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Schöner Tod Die Euthanasiemapnahmen An DIPLOMARBEIT Titel der Diplomarbeit „Schöner Tod?“ Die Euthanasiemaßnahmen an „lebensunwerten“ Menschen mit be- sonderer Berücksichtigung der Vernichtungsanstalt Schloss Hartheim Alkoven bei Linz Verfasserin Karin Harre angestrebter akademischer Grad Magistra (Mag.) Wien, im Mai 2012 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 057 122 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: IDS Pflegewissenschaft Betreuerin / Betreuer: MMag. Dr. Ferdinand Holub, MEd MSc BA 2 Eidesstattliche Erklärung Ich versichere, - dass ich die Diplomarbeit selbstständig verfasst, andere als die angegebenen Quellen und Hilfsmittel nicht benutzt und mich auch sonst keiner unerlaubten Hilfe bedient habe. - dass ich dieses Diplomarbeitsthema bisher weder im In- noch im Ausland (einer Beurtei- lerin/einem Beurteiler zur Begutachtung) in irgendeiner Form als Prüfungsarbeit vorgelegt habe. - dass diese Arbeit mit der von dem Begutachter beurteilten Arbeit übereinstimmt. Datum: _________________________ Unterschrift: _________________________ 3 4 Danksagung Das Verfassen dieser Arbeit war gleichzeitig das Beenden eines sehr schönen, turbulenten Lebens- abschnittes, nämlich meiner Studienzeit. Oft war es eine anstrengende, aber trotzdem wundervol- le Zeit, wo ich viele nette Menschen kennenlernte. Sie dienten mir wie Laternen am Wegesrand- sie machten den Weg zwar nicht kürzer, aber etwas heller. Mein Dank gilt meinem Betreuer, Herr MMag. Dr. Ferdinand Holub, MEd. MSc BA, der mit viel Geduld den Prozess meiner Arbeit verfolgte und immer wieder ein offenes Ohr für meine Fragen hatte. Er stand mir mit wertvollen Tipps, gutem Rat und aufbauenden Worten zur Seite. Ein ganz besonderer Dank gilt meinen Eltern, Hermine und Walter, sie haben mir das Studium nicht nur ermöglicht, sondern mich während meines Studiums auch unterstützt. Für das Verständ- nis und die Liebe, die sie mir immer wieder entgegen gebracht haben und ihr unermüdender Glaube an mich, ein herzliches Danke. Weiteres möchte ich noch Lena und Ulli für ihre motivierenden Worte und ihre Unterstützung danken. Matthias, Martin und Katrin, die darauf geachtet haben, dass ich genügend Lernpausen hatte und dadurch neue Energien für die Diplomarbeit sammeln konnte. 5 6 Inhalt Einleitung ........................................................................................................................................... 11 1. Vom Sozialdarwinismus zum Nationalsozialismus ................................................................... 14 1.1 „Kampf ums Dasein“ ......................................................................................................... 14 1.2 „Die Tüchtigkeit unserer Rasse und der Schutz der Schwachen“ ..................................... 17 1.3 „Deutsche Biologie und Moderne Synthese“ .................................................................... 19 1.4 „Die Freigabe der Vernichtung lebensunwerten Lebens. Ihr Maß und ihre Form“ .......... 21 Recht auf den Tod ................................................................................................................ 21 Zur praktischen Durchführung der „Euthanasie“ ................................................................. 22 1.5 Heinrich Reichel und die eugenische Bewegung in Österreich ......................................... 24 Zusammenfassung ........................................................................................................................ 26 2. Adolf Hitler und die „Volkskrankheiten“ .................................................................................. 27 Exkurs: Rechenbeispiel ......................................................................................................... 29 Exkurs: Biologie .................................................................................................................... 30 2.1 „Gesetz zur Verhinderung erbkranken Nachwuchses“ ..................................................... 32 Am Beispiel: Chorea Huntington .......................................................................................... 32 Am Beispiel: erbliche Taubheit bzw. Blindheit ..................................................................... 32 Am Beispiel: schwerer Alkoholismus ................................................................................... 33 2.2 Die „Kindereuthanasie“ ..................................................................................................... 34 „Das Kind Knauer“ ................................................................................................................ 35 2.3 Vorbereitung und Organisation der „Aktion T4“ .................................................................... 38 2.4 Die Wiener Anstalten und die Deportation ............................................................................ 41 2.5 Erwachsenen- „Euthanasie“ und der Sterilisierungsstopp 1939 ............................................ 43 Zusammenfassung ........................................................................................................................ 46 3. Aktion T4 in der „Ostmark“ ...................................................................................................... 47 3.1 Die staatlichen Anstalten .............................................................................................. 49 Interne Arbeitsanleitung für die Registratur ........................................................................ 51 7 Neuverwendung der Anstalten ............................................................................................ 53 Am Beispiel Wien ................................................................................................................. 54 3.2 Der „Stopp“ der „Aktion T4“ ......................................................................................... 55 Zusammenfassung ........................................................................................................................ 56 4. Tötungsanstalt Schloss Hartheim Alkoven bei Linz .................................................................. 57 4.1 Geschichte des Schloss Hartheim Alkoven bei Linz ........................................................... 57 4.4.1 Die Geschichte des Schloss Hartheim bei Linz von den Anfängen bis 1897 .................... 57 4.4.2 Die Geschichte des Schloss Hartheim bei Linz von 1889 bis 1950 .................................. 60 4.2 Schloss Hartheim als Tötungsanstalt ................................................................................. 62 4.2.1 Die Einrichtung ................................................................................................................ 63 4.2.2 Das Personal .................................................................................................................... 66 4.2.3 Der Ablauf ........................................................................................................................ 70 4.2.4 Die Bürokratie und der Massenmord .............................................................................. 73 4.2.5 Der Alltag ......................................................................................................................... 76 4.2.6 Die „Aktion 14f13“ oder die „Sonderbehandlung 14f13“ in Hartheim ........................... 78 4.2.7 Das Ende .......................................................................................................................... 80 4.3 Die Logistik ........................................................................................................................ 83 Zwischenanstalten ................................................................................................................ 84 4.4 Die Hartheim- Statistik ...................................................................................................... 85 Der vermutete Verfasser ...................................................................................................... 86 Auftraggeber ........................................................................................................................ 87 Inhalt .................................................................................................................................... 87 4.5 Bewohner von Hartheim ................................................................................................... 92 4.6 Die Prozesse ...................................................................................................................... 95 4.6.1 Die Anklage ...................................................................................................................... 96 Am Beispiel des Pflegers Hermann Merta ........................................................................... 97 4.6.2 Der Prozess ...................................................................................................................... 99 8 Senat ..................................................................................................................................... 99 Beteiligte .............................................................................................................................. 99 Prozessdauer ...................................................................................................................... 100 Ergebnisse der Vernehmung .............................................................................................. 100 Zeugenaussagen ................................................................................................................
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