Ancient Glaciation of the Caucasus
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Leonetti-Geo3.Pdf
GEO 3 Il Mondo: i paesaggi, la popolazione e l'economia 3 media:-testo di Geografia C3 pag. 2 Geo 3: Il Mondo I paesaggi, la popolazione, l’economia Per la Scuola Secondaria di Primo Grado a cura di Elisabetta Leonetti Coordinamento editoriale: Antonio Bernardo Ricerca iconografica: Cristina Capone Cartine tematiche: Studio Aguilar Copertina Ginger Lab - www.gingerlab.it Settembre 2013 ISBN 9788896354513 Progetto Educationalab Mobility IT srl Questo libro è rilasciato con licenza Creative Commons BY-SA Attribuzione – Non commerciale - Condividi allo stesso modo 3.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/legalcode Alcuni testi di questo libro sono in parte tratti da Wikipedia Versione del 11/11/2013 Modificato da [email protected] – 23/9/15 INDICE GEO 3 Glossario Mappe-Carte AulaVirtuale 3 media:-testo di Geografia C3 pag. 3 Presentazione Questo ebook fa parte di una collana di ebook con licenza Creative Commons BY-SA per la scuola. Il titolo Geo C3 vuole indicare che il progetto è stato realizzato in modalità Collaborativa e con licenza Creative Commons, da cui le tre “C” del titolo. Non vuole essere un trattato completo sull’argomento ma una sintesi sulla quale l’insegnante può basare la lezione, indicando poi testi e altre fonti per gli approfondimenti. Lo studente può consultarlo come riferimento essenziale da cui partire per approfondire. In sostanza, l’idea è stata quella di indicare il nocciolo essenziale della disciplina, nocciolo largamente condiviso dagli insegnanti. La licenza Creative Commons, con la quale viene rilasciato, permette non solo di fruire liberamente l’ebook ma anche di modificarlo e personalizzarlo secondo le esigenze dell’insegnante e della classe. -
Panthera Pardus, Leopard
The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ ISSN 2307-8235 (online) IUCN 2008: T15954A5329380 Panthera pardus, Leopard Assessment by: Henschel, P., Hunter, L., Breitenmoser, U., Purchase, N., Packer, C., Khorozyan, I., Bauer, H., Marker, L., Sogbohossou, E. & Breitenmoser- Wursten, C. View on www.iucnredlist.org Citation: Henschel, P., Hunter, L., Breitenmoser, U., Purchase, N., Packer, C., Khorozyan, I., Bauer, H., Marker, L., Sogbohossou, E. & Breitenmoser-Wursten, C. 2008. Panthera pardus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T15954A5329380. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T15954A5329380.en Copyright: © 2015 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorized without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale, reposting or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission from the copyright holder. For further details see Terms of Use. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ is produced and managed by the IUCN Global Species Programme, the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) and The IUCN Red List Partnership. The IUCN Red List Partners are: BirdLife International; Botanic Gardens Conservation International; Conservation International; Microsoft; NatureServe; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Sapienza University of Rome; Texas A&M University; Wildscreen; and Zoological Society of London. If you see any errors or have any questions or suggestions on what is shown in this document, please provide us with feedback so that we can correct or extend the information provided. THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™ Taxonomy Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Animalia Chordata Mammalia Carnivora Felidae Taxon Name: Panthera pardus (Linnaeus, 1758) Synonym(s): • Felis pardus Linnaeus, 1758 Regional Assessments: • Mediterranean Infra-specific Taxa Assessed: • Panthera pardus ssp. -
Moüjmtaiim Operations
L f\f¿ áfó b^i,. ‘<& t¿ ytn) ¿L0d àw 1 /1 ^ / / /This publication contains copyright material. *FM 90-6 FieW Manual HEADQUARTERS No We DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY Washington, DC, 30 June 1980 MOÜJMTAIIM OPERATIONS PREFACE he purpose of this rUanual is to describe how US Army forces fight in mountain regions. Conditions will be encountered in mountains that have a significant effect on. military operations. Mountain operations require, among other things^ special equipment, special training and acclimatization, and a high decree of self-discipline if operations are to succeed. Mountains of military significance are generally characterized by rugged compartmented terrain witn\steep slopes and few natural or manmade lines of communication. Weather in these mountains is seasonal and reaches across the entireSspectrum from extreme cold, with ice and snow in most regions during me winter, to extreme heat in some regions during the summer. AlthoughNthese extremes of weather are important planning considerations, the variability of weather over a short period of time—and from locality to locahty within the confines of a small area—also significantly influences tactical operations. Historically, the focal point of mountain operations has been the battle to control the heights. Changes in weaponry and equipment have not altered this fact. In all but the most extreme conditions of terrain and weather, infantry, with its light equipment and mobility, remains the basic maneuver force in the mountains. With proper equipment and training, it is ideally suited for fighting the close-in battfe commonly associated with mountain warfare. Mechanized infantry can\also enter the mountain battle, but it must be prepared to dismount and conduct operations on foot. -
Status and Protection of Globally Threatened Species in the Caucasus
STATUS AND PROTECTION OF GLOBALLY THREATENED SPECIES IN THE CAUCASUS CEPF Biodiversity Investments in the Caucasus Hotspot 2004-2009 Edited by Nugzar Zazanashvili and David Mallon Tbilisi 2009 The contents of this book do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of CEPF, WWF, or their sponsoring organizations. Neither the CEPF, WWF nor any other entities thereof, assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, product or process disclosed in this book. Citation: Zazanashvili, N. and Mallon, D. (Editors) 2009. Status and Protection of Globally Threatened Species in the Caucasus. Tbilisi: CEPF, WWF. Contour Ltd., 232 pp. ISBN 978-9941-0-2203-6 Design and printing Contour Ltd. 8, Kargareteli st., 0164 Tbilisi, Georgia December 2009 The Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF) is a joint initiative of l’Agence Française de Développement, Conservation International, the Global Environment Facility, the Government of Japan, the MacArthur Foundation and the World Bank. This book shows the effort of the Caucasus NGOs, experts, scientific institutions and governmental agencies for conserving globally threatened species in the Caucasus: CEPF investments in the region made it possible for the first time to carry out simultaneous assessments of species’ populations at national and regional scales, setting up strategies and developing action plans for their survival, as well as implementation of some urgent conservation measures. Contents Foreword 7 Acknowledgments 8 Introduction CEPF Investment in the Caucasus Hotspot A. W. Tordoff, N. Zazanashvili, M. Bitsadze, K. Manvelyan, E. Askerov, V. Krever, S. Kalem, B. Avcioglu, S. Galstyan and R. Mnatsekanov 9 The Caucasus Hotspot N. -
Security Council Distr.: General 18 July 2007
United Nations S/2007/439 Security Council Distr.: General 18 July 2007 Original: English Report of the Secretary-General on the situation in Abkhazia, Georgia I. Introduction 1. The present report is submitted pursuant to Security Council resolution 1752 (2007) of 13 April 2007, by which the Security Council decided to extend the mandate of the United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia (UNOMIG) until 15 October 2007. It provides an update of the situation in Abkhazia, Georgia since my report of 3 April 2007 (S/2007/182). 2. My Special Representative, Jean Arnault, continued to lead the Mission. He was assisted by the Chief Military Observer, Major General Niaz Muhammad Khan Khattak (Pakistan). The strength of UNOMIG on 1 July 2007 stood at 135 military observers and 16 police officers (see annex). II. Political process 3. During the reporting period, UNOMIG continued efforts to maintain peace and stability in the zone of conflict. It also sought to remove obstacles to the resumption of dialogue between the Georgian and Abkhaz sides in the expectation that cooperation on security, the return of internally displaced persons and refugees, economic rehabilitation and humanitarian issues would facilitate meaningful negotiations on a comprehensive political settlement of the conflict, taking into account the principles contained in the document entitled “Basic Principles for the Distribution of Competences between Tbilisi and Sukhumi”, its transmittal letter (see S/2002/88, para. 3) and additional ideas by the sides. 4. Throughout the reporting period, my Special Representative maintained regular contact with both sides, as well as with the Group of Friends of the Secretary-General both in Tbilisi and in their capitals. -
Georgia/Abkhazia
HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH ARMS PROJECT HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH/HELSINKI March 1995 Vol. 7, No. 7 GEORGIA/ABKHAZIA: VIOLATIONS OF THE LAWS OF WAR AND RUSSIA'S ROLE IN THE CONFLICT CONTENTS I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATIONS............................................................................................................5 EVOLUTION OF THE WAR.......................................................................................................................................6 The Role of the Russian Federation in the Conflict.........................................................................................7 RECOMMENDATIONS...............................................................................................................................................8 To the Government of the Republic of Georgia ..............................................................................................8 To the Commanders of the Abkhaz Forces .....................................................................................................8 To the Government of the Russian Federation................................................................................................8 To the Confederation of Mountain Peoples of the Caucasus...........................................................................9 To the United Nations .....................................................................................................................................9 To the Organization on Security and Cooperation in Europe..........................................................................9 -
River Systems and Their Water and Sediment Fluxes Towards the Marine Regions of the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea Earth System: an Overview
Review Article Mediterranean Marine Science Indexed in WoS (Web of Science, ISI Thomson) and SCOPUS The journal is available on line at http://www.medit-mar-sc.net DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.19514 River systems and their water and sediment fluxes towards the marine regions of the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea earth system: An overview Serafeim E. POULOS Laboratory of Physical Geography, Section of Geography & Climatology, Department of Geology & Geoenvironment, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis-Zografou, 10584, Attiki Corresponding author: [email protected] Handling Editor: Argyro ZENETOS Received: 22 January 2019; Accepted: 6 July 2019; Published on line: 5 September 2019 Abstract A quantitative assessment of the riverine freshwater, suspended and dissolved sediment loads is provided for the watersheds of the four primary (Western Mediterranean-WMED, Central Mediterranean-CMED, Eastern Mediterranean-EMED and Black Sea- BLS) and eleven secondary marine regions of the Mediterranean and Black Sea Earth System (MBES). On the basis of measured values that cover spatially >65% and >84% of MED and BLS watersheds, respectively, water discharge of the MBES reaches annually almost the 1 million km3, with Mediterranean Sea (including the Marmara Sea) providing 576 km3 and the Black Sea (included the Azov Sea) 418 km3. Among the watersheds of MED primary marine regions, the total water load is distributed as follows: WMED= 180 km3; CMED= 209 km3; and EMED= 187 km3. The MBES could potentially provide annually some 894 106 t of suspended sediment load (SSL), prior to river damming, most of which (i.e., 708 106 t is attributed to MED). -
HUMANITARIAN AID for the Victims of the Chechnya Conflict in the Caucasus
EUROPEAN COMMISSION DIRECTORATE-GENERAL FOR HUMANITARIAN AID - ECHO HUMANITARIAN AID for the victims of the Chechnya conflict in the Caucasus GLOBAL PLAN 2007 Humanitarian Aid Committee – December 2006 ECHO/-EE/BUD/2007/01000 1 Table of contents Explanatory Memorandum page 1) Executive summary..................................................................................... 3 2) Context and situation.................................................................................. 3 2.1.) General Context.................................................................................... 3 2.2.) Current Situation.................................................................................. 4 3) Identification and assessment of humanitarian needs.............................. 5 4) Proposed DG ECHO strategy....................................................................... 8 4.1.) Coherence with DG ECHO´s overall strategic priorities.................... 8 4.2.) Impact of previous humanitarian response......................................... 9 4.3.) Coordination with activities of other donors and institutions............ 10 4.4.) Risk assessment and assumptions........................................................ 10 4.5.) DG ECHO Strategy.................................................................................11 4.6.) Duration............................................................................................. 12 4.7.) Amount of decision and strategic programming matrix..................... 13 5) Evaluation............................................................................................. -
Georgia Environmental Performance Reviews Third Review
UNECE Georgia Environmental Performance Reviews Third Review UNITED NATIONS ECE/CEP/177 UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE REVIEWS GEORGIA Third Review UNITED NATIONS New York and Geneva, 2016 Environmental Performance Reviews Series No. 43 NOTE Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with figures. Mention of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. In particular, the boundaries shown on the maps do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. The United Nations issued the second Environmental Performance Review of Georgia (Environmental Performance Reviews Series No. 30) in 2010. This volume is issued in English only. ECE/CEP/177 UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION Sales E.16.II.E.3 ISBN 978-92-1-117101-3 e-ISBN 978-92-1-057683-3 ISSN 1020-4563 iii Foreword It is essential to monitor progress towards environmental sustainability and to evaluate how countries reconcile environmental and economic targets and meet their international environmental commitments. Through regular monitoring and evaluation, countries may more effectively stay ahead of emerging environmental issues, improve their environmental performance and be accountable to their citizens. The ECE Environmental Performance Review Programme provides valuable assistance to member States by regularly assessing their environmental performance so that they can take steps to improve their environmental management, integrate environmental considerations into economic sectors, increase the availability of information to the public and promote information exchange with other countries on policies and experiences. -
Abhazya/Gürcistan: Tarih – Siyaset – Kültür
TÜR L Ü K – CEMAL GAMAKHARİA LİA AKHALADZE T ASE Y Sİ – H ARİ T : AN T S Cİ R A/GÜ Y ABHAZ ZE D İA AKHALA İA L İA İA R ABHAZYA/GÜRCİSTAN: ,6%1 978-9941-461-51-4 L GAMAKHA L TARİH – SİYASET – KÜLTÜR CEMA 9 7 8 9 9 4 1 4 6 1 5 1 4 CEMAL GAMAKHARİ A Lİ A AKHALADZE ABHAZYA/GÜRCİ STAN: TARİ H – Sİ YASET – KÜLTÜR Tiflis - İ stanbul 2016 UDC (uak) 94+32+008)(479.224) G-16 Yayın Kurulu: Teimuraz Mjavia (Editör), Prof. Dr. Roin Kavrelişvili, Prof. Dr. Erdoğan Altınkaynak, Prof. Dr. Rozeta Gujejiani, Giorgi Iremadze. Gürcüce’den Türkçe’ye Prof. Dr. Roin Kavrelişvili tarafından tercüme edil- miştir. Bu kitapta Gürcistan’ın Özerk Cumhuriyeti Abhazya’nın etno-politik tarihi üzerine dikkat çekilmiş ve bu bölgede bulunan kadim Hıristiyan kül- türüne ait ana esaslar ile ilgili genel görüşler ortaya konulmuştur. Etnik, siyasi ve kültürel açıdan bakıldığında, Abhazya’nın günümüzde sahip olduğu toprakların, tarihin eski dönemlerinden bu yana Gürcü bölgesi olduğu ve bölgede gerçekleşen demografik değişiklilerin ancak Orta Çağın son dönemlerinde gerçekleştiği anlaşılmaktadır. Bu kitabın yazarları 1992 – 1993 yılları arasında Rusya tarafından Gürcistan’a karşı girişilen hibrid savaşlardan ve 2008’de gerçekleştirilen açık saldırganlıktan bahsetmektedirler. Burada, savaştan sonra meydana gelen insani felaketler betimlenmiş, Abhazya’nın işgali ile Avrupa- Atlantik sahasına karşı yapılan hukuksuz jeopolitik gelişmeler anlatılmış ve uluslararası kuruluşların katılımıyla Abhazya’da sürekli ortaya çıkan çatışmaların barışçıl bir yol ile çözülmesinin gerekliliği üzerinde durulmuştur. Düzenleme Levan Titmeria ISBN 978-9941-461-51-4 İçindekiler Giriş (Prof. Dr. Cemal Gamakharia) ..................................... 5 1. -
Glaciers Dynamics Over the Last One Century in the Kodori River Basin, Caucasus Mountains, Georgia, Abkhazeti
American Journal of Environmental Protection 2015; 4(3-1): 22-28 Published online June 23, 2015 (http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ajep) doi: 10.11648/j.ajep.s.2015040301.14 ISSN: 2328-5680 (Print); ISSN: 2328-5699 (Online) Glaciers Dynamics Over the Last One Century in the Kodori River Basin, Caucasus Mountains, Georgia, Abkhazeti Levan G. Tielidze 1, Lela Gadrani 1, Mariam Tsitsagi 1, Nino Chikhradze 1,2 1Vakhushti Bagrationi Institute of Geography, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia 2Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia Email address: [email protected] (L. G. Tielidze), [email protected] (L. G. Tielidze) To cite this article: Levan G. Tielidze, Lela Gadrani, Mariam Tsitsagi, Nino Chikhradze. Glaciers Dynamics Over the last One Century in the Kodori River Basin, Caucasus Mountains, Georgia, Abkhazeti. American Journal of Environmental Protection . Special Issue: Applied Ecology: Problems, Innovations. Vol. 4, No. 3-1, 2015, pp. 22-28. doi: 10.11648/j.ajep.s.2015040301.14 Abstract: This paper considers the last one century’s dynamics of the glaciers in the Kodori River basin, which is located on the southern slope of the Greater Caucasus in Georgia. The latest statistical information is also given about the glaciers located in the individual river basins; Their morphological types, exposition and the dynamics are considered according to the individual years. In our research, we used the Catalogue of the glaciers of Georgia compiled by K. Podozerskiy in 1911. We also used the military topographic maps with the scale of 1:25 000 and 1:50 000 drawn up in 1960, where there are mapped in detail the glaciers and the ends of their ice tongues on the southern slope of Greater Caucasus of those times. -
Abkhazia: Deepening Dependence
ABKHAZIA: DEEPENING DEPENDENCE Europe Report N°202 – 26 February 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS................................................. i I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 1 II. RECOGNITION’S TANGIBLE EFFECTS ................................................................... 2 A. RUSSIA’S POST-2008 WAR MILITARY BUILD-UP IN ABKHAZIA ...................................................3 B. ECONOMIC ASPECTS ....................................................................................................................5 1. Dependence on Russian financial aid and investment .................................................................5 2. Tourism potential.........................................................................................................................6 3. The 2014 Sochi Olympics............................................................................................................7 III. LIFE IN ABKHAZIA........................................................................................................ 8 A. POPULATION AND CITIZENS .........................................................................................................8 B. THE 2009 PRESIDENTIAL POLL ..................................................................................................10 C. EXTERNAL RELATIONS ..............................................................................................................11