A LIST of the ROYAL SOCIETY, MDCCLXIII
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Early Researches
Max Planck Research Library for the History and Development of Knowledge Studies 7 Christa Jungnickel and Russell McCormmach: Early Researches In: Christa Jungnickel and Russell McCormmach: Cavendish : The Experimental Life (Sec- ond revised edition 2016) Online version at http://edition-open-access.de/studies/7/ ISBN 978-3-945561-06-5 First published 2016 by Edition Open Access, Max Planck Institute for the History of Science under Creative Commons by-nc-sa 3.0 Germany Licence. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/de/ Printed and distributed by: PRO BUSINESS digital printing Deutschland GmbH, Berlin http://www.book-on-demand.de/shop/14971 The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de Chapter 8 Early Researches William James’s observation that “in most of us, by the age of thirty, the character has set like plastic”1 applies to Cavendish, if we take his “character” to include a narrow focus on science. His earliest known extended series of experiments were in chemistry and heat, specifically on arsenic and on specific and latent heats. This was around 1764,2 twelve years after he had left the university and four years after he had been elected to the Royal Society. His first publication came two years later, on the chemistry of air, when he was thirty-five; this was rather late for a scientific researcher to begin, but in this as in other ways he was not typical. Never in a hurry to bring his work before the world, he was concerned to perfect it before communicating it. -
Philosophical Transactions, »
INDEX TO THE PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS, » S e r ie s A, FOR THE YEAR 1898 (VOL. 191). A. Absorption, Change of, produced by Fluorescence (B urke), 87. Aneroid Barometers, Experiments on.—Elastic After-effect; Secular Change; Influence of Temperature (Chree), 441. B. Bolometer, Surface, Construction of (Petavel), 501. Brilliancy, Intrinsic, Law of Variation of, with Temperature (Petavel), 501. Burke (John). On the Change of Absorption produced by Fluorescence, 87. C. Chree (C.). Experiments on Aneroid Barometers at Kew Observatory, and their Discussion, 441. Correlation and Variation, Influence of Random Selection on (Pearson and Filon), 229. Crystals, Thermal Expansion Coefficients, by an Interference Method (Tutton), 313. D. Differential Equations of the Second Order, &c., Memoir on the Integration of; Characteristic Invariant of (Forsyth), 1. 526 INDEX. E. Electric Filters, Testing Efficiency of; Dielectrifying Power of (Kelvin, Maclean, and Galt), 187. Electricity, Diffusion of, from Carbonic Acid Gas to Air; Communication of, from Electrified Steam to Air (Kelvin, Maclean, and Galt), 187. Electrification of Air by Water Jet, Electrified Needle Points, Electrified Flame, &c., at Different Air-pressures; at Different Electrifying Potentials; Loss of Electrification (Kelvin, Maclean, and Galt), 187. Electrolytic Cells, Construction and Calibration of (Veley and Manley), 365. Emissivity of Platinum in Air and other Gases (Petavel), 501. Equations, Laplace's and other, Some New Solutions of, in Mathematical Physics (Forsyth), 1. Evolution, Mathematical Contributions to Theory o f; Influence of Random Selection on the Differentiation of Local Races (Pearson and Filon), 229. F. Filon (L. N. G.) and Pearson (Karl). Mathematical Contributions to the Theory of Evolution.—IV. On the Probable Errors of Frequency Constants and on the Influence of Random Selection on Variation and Correlation, 229. -
Statutes and Rules for the British Museum
(ft .-3, (*y Of A 8RI A- \ Natural History Museum Library STATUTES AND RULES BRITISH MUSEUM STATUTES AND RULES FOR THE BRITISH MUSEUM MADE BY THE TRUSTEES In Pursuance of the Act of Incorporation 26 George II., Cap. 22, § xv. r 10th Decembei , 1898. PRINTED BY ORDER OE THE TRUSTEES LONDON : MDCCCXCYIII. PRINTED BY WOODFALL AND KINDER, LONG ACRE LONDON TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I. PAGE Meetings, Functions, and Privileges of the Trustees . 7 CHAPTER II. The Director and Principal Librarian . .10 Duties as Secretary and Accountant . .12 The Director of the Natural History Departments . 14 CHAPTER III. Subordinate Officers : Keepers and Assistant Keepers 15 Superintendent of the Reading Room . .17 Assistants . 17 Chief Messengers . .18 Attendance of Officers at Meetings, etc. -19 CHAPTER IV. Admission to the British Museum : Reading Room 20 Use of the Collections 21 6 CHAPTER V, Security of the Museum : Precautions against Fire, etc. APPENDIX. Succession of Trustees and Officers . Succession of Officers in Departments 7 STATUTES AND RULES. CHAPTER I. Of the Meetings, Functions, and Privileges of the Trustees. 1. General Meetings of the Trustees shall chap. r. be held four times in the year ; on the second Meetings. Saturday in May and December at the Museum (Bloomsbury) and on the fourth Saturday in February and July at the Museum (Natural History). 2. Special General Meetings shall be sum- moned by the Director and Principal Librarian (hereinafter called the Director), upon receiving notice in writing to that effect signed by two Trustees. 3. There shall be a Standing Committee, standing . • Committee. r 1 1 t-» • 1 t> 1 consisting 01 the three Principal 1 rustees, the Trustee appointed by the Crown, and sixteen other Trustees to be annually appointed at the General Meeting held on the second Saturday in May. -
Cavendish the Experimental Life
Cavendish The Experimental Life Revised Second Edition Max Planck Research Library for the History and Development of Knowledge Series Editors Ian T. Baldwin, Gerd Graßhoff, Jürgen Renn, Dagmar Schäfer, Robert Schlögl, Bernard F. Schutz Edition Open Access Development Team Lindy Divarci, Georg Pflanz, Klaus Thoden, Dirk Wintergrün. The Edition Open Access (EOA) platform was founded to bring together publi- cation initiatives seeking to disseminate the results of scholarly work in a format that combines traditional publications with the digital medium. It currently hosts the open-access publications of the “Max Planck Research Library for the History and Development of Knowledge” (MPRL) and “Edition Open Sources” (EOS). EOA is open to host other open access initiatives similar in conception and spirit, in accordance with the Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the sciences and humanities, which was launched by the Max Planck Society in 2003. By combining the advantages of traditional publications and the digital medium, the platform offers a new way of publishing research and of studying historical topics or current issues in relation to primary materials that are otherwise not easily available. The volumes are available both as printed books and as online open access publications. They are directed at scholars and students of various disciplines, and at a broader public interested in how science shapes our world. Cavendish The Experimental Life Revised Second Edition Christa Jungnickel and Russell McCormmach Studies 7 Studies 7 Communicated by Jed Z. Buchwald Editorial Team: Lindy Divarci, Georg Pflanz, Bendix Düker, Caroline Frank, Beatrice Hermann, Beatrice Hilke Image Processing: Digitization Group of the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science Cover Image: Chemical Laboratory. -
Back Matter (PDF)
INDEX TO THE PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS (A) FOR THE YEAR 1894. A. Arc spectrum of electrolytic ,iron on the photographic, 983 (see Lockyer). B. Bakerian L ecture.—On the Relations between the Viscosity (Internal 1 riction) of Liquids and then Chemical Nature, 397 (see T iiorpe and R odger). Bessemer process, the spectroscopic phenomena and thermo-chemistry of the, 1041 IIarimo). C. Capstick (J. W.). On the Ratio of the Specific Heats of the Paraffins, and their Monohalogei.. Derivatives, 1. Carbon dioxide, on the specific heat of, at constant volume, 943 (sec ). Carbon dioxide, the specific heat of, as a function of temperatuie, ddl (mo I j . , , Crystals, an instrument of precision for producing monochromatic light of any desire. ua\e- eng », * its use in the investigation of the optical properties of, did (see it MDCCCXCIV.— A. ^ <'rystals of artificial preparations, an instrument for grinding section-plates and prisms of, 887 (see Tutton). Cubic surface, on a special form of the general equation of a, and on a diagram representing the twenty- seven lines on the surface, 37 (see Taylor). •Cables, on plane, 247 (see Scott). D. D unkeelky (S.). On the Whirling and Vibration of Shafts, 279. Dynamical theory of the electric and luminifei’ous medium, a, 719 (see Larmor). E. Eclipse of the sun, April 16, 1893, preliminary report on the results obtained with the prismatic cameras during the total, 711 (see Lockyer). Electric and luminiferous medium, a dynamical theory of the, 719 (see Larmor). Electrolytic iron, on the photographic arc spectrum of, 983 (see Lockyer). Equation of the general cubic surface, 37 (see Taylor). -
Philosophical Transactions (A)
INDEX TO THE PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS (A) FOR THE YEAR 1889. A. A bney (W. de W.). Total Eclipse of the San observed at Caroline Island, on 6th May, 1883, 119. A bney (W. de W.) and T horpe (T. E.). On the Determination of the Photometric Intensity of the Coronal Light during the Solar Eclipse of August 28-29, 1886, 363. Alcohol, a study of the thermal properties of propyl, 137 (see R amsay and Y oung). Archer (R. H.). Observations made by Newcomb’s Method on the Visibility of Extension of the Coronal Streamers at Hog Island, Grenada, Eclipse of August 28-29, 1886, 382. Atomic weight of gold, revision of the, 395 (see Mallet). B. B oys (C. V.). The Radio-Micrometer, 159. B ryan (G. H.). The Waves on a Rotating Liquid Spheroid of Finite Ellipticity, 187. C. Conroy (Sir J.). Some Observations on the Amount of Light Reflected and Transmitted by Certain 'Kinds of Glass, 245. Corona, on the photographs of the, obtained at Prickly Point and Carriacou Island, total solar eclipse, August 29, 1886, 347 (see W esley). Coronal light, on the determination of the, during the solar eclipse of August 28-29, 1886, 363 (see Abney and Thorpe). Coronal streamers, observations made by Newcomb’s Method on the Visibility of, Eclipse of August 28-29, 1886, 382 (see A rcher). Cosmogony, on the mechanical conditions of a swarm of meteorites, and on theories of, 1 (see Darwin). Currents induced in a spherical conductor by variation of an external magnetic potential, 513 (see Lamb). 520 INDEX. -
Back Matter (PDF)
[ 395 ] INDEX TO THE PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS, S e r ie s A, V o l . 193. A. Abney (W. de W.). The Colour Sensations in Terms of Luminosity, 259. Atmospheric electricity—experiments in connection with precipitation (Wilson), 289. Bakebian Lectube. See Ewing and Kosenhain. C. Colour-blind, neutral points in spectra found by (Abney), 259. Colour sensations in terms of luminosity (Abney), 259. Condensation nuclei, positively and negatively charged ions as (W ilson), 289. Crystalline aggregates, plasticity in (Ewing and Rosenhain), 353. D. Dawson (H. M.). See Smithells, Dawson, and Wilson VOL. CXCIII.— Ao : S F 396 INDEX. Electric spark, constitution of (Schuster and Hemsalech), 189; potential—variation with pressure (Strutt), 377. Electrical conductivity of flames containing vaporised salts (Smithells, Dawson, and Wilson), 89. Electrocapillary phenomena, relation to potential differences between‘solutions (Smith), 47. Electrometer, capillary, theory of (Smith), 47. Ewing (J. A.) and Rosenhain (W.). The Crystalline Structure of Metals.—Bakerian Lecture, 353. F. Filon (L. N. G ). On the Resistance to Torsion of certain Forms of Shafting, with special Reference to the Effect of Keyways, 309. Flames, electrical conductivity of, and luminosity of salt vapours in (Smithells, Dawson, and Wilson), 89. G. Gravity balance, quartz thread (Threlfall and Pollock), 215. H. Hemsalech (Gustav). See Schuster and Hemsalech. Hertzian oscillator, vibrations in field of (Pearson and Lee), 159. Hysteresis in the relation of extension to stress exhibited by overstrained iron (Muir), 1. I. Ions, diffusion into gases, determination of coefficient (Townsend), 129. Ions positively and negatively charged, as condensation nuclei (Wilson), 289. Iron, recovery of, from overstrain (Muir), 1. -
Front Matter (PDF)
PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. (B.) FOR THE YEAR MDCCCLXXXVII. VOL. 178. LONDON: PRINTED BY HARRISON AND SONS, ST. MARTIN’S LANE, W C., printers in Ordinary to Her Majesty. MDCCCLXXXVIII. ADVERTISEMENT. The Committee appointed by the Royal Society to direct the publication of the Philosophical Transactions take this opportunity to acquaint the public that it fully appears, as well from the Council-books and Journals of the Society as from repeated declarations which have been made in several former , that the printing of them was always, from time to time, the single act of the respective Secretaries till the Forty-seventh Volume; the Society, as a Body, never interesting themselves any further in their publication than by occasionally recommending the revival of them to some of their Secretaries, when, from the particular circumstances of their affairs, the Transactions had happened for any length of time to be intermitted. And this seems principally to have been done with a view to satisfy the public that their usual meetings were then continued, for the improvement of knowledge and benefit of mankind : the great ends of their first institution by the Boyal Charters, and which they have ever since steadily pursued. But the Society being of late years greatly enlarged, and their communications more numerous, it was thought advisable that a Committee of their members should be appointed to reconsider the papers read before them, and select out of them such as. they should judge most proper for publication in the future Transactions; which was accordingly done upon the 26th of March, 1752. -
Sir John Pringle and His Circle, by Dorothea Waley Singer
Sir John Pringle and his Circle 127 SII~ JOHN PI~INGLE AND HIS CII~CLE.--PART I. LIFE. By DOROTI~EA WALEY SINGEB. CONTENWS. Page § 1. Introduction ................................................ 127 §2. Early Life .................................................... 128 § 3. London ..................................................... 133 § 4. Closing Years : the Controversy concerning Lightning Conductors .. 163 §1. Introduction. SIR JoH~ P~I~GL~. was a typical figure of the eighteenth century, though he foreshadows activities of the following centuries, both in his sense of public responsibility for the living and working conditions of the labouring population and in his appreciation of the importance of public measures for the prevention rather than the cure of disease. His view of medicine might almost be epitomized as cleanliness, to be achieved by purification of the air without and of the bloodstream within the patient. The first he would effect by ventilation, the second by correct diet. For the former he would utilize the skill of the engineer. For the latter he recognized the need of laboratory experiments, to ascertain the " septic " and " antiseptic " qualities inherent in various substances. His own experiments to this end were highly rated by his Annals of Science 1949.6:127-180. contemporaries. They were carried out on substances organic and inorganic. Pringle was not an innovutor, but his alert and benevolent mind was concerned to apply the creative activity of his contemporaries. In view of his preoccupation with " putrescent " diseases, it is re- markable that Pringle never associates them with living contagion 1, though references to this conception are scattered through the literature of his own and preceding ages. The analogy between putrefaction and fermentation, their association with contagious disease and the suggestion that all alike are caused by minute living organisms, had been familiar in medical writings since the sixteenth century 2. -
Back Matter (PDF)
[ 353 ] INDEX TO THE PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS, S e r ie s B, Yol. 192. .B. B o w er (F . O.). Studies in the Morphology of Spore-producing Members,—No. IV. The Leptosporangiate Ferns, 29. D. D a w so n (M a r ia ). “ Nitragin ” and the Nodules of Leguminous Plants, 1. F. Ferns, classification into Simjplices, Gradata, and Mixtce (B o w e r ), 29. G. G il b e r t (Sir J. H.). See.LAWES and G il b e r t . Grass-land (permanent), chemical composition of constituents of herbage—relation to character and stage of growth, manuring, &c. (L aw es and G il b e r t ), 139. I. Intestine, absorption of serum, peptone, &c., by—action of epithelium (Keid), 211. VOL. CXCII.— B. 2 Z 354 INDEX. K. K erb (J. Graham). The External Features in the Development of Ftrz, 290. L. L awes (Sir J. B.) and Gilbert (Sir J. H.). Agricultural, Botanical, and Chemical Results of Experiments on the Mixed Herbage of Permanent Grass-land, conducted for many Years in succession on the same Land.—Part III. The Chemical Results—Section I, 139. Leguminosce, nodules in, by direct infection with “ nitragiu ” (Dawson), 1. Lepidosiren paradoxa, external features in development of—notes on habits of—pigment cells in (K ebb), 299. N. Nervus collector in genus Mustelv.s (P ttnnett), 331. “ Nitragin” and the nodules of leguminous plants (Dawson), 1. P. Pelvic plexus, formation and variability (P cnnett), 331. Plant ashes, importance of carbonic acid in (Lawes a n d G il b e r t ) , 139. -
Back Matter (PDF)
INDEX TO THE PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS (10 FOR THE YEAR 1895. A. Abbott (E. C.) (see Gadow and A bbott). B. B lackman (F. F.). Experimental Researches on Vegetable Assimilation and Respiration.—No. I. On a New Method for Investigating the Carbonic Acid Exchanges of Plants, 485. -No. II. On the Paths of Gaseous Exchange between Aerial Leaves and the Atmosphere, 503. B ourne (G. G.). On the Structure and Affinities of P allas. With some Observa tions on the Structure of Xenia and Heteroxenia,455. Boice (K.). A Contribution to the Study of Descending Degenerations in the Brain and Spinal Cord, and on the Seat of Origin and Paths of Conduction of the Fits in Absinthe Epilepsy, 321. C. Catamites, the roots of, 683 (see W illiamson and Scott). CoebeHum, degenerations consequent on experimental lesions of the, 633 (sec R ussell). Coal-measures, further observations on the fossil plants of the, 683, 703 (see Williamson and Scott). C celomic fluid of Lumbricus terrestrisin relation to a protective mechanism, on the, 383 (see Kenu). Cynodontia from the Karroo llocks, on the skeleton in new, 59 (see S eeley). D. D ixon (H. H.) and J oey (J .). On the Ascent of Sap, 563. MDCCCXCV.—B. 5 X 878 INDEX. E. Echinoderm larva}, the effect of environment on the development of, 577 (see V ernon). Evolution of the vertebral column of fishes, on the, 163 (see Gadow and A bbott). F. Fishes, on the evolution of the vertebral column of, 163 (see Gadow and A bbott). Foraminifera,contributions to the life-history of the, 401 (see L ister). -
Jérôme Lalande, Diary of a Trip to England 1763
Jérôme Lalande, Diary of a Trip to England 1763 Translated from the original manuscript by Richard Watkins And including: Two biographies of Lalande by Hélène Monod-Cassidy and Richard Watkins, and a study of the structure of the diary by Richard Watkins Kingston, Tasmania, Australia Published by Richard Watkins 2002, 2014 Diary of a Trip to England 1763 © Copyright 2002, 2014 Richard Watkins Translated from: Voyage en Angleterre Mazarine Library, Paris, number 4345 Jerome Lalande, Journal d’un voyage en Angleterre 1763 Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century No 184 The Voltaire Foundation, 1980. (with permission of The Voltaire Foundation) Un astronome-philosophe, Jérôme Lalande Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century No 56 The Voltaire Foundation, 1967. (with permission of The Voltaire Foundation) ii Diary of a Trip to England 1763 Contents Preface to the Translation .................................iv Diary of a Trip to England ................................. 1 The diary ........................................... 1 March 1763 ...................................... 1 April 1763 ...................................... 11 May 1763 ....................................... 21 June 1763 ...................................... 32 The Notes ......................................... 36 Anecdotes ....................................... 36 Journals ....................................... 38 Books .......................................... 38 Financial ....................................... 39 Population .....................................