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GEO 3 Il Mondo: i paesaggi, la popolazione e l'economia

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Geo 3: Il Mondo

I paesaggi, la popolazione, l’economia

Per la Scuola Secondaria di Primo Grado a cura di Elisabetta Leonetti
Coordinamento editoriale: Antonio Bernardo
Ricerca iconografica: Cristina Capone
Cartine tematiche: Studio Aguilar
Copertina Ginger Lab - www.gingerlab.it

Settembre 2013
ISBN 9788896354513 Progetto Educationalab
Mobility IT srl

Questo libro è rilasciato con licenza
Creative Commons BY-SA
Attribuzione – Non commerciale - Condividi allo stesso modo 3.0

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/legalcode

Alcuni testi di questo libro sono in parte tratti da Wikipedia
Versione del 11/11/2013

Modificato da [email protected] – 23/9/15

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Presentazione

Questo ebook fa parte di una collana di ebook con licenza Creative Commons BY-SA per la scuola. Il titolo Geo C3 vuole indicare che il progetto è stato realizzato in modalità Collaborativa e con licenza

Creative Commons, da cui le tre “C” del titolo. Non vuole essere un trattato completo sull’argomento ma una sintesi sulla quale l’insegnante

può basare la lezione, indicando poi testi e altre fonti per gli approfondimenti. Lo studente può consultarlo come riferimento

essenziale da cui partire per approfondire. In sostanza, l’idea è stata

quella di indicare il nocciolo essenziale della disciplina, nocciolo largamente condiviso dagli insegnanti. La licenza Creative Commons, con la quale viene rilasciato, permette non solo di fruire liberamente

l’ebook ma anche di modificarlo e personalizzarlo secondo le esigenze dell’insegnante e della classe. Chiunque può contribuire a migliorare

questo ebook, segnalando integrazioni, modifiche e sviste al coordinatore del progetto [email protected].

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Indice del volume 3

1.1 Struttura interna della Terra ................................................... 12 1.2 Proprietà chimico-fisiche della geosfera................................ 14 1.3 Il pianeta Terra ....................................................................... 15 1.4 Caratteristiche fisiche............................................................. 16 1.5 Forma ..................................................................................... 17 1.6 Tettonica a zolle ..................................................................... 18 1.7 La superficie terrestre............................................................ 21 1.8 Le rocce.................................................................................. 22 1.9 La biosfera.............................................................................. 23 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18
L’atmosfera......................................................................... 23 La Terra nel sistema solare................................................. 28 La Luna e sua influenza sulla Terra.................................... 30 Geografia terrestre .............................................................. 32 Clima e tempo atmosferico................................................. 33 Risorse naturali e utilizzo del suolo.................................... 34 Rischi naturali e ambiente .................................................. 35 I continenti.......................................................................... 35 Sistemi di suddivisione delle terre emerse ......................... 36

2.1 Il ciclo idrologico ................................................................... 37 2.2 Le acque marine ..................................................................... 38 2.3 Pianeta blu.............................................................................. 39 2.4 Oceani..................................................................................... 39 2.5 Caratteristiche delle acque oceaniche .................................... 40 2.6 Gli ecosistemi oceanici........................................................... 41 2.7 Un bioma oceanico: le barriere coralline ............................... 42 2.8 Oceano Pacifico...................................................................... 44 2.9 Oceano Indiano ...................................................................... 46 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15
Oceano Atlantico ................................................................ 48 Mare Glaciale Artico .......................................................... 50 Mare Antartico.................................................................... 52 Il mare................................................................................. 53 Il Fiume............................................................................... 55 Il lago.................................................................................. 57

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3.1 Clima tropicale....................................................................... 59 3.2 Clima temperato..................................................................... 59 3.3 Clima temperato freddo.......................................................... 60 3.4 Clima temperato fresco .......................................................... 61 3.5 Clima temperato caldo ........................................................... 62 3.6 Clima polare........................................................................... 62
UNIVERSO .................................................................................. 63
4.1 Stelle....................................................................................... 63 4.2 Galassia .................................................................................. 64 4.3 Materia oscura........................................................................ 65 4.4 Nebulosa................................................................................. 65 4.5 Pianeta.................................................................................... 66 4.6 Satellite naturale..................................................................... 66 4.7 Sistema solare......................................................................... 68 4.8 Luna........................................................................................ 70 4.9 Movimenti della Terra............................................................ 74
LA POPOLAZIONE DEL PIANETA.......................................... 77
5.1 Breve storia della popolazione mondiale ............................... 77 5.2 Stime sul numero totale di esseri umani vissuti sulla Terra... 79 5.3 Popolazione del pianeta.......................................................... 80 5.4 Urbanizzazione....................................................................... 81 5.5 Le lingue del pianeta .............................................................. 82 5.6 Le religioni del pianeta........................................................... 85

LE RISORSE E L’ECONOMIA DEL PIANETA........................ 90

6.1 Risorsa naturale...................................................................... 90 6.2 Descrizione............................................................................. 90 6.3 Risorse energetiche ................................................................ 92 6.4 Risorse minerarie.................................................................... 93 6.5 Risorse biologiche.................................................................. 93 6.6 Risorse rinnovabili ................................................................. 94 6.7 La risorsa idrica e la sua gestione........................................... 95 6.8 Materie prime......................................................................... 96 6.9 Agricoltura ............................................................................. 96
456

6.10 6.11
L’allevamento..................................................................... 96 L’industria .......................................................................... 97

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7.1 Organizzazione delle Nazioni Unite .................................... 100 7.2 Organi principali .................................................................. 101
AFRICA...................................................................................... 106
8.1 Territorio .............................................................................. 107 8.2 Coste e isole ......................................................................... 108 8.3 Idrografia.............................................................................. 108 8.4 Clima.................................................................................... 110 8.5 Flora ..................................................................................... 110 8.6 Fauna.................................................................................... 110 8.7 Storia .................................................................................... 111 8.8 Lingue................................................................................... 114 8.9 Religioni............................................................................... 115
8

9.1 MAROCCO.......................................................................... 117 9.2 ALGERIA ............................................................................ 121 9.3 EGITTO ............................................................................... 126 9.4 TUNISIA.............................................................................. 131 9.5 LIBIA ................................................................................... 135
10 AFRICA DEL SAHEL ............................................................... 140
10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6
MALI................................................................................ 140 NIGER.............................................................................. 145 MAURITANIA ................................................................ 149 BURKINA FASO............................................................. 152 CIAD ................................................................................ 155 SUDAN ............................................................................ 159
11 CORNO D’AFRICA................................................................... 161
11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4
ETIOPIA........................................................................... 162 SOMALIA........................................................................ 166 ERITREA ......................................................................... 169 GIBUTI............................................................................. 172
12 PAESI DELLA RIFT-VALLEY ................................................ 175
12.1 12.2 12.3
UGANDA......................................................................... 176 RUANDA ......................................................................... 180 BURUNDI........................................................................ 183

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12.4 12.5
TANZANIA...................................................................... 186 KENYA ............................................................................ 190
13 AFRICA OCCIDENTALE......................................................... 194
13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.7 13.8 13.9
SENEGAL........................................................................ 195 CAPO VERDE ................................................................. 198 GAMBIA.......................................................................... 201 GUINEA BISSAU............................................................ 204 GUINEA........................................................................... 206 SIERRA LEONE.............................................................. 210 COSTA D’AVORIO ........................................................ 213 GHANA............................................................................ 216 TOGO............................................................................... 219
13.10 BENIN.............................................................................. 223 13.11 NIGERIA.......................................................................... 226
14 AFRICA EQUATORIALE......................................................... 230
14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 14.7
REPUBBLICA DEMOCRATICA DEL CONGO........... 231 CAMERUN ...................................................................... 234 REPUBBLICA CENTROAFRICANA............................ 238 GABON............................................................................ 241 GUINEA EQUATORIALE.............................................. 244 SÃO TOMÉ E PRÍNCIPE................................................ 248 REPUBBLICA DEL CONGO ......................................... 251
15 AFRICA AUSTRALE O MERIDIONALE ............................... 254
15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 15.7 15.8 15.9
ANGOLA ......................................................................... 255 ZAMBIA .......................................................................... 258 ZIMBABWE .................................................................... 262 MALAWI ......................................................................... 266 MOZAMBICO ................................................................. 269 NAMIBIA......................................................................... 272 BOTSWANA.................................................................... 275 REPUBBLICA SUDAFRICANA.................................... 278 LESOTHO........................................................................ 283
15.10 SWAZILAND .................................................................. 285 15.11 MADAGASCAR.............................................................. 288 15.12 SEYCHELLES ................................................................. 293 15.13 COMORE......................................................................... 295

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  • LCSH Section H

    LCSH Section H

    H (The sound) H.P. 15 (Bomber) Giha (African people) [P235.5] USE Handley Page V/1500 (Bomber) Ikiha (African people) BT Consonants H.P. 42 (Transport plane) Kiha (African people) Phonetics USE Handley Page H.P. 42 (Transport plane) Waha (African people) H-2 locus H.P. 80 (Jet bomber) BT Ethnology—Tanzania UF H-2 system USE Victor (Jet bomber) Hāʾ (The Arabic letter) BT Immunogenetics H.P. 115 (Supersonic plane) BT Arabic alphabet H 2 regions (Astrophysics) USE Handley Page 115 (Supersonic plane) HA 132 Site (Niederzier, Germany) USE H II regions (Astrophysics) H.P.11 (Bomber) USE Hambach 132 Site (Niederzier, Germany) H-2 system USE Handley Page Type O (Bomber) HA 500 Site (Niederzier, Germany) USE H-2 locus H.P.12 (Bomber) USE Hambach 500 Site (Niederzier, Germany) H-8 (Computer) USE Handley Page Type O (Bomber) HA 512 Site (Niederzier, Germany) USE Heathkit H-8 (Computer) H.P.50 (Bomber) USE Hambach 512 Site (Niederzier, Germany) H-19 (Military transport helicopter) USE Handley Page Heyford (Bomber) HA 516 Site (Niederzier, Germany) USE Chickasaw (Military transport helicopter) H.P. Sutton House (McCook, Neb.) USE Hambach 516 Site (Niederzier, Germany) H-34 Choctaw (Military transport helicopter) USE Sutton House (McCook, Neb.) Ha-erh-pin chih Tʻung-chiang kung lu (China) USE Choctaw (Military transport helicopter) H.R. 10 plans USE Ha Tʻung kung lu (China) H-43 (Military transport helicopter) (Not Subd Geog) USE Keogh plans Ha family (Not Subd Geog) UF Huskie (Military transport helicopter) H.R.D. motorcycle Here are entered works on families with the Kaman H-43 Huskie (Military transport USE Vincent H.R.D.