and identity. Communities which have been affected by totalitarianism in order to build a new order have to define their attitude towards the old one. As it has been demonstrated by the two German states in their process of abandoning the Third Reich’s policy and system of values, factors such as the defence of one’s own history, and seeking an answer to the question of what should be retained in the memory and what should be eradicated, have shaped the political identity of German society of the political turn era in a significant way. The reunification of Germany in 1990 confirmed the truth that the process of democratization is accompanied by a social crisis which is also a crisis of the criteria determining what is remembered and what is forgotten, the integral elements of every history. The way of perceiving National socialism and positioning it in German history has played a fundamental role in the development of political cultures, first of two different German states, and then of a reunified Germany*. National consciousness and community spirit is shaped by reference to history, which can be glorified, sac- ralised, or pushed to the margins of public life. Establishing two separate German states with different ideological foundations brought far reaching consequences for the cultural memory of the divided community. -
The Socialist Soviet Republic of Scandinavia
Ajalooline Ajakiri, 2015, 3 (153), 287–326 The Socialist Soviet Republic of Scandinavia Ainur Elmgren ABSTRACT Nationalist and regionalist geopolitical concepts were appropriated in the ser- vice of Communist world revolution by Finnish activists in Sweden, Finland, and Soviet Karelia. The influence of Social Democratic statesman and scholar of geopolitics, Väinö Voionmaa, can be traced in the negotiations that led to the foundation of an autonomous Karelian Labour Commune in 1921. Exiled Finnish revolutionaries persuaded the Bolsheviks that Karelia could become a stepping-stone towards revolution in Finland and Scandinavia. A greater So- cialist Soviet Republic of Scandinavia, united by cultural, geographical and eco- nomical factors, would monopolize the timber market and exercise economic power over Western Europe. The idea of a Scandinavian revolution was aban- doned along with the idea of world revolution in the mid-1920s. The last men- tions of a Soviet Scandinavia can be found in anti-Soviet propaganda long after the demise of its promoters in the Great Terror. Keywords: geopolitics, revolution, regionalism, nationalism, Scandinavia, So- viet Union, Karelian Labour Commune The pursuit of a “Greater Finland” is a well-known chapter in the history of Finnish nationalism. The Greater Finland project uniting the “tribal brothers” of Finland and Karelia, sometimes also the national irredenta of the border regions in Northern Sweden and Norway, the Kola Penin- sula and the Finno-Ugric minorities of Russia, was practically monopo- lized by right-wing intellectual movements after Finland’s independence in 1917 and the subsequent civil war.1 However, it had inspired politicians and scholars identifying as Socialist before, and it would continue to do so.