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Experimental Pharmacology and Therapeutic Innovation in the Eighteenth Century
-e: EXPERIMENTAL PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTIC INNOVATION IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY by ANDREAS-HOLGER MAEHLE A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University of London University College London 1996 ProQuest Number: 10017185 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest. ProQuest 10017185 Published by ProQuest LLC(2016). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 ABSTRACT In the historiography of pharmacology and therapeutics, the 18th century is regarded as a period of transition from traditional, Galenistic materia medica to the beginnings of modern, experimental drug research. Ackerknecht (1973) characterized the pharmacotherapy of this period as a "chaotic mixture of chemiatric and Galenistic practices", yet acknowledged an "increasing tendency toward empiricism, partly even true experimentalism". This thesis explores this transitional phase for the first time in depth, examining the relations between pharmacological experimentation, theory-building, and therapeutic practice. Furthermore, ethical aspects are highlighted. The general introduction discusses the secondary literature and presents the results of a systematic study of pharmacological articles in relevant 18th-century periodicals. The identified main areas of contemporary interest, the spectrum of methods applied, and the composition of the authorship are described and interpreted. -
Cavendish the Experimental Life
Cavendish The Experimental Life Revised Second Edition Max Planck Research Library for the History and Development of Knowledge Series Editors Ian T. Baldwin, Gerd Graßhoff, Jürgen Renn, Dagmar Schäfer, Robert Schlögl, Bernard F. Schutz Edition Open Access Development Team Lindy Divarci, Georg Pflanz, Klaus Thoden, Dirk Wintergrün. The Edition Open Access (EOA) platform was founded to bring together publi- cation initiatives seeking to disseminate the results of scholarly work in a format that combines traditional publications with the digital medium. It currently hosts the open-access publications of the “Max Planck Research Library for the History and Development of Knowledge” (MPRL) and “Edition Open Sources” (EOS). EOA is open to host other open access initiatives similar in conception and spirit, in accordance with the Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the sciences and humanities, which was launched by the Max Planck Society in 2003. By combining the advantages of traditional publications and the digital medium, the platform offers a new way of publishing research and of studying historical topics or current issues in relation to primary materials that are otherwise not easily available. The volumes are available both as printed books and as online open access publications. They are directed at scholars and students of various disciplines, and at a broader public interested in how science shapes our world. Cavendish The Experimental Life Revised Second Edition Christa Jungnickel and Russell McCormmach Studies 7 Studies 7 Communicated by Jed Z. Buchwald Editorial Team: Lindy Divarci, Georg Pflanz, Bendix Düker, Caroline Frank, Beatrice Hermann, Beatrice Hilke Image Processing: Digitization Group of the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science Cover Image: Chemical Laboratory. -
Philosophical Transactions (A)
INDEX TO THE PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS (A) FOR THE YEAR 1889. A. A bney (W. de W.). Total Eclipse of the San observed at Caroline Island, on 6th May, 1883, 119. A bney (W. de W.) and T horpe (T. E.). On the Determination of the Photometric Intensity of the Coronal Light during the Solar Eclipse of August 28-29, 1886, 363. Alcohol, a study of the thermal properties of propyl, 137 (see R amsay and Y oung). Archer (R. H.). Observations made by Newcomb’s Method on the Visibility of Extension of the Coronal Streamers at Hog Island, Grenada, Eclipse of August 28-29, 1886, 382. Atomic weight of gold, revision of the, 395 (see Mallet). B. B oys (C. V.). The Radio-Micrometer, 159. B ryan (G. H.). The Waves on a Rotating Liquid Spheroid of Finite Ellipticity, 187. C. Conroy (Sir J.). Some Observations on the Amount of Light Reflected and Transmitted by Certain 'Kinds of Glass, 245. Corona, on the photographs of the, obtained at Prickly Point and Carriacou Island, total solar eclipse, August 29, 1886, 347 (see W esley). Coronal light, on the determination of the, during the solar eclipse of August 28-29, 1886, 363 (see Abney and Thorpe). Coronal streamers, observations made by Newcomb’s Method on the Visibility of, Eclipse of August 28-29, 1886, 382 (see A rcher). Cosmogony, on the mechanical conditions of a swarm of meteorites, and on theories of, 1 (see Darwin). Currents induced in a spherical conductor by variation of an external magnetic potential, 513 (see Lamb). 520 INDEX. -
Back Matter (PDF)
[ 395 ] INDEX TO THE PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS, S e r ie s A, V o l . 193. A. Abney (W. de W.). The Colour Sensations in Terms of Luminosity, 259. Atmospheric electricity—experiments in connection with precipitation (Wilson), 289. Bakebian Lectube. See Ewing and Kosenhain. C. Colour-blind, neutral points in spectra found by (Abney), 259. Colour sensations in terms of luminosity (Abney), 259. Condensation nuclei, positively and negatively charged ions as (W ilson), 289. Crystalline aggregates, plasticity in (Ewing and Rosenhain), 353. D. Dawson (H. M.). See Smithells, Dawson, and Wilson VOL. CXCIII.— Ao : S F 396 INDEX. Electric spark, constitution of (Schuster and Hemsalech), 189; potential—variation with pressure (Strutt), 377. Electrical conductivity of flames containing vaporised salts (Smithells, Dawson, and Wilson), 89. Electrocapillary phenomena, relation to potential differences between‘solutions (Smith), 47. Electrometer, capillary, theory of (Smith), 47. Ewing (J. A.) and Rosenhain (W.). The Crystalline Structure of Metals.—Bakerian Lecture, 353. F. Filon (L. N. G ). On the Resistance to Torsion of certain Forms of Shafting, with special Reference to the Effect of Keyways, 309. Flames, electrical conductivity of, and luminosity of salt vapours in (Smithells, Dawson, and Wilson), 89. G. Gravity balance, quartz thread (Threlfall and Pollock), 215. H. Hemsalech (Gustav). See Schuster and Hemsalech. Hertzian oscillator, vibrations in field of (Pearson and Lee), 159. Hysteresis in the relation of extension to stress exhibited by overstrained iron (Muir), 1. I. Ions, diffusion into gases, determination of coefficient (Townsend), 129. Ions positively and negatively charged, as condensation nuclei (Wilson), 289. Iron, recovery of, from overstrain (Muir), 1. -
A LIST of the ROYAL SOCIETY, MDCCLXIII
A LIST of the ROYAL SOCIETY, MDCCLXIII. His Sacred Majefty King GEORGE III. Patron. ROBERT Lord ROMNEY. The Prefent COUNCIL. John Rofs, D. D. His Royal Highnefs EffWARV Duke of YORK. Henry Rowe, Elq; His Royal Highnefs IV1LLIAM Duke of CUMBERLAND. PHILIP Lord Vifc. ROYSTGN, Muf .Brit .Cur. GEORGE Earl of MACCLESFIELD, His Sacred Majefty FRANCIS Emperor of GERMANY. Edward Rudge, Efq; Alexander Rulfell, M. D. PRESIDENT. Mufti Britaumci Curator. His moft Serene Highnefs CHARLES Margrave of BAADEN DOURLACH. Michael Ruffel, Efq; Mr. Henry Baker. His moft Serene Highnefs F RA JVC IS Duke of MODENA. Mr. John Belchier. Thomas Rutherforth, D. D. The Mcft Serene MARK F0SCARIN1 Duke of VENICE Thomas Ryves, Elq; Thomas Birch, D. D. Secretary, Uuf. Brit. Cur. Mr. Peter Sainthili. Nathaniel Blifs, A. M. Afironomer Royal. Jerom de Salis, Efq; James Borrow, Efqj V. P. CHARLES Lord Bilhop of Carlj/le. George Hadley, Efq; John Michell, M. A. Jofeph Salvador^ Elq; CH ARLES Lord CADOGAN, Mift Brit. Cur. Lord CHARLES CAVENDISH, Muft Brit. Cur. John Hadley, M. A. y Prof. Chem.Cant. Chriftopher Middleton, Efq; Erafmus Saunders, D. D. Peter Collinfon, Acad. Reg. Berol.tf Suec.Soc Hon. Henry Cavendilh, Elq; Hon. Charles Hamilton, Efq; Henry Miles, D. D. Sir George . Savile, Bart. Peter □avail, Efq; V. P. Mr. John Chandler. Bartholomew Hammond, Efq; Mr. Philip Miller. George Scott, A. M. Ifrael Mauduit, Elq; Samuel Chandler, D. D, Henry Van Haemftede, V. D.M. Jeremiah Milles, D. D. DeanofExet&x. George Lewis Scott, Efq; JAMES Lord Vifcount CHARLEMOMT. Samuel Mead, Efq; Hugh Hamilton, M. A. -
Florida Historical Quarterly
COVER Travelers disembarking from one of Pan American Airways’ clippers at Dinner Key in the 1930s, which is now the site of Miami’s city hall. The old Pan Am terminal now houses city offices. Photo courtesy of the Historical Association of Southern Florida, Miami. THE FLORIDA HISTORICAL SOCIETY Volume LXII, Number 1 July 1983 COPYRIGHT 1983 by the Florida Historical Society, Tampa, Florida. Second class postage paid at Tampa and DeLeon Springs, Florida. Printed by E. O. Painter Printing Co., DeLeon Springs, Florida. (ISSN 0015-4113) THE FLORIDA HISTORICAL QUARTERLY Samuel Proctor, Editor Earl Ronald Hendry, Editorial Assistant EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD Herbert J. Doherty, Jr. University of Florida Michael V. Gannon University of Florida John K. Mahon University of Florida (Emeritus) Jerrell H. Shofner University of Central Florida Charlton W. Tebeau University of Miami (Emeritus) J. Leitch Wright, Jr. Florida State University Correspondence concerning contributions, books for review, and all editorial matters should be addressed to the Editor, Florida Historical Quarterly, Box 14045, University Station, Gainesville, Florida 32604-2045. The Quarterly is interested in articles and documents pertaining to the history of Florida. Sources, style, footnote form, originality of material and interpretation, clarity of thought, and interest of readers are considered. All copy, including footnotes, should be double-spaced. Footnotes are to be numbered consecutively in the text and assembled at the end of the article. Particular attention should be given to following the footnote style of the Quarterly. The author should submit an original and retain a carbon for security. The Florida Historical Society and the Editor of the Florida Historical Quarterly accept no responsibility for state- ments made or opinions held by authors. -
Back Matter (PDF)
[ 229 • ] INDEX TO THE PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS, S e r ie s B, FOR THE YEAR 1897 (YOL. 189). B. Bower (F. 0.). Studies in the Morphology of Spore-producing Members.— III. Marattiaceae, 35. C Cheirostrobus, a new Type of Fossil Cone (Scott), 1. E. Enamel, Tubular, in Marsupials and other Animals (Tomes), 107. F. Fossil Plants from Palaeozoic Rocks (Scott), 1, 83. L. Lycopodiaceae; Spencerites, a new Genus of Cones from Coal-measures (Scott), 83. 230 INDEX. M. Marattiaceae, Fossil and Recent, Comparison of Sori of (Bower), 3 Marsupials, Tubular Enamel a Class Character of (Tomes), 107. N. Naqada Race, Variation and Correlation of Skeleton in (Warren), 135 P. Pteridophyta: Cheirostrobus, a Fossil Cone, &c. (Scott), 1. S. Scott (D. H.). On the Structure and Affinities of Fossil Plants from the Palaeozoic Ro ks.—On Cheirostrobus, a new Type of Fossil Cone from the Lower Carboniferous Strata (Calciferous Sandstone Series), 1. Scott (D. H.). On the Structure and Affinities of Fossil Plants from the Palaeozoic Rocks.—II. On Spencerites, a new Genus of Lycopodiaceous Cones from the Coal-measures, founded on the Lepidodendron Spenceri of Williamson, 83. Skeleton, Human, Variation and Correlation of Parts of (Warren), 135. Sorus of JDancea, Kaulfxissia, M arattia, Angiopteris (Bower), 35. Spencerites insignis (Will.) and S. majusculus, n. sp., Lycopodiaceous Cones from Coal-measures (Scott), 83. Sphenophylleae, Affinities with Cheirostrobus, a Fossil Cone (Scott), 1. Spore-producing Members, Morphology of.—III. Marattiaceae (Bower), 35. Stereum lvirsutum, Biology of; destruction of Wood by (Ward), 123. T. Tomes (Charles S.). On the Development of Marsupial and other Tubular Enamels, with Notes upon the Development of Enamels in general, 107. -
William Lewis and Platina BICENTENARY of the ‘COMMERCIUM PHILOSOPHICO- TECHNICUM’
William Lewis and Platina BICENTENARY OF THE ‘COMMERCIUM PHILOSOPHICO- TECHNICUM’ By F. w. Gibbs, Ph.D., D.SC., F.R.I.C. The Royal Institute of Chemistry, London Just two centuries ago Lewis’s classic editor of scientific and pharmaceutical works. Attempt to Improve Arts, Trades and Manu- Among these projects was a unique plan to factures began publication. In fact, this was study ways of applying science to the arts the simple sub-title of a work that is univers- and manufactures, with the help of various ally known by its grandiose but not so easily patrons and subscribers. For this purpose he understood main title of Commercium Philo- moved out of London to Kingston in 1747, sophico- Technicum; or, The Philosophical renting a spacious house at the Surbiton end Commerce of Arts. In his dedication to King of West of Thames (now the High Street), George 111, signed on April 7th, 1763, Lewis and not far from places associated with two referred to “the never to be forgotten honour, of his patrons-Stephen Hales of Teddington which Your Majesty was pleased to do me, and the Earl (later the first Duke) of North- by Your attention to some lectures and experi- umberland of Syon House, Brentford. Latcr ments, made by Your command at Kew, for Lewis also rented a smaller neighbouring shewing the application of chemistry to the house, presumably for conversion into his improvement of practical arts as well as of research headquarters. philosophy”. This bicentenary anniversary Almost immediately, in January 1748, he should therefore be of interest to those who take it for granted that awareness of the importance of applying science to industrial needs is a twentieth-century development. -
Project Aneurin
The Aneurin Great War Project: Timeline Part 6 - The Georgian Wars, 1764 to 1815 Copyright Notice: This material was written and published in Wales by Derek J. Smith (Chartered Engineer). It forms part of a multifile e-learning resource, and subject only to acknowledging Derek J. Smith's rights under international copyright law to be identified as author may be freely downloaded and printed off in single complete copies solely for the purposes of private study and/or review. Commercial exploitation rights are reserved. The remote hyperlinks have been selected for the academic appropriacy of their contents; they were free of offensive and litigious content when selected, and will be periodically checked to have remained so. Copyright © 2013-2021, Derek J. Smith. First published 09:00 BST 30th May 2013. This version 09:00 GMT 20th January 2021 [BUT UNDER CONSTANT EXTENSION AND CORRECTION, SO CHECK AGAIN SOON] This timeline supports the Aneurin series of interdisciplinary scientific reflections on why the Great War failed so singularly in its bid to be The War to End all Wars. It presents actual or best-guess historical event and introduces theoretical issues of cognitive science as they become relevant. UPWARD Author's Home Page Project Aneurin, Scope and Aims Master References List BACKWARD IN TIME Part 1 - (Ape)men at War, Prehistory to 730 Part 2 - Royal Wars (Without Gunpowder), 731 to 1272 Part 3 - Royal Wars (With Gunpowder), 1273-1602 Part 4 - The Religious Civil Wars, 1603-1661 Part 5 - Imperial Wars, 1662-1763 FORWARD IN TIME Part -
Public Activities
Max Planck Research Library for the History and Development of Knowledge Studies 7 Christa Jungnickel and Russell McCormmach: Public Activities In: Christa Jungnickel and Russell McCormmach: Cavendish : The Experimental Life (Sec- ond revised edition 2016) Online version at http://edition-open-access.de/studies/7/ ISBN 978-3-945561-06-5 First published 2016 by Edition Open Access, Max Planck Institute for the History of Science under Creative Commons by-nc-sa 3.0 Germany Licence. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/de/ Printed and distributed by: PRO BUSINESS digital printing Deutschland GmbH, Berlin http://www.book-on-demand.de/shop/14971 The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de Chapter 5 Public Activities Public Life Charles Cavendish’s administrative skills were valued in arenas outside of family affairs, politics, and science, in the founding and working of several organizations. Each of the organizations had a technical dimension, and the people he worked with were often the same people he worked with in politics and science. In the first section of this chapter, we briefly consider the organizations, beginning with a hospital. For twenty years Robert Walpole kept the country in peace and prosperity, during which time several hospitals were established, Westminster in 1720, Guy’s in 1724, and others. These were hospitals in the usual sense of the word. In addition there was a new charitable hospice for unwanted children, the Foundling Hospital (Fig. 5.2). Inspired by foundations for this purpose in Amsterdam, Paris, and elsewhere, the Foundling Hospital was the culmi- nation of an arduous and heartfelt campaign by Thomas Coram on behalf of “great numbers of Helpless Infants daily exposed to Destruction.” The Hospital was incorporated by royal charter in 1739 in a ceremony attended by bankers and merchants from the city and by six dukes and eleven earls, who set the tone of the endeavor. -
Innes Smith Collection
Innes Smith Collection University of Sheffield Library. Special Collections and Archives Ref: Special Collection Title: Innes Smith Collection Scope: Books on the history of medicine, many of medical biography, dating from the 16th to the early 20th centuries Dates: 1548-1932 Extent: 330 vols. Name of creator: Robert William Innes Smith Administrative / biographical history: Robert William Innes Smith (1872-1933) was a graduate in medicine of Edinburgh University and a general practitioner for thirty three years in the Brightside district of Sheffield. His strong interest in medical history and art brought him some acclaim, and his study of English-speaking students of medicine at the University of Leyden, published in 1932, is regarded as a model of its kind. Locally in Sheffield Innes Smith was highly respected as both medical man and scholar: his pioneer work in the organisation of ambulance services and first-aid stations in the larger steel works made him many friends. On Innes Smith’s death part of his large collection of books and portraits was acquired for the University. The original library is listed in a family inventory: Catalogue of the library of R.W. Innes-Smith. There were at that time some 600 volumes, but some items were sold at auction or to booksellers. The residue of the book collection in this University Library numbers 305, ranging in date from the early 16th century to the early 20th, all bearing the somewhat macabre Innes Smith bookplate. There is a strong bias towards medical biography. For details of the Portraits see under Innes Smith Medical Portrait Collection. -
Back Matter (PDF)
[ 529 ] INDEX TO THE PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS, Series A, V ol. 192. A. Algebraic Functions expressed as uniform Automorphic Functions (Whittaker), 1. Anatysis—Partition-linear, Diophantine-linear (MacMahon), 351. Automorphic Functions corresponding to Algebraic Relations (Whittaker), 1. B. Bramley-Moore (L.). See Pearson, Lee, and Bramley-Moore. C. Clouds, produced by Ultra-violet Light; Nuclei for the Production of (Wilson), 403. Condensation Nuclei, produced by Rontgen Rays, &c.; Degree of Supersaturation necessary for condensation; behaviour in Electric Field (Wilson), 403. Correlation between Long Bones and Stature (Pearson), 169. Crystals (quartz), gravitative Action between (Poynting and Gray), 245; thermal Expansion of (Tutton), 455. Curve of Error, Tables relating to (S heppard), 101, Cyclotomic Functions (MacMahon), 351. D. Differential Equations satisfied by Automorphic Functions (Whittaker), 1. YOL. CXCII.— A. 3 Y 530 INDEX. E. Kvolution, Mathematical Contributions to Theory of (P earson), 169, 257. F. Flames containing Salt Vapours, Electrical Conductivity of (Wilson), 499. G. Generating Functions, graphical representation of (MacMahon), 351. Goniometer, improved cutting and grinding, for preparation of Plates and Prisms of Crystals (Tutton), 455. Gravitation Constant of Quartz: an Experiment in Search of possible Differences (Poynting and Geay), 245. Geay (P. L.). See Poynting and Geay. H. IIicks (W. M.). Researches in Vortex Motion.—Part III. On Spiral or Gyrostatic Vortex Aggregates, 33. I. Inheritance of Fecundity, Fertility and Latent Characters (Peaeson, Lee, and Beamley-Mooee), 257. Ionic Velocities directly measured (Masson), 331. Ionisation of Salt Vapours in Flames (W ilson), 499. Ions, velocity in Flames and Hot Air (Wilson), 499. L. Lee (Alice). See Peaeson, Lee, and Beamley-Mooee.