DOCSLIB.ORG

Yangon University of Economics Master of Development Studies Programme

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

YANGON UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS MASTER OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES PROGRAMME CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN MYANMAR AMONG CLMV COUNTRIES (CAMBODIA, LAO PDR, MYANMAR, VIETNAM) KHINE MYINTZU TUN EMDevS – 9 (15th Batch) NOVEMBER, 2019 1 YANGON UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS MASTER OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES PROGRAMME CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN MYANMAR AMONG CLMV COUNTRIES (CAMBODIA, LAO PDR, MYANMAR, VIETNAM) A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Development Studies (MDevS) Degree Supervised by: Submitted by: Dr. Khin Thida Nyein Khine Myintzu Tun Professor Roll No.9 Department of Economics EMDevS-15th Batch Yangon University of Economics (2017-2019) NOVEMBER, 2019 i YANGON UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS MASTER OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES PROGRAMME This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Challenges and Opportunities of Tourism Development in Myanmar among CLMV countries” submitted as a partial fulfilment towards the requirements for the degree of Master of Development Studies, has been accepted by the Board of Examiners. BOARD OF EXAMINERS 1. Dr. Tin Win Rector Yangon University of Economics (Chief Examiner) 2. Dr. Nilar Myint Htoo Pro – Rector Yangon University of Economics (Examiner) 3. Dr. Kyaw Min Htun Pro – Rector (Retd.) Yangon University of Economics (Examiner) 4. Dr. Cho Cho Thein Professor and Head Department of Economics Yangon University of Economics (Examiner) 5. Dr. Tha Pye Nyo Professor Department of Economics Yangon University of Economics (Examiner) NOVEMBER, 2019 ii ABSTRACT Being recognized the noticeable change of Globalization, Tourism Development is the fruitful result of business movement from globalization rapidly. Within ASEAN, Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar and Vietnam (CLMV) countries have the most potential in tourism development. This thesis identify CLMV countries tourism development and examine the challenges and opportunities of current Myanmar Tourism development. The study found out that after emerging from decades of conflict, CLMV prioritized tourism in national socioeconomic development plans and moved forward the regional economic integrations. In Myanmar, enriching natural and cultural assets, broaden of Inbound Tourism Markets and noticeable changes in visa policy are opportunities of current tourism sector but there are 3 major challenges which are poor infrastructures and maintenances, unskilled labors in employments and unprogressive policy and regulation within country. The thesis suggested that challenges will be partially overcome by welcoming SME business and more investment in infrastructures, providing TVET vocational schools around the country and investing and uplifting ICT development within the region. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to express my deep gratitude to Master of Development Studies Programme Committee, Yangon University of Economics for providing me with the opportunity to undertake this research. I am deeply grateful to Dr. Tin Win, Rector and Dr. Ni Lar Myint Htoo, Pro – Rector of Yangon University of Economics for giving me the permission to carry out this research work, a partial fulfillment towards the degree of Master of Development Studies. I would like to express my great gratitude to Dr. Cho Cho Thein, Head of Department of Economics and Programme Director of Master of Development Studies Programme, for her guidance, and instructions. My special thanks go to my supervisor Dr. Khin Thida Nyein, Professor, Department of Economics, for her practical advices and valuable guidance, valid suggestions and inspirational advice to accomplish my thesis. Finally, I would like to special appreciation to my beloved colleagues from my workplace, Melia Yangon Family and my class mates of Master of Development Studies Programme, 15th batch for their understanding and support to each other. In addition, as for the data and the presentation of this thesis, I am the most responsible person for what I have prepared and presented in my thesis. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv TABLE OF CONTENTS v LIST OF TABLES vii ABBREVIATIONS viii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale of the Study 1 1.2 Objective of the Study 3 1.3 Method of Study 3 1.4 Scope and Limitation of the Study 3 1.5 Organizations of the Study 4 CHAPTER II. LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 History of Tourism 5 2.2 Sustainable Tourism Development 7 2.3 Importance for Socio Economic Growth 9 2.4 Reviews on Previous Studies 13 CHAPTER III. OVERVIEW OF CLMV’S ECONOMY 3.1 Countries Profile and Geography 15 3.2 Government Reforms of CLMV 18 3.3 Economic Overviews of CLMV 20 3.4 Economic and Social Content 23 v CHAPTER IV. TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN CLMV COUNTRIES 4.1 Overview of Tourism 26 4.2 Factors of Tourism 31 4.3 Components of Tourism Sector 36 4.4 Government Policy and Strategic Plan 42 4.5 Survey Analysis 45 CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION 5.1 Findings 53 5.2 Suggestions 55 REFERENCES APPENDIX vi LIST OF TABLES Tables Page 2.1 Baseline Issue and Suggested Indicators 7 3.1 Profile and Geography of CLMV Countries 16 3.2 Government Reform Status in CLMV Countries 18 3.3 GDP and Growth Rate of CLMV (current prices in Millions/USD) 21 3.4 Services Sector Percentage in Countries GDP 22 3.5 Economic and Social Indicators, 2017/2018 24 4.1 Accommodation and Licensed Tour Agency of CLMV, 2017 28 4.2 Competitiveness Rankings for Infrastructure, Health and Hygiene 30 4.3 Tourism Services Intensity and International Visitor Arrival 30 4.4 Tourism’s Contribution to Gross Domestic Product and 32 Employment, 2015 4.5 International Visitor Arrivals, 2008 – 2017 (‘000) 32 4.6 Visitors Trends of CLMV, 2017 33 4.7 International Inbound Scheduled Air Passenger Traffic, 36 2012-2014 4.8 Visa Openness, 2013-2017 38 4.9 International and Communication Technology – Key Indicators 39 2014/2015 4.10 Natural and Cultural Protected Areas in ASEAN 41 4.11 Strategic Direction of Government Tourism Sector Strategies 45 4.11 Characteristics of the Respondents 47 4.12 Respondents’ view on importance of Infrastructure 48 4.13 Classification on different Infrastructures Needs 49 4.14 Classification of Tourism Market and others Supports 50 4.15 Importance of ICT in Tourism Sector 51 vii ABBREVIATIONS ASEAN : Association of South East Asia Nations APTA : Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement CLMV : Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar, Vietnam C.S.O : Civil Society Offices CPV : Communist Party of Vietnam CPP : The Cambodia People’s Party GDP : Gross Domestic Product GMS : Grate Mekong Sub region ICT : Information and Communication Technology Lao PDR : Lao People’s Democratic Republic LPRP : The Lao People’s Revolutionary Party MTF : Myanmar Tourism Federation MOHT : Ministry of Hotels and Tourism NLD : National League for Democracy PRC : People’s Republic of China SMEs : Small – Medium Enterprises TVET : Technical and Vocational Education and Training TH : Thailand UNEP : United Nations Environment Program UNESCO : United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNWTO : United Nations World Tourism Organization WTO : World Trade Organization WTTC : World Travel and Tourism Council viii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale of the Study The world is globalized. Globalization means the integration of national economies into expanding international markets (Investinganswers, 2019). It made happened the expanding of global market economy, larger scale of trading among countries and regional development. Tourism is essential in Global nowadays. Tourism development increases the direct and indirect revenue for country, openness of economies and financial flow for the Nations. Moreover, the creating more job opportunities for local citizens and promoting local culture and heritage are included in the result of tourism development. In 2016, Travel & Tourism generated US$7.6 trillion (10.2% of global GDP) in total and 292 million jobs, equivalent to 1 in 10 jobs in the global economy. The sector accounted for 6.6% of total global exports and almost 30% of total global service exports. It has been expected the tourism sector to support over 380 million jobs by 2027 (WTTC, 2017). The objective of United Nation World Tourism Organization is to maximize the contribution of tourism to socio-economic development, while minimizing its possible negative impacts. By maximizing tourism's development potential, it needs transformative agenda and take concrete actions moving forward to ensure tourism is key in the implementation of the 17 universal Sustainable Development Goals (UNWTO, Tourism and SDGs, 2015). Asia and the Pacific is the second most visited region in the world after Europe and has been the fastest growth in recent years. In 2016, the region enjoyed a remarkable 9% increase in international arrivals, the highest across world regions, to reach 308 million international tourists. Between 2005 and 2016 Asia outperformed all world regions in terms of growth, with arrivals increasing an average 7% per year. Within Asia and the Pacific, the 10 Southeast Asian countries that comprise Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) are among the world’s fastest-growing tourist destinations. ASEAN received 108 million international visitors in 2015, up more than 45% from just 6 years earlier. International visitor arrivals in ASEAN are expected to continue 1 increasing by 5.1% per year and reach 187 million in 2030 (UNWTO Asian Tourism Trends, 2017 Edition). Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar, and Vietnam joined ASEAN in the 1990s (known as CLMV) are strategically located between
Recommended publications
  • Module No. 1840 1840-1

    Module No. 1840 1840-1

    Module No. 1840 1840-1 GETTING ACQUAINTED Congratulations upon your selection of this CASIO watch. To get the most out Indicator Description of your purchase, be sure to carefully read this manual and keep it on hand for later reference when necessary. GPS • Watch is in the GPS Mode. • Flashes when the watch is performing a GPS measurement About this manual operation. • Button operations are indicated using the letters shown in the illustration. AUTO Watch is in the GPS Auto or Continuous Mode. • Each section of this manual provides basic information you need to SAVE Watch is in the GPS One-shot or Auto Mode. perform operations in each mode. Further details and technical information 2D Watch is performing a 2-dimensional GPS measurement (using can also be found in the “REFERENCE” section. three satellites). This is the type of measurement normally used in the Quick, One-Shot, and Auto Mode. 3D Watch is performing a 3-dimensional GPS measurement (using four or more satellites), which provides better accuracy than 2D. This is the type of measurement used in the Continuous LIGHT Mode when data is obtained from four or more satellites. MENU ALM Alarm is turned on. SIG Hourly Time Signal is turned on. GPS BATT Battery power is low and battery needs to be replaced. Precautions • The measurement functions built into this watch are not intended for Display Indicators use in taking measurements that require professional or industrial precision. Values produced by this watch should be considered as The following describes the indicators that reasonably accurate representations only.
  • Leonetti-Geo3.Pdf

    Leonetti-Geo3.Pdf

    GEO 3 Il Mondo: i paesaggi, la popolazione e l'economia 3 media:-testo di Geografia C3 pag. 2 Geo 3: Il Mondo I paesaggi, la popolazione, l’economia Per la Scuola Secondaria di Primo Grado a cura di Elisabetta Leonetti Coordinamento editoriale: Antonio Bernardo Ricerca iconografica: Cristina Capone Cartine tematiche: Studio Aguilar Copertina Ginger Lab - www.gingerlab.it Settembre 2013 ISBN 9788896354513 Progetto Educationalab Mobility IT srl Questo libro è rilasciato con licenza Creative Commons BY-SA Attribuzione – Non commerciale - Condividi allo stesso modo 3.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/legalcode Alcuni testi di questo libro sono in parte tratti da Wikipedia Versione del 11/11/2013 Modificato da [email protected] – 23/9/15 INDICE GEO 3 Glossario Mappe-Carte AulaVirtuale 3 media:-testo di Geografia C3 pag. 3 Presentazione Questo ebook fa parte di una collana di ebook con licenza Creative Commons BY-SA per la scuola. Il titolo Geo C3 vuole indicare che il progetto è stato realizzato in modalità Collaborativa e con licenza Creative Commons, da cui le tre “C” del titolo. Non vuole essere un trattato completo sull’argomento ma una sintesi sulla quale l’insegnante può basare la lezione, indicando poi testi e altre fonti per gli approfondimenti. Lo studente può consultarlo come riferimento essenziale da cui partire per approfondire. In sostanza, l’idea è stata quella di indicare il nocciolo essenziale della disciplina, nocciolo largamente condiviso dagli insegnanti. La licenza Creative Commons, con la quale viene rilasciato, permette non solo di fruire liberamente l’ebook ma anche di modificarlo e personalizzarlo secondo le esigenze dell’insegnante e della classe.
  • From the Phnom Samkos Wildlife Sanctuary, Cardamom Mountains, Southwest Cambodia

    From the Phnom Samkos Wildlife Sanctuary, Cardamom Mountains, Southwest Cambodia

    Zootaxa 3388: 41–55 (2012) ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2012 · Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) A new species of kukri snake (Colubridae: Oligodon Fitzinger, 1826) from the Phnom Samkos Wildlife Sanctuary, Cardamom Mountains, southwest Cambodia THY NEANG1,2, L. LEE GRISMER3 & JENNIFER C. DALTRY4 1Department of National Parks, Ministry of Environment, # 48, Samdech Preah Sihanouk, Tonle Bassac, Chamkarmorn, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. 2Fauna & Flora International (FFI), Cambodia. # 19, Street 360, BKK1, Chamkarmorn, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. E-mail: [email protected] 3Department of Biology, La Sierra University, 4500 Riverwalk Parkway, Riverside, California, 92515-8247 USA. E-mail: [email protected] 4Fauna & Flora International (FFI), Jupiter House (4th Floor), Station Road, Cambridge, CB1 2JD, United Kingdom. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract A new species of kukri snake Oligodon Fitzinger, 1826 is described from the Phnom Samkos Wildlife Sanctuary, Carda- mom Mountains, southwest Cambodia. Oligodon kampucheaensis sp. nov. differs from other Indochinese and Southeast Asian species of Oligodon by having 15–15–15 dorsal scale rows; 164 ventral scales; 39 subcaudal scales; anal plate un- divided; deep bifurcated hemipenes, lacking papillae and spines extending to subcaudal scale 11; 17 transverse cream and black-edged bands on body; three bands on tail; eight or nine scales long between dorsal bands; white ventrolateral spots on the lateral margin of every dark brown squarish or subrectangular ventral blotch. The hemipenial characters place it as the tenth species of the O. cyclurus group but it has a lower dorsal scale count than other species in this group.
  • Information Seeking in the Spirit of Learning: a Dataset For

    Information Seeking in the Spirit of Learning: a Dataset For

    Information Seeking in the Spirit of Learning: A Dataset for Conversational Curiosity Pedro Rodriguez∗ Paul Crook Computer Science Facebook University of Maryland [email protected] [email protected] Seungwhan Moon Zhiguang Wang Facebook Facebook [email protected] [email protected] Abstract U: <assistant wake-word>, tell me about Tahiti. A: It’s the largest island in French Polynesia, near Open-ended human learning and information- the center of the Pacific seeking are increasingly mediated by digi- U: What is its history with France? tal assistants. However, such systems of- ten ignore the user’s pre-existing knowledge. Assuming a correlation between engagement Figure 1: An example of information-seeking dialog and user responses such as “liking” messages that the Curiosity dataset aims to support. Assistants or asking followup questions, we design a should answer user questions and convey information Wizard-of-Oz dialog task that tests the hypoth- that inspires meaningful followup questions. esis that engagement increases when users are presented with facts related to what they know. Through crowd-sourcing of this experiment, Theories of human learning, such as Vygotsky’s we collect and release 14K dialogs (181K ut- zone of proximal development, propose that learn- terances) where users and assistants converse ing novel information should be rooted in pre- about geographic topics like geopolitical enti- existing knowledge and skills of the learner (Chaik- ties and locations. This dataset is annotated lin, 2003). Considering this, a good policy may with pre-existing user knowledge, message- give general information about Tahiti; a better pol- level dialog acts, grounding to Wikipedia, and user reactions to messages.
  • Module No. 2240 2240-1

    Module No. 2240 2240-1

    Module No. 2240 2240-1 GETTING ACQUAINTED Precautions • Congratulations upon your selection of this CASIO watch. To get the most out The measurement functions built into this watch are not intended for of your purchase, be sure to carefully read this manual and keep it on hand use in taking measurements that require professional or industrial for later reference when necessary. precision. Values produced by this watch should be considered as reasonably accurate representations only. About This Manual • Though a useful navigational tool, a GPS receiver should never be used • Each section of this manual provides basic information you need to perform as a replacement for conventional map and compass techniques. Remember that magnetic compasses can work at temperatures well operations in each mode. Further details and technical information can also be found in the “REFERENCE”. below zero, have no batteries, and are mechanically simple. They are • The term “watch” in this manual refers to the CASIO SATELLITE NAVI easy to operate and understand, and will operate almost anywhere. For Watch (Module No. 2240). these reasons, the magnetic compass should still be your main • The term “Watch Application” in this manual refers to the CASIO navigation tool. • SATELLITE NAVI LINK Software Application. CASIO COMPUTER CO., LTD. assumes no responsibility for any loss, or any claims by third parties that may arise through the use of this watch. Upper display area MODE LIGHT Lower display area MENU On-screen indicators L K • Whenever leaving the AC Adaptor and Interface/Charger Unit SAFETY PRECAUTIONS unattended for long periods, be sure to unplug the AC Adaptor from the wall outlet.
  • Vers Une Transition Forestière En Thaïlande? Analyse Causale De L’Avancée Des Forêts À Partir Du Cas De Phetchabun

    Vers Une Transition Forestière En Thaïlande? Analyse Causale De L’Avancée Des Forêts À Partir Du Cas De Phetchabun

    Université de Montréal Vers une transition forestière en Thaïlande? Analyse causale de l’avancée des forêts à partir du cas de Phetchabun par Jean-Philippe Leblond Département de géographie Faculté des arts et des sciences Thèse présentée à la Faculté des arts et des sciences en vue de l’obtention du grade de Docteur en géographie Mai, 2011 © Jean-Philippe Leblond, 2011 Université de Montréal Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales Cette thèse intitulée : Vers une transition forestière en Thaïlande? Analyse causale de l’avancée des forêts à partir du cas de la Thaïlande Présentée par : Jean-Philippe Leblond a été évaluée par un jury composé des personnes suivantes : Claude Comtois, président-rapporteur Rodolphe De Koninck, directeur de recherche Steve Déry, membre du jury Guy Trébuil, examinateur externe Luc Brouillet, représentant du doyen de la FES i Résumé Selon des thèses développées au cours des années 1990 et 2000, le développement économique constitue à la fois la source et la solution aux problèmes environnementaux. Au sujet des forêts, les transitions forestières (c’est-à-dire le passage de la déforestation à la reforestation) documentées dans certains pays développés seraient causées par des dynamiques universelles intrinsèques au développement et à la modernisation des sociétés. Nos travaux ont porté sur l’application de cette vision optimiste et controversée à l’évolution des superficies forestières en Thaïlande. S’appuyant sur une recension de la littérature, sur des données secondaires ainsi que nos travaux de terrain dans la région de Phetchabun, la thèse offre les apports suivants. Elle démontre que contrairement à l’idée répandue en Thaïlande, le ralentissement de la déforestation a été suivi par une expansion forestière substantielle entre environ 1995 et 2005.
  • Synthesis Report on Ten ASEAN Countries Disaster Risks Assessment

    Synthesis Report on Ten ASEAN Countries Disaster Risks Assessment

    Synthesis Report on Ten ASEAN Countries Disaster Risks Assessment ASEAN Disaster Risk Management Initiative December 2010 Preface The countries of the Association of Southeast (Vietnam) droughts, September 2009 cyclone Asian Nations (ASEAN), which comprises Brunei, Ketsana (known as Ondoy in the Philippines), Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, catastrophic flood of October 2008, and January Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam, is 2007 flood (Vietnam), September 1997 forest-fire geographically located in one of the most disaster (Indonesia) and many others. Climate change is prone regions of the world. The ASEAN region expected to exacerbate disasters associated with sits between several tectonic plates causing hydro-meteorological hazards. earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and tsunamis. The region is also located in between two great Often these disasters transcend national borders oceans namely the Pacific and the Indian oceans and overwhelm the capacities of individual causing seasonal typhoons and in some areas, countries to manage them. Most countries in tsunamis. The countries of the region have a the region have limited financial resources and history of devastating disasters that have caused physical resilience. Furthermore, the level of economic and human losses across the region. preparedness and prevention varies from country Almost all types of natural hazards are present, to country and regional cooperation does not including typhoons (strong tropical cyclones), exist to the extent necessary. Because of this high floods, earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, vulnerability and the relatively small size of most landslides, forest-fires, and epidemics that of the ASEAN countries, it will be more efficient threaten life and property, and droughts that leave and economically prudent for the countries to serious lingering effects.
  • Rattan Field Guide Change Style-Edit Last New:Layout 1.Qxd

    Rattan Field Guide Change Style-Edit Last New:Layout 1.Qxd

    Contents Page Foreword Acknowledgement 1- Introduction . .1 2- How to use this book . 1 3- Rattan in Cambodia . .1 4- Use . .2 5- Rattan ecology and habitat . 2 6- Rattan characters . 3 6.1 Habit . 4 6.2 Stem/can . .4 6.3 Leaf Sheath . .4 6.4 Leave and leaflet . 6 6.5 Climbing organ . .8 6.6 Inflorescence . .9 6.7 Flower . .10 6.8 Fruit . .11 7- Specimen collection . .12 7.1 Collection method . 12 7.2 Field record . .13 7.3 Maintenance and drying . 13 8- Local names . .14 9- Key Identification to rattan genera . 17 9.1 Calamus L. .18 9.2 Daemonorops Bl. 44 9.3 Korthalsia Bl. 48 9.4 Myrialepis Becc. 52 9.5 Plectocomia Mart. ex Bl. 56 9.6 Plectocomiopsis Becc. 62 Table: Species list of Cambodia Rattan and a summary of abundance and distribution . .15 Glossary . 66 Reference . 67 List of rattan species . .68 Specimen references . .68 FOREWORD Rattan counts as one of the most important non-timber forest products that contribute to livelihoods as source of incomes and food and also to national economy with handicraft and furniture industry. In Cambodia, 18 species have been recorded so far and most of them are daily used by local communities and supplying the rattan industry. Meanwhile, with rattan resources decreasing due to over-harvesting and loss of forest ecosystem there is an urgent need to stop this trend and find ways to conserve this biodiversity that play an important economic role for the country. This manual is one step towards sustainable rattan management as it allows to show/display the diversity of rattan and its contribution.
  • Developing Partnerships for Conservation in the Cardamom Mountains, Cambodia

    Developing Partnerships for Conservation in the Cardamom Mountains, Cambodia

    Volume 10: Protected Areas and Sustainable Tourism 53 Developing Partnerships for Conservation in the Cardamom Mountains, Cambodia P. Dearden1, S. Gauntlet2 and B. Nollen3 1University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada 2Wildlife Alliance, Phnom Penh, Cambodia 3 International Consultancy Europe, Bangkok, Thailand Abstract Protected areas owned and operated by national agencies have long been the mainstay of global conservation planning. However much more needs to be done to conserve the biodiversity of the broader landscape than can be achieved solely within the confines of protected area systems run by national governments. This paper describes an initiative in the Cardamom Mountains, Cambodia, where conservation planning embraces a large number of stakeholders using a variety of approaches to achieve conservation goals. The Cardamom Mountains cover some 880 000 ha of seasonal rainforest in SW Cambodia and are thought to be the largest contiguous extent of this forest formation remaining in mainland SE Asia. Many species, such as elephants, tigers, banteng and dhole that are regionally rare can still be found in the forests. The area is also home to the world’s largest population of Siamese crocodiles and various other critically endangered species, especially turtles. The area is coming under increasing pressure from both legal and illegal activities and conservation groups have been pro- active in designing and implementing a variety of approaches that accept the needs for economic development, but strive to achieve this in a sustainable manner. In the South West Cardamoms Wildlife Alliance, a US-based NGO has partnered with the private sector to access funds that allow such plans to be implemented in a manner consistent with government policy.
  • Information to Users

    Information to Users

    INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type o f computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road, Aim Arbor Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Highland Cash Crop Development and Biodiversity Conservation: The Hmong in Northern Thailand by Waranoot Tungittiplakorn B.Sc., Chulalongkorn University, 1988 M..Sc., Asian Institute of Technology, 1991 A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment o f the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in the Department of Geography We accept this dissertation as conforming to the required standard Dr.
  • National Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction (2012) Linkages Between Poverty and Disaster Risk

    National Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction (2012) Linkages Between Poverty and Disaster Risk

    Linkages between Poverty and Disaster Risk Lao PDR National Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction (2012) Linkages between Poverty and Disaster Risk National Disaster Management Office Lao PDR Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare 2012 A Disclaimer The document is based on existing reports as well as evidence based historical data collection and analysis using DesInventar database created at the National Disaster Management Office (NDMO), Lao PDR. Efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the information contained in the document. The document remains open for correction and improvement. Key Contributors NDMO Lao PDR Mr. Khamphao Hompanhya ([email protected]) Mr. Vilayphong Sisomvang ([email protected]) Ms. Bouasy Thammasack ([email protected]) ADPC Mr. Thanongdeth Insixiengmay ([email protected]) Mr. Aslam Perwaiz ([email protected]) Ms. Thitiphon Sinsupan ([email protected]) Ms. Somvath Keokhamphoui ([email protected]) Ms. Phitsamai Khammanivong ([email protected]) Ms. Mareike Bentfeld ([email protected]) Photo credits: Cover ADPC Chapter 1 Cover ADPC Chapter 2 Cover ADPC Chapter 3 Cover ADPC Chapter 4 Cover ADPC Chapter 5 Cover Mines Advisory Group1 1 http://www.flickr.com/photos/mag-photos/4777635220/ Linkages between Poverty and Disaster Risk Acknowledgement Appreciation is expressed to all who supported the development of the Lao PDR National Assessment Report 2012 under the leadership of NDMO, Lao PDR. Sincere thanks goes to the members of the Inter-Ministerial Technical Working Group for their contribution and especially their support in data collection as well as their contribution to the draft versions of the LNAR. Appreciation is also expressed to ADPC for their cooperation with the NDMO as well as their technical support.
  • Development Interventions in Tea Sector of Lao PDR FINAL V3

    Development Interventions in Tea Sector of Lao PDR FINAL V3

    This page intentionally left blank Contents List of Acronyms and Definitions ........................................................................................................ 3 Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................... 4 Introduction and Purpose of Study .................................................................................................... 5 Context.............................................................................................................................................. 7 Introduction to Lao People’s Democratic Republic ......................................................................... 7 History and Structure of the Lao Tea Sector ................................................................................... 7 Literature on the Lao Tea Sector ...................................................................................................... 10 Common Trends and Recommendations in Tea Sector Literature ................................................ 10 Conclusions from Tea Sector Literature ........................................................................................ 13 Case Studies .................................................................................................................................... 14 BoKeo .......................................................................................................................................... 14 Xayabouli