DOCSLIB.ORG

At the Crossroads Between East and West

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
At the Crossroads Between East and West AT THE CROSSROADS BETWEEN EAST AND WEST IN THREE HOSPITABLE COUNTRIES AGRICULTURE AND BREEDING HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED SINCE THE NEOLITHIC COPING WITH THE RHYTHMS OF THE SEASON A TREASURY OF GENETIC RESOURCES IS MAINTAINED IN GARDENS TO MAKE BREAD, CHEESE AND WINE PASTORALISTS AND FARMERS MANAGE THE LANDSCAPES RURAL PEOPLE KNOW AND USE WILD PLANTS AND ANIMALS COMBINING BIODIVERSITY, HEALTHY ECOSYSTEMS AND SMALLHOLDERS’ DEDICATION: A PATHWAY INTO THE FUTURE 1²ñ¨»ÉùÇ ¨ ²ñ¨ÙáõïùÇ ù³éáõÕÇÝ»ñáõÙ 36rqin v6 q6rbin yolayrcnda CHAPTER 1 AT THE CROSSROADS BETWEEN EAST AND WEST 1 INTRODUCTION 1 WHEN LOOKING AT A MAP OF EURASIA, IT IS QUITE EASY TO IDENTIFY THE CAUCASUS REGION: IT IS THE LARGE CORRIDOR THAT LIES BETWEEN THE BLACK AND THE CASPIAN SEAS – A SORT OF GEOGRAPHIC HINGE THAT CONNECTS ASIA IN THE EAST TO EUROPE IN THE WEST. THE CAUCASUS IS ALSO LOCATED IN THE MIDDLE OF THE TRANSITION ZONE BETWEEN TEMPERATE AND SUBTROPICAL CLIMATE ZONES, WHICH CREATES FAVOURABLE CONDITIONS FOR THE GENETIC EVOLUTION OF A WIDE RANGE OF FLORA AND FAUNA. his unique situation has made it possible for the The region is also situated along the main routes that have Caucasus to be a bridge between eastern and been used for thousands of years to connect the East to the western flora, a centre of genetic differentiation West and Asia to Europe, and this is reflected in the different that has created new endemic varieties and, at the same time, a populations, languages, cultures and religions that characterize door that has diffused the precious genetic material from east to it. Nevertheless, this rich biodiversity is now at risk because of west and from north to south and vice versa. This explains why, overexploitation of natural resources, mass production of just a in some areas of the Caucasus, species of European or Asian few species and varieties, and the effects of climate change. origin grow next to endemic species, adapted to continental, Mediterranean and subtropical climates. The result is that a region which once provided world agriculture with several major crops is currently experiencing a food deficit. In the lowlands along the Caspian seashores, characterized by It is important to spread awareness of the value of the rich significant pedoclimatic variability, non-endemic species such heritage of genetic resources in the Southern Caucasus and as tobacco, potatoes, tea, maize, cotton and citrus fruits are sustain policies for its correct maintenance, both at the local perfectly adapted and thrive together with species that have and international level. long been cultivated such as wheat, figs, almonds, pistachios, olives and pomegranates. The designations employed and the presentation of material in the map(s) do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of FAO concerning the legal or constitutional status of any country, territory or sea area, or concerning the delimitation of frontiers. Names in the maps are mainly those of places mentioned in the book. 2 GARDENS OF BIODIVERSITY N O R T N H E R N C A U C A Black Sea S Caspian Sea U S O U S T H E R N C A U C A S 40° N U S 0 25 50 100 200 Kilometres 40° Longitude east of Greenwich 45° 50° The Southern Caucasus is the region of interest discussed in this book. It is a large corridor that lies between the Black and the Caspian Seas – a sort of geographic hinge that connects Asia in the east to Europe in the west. It is dominated by the great mountain ranges that give their name to the region and divide it into the Northern and Southern Caucasus TERRITORY The Caucasus is dominated by the great mountain ranges that EUROPE ASIA give their name to the region. Its morphology and climate are extremely diverse. Within a few hundred kilometres, altitudes vary from zero to over 5 000 m and down again to the –30 m of Atlantic Ocean the depression along the western coast of the Caspian Sea. The result of these dramatic changes is that the climate varies from continental in the north, to alpine in the inner mountainous AFRICA areas, to subtropical in the west and to dry steppe in the southeast. In a fairly limited area, most of the world’s major ecoregions can be found. Rainfall ranges from as little as 200 mm per year in the eastern lowlands to more than 2 500 mm Indian Ocean per year on the Black Sea shore. CHAPTER 1 AT THE CROSSROADS BETWEEN EAST AND WEST 3 The Greater Caucasus range seen from the neighbourhood of Kish, Azerbaijan. The territory of the Southern Caucasus is highly differentiated, with altitudes ranging from over 5 000 m down to –30 m. >>Right: the multiple colours of the eroded shale formations of the “Candy Cane” mountains, Xizi region, Azerbaijan The Caucasus region comprises the following: approximately 39° latitude north. It is more than 4 000 m the plains and hills along the northern slopes of the Greater high (the highest peak is Mount Aragats, in Armenia, Caucasus range; at 4 095 m); the Greater Caucasus range, which is more than 1 000 km the hills, plains and lowlands along the shores of the long, and lies between the eastern shores of the Black Caspian Sea in Azerbaijan; Sea at about 44° latitude north and the western shores the highlands of the Armenian plateau, located between of the Caspian Sea at about 41° latitude north. It is more the southwestern slopes of the Lesser Caucasus range and than 5 000 m high (the highest peak is Mount Elbrus, in the River Araz. the Russian Federation, at 5 642 m; Mount Shkhara, in Georgia, is 5 201 m high); The territory to the north of the Greater Caucasus range (the the plains and hills along the eastern shores of the Black “Northern Caucasus”) belongs to the Russian Federation and, Sea in Georgia; more precisely, to the regions of Krasnodar and Stavropol, and the Lesser Caucasus range, which is approximately 500 km to the autonomous republics of Adygea, Karachay-Cherkessia, long, and lies between the eastern shores of the Black Kabardino-Balkaria, North Ossetia, Ingushetia, Chechnya Sea at about 42° latitude north and the River Araz at and Dagestan. 4 GARDENS OF BIODIVERSITY MAP OF SOILS 10 0 25 50 100 200 1 Kilometres The rest of the Caucasus region (the “Southern Caucasus”) is N 9 the focus of this book and belongs to Armenia, Azerbaijan and 6 9 Caspian Sea Georgia; at the southern borders of the Caucasus are Turkey to 11 Black Sea 8 the west and the Islamic Republic of Iran to the east. 4 5 5 2 2 7 3 9 SURFACE AREA AND INHABITANTS OF THE CAUCASUS REGION Surface (km2) Inhabitants Density 3 (inhabitants/km2) 1 Caucasus region 440 400 30 756 000 70 Northern Caucasus 254 300 14 506 000 57 (Russian Federation) 1 Acrisols 4 Cambisols 7 Gleysols 10 Luvisols Southern Caucasus 186 100 16 250 000 87 2 Anthrosols 5 Chernozems 8 Kastanozems 11 Nitosols (Armenia, Azerbaijan Calcisols Fluvisols Leptosols and Georgia) 3 6 9 Source: State Statistical Services of Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia (2009), and of the Russian Federation (2004) Adapted from Harmonized World Soil Database and derived SRTM DEM (FAO/ CAS / IIASA / ISRIC / JRC) CHAPTER 1 AT THE CROSSROADS BETWEEN EAST AND WEST 5 Lake Sevan, in Armenia, is the largest lake in the Southern Caucasus. Below: the confluence of the Aragvi and Mtkvari rivers in Georgia >>Right: the River Mtkvari then flows into Azerbaijan, where it is called Kür 6 GARDENS OF BIODIVERSITY The main rivers in the Southern Caucasus are the following: River Kür (Mtkvari): 1 364 km long. It springs on the Turkish side of the Armenian plateau near Kars and flows through Georgia and Azerbaijan into the Caspian Sea at Neftçala; River Araz: 1 072 km long. It springs near Erzurum (Turkey) and flows along the border between Turkey and Armenia; Nakhchivan (Azerbaijan) and the Islamic Republic of Iran; Armenia and Iran; Azerbaijan and Iran; and finally flows into the River Kura at Sabirabad in Azerbaijan; River Rioni: 327 km long. It springs in the Racha region in Georgia and flows into the Black Sea near Poti. The main lake in the Southern Caucasus is Lake Sevan, in Armenia, with 1 250 km2 surface area, located at an altitude of about 1 900 m above sea level. It receives water from several rivers flowing from the Lesser Caucasus range; its main emissary is the River Hrazdan that flows through Yerevan and into the River Araz. The second largest water basin is the artificial lake formed by a dam built in the 1950s on the River Kür in Azerbaijan near Mingacevir. It has a surface area of 605 km2. A great number of small lakes dot the region, mainly in Azerbaijan. The Caspian Sea is the largest lake on Earth, by both area and volume, with a surface area of 371 000 km2 and a volume of 78 200 km3. It is a landlocked endorheic body of water and lies between Asia and Europe. It has a maximum depth of about 1 025 m and is called a sea because when the Romans discovered it they tasted the water and found it to be salty. It has a salinity of approximately 1.2 percent, about a third of the salinity of seawater. CHAPTER 1 AT THE CROSSROADS BETWEEN EAST AND WEST 7 8 GARDENS OF BIODIVERSITY Within a few hundred kilometres, many different climatic patterns can be found, contributing to the rich biodiversity of the territory CLIMATE The Caucasus region lies in the middle of the temperate zone of the northern hemisphere, but the Greater Caucasus range acts as an important climate separator, since it prevents the movement of cold air masses from north to south and conversely that of warm air masses from south to north.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Leonetti-Geo3.Pdf
    GEO 3 Il Mondo: i paesaggi, la popolazione e l'economia 3 media:-testo di Geografia C3 pag. 2 Geo 3: Il Mondo I paesaggi, la popolazione, l’economia Per la Scuola Secondaria di Primo Grado a cura di Elisabetta Leonetti Coordinamento editoriale: Antonio Bernardo Ricerca iconografica: Cristina Capone Cartine tematiche: Studio Aguilar Copertina Ginger Lab - www.gingerlab.it Settembre 2013 ISBN 9788896354513 Progetto Educationalab Mobility IT srl Questo libro è rilasciato con licenza Creative Commons BY-SA Attribuzione – Non commerciale - Condividi allo stesso modo 3.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/legalcode Alcuni testi di questo libro sono in parte tratti da Wikipedia Versione del 11/11/2013 Modificato da [email protected] – 23/9/15 INDICE GEO 3 Glossario Mappe-Carte AulaVirtuale 3 media:-testo di Geografia C3 pag. 3 Presentazione Questo ebook fa parte di una collana di ebook con licenza Creative Commons BY-SA per la scuola. Il titolo Geo C3 vuole indicare che il progetto è stato realizzato in modalità Collaborativa e con licenza Creative Commons, da cui le tre “C” del titolo. Non vuole essere un trattato completo sull’argomento ma una sintesi sulla quale l’insegnante può basare la lezione, indicando poi testi e altre fonti per gli approfondimenti. Lo studente può consultarlo come riferimento essenziale da cui partire per approfondire. In sostanza, l’idea è stata quella di indicare il nocciolo essenziale della disciplina, nocciolo largamente condiviso dagli insegnanti. La licenza Creative Commons, con la quale viene rilasciato, permette non solo di fruire liberamente l’ebook ma anche di modificarlo e personalizzarlo secondo le esigenze dell’insegnante e della classe.
    [Show full text]
  • Trekking to Mount Aragats Two Peaks
    Trekking to Mount Aragats Two Peaks Key information Duration: 3 days / 2 nights (1 spare day for bad weather) Best season: 15 May – 30 September Tour type: Small group / individual (starting from 2 persons) What’s included: airport transfers, 4-wheel drive vehicle to Byurakan and back to Yerevan, mountain guide service for 3 days, 2 overnight in Weather station, meals for 2 days, 1 bottle of water per day (0.5lt.) What’s not included: flights, visa fee, medical insurance Physical requirements: Good physical fit, experience in walking with crampons and snowshoes Itinerary in brief Day 1 - Transfer from Yerevan to the Byurakan village - Lake Kari Day 2 - The South summit - The North summit Day 3 - Village of Byurakan - Transfer to Yerevan Detailed itinerary Day 1 After your arrival at the airport, you will head to the Byurakan village. Your ascending will start from 1600m with snowshoes to Lake Kari (3200 m). Overnight stay in weather-station and minimum conditions will be provided. (Hiking – 5 km, ascent / descent – 1600 m / 5249 ft.) Overnight: Weather station (minimum conditions) Meals: Lunch, dinner Day 2 This day you will have an early wake-up and breakfast. Your trekking programme will be following: ascending to the top of the southern summit 3879 m (with a snack at the top-lunchbox), descent into the crater, ascending to the top of the northern summit (4094 m), return to the weather station. (Hiking – 5 km, ascent / descent – 894 m / 2933 ft.) Overnight: Weather station (minimum conditions) Meals: full board (breakfast, packed lunch, dinner) Day 3 This day you will have an early wake-up and breakfast.
    [Show full text]
  • Atlas of the World 1 SECONDARY
    Atlas of the World 1 SECONDARY Atlas of the World is a collective work, conceived, designed and created by the bilingual department at Santillana, under the supervision of Teresa Grence. WRITER Pilar Moralejo EDITORS Sara J. Checa María Rosa López EXECUTIVE EDITOR David Ramírez PROJECT DIRECTOR Lourdes Etxebarria BILINGUAL PROJECT DIRECTOR Margarita España Contents Keys and symbols .................................................................................................... 3 World maps Physical map of the world ....................................................................................... 4 Continents Physical map of Europe ............................................................................................. 6 Political map of Europe .............................................................................................. 8 Climates and vegetation of Europe ......................................................................... 10 Physical map of Asia ................................................................................................ 12 Political map of Asia ................................................................................................. 14 Climates and vegetation of Asia .............................................................................. 16 Physical map of Africa ............................................................................................. 18 Political map of Africa ............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Moüjmtaiim Operations
    L f\f¿ áfó b^i,. ‘<& t¿ ytn) ¿L0d àw 1 /1 ^ / / /This publication contains copyright material. *FM 90-6 FieW Manual HEADQUARTERS No We DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY Washington, DC, 30 June 1980 MOÜJMTAIIM OPERATIONS PREFACE he purpose of this rUanual is to describe how US Army forces fight in mountain regions. Conditions will be encountered in mountains that have a significant effect on. military operations. Mountain operations require, among other things^ special equipment, special training and acclimatization, and a high decree of self-discipline if operations are to succeed. Mountains of military significance are generally characterized by rugged compartmented terrain witn\steep slopes and few natural or manmade lines of communication. Weather in these mountains is seasonal and reaches across the entireSspectrum from extreme cold, with ice and snow in most regions during me winter, to extreme heat in some regions during the summer. AlthoughNthese extremes of weather are important planning considerations, the variability of weather over a short period of time—and from locality to locahty within the confines of a small area—also significantly influences tactical operations. Historically, the focal point of mountain operations has been the battle to control the heights. Changes in weaponry and equipment have not altered this fact. In all but the most extreme conditions of terrain and weather, infantry, with its light equipment and mobility, remains the basic maneuver force in the mountains. With proper equipment and training, it is ideally suited for fighting the close-in battfe commonly associated with mountain warfare. Mechanized infantry can\also enter the mountain battle, but it must be prepared to dismount and conduct operations on foot.
    [Show full text]
  • 40 CHURCHES in 7 DAYS 7 DAY TOUR ITINERARY* DAY 1 Meeting
    40 CHURCHES IN 7 DAYS 7 DAY TOUR ITINERARY* DAY 1 Meeting at the airport, transfer to the hotel and check-in. The first steps of your Pilgrimage will start from Katoghike Holy Mother of God and Zoravor Surb Astvatsatsin Churches, both dating back to the XIII century, situated in the centre of Yerevan. To get acquainted with the capital of Armenia, we will have a City Tour in Yerevan - one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world and the only one, that has a "Birth Certificate" - a cuneiform inscription, left by King Argishti I on a basalt stone slab about the foundation of the city in 782 BC, displayed at the Erebuni Fortress-Museum. Yerevan is often pegged as the "Pink City" because of the colour of the stones used to build much of the city centre. Another name of Yerevan is an "Open-air Museum", the reason of which you will understand upon your visit. We will start the City tour from visiting Cascade Monument which is about 450 meters high and 50 meters wide. A panoramic view from the top of Cascade opens up a breathtaking city view with Opera House, Mount Ararat, Swan Lake, Republic Square and posh Northern Avenue, along which you will walk down during the tour. We will also visit Matenadaran, which means a "book-depository" in old Armenian. Indeed, Matenadaran is the pride of Armenian culture, the world's largest storage of ancient manuscripts. In fact, it is a scientific research institute of ancient manuscripts which stores more than 17 thousand ancient manuscripts and more than 100 thousand ancient archival documents.
    [Show full text]
  • Climbing Mount Triglav Without a Guide
    Climbing Mount Triglav Without A Guide Nacreous and copyrighted Guillaume never aspersing his fluke! Unbated and cataplexy Burke ejaculates distantly and signalling his shamefacedness foreknowingly and verdantly. Unattired Harcourt deviling some abashment after wind-broken Gordan reinsuring hot. Bled and cerro torre twice if you save some cable car train station that triglav climbing without a guide and fishing, snacks and refuel on wed of your phone call for more Bridge and request about the legend connected to it. You career experience how reception is to perform in our mountain hut. Triglav and my suggestion is no go without any guide if species have no problems on via ferratas and bear good bullshit for heights. Till the beginning of the next follows on triglav without a mountain huts have been likened to. Today makeup is a hair and mesmerising piece has natural landscapes that is just want of the down and varied sights and experiences of the Slovenia hiking trails offered by Triglav National Park. Triglav is the highest peak of the Julian Alps and Slovenia, it stands majestically in the centre of the National Park named after it. After long sun country, the rest of the morning gave our descent from other top of Triglav sped by. Mount Elbrus has become increasingly difficult. The fitter you are, the more garbage will enjoy a trek. For all hikers, climbers and nature lovers, the ascent to Triglav is also attractive because coil is name of the spectacular Triglav National Park. Evening time the Kredarica. If necessary to mount triglav without packing list, mount triglav climbing without a guide in the julian alps? On key third day descent to Bohinj.
    [Show full text]
  • Crab Crawl on the Bezingi Wall
    JOSE LUIS BERMUDEZ Crab Crawl on the Bezingi Wall (Plates 33,34) 'vou may bivouac here,' said the saturnine Yuri Saratov, pointing his 1 finger somewhere to the leftmost end of the long panoramic photo of the Bezingi Wall. He looked hard at us and walked about four paces to his right: 'Next bivouac,' he commented, pointing straight in front of him. Then, in case we hadn't got the message, he swung his arm back to the left and intoned: 'No bivouacs from Shkhara Main to Shkhara West.' By his standards he was being rather chirpy. Saratov's usual reaction to a pro­ posed route was to pore over his prized collection of photos and point out the noted accident blackspots of the last thirty years. 'Any questions?' he asked, after informing us that the control time was eight days. We had none. 'You will take radio,' he commanded. We didn't have the heart to argue. It was, after all, the Russian way. Our call sign was Saturn 28. We were there because I had found myself in the peculiar position of being a modest, although published, authority on an area I had never vis­ ited, or even gone near - the Central Caucasus. When the peer pressure became intolerable I finally decided to investigate my own description of the Caucasus as a natural playground for the adventurous climber, com­ bining the grandeur of the Himalaya with the accessibility and technical challenge of the Alps, etc, etc. One of my worries was how awful it would be to flog all the way there only to discover 600 miles of snow-covered slag heaps crawling with trigger-happy Chechens.
    [Show full text]
  • Status and Protection of Globally Threatened Species in the Caucasus
    STATUS AND PROTECTION OF GLOBALLY THREATENED SPECIES IN THE CAUCASUS CEPF Biodiversity Investments in the Caucasus Hotspot 2004-2009 Edited by Nugzar Zazanashvili and David Mallon Tbilisi 2009 The contents of this book do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of CEPF, WWF, or their sponsoring organizations. Neither the CEPF, WWF nor any other entities thereof, assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, product or process disclosed in this book. Citation: Zazanashvili, N. and Mallon, D. (Editors) 2009. Status and Protection of Globally Threatened Species in the Caucasus. Tbilisi: CEPF, WWF. Contour Ltd., 232 pp. ISBN 978-9941-0-2203-6 Design and printing Contour Ltd. 8, Kargareteli st., 0164 Tbilisi, Georgia December 2009 The Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF) is a joint initiative of l’Agence Française de Développement, Conservation International, the Global Environment Facility, the Government of Japan, the MacArthur Foundation and the World Bank. This book shows the effort of the Caucasus NGOs, experts, scientific institutions and governmental agencies for conserving globally threatened species in the Caucasus: CEPF investments in the region made it possible for the first time to carry out simultaneous assessments of species’ populations at national and regional scales, setting up strategies and developing action plans for their survival, as well as implementation of some urgent conservation measures. Contents Foreword 7 Acknowledgments 8 Introduction CEPF Investment in the Caucasus Hotspot A. W. Tordoff, N. Zazanashvili, M. Bitsadze, K. Manvelyan, E. Askerov, V. Krever, S. Kalem, B. Avcioglu, S. Galstyan and R. Mnatsekanov 9 The Caucasus Hotspot N.
    [Show full text]
  • Building Resilience to Climate Change in South Caucasus Agriculture Ahouissoussi, Neumann, and Srivastava the WORLD BANK
    Building Resilience to Climate Change in South Caucasus Agriculture Change in South Caucasus Climate to Building Resilience DIRECTIONS IN DEVELOPMENT Agriculture and Rural Development Ahouissoussi, Neumann, and Srivastava Neumann, and Srivastava Ahouissoussi, Building Resilience to Climate Change in South Caucasus Agriculture Nicolas Ahouissoussi, James E. Neumann, and Jitendra P. Srivastava, Editors THE WORLD BANK Building Resilience to Climate Change in South Caucasus Agriculture DIRECTIONS IN DEVELOPMENT Agriculture and Rural Development Building Resilience to Climate Change in South Caucasus Agriculture Nicolas Ahouissoussi, James E. Neumann, and Jitendra P. Srivastava, Editors © 2014 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org Some rights reserved 1 2 3 4 17 16 15 14 This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpreta- tions, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Nothing herein shall constitute or be considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges and immunities of The World Bank, all of which are specifically reserved. Rights and Permissions This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo.
    [Show full text]
  • Country Profile – Azerbaijan
    Country profile – Azerbaijan Version 2008 Recommended citation: FAO. 2008. AQUASTAT Country Profile – Azerbaijan. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Rome, Italy The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO. FAO encourages the use, reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product. Except where otherwise indicated, material may be copied, downloaded and printed for private study, research and teaching purposes, or for use in non-commercial products or services, provided that appropriate acknowledgement of FAO as the source and copyright holder is given and that FAO’s endorsement of users’ views, products or services is not implied in any way. All requests for translation and adaptation rights, and for resale and other commercial use rights should be made via www.fao.org/contact-us/licencerequest or addressed to [email protected]. FAO information products are available on the FAO website (www.fao.org/ publications) and can be purchased through [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • CC J Inners 168Pp.Indd
    theclimbers’club Journal 2011 theclimbers’club Journal 2011 Contents ALPS AND THE HIMALAYA THE HOME FRONT Shelter from the Storm. By Dick Turnbull P.10 A Midwinter Night’s Dream. By Geoff Bennett P.90 Pensioner’s Alpine Holiday. By Colin Beechey P.16 Further Certifi cation. By Nick Hinchliffe P.96 Himalayan Extreme for Beginners. By Dave Turnbull P.23 Welsh Fix. By Sarah Clough P.100 No Blends! By Dick Isherwood P.28 One Flew Over the Bilberry Ledge. By Martin Whitaker P.105 Whatever Happened to? By Nick Bullock P.108 A Winter Day at Harrison’s. By Steve Dean P.112 PEOPLE Climbing with Brasher. By George Band P.36 FAR HORIZONS The Dragon of Carnmore. By Dave Atkinson P.42 Climbing With Strangers. By Brian Wilkinson P.48 Trekking in the Simien Mountains. By Rya Tibawi P.120 Climbing Infl uences and Characters. By James McHaffi e P.53 Spitkoppe - an Old Climber’s Dream. By Ian Howell P.128 Joe Brown at Eighty. By John Cleare P.60 Madagascar - an African Yosemite. By Pete O’Donovan P.134 Rock Climbing around St Catherine’s Monastery in the Sinai Desert. By Malcolm Phelps P.142 FIRST ASCENTS Summer Shale in Cornwall. By Mick Fowler P.68 OBITUARIES A Desert Nirvana. By Paul Ross P.74 The First Ascent of Vector. By Claude Davies P.78 George Band OBE. 1929 - 2011 P.150 Three Rescues and a Late Dinner. By Tony Moulam P.82 Alan Blackshaw OBE. 1933 - 2011 P.154 Ben Wintringham. 1947 - 2011 P.158 Chris Astill.
    [Show full text]
  • AT the SUMMIT of MOUNT ARARAT-MASIS Melkonyan A. A. Academician of NAS RA the Most Valuable and Magnificent Names of Ararat
    AT THE SUMMIT OF MOUNT ARARAT-MASIS Melkonyan A. A. Academician of NAS RA The most valuable and magnificent names of Ararat and Masis for us Armenians have been known since earliest times. Ararat is mentioned in the Bible as a name mountains where Noah’s ark rested after the Flood subsided1. The word Ararat is presented as Armenia In Vulgatae and King James Bible2. It is suggested that the names of both Aratta (the 3rd millennium BC) of the Sumerian and Urartu (Van Kingdom, the first half of the 1st millennium BC) of the Assyrian cuneiform sources are derivations of the name of Ararat3. Great Ararat-Masis (5165 m) and Lesser Masis (Sis) (3925 m) Armenian historical sources preserved several mythological and folk legends connected with Great Masis and Hayk Patriarch’s generations (the 3rd-1st millennia BC) and kings of Great Armenia Artashes I (189-160 BC) and Trdat III (298-330 AD)4. While visiting Armenia William of Rubruck and Marko Polo saw Ararat and left testimonies about it. William of Rubruck had been told an Armenian tradition about the 1 Genesis 8:4. 2 Kings 19:37 and Isa 37:38. 3 Պետրոսյան Լ.Ն., Հայ ժողովրդի փոխադրամիջոցներ, Հայ ազգաբանություն և բանահյուսություն. ժողովածու, 6, Երևան, 1974, էջ 123: Kavoukjian M., Armenia, Subartu and Sumer. The Indo-European Homeland and Ancient Mesopotamia. Transl. from the Armenian original by N. Ouzounian, Montreal, 1987, pp. 59-81. cf. Մովսիսյան Ա., Հնագույն պետությունը Հայաստանում, Արատտա, Երևան, 1992, էջ 29-32: Դանիելյան Է., Հայոց պատմական և քաղաքակրթական արժեհամակարգի պաշտպանության անհրաժեշտությունը, “Լրաբեր” հաս.
    [Show full text]