Bibliography
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Early Researches
Max Planck Research Library for the History and Development of Knowledge Studies 7 Christa Jungnickel and Russell McCormmach: Early Researches In: Christa Jungnickel and Russell McCormmach: Cavendish : The Experimental Life (Sec- ond revised edition 2016) Online version at http://edition-open-access.de/studies/7/ ISBN 978-3-945561-06-5 First published 2016 by Edition Open Access, Max Planck Institute for the History of Science under Creative Commons by-nc-sa 3.0 Germany Licence. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/de/ Printed and distributed by: PRO BUSINESS digital printing Deutschland GmbH, Berlin http://www.book-on-demand.de/shop/14971 The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de Chapter 8 Early Researches William James’s observation that “in most of us, by the age of thirty, the character has set like plastic”1 applies to Cavendish, if we take his “character” to include a narrow focus on science. His earliest known extended series of experiments were in chemistry and heat, specifically on arsenic and on specific and latent heats. This was around 1764,2 twelve years after he had left the university and four years after he had been elected to the Royal Society. His first publication came two years later, on the chemistry of air, when he was thirty-five; this was rather late for a scientific researcher to begin, but in this as in other ways he was not typical. Never in a hurry to bring his work before the world, he was concerned to perfect it before communicating it. -
Experimental Pharmacology and Therapeutic Innovation in the Eighteenth Century
-e: EXPERIMENTAL PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTIC INNOVATION IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY by ANDREAS-HOLGER MAEHLE A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University of London University College London 1996 ProQuest Number: 10017185 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest. ProQuest 10017185 Published by ProQuest LLC(2016). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 ABSTRACT In the historiography of pharmacology and therapeutics, the 18th century is regarded as a period of transition from traditional, Galenistic materia medica to the beginnings of modern, experimental drug research. Ackerknecht (1973) characterized the pharmacotherapy of this period as a "chaotic mixture of chemiatric and Galenistic practices", yet acknowledged an "increasing tendency toward empiricism, partly even true experimentalism". This thesis explores this transitional phase for the first time in depth, examining the relations between pharmacological experimentation, theory-building, and therapeutic practice. Furthermore, ethical aspects are highlighted. The general introduction discusses the secondary literature and presents the results of a systematic study of pharmacological articles in relevant 18th-century periodicals. The identified main areas of contemporary interest, the spectrum of methods applied, and the composition of the authorship are described and interpreted. -
Florida Historical Quarterly
COVER Travelers disembarking from one of Pan American Airways’ clippers at Dinner Key in the 1930s, which is now the site of Miami’s city hall. The old Pan Am terminal now houses city offices. Photo courtesy of the Historical Association of Southern Florida, Miami. THE FLORIDA HISTORICAL SOCIETY Volume LXII, Number 1 July 1983 COPYRIGHT 1983 by the Florida Historical Society, Tampa, Florida. Second class postage paid at Tampa and DeLeon Springs, Florida. Printed by E. O. Painter Printing Co., DeLeon Springs, Florida. (ISSN 0015-4113) THE FLORIDA HISTORICAL QUARTERLY Samuel Proctor, Editor Earl Ronald Hendry, Editorial Assistant EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD Herbert J. Doherty, Jr. University of Florida Michael V. Gannon University of Florida John K. Mahon University of Florida (Emeritus) Jerrell H. Shofner University of Central Florida Charlton W. Tebeau University of Miami (Emeritus) J. Leitch Wright, Jr. Florida State University Correspondence concerning contributions, books for review, and all editorial matters should be addressed to the Editor, Florida Historical Quarterly, Box 14045, University Station, Gainesville, Florida 32604-2045. The Quarterly is interested in articles and documents pertaining to the history of Florida. Sources, style, footnote form, originality of material and interpretation, clarity of thought, and interest of readers are considered. All copy, including footnotes, should be double-spaced. Footnotes are to be numbered consecutively in the text and assembled at the end of the article. Particular attention should be given to following the footnote style of the Quarterly. The author should submit an original and retain a carbon for security. The Florida Historical Society and the Editor of the Florida Historical Quarterly accept no responsibility for state- ments made or opinions held by authors. -
William Lewis and Platina BICENTENARY of the ‘COMMERCIUM PHILOSOPHICO- TECHNICUM’
William Lewis and Platina BICENTENARY OF THE ‘COMMERCIUM PHILOSOPHICO- TECHNICUM’ By F. w. Gibbs, Ph.D., D.SC., F.R.I.C. The Royal Institute of Chemistry, London Just two centuries ago Lewis’s classic editor of scientific and pharmaceutical works. Attempt to Improve Arts, Trades and Manu- Among these projects was a unique plan to factures began publication. In fact, this was study ways of applying science to the arts the simple sub-title of a work that is univers- and manufactures, with the help of various ally known by its grandiose but not so easily patrons and subscribers. For this purpose he understood main title of Commercium Philo- moved out of London to Kingston in 1747, sophico- Technicum; or, The Philosophical renting a spacious house at the Surbiton end Commerce of Arts. In his dedication to King of West of Thames (now the High Street), George 111, signed on April 7th, 1763, Lewis and not far from places associated with two referred to “the never to be forgotten honour, of his patrons-Stephen Hales of Teddington which Your Majesty was pleased to do me, and the Earl (later the first Duke) of North- by Your attention to some lectures and experi- umberland of Syon House, Brentford. Latcr ments, made by Your command at Kew, for Lewis also rented a smaller neighbouring shewing the application of chemistry to the house, presumably for conversion into his improvement of practical arts as well as of research headquarters. philosophy”. This bicentenary anniversary Almost immediately, in January 1748, he should therefore be of interest to those who take it for granted that awareness of the importance of applying science to industrial needs is a twentieth-century development. -
Project Aneurin
The Aneurin Great War Project: Timeline Part 6 - The Georgian Wars, 1764 to 1815 Copyright Notice: This material was written and published in Wales by Derek J. Smith (Chartered Engineer). It forms part of a multifile e-learning resource, and subject only to acknowledging Derek J. Smith's rights under international copyright law to be identified as author may be freely downloaded and printed off in single complete copies solely for the purposes of private study and/or review. Commercial exploitation rights are reserved. The remote hyperlinks have been selected for the academic appropriacy of their contents; they were free of offensive and litigious content when selected, and will be periodically checked to have remained so. Copyright © 2013-2021, Derek J. Smith. First published 09:00 BST 30th May 2013. This version 09:00 GMT 20th January 2021 [BUT UNDER CONSTANT EXTENSION AND CORRECTION, SO CHECK AGAIN SOON] This timeline supports the Aneurin series of interdisciplinary scientific reflections on why the Great War failed so singularly in its bid to be The War to End all Wars. It presents actual or best-guess historical event and introduces theoretical issues of cognitive science as they become relevant. UPWARD Author's Home Page Project Aneurin, Scope and Aims Master References List BACKWARD IN TIME Part 1 - (Ape)men at War, Prehistory to 730 Part 2 - Royal Wars (Without Gunpowder), 731 to 1272 Part 3 - Royal Wars (With Gunpowder), 1273-1602 Part 4 - The Religious Civil Wars, 1603-1661 Part 5 - Imperial Wars, 1662-1763 FORWARD IN TIME Part -
Innes Smith Collection
Innes Smith Collection University of Sheffield Library. Special Collections and Archives Ref: Special Collection Title: Innes Smith Collection Scope: Books on the history of medicine, many of medical biography, dating from the 16th to the early 20th centuries Dates: 1548-1932 Extent: 330 vols. Name of creator: Robert William Innes Smith Administrative / biographical history: Robert William Innes Smith (1872-1933) was a graduate in medicine of Edinburgh University and a general practitioner for thirty three years in the Brightside district of Sheffield. His strong interest in medical history and art brought him some acclaim, and his study of English-speaking students of medicine at the University of Leyden, published in 1932, is regarded as a model of its kind. Locally in Sheffield Innes Smith was highly respected as both medical man and scholar: his pioneer work in the organisation of ambulance services and first-aid stations in the larger steel works made him many friends. On Innes Smith’s death part of his large collection of books and portraits was acquired for the University. The original library is listed in a family inventory: Catalogue of the library of R.W. Innes-Smith. There were at that time some 600 volumes, but some items were sold at auction or to booksellers. The residue of the book collection in this University Library numbers 305, ranging in date from the early 16th century to the early 20th, all bearing the somewhat macabre Innes Smith bookplate. There is a strong bias towards medical biography. For details of the Portraits see under Innes Smith Medical Portrait Collection. -
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY Enlightened Pursuits: Science And
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY Enlightened Pursuits: Science and Civic Culture in Anglo-America, 1730-1760 A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS for the degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Field of History By Michael B. Guenther EVANSTON, ILLINOIS December 2008 2 Copyright by Michael B. Guenther, 2008 All Rights Reserved 3 ABSTRACT Enlightened Pursuits: Science and Civic Culture in Anglo-America, 1730-1760 Michael B. Guenther This study explores how the world of popular science helped forge a new civic culture during the tumultuous decades of the mid-eighteenth century. I trace the activities of a wide cast of characters in both England and America, revealing the contours of a tightly knit community of scientists, merchants, doctors, landed gentlemen, ministers, craftsmen, and entrepreneurs, whose collaboration in scientific projects made “improvement” a cultural imperative of the age. By the 1740s, I argue, the realm of science-based improvement had emerged as a critical meeting ground for those who sought to bring greater cohesion and prosperity to the British empire at a time when society appeared to be splintering into religious and political factions. Over the course of several decades, these campaigns to promote useful knowledge carved out new civic arenas in which individuals could translate abstract notions of patriotism, collaboration, and self-improvement into a program of concerted action. My dissertation examines how popular science became, in many respects, an alternative to traditional politics—a new way of pursuing the public good that revolved around experimentation and the diffusion of useful knowledge, voluntary associations and networks of exchange, sociability and mutual improvement, 4 patriotism and projects. -
Dutch Atlantic Connections, 1680–1800
Dutch Atlantic Connections, 1680–1800 <UN> Atlantic World europe, africa and the americas, 1500–1830 Edited by Benjamin Schmidt (University of Washington) Wim Klooster (Clark University) VOLUME 29 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/aw <UN> Dutch Atlantic Connections, 1680–1800 Linking Empires, Bridging Borders Edited by Gert Oostindie Jessica V. Roitman LEIDEN | BOSTON <UN> The digital edition of this title is published in Open Access. This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported (CC-BY-NC 3.0) License, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. Cover Illustration: Artist unknown, Het fregat Vertrouwen voor anker op de rede van Paramaribo, 1800, Collection Het Scheepvaartmuseum, The National Maritime Museum, Amsterdam. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Dutch Atlantic connections, 1680-1800 : linking empires, bridging borders / edited by Gert Oostindie, Jessica V. Roitman. pages cm. -- (Atlantic world : Europe, Africa and the Americas, ISSN 1570-0542, volume 29) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-27132-6 (hardback : alkaline paper) -- ISBN 978-90-04-27131-9 (e-book) 1. Netherlands-- Commerce--America--History--17th century. 2. Netherlands--Commerce--America--History--18th century. 3. America--Commerce--Netherlands--History--17th century. 4. America--Commerce-- Netherlands--History--18th century. 5. Netherlands--Foreign economic relations--Spain. 6. Spain-- Foreign economic relations--Netherlands. 7. Netherlands--Foreign economic relations--France. 8. France--Foreign economic relations--Netherlands. 9. Netherlands--Foreign economic relations--Great Britain. 10. Great Britain--Foreign economic relations--Netherlands. -
Physicians and the Chemical Analysis of Mineral Waters in Eighteenth-Century England
Medical History, 1982, 26: 123-144. PHYSICIANS AND THE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF MINERAL WATERS IN EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY ENGLAND by NOEL G. COLEY* Mineral waters often produce cures, which we in vain attempt to perform by the combinations in our shops; even altho' these waters contain nothing but iron ... (W. Cullen, 1773).' PHYSICIANS in England had been curious about the active principles of natural mineral waters since the early seventeenth century, when the idea of visiting a spa to drink or bathe in the waters first became popular. After the Restoration, fashionable London society, led by the king and court, established the practice of visiting spas such as Tunbridge Wells, Epsom, or Bath during the summer. Doctors were quick to recognize the advantages of persuading patients to take the waters at their source under the supervision of a resident physician, whilst the patients themselves were often glad of an excuse for spending a month or two enjoying the social delights of the spa whilst submitting to the strict regimen and medical treatments prescribed to enhance the effects of the waters. Coming from the depths of the earth, the latter were com- monly thought to bear mysterious qualities which would provide cures for stubborn diseases such as bladder-stone and gravel, gout, rheumatism, diabetes, scrofula, and skin complaints. The waters were so difficult to analyse that it remained unclear what medicinal substances they really contained, and their curative properties had generally been determined by trial and error.2 There were many contradictory views, and physicians relying upon their clinical records devised their own methods of using the waters. -
Air, Disease, and Improvement in Eighteenth-Century Britain Sir John
Air, Disease, and Improvement in Eighteenth-Century Britain Sir John Pringle (1707-1782) by Erich Weidenhammer A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology University of Toronto © Copyright by Erich Weidenhammer 2014 Air, Disease, and Improvement in Eighteenth-Century Britain: Sir John Pringle (1707-1782) Erich Weidenhammer Doctor of Philosophy Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology 2014 Abstract The Scottish-born physician John Pringle (1707-1782) achieved remarkable fame as a natural philosopher, eventually becoming a physician to King George III and President of the Royal Society of London. He did so largely on the basis of a single major work. The Observations on the Diseases of the Army (1752), founded on his experience as an Army physician during the War of the Austrian Succession and the Jacobite Rebellion, was a guide to the diseases facing soldiers in Northern Europe. It also examined the nature, prevention, and treatment of epidemic fevers that afflicted large groups living in close proximity. Pringle believed, like many in his day, that epidemic fever was associated with the process of putrefaction taking place within the body. A member of the Royal Society, he performed a series of experiments on putrefaction which were subsequently appended to his Observations. These investigations earned him the Society’s Copley medal in 1752, were widely emulated across ii Europe, and established him as a natural philosopher of note. They represented, I argue, a promising approach to a problem of significant concern to early modern European society. -
Dissolving the Stone: the Search for Lithontriptics
2 Dissolving the Stone: The Search for Lithontriptics Introduction Substances and compound remedies with a capacity to “destroy” urinary stones, the so-called lithontriptics, formed a major field of interest of eighteenth-century pharmacology and therapeutics. Urinary stone disease was clearly a very common condition, probably due to a combination of contemporary dietary habits and frequent infections. The important role of lithotomy (cutting for bladder stones) in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century surgery is indicative of how widespread the disease must have been, as are the large collections of concrements stemming from that time, such as those bequeathed by Sir Hans Sloane and William and John Hunter. 1 Though cutting for bladder stones had been practised since antiquity and a variety of operative techniques had been developed over the centuries, it was still a procedure greatly feared by the many sufferers. There was still the risk of death, besides the trauma and pain patients had to endure during and after the operation in the era before effective anaesthesia and antisepsis. Even if lithotomy as such was successful, incontinence, fistulae, and male impotence were common complications. On the other hand, the symptoms of patients with urinary stones could be so severe as to make them desperate for help: colics, when calculi and “gravel” descended from the kidneys; bloody urine and sharp pains from bladder stones, that could make movements torture, especially when travelling in a carriage; finally, obstruction of the bladder through stones and clotted bood, inability to urinate, and – if catheterization failed – death in agony. 2 With both the disease and its surgical therapy feared, it is understandable that patients and doctors alike looked for “milder” treatments with oral remedies that would somehow break or dissolve the stones. -
Rev. Dr. John Walker: Chemistry, Mineralogy and Geology in Enlightenment Edinburgh (1740-1800)
Durham E-Theses The 'ingenious' rev. Dr. John Walker: chemistry, mineralogy and geology in enlightenment Edinburgh (1740-1800) Eddy, Matthew Daniel How to cite: Eddy, Matthew Daniel (2003) The 'ingenious' rev. Dr. John Walker: chemistry, mineralogy and geology in enlightenment Edinburgh (1740-1800), Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4040/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 The 'Ingenious' Rev. Dr. John Walker: Chemistry, Mineralogy and Geology in Enlightenment Edinburgh (1740-1800) Matthew Daniel Eddy Doctor of Philosophy Department of Philosophy 2003 Abstract Rev. Dr. John Walker (1731-1803) held the Regius Chair of Natural History in the University of Edinburgh's Medical School from 1779 until 1803. As a student of William Cullen, advisor to Lord Kames and friend of Joseph Black, he went on to teach well over seven hundred students and was a founding member of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.