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Curricular Axis Standard Competencies SUBJECT GRADE LEARNING UNIT NATURAL SCIENCES 9TH HOW TO RELATE THE COMPONENTS OF THE WORLD TITLE OF LEARNING OBJECT How does water transform the minerals in rocks CURRICULAR AXIS Living environment STANDARD Record my observations and results by using diagrams, graphs COMPETENCIES and tables. LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. To make short presentations of the acid compounds (oxyacid and hydracids) and hydroxides contained in products used in the industry or at home. 2. To explain in short conversations, the influence of acids (oxyacids- hydracids) and hydroxides in natural and human- induced phenomena in the planet. 3. To establish relations between metals, non-metals and the formation of acids and hydroxides. SKILLS/ KNOWLEDGE S/K 1: Illustrate the paths to obtain acids (oxyacids and hydracids) and hydroxides and establishes relations with the organization of the periodic table of elements. S/K2: Provide examples of applications and uses of acids and hydroxides. S/K3: Differentiate the various ways in which an acid or a hydroxide can be named. S/K4: Represent and describes the chemical equations of salt formation. S/K 5: Explain acid rain and inquires about the natural and human processes behind it. S/K 6: Enquire about the weathering process. LEARNING FLOW Introduction Objectives Activity 1: Obtaining acids ( oxyacids - hydracid) and hydroxides Salt formation Applications in industry and domestic activities Activity 2: Nomenclature of acids (oxyacids - hydracid), hydroxides and salt. Activity 3: •Acid rain • Weathering Abstract Homework Evaluation Glossary ASSESSMENT This learning object is intended for the student to find a simple, GUIDELINE didactic and contextual guide. Likewise, students must develop the guide completely, including the different activities of this LO, by using the diverse tools and autonomous work suggested here. This will ensure successful understanding of the topic. Stage Learning Teaching/Learning Activities Recommended flow Resources Introduction Introduction The teacher presents the corresponding text so that it is familiar to the student. Animation The intention is to make this topic easy and understandable. Introduction On a daily basis, people use substances made up of acids and bases at a domestic, as well as an industrial level. In the countryside, farmers use fertilizers composed of nitric and sulfuric acids in their crops. For obtaining the glass needed for making cups or house windows, they use hydrofluoric acid. In addition, calcium hydroxide is often used in dentistry procedures, among other. For instance, when we do the house cleaning, it is common to use products like cleansers or bleaches for floors or restrooms. Have you noticed you cannot sniff these substances? Have you realized people pour little quantities of these substances on surfaces? Generally, these substances need to be mixed with plenty of water. It is usual to hear about a salt called sodium hypochlorite, this is the essential component of cleansers or bleach, and it is highly corrosive, with a strong odor and should be used with caution. As you will see, both acids, hydroxides and salts are part of many products used at home and in the industry. In this section, you will learn how these substances are formed, why they are called in such particular ways and how they are related to human activities and natural phenomena. The teacher shows students the importance of acids, hydroxides and salts in everyday life ; relate different examples to domestic and industrial level . Development Activity 1 S/K 1: Illustrates the paths to obtain Students’ material and acids (oxyacid and hydracids) and animation resource hydroxides and establishes relations with about the geological the organization of the periodic table of eras. elements. S/K 2: Provides examples of implementation and uses of acids and hydroxides. S/K 4: Represents and describes the chemical equations of salt formation. The first activity addresses the issues about acids. To do this, the teacher can use the tables and examples given in the same way, so that the student have a better understanding. Initially, the teacher begins by explaining the topic with a brief explanation THE OBTAINING OF ACIDS (OXYACIDS- HYDRACIDS) AND HYDROXIDES ACIDS: Acids are chemical substances that have the following features: They taste bitter They are corrosive for your skin They redden certain vegetal colorants They dissolve other substances They attack metals by releasing H2 They lose their properties when reacting with bases Acids are substances which transfer protons (H+) in an aqueous medium, they taste bitter and have an inferior pH than 7 (Mondragón et al, 2005, pag 226 According to the classic theory of electrolytic ionization, developed by Arrenhius (1859- 1927), the electrolytes dissolved in water dissociate directly in charged particles (positive and negative) called ions. Those electrolytes with ions that cause the dissolution to be acid o basic are of great interest for the analytic chemistry. According to the same theory, the ions that give origin to the acid behavior are the protons.(Mondragón et al, 2005, pag 228). HX H+ + X- Example: HCl (aqueous solution) Cl- + H+ H2SO4 (aqueous 2- solution) SO4 + 2 H Figure 1. Bottle of hydrochloric acid, normally known as muriatic acid;it is often used in industrial proceses such as pickling of Steel and treatment of minerals. Acids are divided into: Acids Hydracids Oxyacids Figure 2. Classification of acids. (Own creation, 2016). Hydracids: They are compounds which are formed when some non-metals (elements belonging to group VI A and VII A, with less oxidation. 1- and 2- ) react with hydrogen. The general equation for obtaining hydracids is: -n X + H2 HnX Its general formula is: HnX Where: H= Hydrogen, X = Element Non- Metal, n= Oxidation state of non-metal Examples: Cl + H2 2HCl Hydrochloric Acid Se + H2 H2Se Hydroselenic acid The elements are: Sulfur, selenium and tellurium from group VI A. They have an oxidation state of 1-. Fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine from group VII A. They have an oxidation state of 1-. Oxyacid: They are ternary compounds formed when an acidic oxide reacts with water, its structure consists of hydrogen, oxygen and a nonmetallic element; in these chemicals, nonmetal occupies the central position and has positive oxidation number. Oxygen will always have oxidation state 2- and Hydrogen 1+ (Mondragon et al, 2005 , p. 301). The general equation of an oxyacid is: X2On + H2O HXO It is general formula is: HXO Where: H= Hidrógeno, X= Element Non- Metal, O= Oxygen, Examples: N2O5 + H2O H2N2O6 HNO3 Nitric oxide + water ( simplifying subscript) Nitric Acid SO2 + H2O H2SO3 Sulfur Dioxide + Water Sulfurous Acid Did you know that…? A binary compound is one which chemical formula is composed of two kinds of elements; for example, (CO) carbon monoxide, produced when we start vehicle engines; and a ternary compound is one which chemical formula is composed of three kinds of elements. For example, Fe (OH) 2, used in water purification of the metallurgical sector. HYDROXIDES Hydroxides have features like : They taste bitter They Turn litmus paper blue They feel Soapy when you touch them They Release hydroxyl ions when dissolved in water They are obtained as a product of reaction between a basic oxide and water: basic oxide + water hydroxide. They are ionic compounds whose link is established between a cation (metal) and one or more hydroxyl ions (OH-) (Cardenas et al, 2001, p. 185). The general equation of an hydroxide is: M2On + H2O M(OH)n Basic oxide + water Hydroxide Its general formula is: M(OH)n Where: M= Metal, n= Metal oxidation state , OH = hydroxyl ions Examples: K2O + H2O 2KOH Basic oxide + water Potassium hydroxide Fe2O3 + 3H2O 2Fe(OH)3 Ferric oxide + Water Ferric Hydroxide Learning activity Through this learning activity, you will strengthen your knowledge about the formation of the compounds already presented by analyzing the formulation of each. So that eventually you can classify them. In pairs, do the following exercises: Write in front of each of the compounds listed in Table 1 their corresponding classification: oxyacid, hydracid and hydroxide. COMPOUNDS CLASSIFICATION H2 + F2 HF (Hydrofluoric acid) MgO + H2O Mg(OH)2 (Magnesium hydroxide) H2 + S H2S (Sulphuric acid) Cl2O3 + H2O HClO2 (Chlorous acid) Al2O3 + 3H2O 2Al(OH)3 (Aluminum hydroxide) Cl2O7 + H2O HClO4 (Perchloric acid ) Table 1. Learning activity. Relationship of compounds and its classification. (Own Authorship , 2016) Solution: 1. Hydracid 2. Hydroxide 3. Hydracid 4. Oxyacid 5. Hydroxide 6. Oxyacid SALT FORMATION They have features like (Herrera et al, 1984 , p . 54): -In solid state, they do not conduct electricity (insulators). In liquid state, they are classified as soluble, slightly soluble and insoluble. - They are compounds produced when an acid reacts to a hydroxide, they can be divided into : It is produced from a Oxoacid tertiary compound formed salts by a metal, a nonmetal and oxygen Salts It is produced from a hydracid with a hydroxide Halid salt formed by a metal and a nonmetal (halogen) Figure 5. Classification of the salts . (Own Authorship, 2016) General equation of oxoacid salts: HXO + M(OH)n XMO Oxoacid + Hydroxide Oxoacid salt Its general formula is: XMO Where: Being X= non- metal which gives the name to the acid source, M = Metal replacing the hydrogen source of acid, and O = Oxygen. Examples: H2SO4 + Mg(OH)2 MgSO4 Sulfuric Acid + Magnesium hydroxide salt Halide salts general equation : HnX + M(OH)n XM Hydracid + Hydroxide Halide Salt Its general formula is: XM Where: X= Non-metal and M= metal Examples: HF + KOH KF Potassium fluoride HCl + Na(OH) NaCl Sodium chloride In this unit you should explain the uses of some compounds previously seen in the industry and at home. Begin with a brief introduction, which needs to be accompanied by several photos for greater understanding of the industrial context as students look at them. INDUSTRIAL AND DOMESTIC APPLICATIONS We will analyze different uses of some oxyacids, hydracids, hydroxides and salts on daily activities.
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