Dutch Atlantic Connections, 1680–1800 <UN> Atlantic World europe, africa and the americas, 1500–1830 Edited by Benjamin Schmidt (University of Washington) Wim Klooster (Clark University) VOLUME 29 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/aw <UN> Dutch Atlantic Connections, 1680–1800 Linking Empires, Bridging Borders Edited by Gert Oostindie Jessica V. Roitman LEIDEN | BOSTON <UN> The digital edition of this title is published in Open Access. This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported (CC-BY-NC 3.0) License, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. Cover Illustration: Artist unknown, Het fregat Vertrouwen voor anker op de rede van Paramaribo, 1800, Collection Het Scheepvaartmuseum, The National Maritime Museum, Amsterdam. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Dutch Atlantic connections, 1680-1800 : linking empires, bridging borders / edited by Gert Oostindie, Jessica V. Roitman. pages cm. -- (Atlantic world : Europe, Africa and the Americas, ISSN 1570-0542, volume 29) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-27132-6 (hardback : alkaline paper) -- ISBN 978-90-04-27131-9 (e-book) 1. Netherlands-- Commerce--America--History--17th century. 2. Netherlands--Commerce--America--History--18th century. 3. America--Commerce--Netherlands--History--17th century. 4. America--Commerce-- Netherlands--History--18th century. 5. Netherlands--Foreign economic relations--Spain. 6. Spain-- Foreign economic relations--Netherlands. 7. Netherlands--Foreign economic relations--France. 8. France--Foreign economic relations--Netherlands. 9. Netherlands--Foreign economic relations--Great Britain. 10. Great Britain--Foreign economic relations--Netherlands. I. Oostindie, Gert, compiler of edition. II. Roitman, J. (Jessica V.) compiler of edition. HF3615.D87 2014 382.0949207--dc23 2014014335 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, ipa, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see http://www.brill.com/brill-typeface. issn 1570-0542 isbn 978-90-04-27132-6 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-27131-9 (e-book) Copyright 2014 by the Editors and Authors. This work is published by Koninklijke Brill nv. Koninklijke Brill nv incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Nijhoff, Global Oriental and Hotei Publishing. Koninklijke Brill nv reserves the right to protect the publication against unauthorized use and to authorize dissemination by means of offprints, legitimate photocopies, microform editions, reprints, translations, and secondary information sources, such as abstracting and indexing services including databases. Requests for commercial re-use, use of parts of the publication, and/or translations must be addressed to Koninklijke Brill nv. This book is printed on acid-free paper. <UN> Contents Acknowledgements vii List of Figures viii List of Contributors ix Introduction 1 Gert Oostindie and Jessica V. Roitman Section 1 Caribbean Encounters 1 Curaçao as a Transit Center to the Spanish Main and the French West Indies 25 Wim Klooster 2 Paramaribo as Dutch and Atlantic Nodal Point, 1640–1795 52 Karwan Fatah-Black 3 Anglo-Dutch Trade in the Chesapeake and the British Caribbean, 1621–1733 72 Christian Koot Section 2 European Encounters 4 The French Atlantic and the Dutch, Late Seventeeth-Late Eighteenth Century 103 Silvia Marzagalli 5 Anglo-Dutch Economic Relations in the Atlantic World, 1688–1783 119 Kenneth Morgan 6 A Network-Based Merchant Empire: Dutch Trade in the Hispanic Atlantic (1680–1740) 139 Ana Crespo Solana <UN> vi contents 7 A Public and Private Dutch West India Interest 159 Henk den Heijer Section 3 Intellectual and Intercultural Encounters 8 Adultery Here and There: Crossing Sexual Boundaries in the Dutch Jewish Atlantic 185 Aviva Ben-Ur and Jessica V. Roitman 9 The Scholarly Atlantic: Circuits of Knowledge Between Britain, the Dutch Republic and the Americas in the Eighteenth Century 224 Karel Davids 10 The “Dutch” “Atlantic” and the Dubious Case of Frans Post 249 Benjamin Schmidt Section 4 Shifting Encounters 11 The Eighteenth-Century Danish, Dutch and Swedish Free Ports in the Northeastern Caribbean: Continuity and Change 275 Han Jordaan and Victor Wilson 12 Dutch Atlantic Decline During “The Age of Revolutions” 309 Gert Oostindie Section 5 Perspectives on the Dutch Atlantic 13 The Rise and Decline of the Dutch Atlantic, 1600–1800 339 Pieter C. Emmer 14 Conclusion: The Dutch Moment in Atlantic Historiography 357 Alison Games Bibliography 375 Index 422 <UN> Acknowledgements A book like this cannot come into being without the help and support of many people and institutions and we would like to take this opportunity to thank them for their contributions to making this volume possible. The Dutch Research Council (nwo) funded the original Dutch Atlantic Connections project which was the foundation of much of the research pre- sented in the following pages. The nwo and the Royal Netherlands Institute for Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies (kitlv) have both generously subsi- dized the publication of this book in Open Access so that the findings can be made available to as wide an audience as possible. The kitlv, the nwo, and the Netherlands Institute for Advanced Studies (nias) sponsored a conference in August 2012 that brought together an international group of experts to help synthesize the results of the Dutch Atlantic Connections project. Although this is not a volume of conference proceedings, the gathering did help immensely in framing the eventual outline and content of this book. The nias played host to several of the contributors to this volume in the Spring of 2013 as part of a group that was brought together to further conceptualize the role of the Dutch in the Atlantic in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Some of the chap- ters were written at the nias, and the time and space provided there was of great importance for the authors. Acquiring images for the volume would have been substantially more trying without the administrative and financial support of the kitlv. The Museo Thyssen-Bornemisza in Madrid waived the costs to use Frans Post’s View of Igaraçu. The Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam also kindly provided the images for Frans Post’s View of Itamaracá, Franciscan Convent, and View of Olinda free of charge. In the final stages of the project, we have been fortunate in having our editor at Brill, Nozomi Goto. We would like to thank her for her energy, efficiency, patience and editorial support for the volume. Lastly, this volume would not have been possible without our contributors. They have been a group who moved with remarkable alacrity as we pushed publication of the book forward with an extremely tight schedule. More impor- tantly, each of them has brought their expertise and insights on the Dutch in the Atlantic into their respective chapters. We are grateful to them all. Gert Oostindie and Jessica Vance Roitman <UN> List of Figures figure caption 2.1 (Graph) Number of ships per year in Paramaribo (slavers, Dutch freight- ers and non-Dutch ships), 1683–1795 56 4.1 (Illustration) Total tonnage of Dutch ships clearing French ports in 1787 111 4.2 (Illustration) Destination of Dutch ships clearing French Atlantic ports with sugar or coffee on board, 1787 112 4.3 (Illustration) Total tonnage of the ships clearing Bordeaux with sugar or coffee in 1787, per destination and flag 112 10.1 (Illustration) Frans Post, View of Itamaracá, 1637, oil on canvas (63.5 × 89.5 cm), Rijksmuseum (object no. SK-A-4271), Amsterdam (on long-term loan to the Mauritshuis, The Hague) 250 10.2 (Illustration) Frans Post, Franciscan Convent, circa 1675–1680, oil on panel (16.5 × 25 cm), Rijksmuseum (object no. SK-A-4273), Amsterdam 250 10.3 (Illustration) Frans Post, View of Olinda, 1662, oil on canvas (107.5 × 172.5 cm), Rijksmuseum (object no. SK-A-742), Amsterdam 251 10.4 (Illustration) Frans Hals, Portrait of Frans Jansz. Post, circa 1655, oil on panel, (27.5 × 23 cm), Worcester Art Museum 257 10.5 (Illustration) Frans Post, View of Igaraçu, Brazil, circa 1665, Oil on panel, (42.8 × 58.8 cm), Museo Thyssen-Bornemisza (inventory no CTB.1994.20), Madrid. Colección Carmen Thyssen-Bornemisza en depósito en el Museo Thyssen-Bornemisza 261 10.6 (Illustration) Frans Post, Church with Portico, 1665, oil on canvas, (56.2 x 83.5 cm), Detroit Institute of Art (Accession no.34.188), Detroit 262 10.7 (Illustration) Frans Post, Church of Saint Cosmas and Saint Damian, 1665, oil on canvas (65 x 83.3 cm), private collection, São Paulo (sale Christie’s, London, 1992) 263 10.8 (Illustration) Frans Post, Village and Chapel with Portico, circa 1675, oil on panel (18.2 x 24 cm), collection of Lord Dysart, Ham House, Surrey, England © National Trust Images 268 12.1 (Graph) Population figures in the Dutch Atlantic, 1780–1863 312 <UN> List of Contributors Aviva Ben-Ur is Associate Professor in the Department of Judaic and Near Eastern Studies at the University of Massachusetts-Amherst, where she teaches a wide range of courses, including Jewish history and the history of slavery. She is co-author, with Rachel Frankel, of the 2-volume work Remnant Stones: The Jewish Cemeteries and Synagogues of Suriname (2009; 2012). Her current book project is tentatively titled “Jewish Autonomy in a Slave Society.” Karel Davids (Ph.D. University of Leiden) is Professor of Economic and Social History at the Free University of Amsterdam. His present research concerns the history of the circulation of knowledge, human capital and globalization in the Atlantic world. His recent publications include Karel Davids and Bert de Munck (eds.), Innovation and Creativity in Late Medieval and Early Modern European Cities (2014), Religion, Technology, and the Great and Little Divergences: China and Europe Compared, c.700-1800 (2013) and Karel Davids and Marjolein ‘t Hart (eds.), De wereld en Nederland.