Di Tod Browning. Freaks: Da Cut Movie a Cult Movie

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Di Tod Browning. Freaks: Da Cut Movie a Cult Movie Corso di Laurea magistrale (ordinamento ex D.M. 270/2004) in Storia delle arti e conservazione dei beni artistici. Tesi di Laurea La pellicola “maudit” di Tod Browning. Freaks: da cut movie a cult movie. Relatore Prof. Fabrizio Borin Correlatore Prof. Carmelo Alberti Laureando Giulia Brondin Matricola 815604 Anno Accademico 2012 / 2013 Ringrazio il Prof. Fabrizio Borin Thomas mamma, papà, Martina Indice Introduzione........................................................................................................ pag. 3 1. Mostri 1.Mostri e Portenti........................................................................................... » 8 2. Freak Show.................................................................................................. » 30 2. La pellicola “maudit” 1. Il cinema dei mostri.................................................................................... » 42 2. Freaks: Tod Browning................................................................................ » 52 2.1. Brevi considerazioni................................................................................ » 117 3. Un rifiuto durato trent’anni......................................................................... » 123 4. Il piccolo contro il grande............................................................................ » 134 5. La pellicola ambulante: morte e rinascita................................................... » 135 3. Da cut movie a cult movie 1. Freak out!...................................................................................................... » 145 2. Freaks nell’obiettivo..................................................................................... » 154 3. Freaks italiani................................................................................................ » 162 Conclusioni........................................................................................................... » 166 1 Scheda degli attori: cast di Freaks e Lon Chaney................................................. » 166 Filmografia........................................................................................................... » 175 Appendice fotografica.......................................................................................... » I Bibliografia....................................................................................................... » XXIII 2 Introduzione La scelta di avviare una trattazione sul film di Tod Browning, Freaks, proiettato per la prima volta nel febbraio del 1932, e che come soggetto presenta la vendetta di un gruppo di fenomeni da baraccone su dei personaggi “normali”, è dovuta al fatto che tale pellicola, per il soggetto, per il periodo nel quale si colloca, per la reazione destata nel pubblico e per la sua storia, (la quale, come si vedrà, cominciando nel 1932 si è protratta fino ai giorni nostri, e verosimilmente dato l’enorme interesse per il perturbante e il mostruoso di questo nuovo inizio secolo, potrebbe continuare a presentarsi per molto tempo ancora) può risultare illuminante rispetto ad alcune dinamiche che hanno caratterizzato (dal punto di vista rappresentativo, visivo, conoscitivo) non solo i decenni del Novecento ma addirittura i secoli precedenti, a partire quantomeno dal XVI. Una considerazione del genere, a riguardo di un film che a malapena supera i sessanta minuti e che ancora oggi non risulta un titolo noto se non nei circuiti di cultura cinematografica, potrebbe apparire esagerata. Tuttavia Freaks racchiude in sè un’insieme di elementi che lo rendono un coacervo di riferimenti e di convergenze concettuali. Innanzitutto, per comprenderlo, lo si potrebbe definire, in quanto opera (d’arte), completamente insider rispetto alla cultura e all’epoca nel quale nasce, ovvero si dà come film horror negli anni Trenta, i quali sono per eccellenza l’age d’or del cinema horror americano, oltretutto rispettando la tendenza del decennio volta all’utilizzo di mostri (Noasferatu, Il Gobbo di Notre Dame, Dracula, Frankenstein ecc.). 3 Il suo essere insider tuttavia va oltre, ponendosi prima che come opera cinematografica horror, come opera cinematografica, o meglio ancora come cinema. Proprio del cinema, nel corso della trattazione, si cerca di sottolineare la chiara continuità con una cultura della visione, divenuta ossessione per la visione, che trova le sue radici nel periodo nel quale il mondo della conoscenza iniziava a voler oggettivare la realtà attraverso la visione; nello specifico si individuano i primi esempi concreti di questa tendenza, che caratterizza l’epoca moderna, nelle Wunderkammern e nei teatri della memoria. Il cinema quindi si pone quale finale coronamento di un lungo processo volto all’affermazione del primato della visione, quale strumento della diffusione della conoscenza e quale gusto rappresentativo. Freaks inoltre ha come soggetto dei mostri, veri mostri, i quali, come si cerca di esporre nel corso del primo capitolo, hanno in loro stessi il concetto di visione: mostro e mostrare hanno la stessa radice etimologica; il mostro per definizione (e per la storia a cui va incontro nei secoli) ha la necessità, per esistere, di mostrarsi, di essere veduto per poter esistere. Caratteristica che costituisce altresì il fondamento su cui si basa il cinema. Cinema e mostro si pongono sullo stesso piano, oltretutto ricordando che il cinema ai suoi albori era una bizzarria da esporre come attrazione secondaria nelle fiere ambulanti, proprio come i freaks nei side shows. Malgrado questi presupposti, il film del 1932, al momento del suo lancio si pone completamente come outsider: rifiutato, aberrato, tagliato, censurato, modificato ma ugualmente non accettato, e infine dimenticato. 4 I motivi di un rigetto così forte forse sono riconducibili al fatto che all’epoca della sua prima proiezione i freak show erano ancora attivi e gli stessi spettatori che vedevano il film di Browning al cinema potevano altresì pagare per vedere, non senza voyeurismo, i fenomeni esibirsi all’angolo delle strade o quando i circhi arrivavano in città (nell’America anni Tenta molto più spesso di oggi); quindi forse il film coglie di sorpresa una morale già in fallo. Oppure con più probabilità lo spettatore del 1932 non poteva accettare i vari rovesciamenti prospettici - tra mostro e normale, tra bene e male - al quale il film lo sottoponeva, oltretutto rendendo evidente quanto la mostruosità sia solo la prospettiva di chi guarda. Freaks a questo punto inizia una triste tournée che lo vedeva proiettato entro tendoni montati sul posto dall’impresario che, pur di vendere i biglietti dello spettacolo, corredava la proiezione di freaks in carne ed ossa o aggiungeva qualche scena vagamente pornografica, richiamandosi alla presunta depravazione di un regista che aveva osato filmare tanto. Devono passare due decenni di (quasi) totale silenzio sull’opera di Browning, per poter ascoltare, inaspettatamente, le canzoni dei The Mother of Invention dove un Frank Zappa, orgoglioso di definirsi freak, invita tutti al freaking out!; o per leggere Herbert Marcuse nei tratti in cui afferma che il freak è il vero dissidente, anche politico; o ancora, per vedere Jodorowsky confrontarsi con le immagini, ormai quasi archetipiche, di nani e storpi. Inaspettatamente, la controcultura giovanile che matura negli anni Sessanta fa si che Freaks compia una trasformazione e diventi pienamente insider di un decennio (e 5 anche per il decennio successivo) dove l’essere al di fuori della logica convenzionale, delle regole precostituite e della società normata diventa un modello da seguire. Il freak, che per le sue caratteristiche fisiche è di per sè al di fuori delle regole, e come si vedrà anche al di fuori della legge, diventa il modello di tutte le minoranze e di tutte le opposizioni. Se negli anni Trenta il film si faceva specchio di un’identità ripudiata, a partire dagli anni Sessanta si fa invece nuovo strumento di identificazione, venendo percepito come perfettamente allineato alla sensibilità dei tempi. Malgrado ancora oggi ci sia chi lo definisce aberrante, o disgustoso per le immagini che presenta, la sua storia risulta uno specchio fedele dei decenni che ha attraversato. Fondamentalmente lo stesso Freaks è un freak: non voluto, menomato, storpiato, dapprima nascosto e poi sovraesposto, offeso e degradato, per poi essere sfruttato e celebrato dall’imbonitore di turno attraverso il medium che ritiene più efficace, sia esso uno spettacolo freak, un film, un libro, o magari una tesi di laurea.. 6 Primo capitolo Mostri 7 1. Mostri e portenti «Mostro: creatura mitica risultante da una contaminazione innaturale di elementi diversi, e tale da suscitare l’orrore e lo stupore. Figurato: criminale efferato o essere di una bruttezza repellente - fatto o fenomeno clamorosamente assurdo o contraddittorio. Biologia: individuo animale o vegetale che presenta gravi anomalie, e a volte incompatibile con la vita. Prodigio o portento. Etimo: da monstrum “segno divino, prodigio”, dal tema monere “avvisare, ammonire”.» «Mostrare: presentare alla vista o all’osservazione. L’intenzionalità o la funzionalità implicita nel verbo può determinarsi in “ostentazione”, anche offensiva o minacciosa, dimostrativa o indicativa, testimonianza o insegnamento. Può anche esprimere “fingere”. Etimo:stesso di mostro.1» 1 Definizioni tratte dal Dizionario della lingua italiana di Giacomo Devoto e Gian Carlo Oli, Casa editrice Felice le Monnier, Firenze, 1971. 8 Bizzarrie, deformità, malformazioni, anormalità, anomalie,
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