Otto Stenrothista Alexander Stubbiin
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Foreign Capital and Finland: Central Government's Firstperiod of Reliance on International Financial Markets 1862-1938
A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Arola, Mika Book Foreign capital and Finland: central government's firstperiod of reliance on international financial markets 1862-1938 Scientific monographs, No. E:37 Provided in Cooperation with: Bank of Finland, Helsinki Suggested Citation: Arola, Mika (2006) : Foreign capital and Finland: central government's firstperiod of reliance on international financial markets 1862-1938, Scientific monographs, No. E:37, ISBN 952-462-311-0, Bank of Finland, Helsinki, http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:NBN:fi:bof-201408071697 This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/212970 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend -
1 Capitalism Under Attack: Economic Elites and Social Movements in Post
Capitalism under attack: Economic elites and social movements in post-war Finland Niklas Jensen-Eriksen Author’s Accepted Manuscript Published as: Jensen-Eriksen N. (2018) Capitalism Under Attack: Economic Elites and Social Movements in Post-War Finland. In: Berger S., Boldorf M. (eds) Social Movements and the Change of Economic Elites in Europe after 1945. Palgrave Studies in the History of Social Movements. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77197-7_11 Introduction For Finland, the post-war era began in September 1944 when it switched sides in the Second World War. The country, which had fought alongside Germany against the Soviet Union from the summer of 1941 onwards, was now left within the Soviet sphere of influence.1 In this altered political situation, new social movements, in particular those led by communists and other leftist activists, challenged the existing economic and political order. However, this article argues that the traditional economic elites were remarkably successful in defending their interests. When the ‘years of danger’, as the period 1944–48 has been called in Finland, ended, it remained a country with traditional Western-style parliamentary democracy and a capitalist economic system. Before the parliamentary elections of 1945, Finnish Prime Minister J.K. Paasikivi, the main architect of the country’s new foreign policy (which was based on the attempt to maintain warm relations with the Soviet Union), urged voters to elect ‘new faces’ to Parliament.2 The voters did so. A new communist-dominated political party, the Finnish People’s Democratic League (Suomen Kansan Demokraattinen Liitto, SKDL) received a quarter of the seats. -
Erkki Tuomioja, Minister for Foreign Affairs of Finland
Erkki Tuomioja, Minister for Foreign Affairs of Finland CHECK AGAINST DELIVERY At the European University Viadrina, Frankfurt an der Oder EMBARGOED UNTIL 11 January 2005 11.1.2005 12.00 From Europe to Real-Europa The recent events in Ukraine remind us of the fact that the transformation of Europe, which started in 1989, is still continuing. German reunification, the collapse of the Soviet Union, the re-established independence of the Baltic States and the liberation of Eastern Europe set in motion a process that has not yet come to an end. This chain of events released energy, which had previously been held back by the command economy, and gave impetus to a comprehensive modernization process of societies. The gap in living standards between East and West began to shrink. A major milestone was the enlargement of the European Union by ten new Member States in May 2004. To quote Willy Brandt: "What belongs together, grows together". Ukraine’s Orange Revolution has finally proved that freedom without democracy does not work. On the other hand, democracy does not function without the safeguards guaranteed by the rule of law and the democratic control exercised by civil society, a political opposition and the media – in other words a system of checks and balances. The bloodless dissolution of the Soviet Union and the ideological system it represented was a historic event, the uniqueness of which is accentuated by the violent collapse of Yugoslavia. Freedom is a mighty power. German re-unification became possible only after the birth of true freedom brought about by the collapse of the Berlin Wall. -
RUSSO-FINNISH RELATIONS, 1937-1947 a Thesis Presented To
RUSSO-FINNISH RELATIONS, 1937-1947 A Thesis Presented to the Department of History Carroll College In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Academic Honors with a B.A. Degree In History by Rex Allen Martin April 2, 1973 SIGNATURE PAGE This thesis for honors recognition has been approved for the Department of History. II ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to acknowledge thankfully A. Patanen, Attach^ to the Embassy of Finland, and Mrs. Anna-Malja Kurlkka of the Library of Parliament in Helsinki for their aid in locating the documents used In my research. For his aid In obtaining research material, I wish to thank Mr. H. Palmer of the Inter-Library Loan Department of Carroll College. To Mr. Lang and to Dr. Semmens, my thanks for their time and effort. To Father William Greytak, without whose encouragement, guidance, and suggestions this thesis would never have been completed, I express my warmest thanks. Rex A. Martin 111 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... v I. 1937 TO 1939 ........................................................................................ 1 II. 1939 TO1 940.................................................... 31 III. 1940 TO1 941............................................................................................. 49 IV. 1941 TO1 944 ......................................................................................... 70 V. 1944 TO 1947 ........................................................................................ -
Porkkala - Hanks - Aaland
© Scandia 2008 www.scandia.hist.lu.se GORAN RYSTAD Porkkala - Hanks - Aaland A coaatributisns to the history of the Fimish-Ra~ssiancease-fire amegotiationss, September 1944 011 12 January I 945> the Stockholm evening paper, Afiontid- ningen, printed a relegram from Helsinki which said that the people of Aaland planned to boycott the Finnish parliamentary elections which were due to take place in March. The back- ground was said to be that the people of Aaland hade got the impression that, at the cease-fire negotiations between Finland and the Soviet Union in September the previous year, the Fin- nish government had been willing to exchange Aaland for the Porkkala area claimed by the Russians.' The next day the news- paper, Morgontidningen, gave the news a prominent place under the heading, "AaBand does not wish to be exchanged for Porkkala".' A more detailed account then followed, which the newspaper claimed to have got from sources on Aaland. "Even before the Finnish-Russian cease-fire negotiations, there was lively discussion in certain Finnish circles of the suitability of offer- ing Moscow Aaland in exchange for Hanko, on which the Soviet Union was then expected to renew its claims. The Finns thereby argued that it would not be such a sacrifice to hand over Aaland to the Soviet Union as it would be to lease out Hanko or any other part of the Finnish mainland. Nor did certain Finnish circles miss the © Scandia 2008 www.scandia.hist.lu.se 2 Goran Rystad opportunity for malicious insinuations that 'it would serve the Swedes right to get the Russians as next-door neighbours, since they are so anxious for us to make peace with them'." The article then went on to say that, from a Finnish point of view, it was naturally more advantageous to relinquish Aaland rather than Hanko or Porkkala. -
Soome Presidentide Visiitide Mõju Eesti-Soome Suhetele Aastail 1918-1940
Tartu Ülikool Humanitaarteaduste ja kunstide valdkond Ajaloo ja arheoloogia instituut Uusima aja osakond Patrik Hytönen Soome presidentide visiitide mõju Eesti-Soome suhetele aastail 1918-1940 Bakalaureusetöö Juhendaja: prof Eero Medijainen Tartu 2016 Sisukord SISSEJUHATUS ................................................................................................................................... 3 1. 1918-1922 – AKTIIVNE KOOSTÖÖ .............................................................................................. 8 1.1 Soome-Eesti riigi suhete algus .................................................................................................... 8 1.2 Eesti ja Soome saatkonnad Helsingis ja Tallinnas ................................................................. 11 1.3 Kaarlo Juho Ståhlbergi välispoliitiline tegevus ...................................................................... 12 1.4 Riigivanem Konstantin Pätsi visiit Soome 1922 ..................................................................... 15 2. 1922-1934 – ÄRAOOTAV SUHTUMINE ..................................................................................... 18 2.1 Eesti ja Soome suhted kuni 1925. aastani ................................................................................ 18 2.2 Lauri Kristian Relanderi valimine presidendiks ning visiit Eestisse 1925 ........................... 21 2.3 Eesti ja Soome poliitilised suhted ja välispoliitilised suunad 1925-1931 .............................. 26 2.4 Eesti ja Soome riigipeade korraliste külaskäikude -
Historisktidskrift FÖR
Historisk Tidskrift för Finland 1 • 2006 Historisk Tidskrift Innehåll HTF övergår till referee-system ......................................................................................................... 1 HistoriskTidskrift P ä i v i M a r i a P i h l a j a: Sverige, vetenskapen och Paris i slutet av frihetstiden. Synpunkter på de lärdas kontakter, deras vistelser i Paris och Nordens roll i de vetenskapliga förbindelserna ............... 2 FÖR FINLAND 1 • 2006 Översikter och meddelanden HTF De omhändertagna. Av P e r t t i H a k a l a .................................................................................... 35 Granskningar Gosudarstvennost Rossii. Slovar – spravotjnik. Av E l j a s O r r m a n ........................................... 44 Andreas Marklund: I hans hus. Svensk manlighet i historisk belysning, samt David Tjeder, The Power of Character: Middle Class Masculinities, 1800–1900. Av Anders Ahlbäck ................................................................................................................ 47 Kim Björklund, Nylands Svenska Lantbrukssällskap 1856–2006. För, genom och med folket. Av Maren Jonasson ............................................................................................................... 52 Aleksander Kan, Hemmabolsjevikerna. Den svenska socialdemokratin, ryska bolsjeviker och mensjeviker under världskriget och revolutionsåren 1914–1920. Av Ta u n o S a a r e l a ................ 56 Dmitri Frolov, Sotavankina Neuvostoliitossa. Suomalaiset NKVD:n leireissä talvi- ja jatkosodan -
00161 Helsingfors EUROPEAN COMMISSION Brussels, 20.XII.2006
EUROPEAN COMMISSION Brussels, 20.XII.2006 C(2006) 6604 PUBLIC VERSION WORKING LANGUAGE This document is made available for information purposes only. Subject: State aid N 359/2006 – Finland Regional aid map 2007-2013 Sir, 1. PROCEDURE (1) By letter dated 9 June 2006, registered at the Commission on the same day (A/34487) the Finnish authorities notified their regional aid map for the period 1.1.2007 – 31.12.2013. (2) By letters of 13 July 2006 (D/55869), 31 August 2006 (D/57475), 31 October 2006 (D/59291) and 21 November 2006 (D/59776) the Commission services asked for complementary information, which the Finnish authorities provided by letters of 6 September 2006, registered at the Commission on 7 September 2006 (A/37007), 10 November 2006, registered at the Commission on the same day (A/38998), 20 November 2006, registered at the Commission on the same day (A/39279), by letter of 27 November 2006, registered at the Commission on the same day (A/39610) and by letter of 1 December 2006, registered at the Commission on 4 December 2006 (A/39818). (3) On 21 December 2005, the Commission adopted the Guidelines on national regional aid for 2007-20131 (hereinafter “RAG”). In accordance with 1 Guidelines on national regional aid for 2007-2013, OJ C 54, 4.3.2006, p. 13. Utrikesminister Erkki TUOMIOJA Sjöekipaget PO Box 176, FIN – 00161 Helsingfors paragraph 100 of the RAG each Member State should notify to the Commission following the procedure of Article 88(3) of the Treaty, a single regional aid map covering its entire national territory which will apply for the period 2007- 2013. -
1907475* A/Hrc/28/2
United Nations A/HRC/28/2 General Assembly Distr.: General 7 May 2019 Original: English Human Rights Council Twenty-eighth session Agenda item 1 Organizational and procedural matters Report of the Human Rights Council on its twenty-eighth session Vice-President and Rapporteur : Mothusi Bruce Rabasha Palai (Botswana) GE.19-07475(E) *1907475* A/HRC/28/2 Contents Page Part One: Resolutions, decisions and President’s statements adopted by the Human Rights Council at its twenty-eighth session ........................................................................................................... 4 I. Resolutions .................................................................................................................................... 4 II. Decisions ....................................................................................................................................... 5 III. President’s statements ................................................................................................................... 6 Part Two: Summary of proceedings ............................................................................................................... 7 I. Organizational and procedural matters .......................................................................................... 7 A. Opening and duration of the session ..................................................................................... 7 B. Attendance ........................................................................................................................... -
FSD1263 Finnish Voter Barometer Autumn 2002 Codebook
FSD1263 Finnish Voter Barometer Autumn 2002 Codebook FINNISH SOCIAL SCIENCE DATA ARCHIVE The bibliographic citation for this codebook: Finnish Voter Barometer Autumn 2002 [codebook]. Finnish Social Science Data Archive [pro- ducer and distributor], 2018. This codebook has been generated from the version 1.0 (10.6.2003) of the data. Finnish Social Science Data Archive FIN-33014 University of Tampere FSD User Services: asiakaspalvelu.fsd@uta.fi +358 40 190 1442 Aila Data Service Portal: https://services.fsd.uta.fi/ Finnish Social Science Data Archive http://www.fsd.uta.fi/en/ $ Koodikirjoitin.py v35 @ 2018-01-25 12:38:21.305000 $ To the reader This codebook is part of the data FSD1263 archived at the FSD (Finnish Social Science Data Archive).The dataset has been described in as much detail as possible in Finnish and English. Variable frequencies, variable and value labels, and missing values have been checked. If neces- sary, the data have been anonymised. The data and its creators shall be cited in all publications and presentations for which the data have been used. The bibliographic citation may be in the form suggested by the archive or in the form required by the publication. The bibliographic citation suggested by the archive: Gallup Finland: Finnish VoterBarometer Autumn 2002 [dataset]. Version 1.0 (2003- 06-10). Finnish Social Science Data Archive [distributor]. http://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi:fsd:T- FSD1263 The user shall notify the archive of all publications where she or he has used the data. The original data creators and the archive bear no responsibility for any results or interpretations arising from the reuse of the data. -
Official Directory of the European Union
ISSN 1831-6271 Regularly updated electronic version FY-WW-12-001-EN-C in 23 languages whoiswho.europa.eu EUROPEAN UNION EUROPEAN UNION Online services offered by the Publications Office eur-lex.europa.eu • EU law bookshop.europa.eu • EU publications OFFICIAL DIRECTORY ted.europa.eu • Public procurement 2012 cordis.europa.eu • Research and development EN OF THE EUROPEAN UNION BELGIQUE/BELGIË • БЪЛГАРИЯ • ČESKÁ REPUBLIKA • DANMARK • DEUTSCHLAND • EESTI • ΕΛΛΑΔΑ • ESPAÑA • FRANCE • ÉIRE/IRELAND • ITALIA • ΚΥΠΡΟΣ/KIBRIS • LATVIJA • LIETUVA • LUXEMBOURG • MAGYARORSZÁG • MALTA • NEDERLAND • ÖSTERREICH • POLSKA • PORTUGAL • ROMÂNIA • SLOVENIJA • SLOVENSKO • SUOMI/FINLAND • SVERIGE • UNITED KINGDOM • BELGIQUE/BELGIË • БЪЛГАРИЯ • ČESKÁ REPUBLIKA • DANMARK • DEUTSCHLAND • EESTI • ΕΛΛΑ∆Α • ESPAÑA • FRANCE • ÉIRE/IRELAND • ITALIA • ΚΥΠΡΟΣ/KIBRIS • LATVIJA • LIETUVA • LUXEMBOURG • MAGYARORSZÁG • MALTA • NEDERLAND • ÖSTERREICH • POLSKA • PORTUGAL • ROMÂNIA • SLOVENIJA • SLOVENSKO • SUOMI/FINLAND • SVERIGE • UNITED KINGDOM • BELGIQUE/BELGIË • БЪЛГАРИЯ • ČESKÁ REPUBLIKA • DANMARK • DEUTSCHLAND • EESTI • ΕΛΛΑΔΑ • ESPAÑA • FRANCE • ÉIRE/IRELAND • ITALIA • ΚΥΠΡΟΣ/KIBRIS • LATVIJA • LIETUVA • LUXEMBOURG • MAGYARORSZÁG • MALTA • NEDERLAND • ÖSTERREICH • POLSKA • PORTUGAL • ROMÂNIA • SLOVENIJA • SLOVENSKO • SUOMI/FINLAND • SVERIGE • UNITED KINGDOM • BELGIQUE/BELGIË • БЪЛГАРИЯ • ČESKÁ REPUBLIKA • DANMARK • DEUTSCHLAND • EESTI • ΕΛΛΑΔΑ • ESPAÑA • FRANCE • ÉIRE/IRELAND • ITALIA • ΚΥΠΡΟΣ/KIBRIS • LATVIJA • LIETUVA • LUXEMBOURG • MAGYARORSZÁG • MALTA • NEDERLAND -
FINLAND's RELATIONS with the SOVIET UNION, 1940-1952 By
FINLAND'S RELATIONS WITH THE SOVIET UNION, 1940-1952 by HANS PETER KROSBY B.A., University of British Columbia, 1955 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS in INTERNATIONAL STUDIES We accept this Thesis as conforming to the required standard: UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA April, 1958 ABSTRACT In March 194-0, Finland had just completed another life and death struggle with the Soviet Union, the second such struggle since Bolshevik autocracy- replaced Tsarist autocracy in Russia in 1917. During the following fifteen months, Soviet diplomacy endeavoured to complete the job which the Red Army had "begun. By a unilateral and extremely liberal interpretation of the Peace Treaty of March 12, 1940, the Soviet Union tried to isolate Finland from her other neighbours and to establish a favourable basis for a complete annexation of Finland in the manner of the three Baltic States. Surrounded by Soviet and German military might, and noticing the increasing friction in the Nazi-Soviet alliance, Finland, in order to save herself from an imminent Soviet invasion, grasped the only straw which seemed to offer some hope: a transit agreement for German troops from Finland's Bothnian coast to Kirkenes in oc• cupied Norway. The resulting presence of German troops in the country did save Finland from becoming the seventeenth Soviet Socialist Republic in 1940 or 194-1* but it also involved her deeply in the Nazi-Soviet conflict which followed. When Germany attacked the Soviet Union in June 194-1, Finland tried in vain to have her neutrality respected, and she was attacked by Soviet forces three days after the German aggression.