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Recull Crític De Fonts Per a L'estudi De La Història, Cultura I Llengua Dels Alans

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Recull Crític De Fonts Per a L'estudi De La Història, Cultura I Llengua Dels Alans Agustí ALEMANY i VILAMAJÓ Llicenciat en Filosofia i Lletres (Filologia Clàssica) Tesi Doctoral RECULL CRÍTIC DE FONTS PER A L'ESTUDI DE LA HISTÒRIA, CULTURA I LLENGUA DELS ALANS Director de la Tesi: Dr. José FORTES FORTES Professor Titular de Lingüística Indoeuropea de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Vist i plau del Director Dr. José Fortes Fortes Departament de Ciències de l'Antiguitat i de l'Edat Mitjana Facultat de Filosofia i Lletres UNIVERSITAT AUTÒNOMA DE BARCELONA Febrer 1997 VII. FONTS ARMENIES 7.1. Els alans i Armènia. Armènia (arm. Hayastan) és una zona intermèdia entre les cadenes muntanyoses anatòlies i iranianes; presenta un caràcter força accidentat a causa de la pressió meridional de la placa siro-aràbiga, que dóna lloc a un altiplà irregular de dos a tres mil metres d'alçària, amb grans llacs com el Van, el Sevan o l'Úrmia, i coronat pel massís de l'Ararat (arm. Masik'), de 5.165 m., on neixen rius de curs impetuós com l'Aras i l'Eufrates, que, nodrits per les neus del llarg i gèlid hivern armeni, irriguen les terres del sud fins a la plana mesopotàmica. Els armenis (arm. Hayk'), localitzats des del s. VI aC en aquest espai geogràfic, abans ocupat per Urartu, habitaven, doncs, un enclavament estratègic sovint cobejat pels grans imperis sedentaris de la zona (medes, aquemènides, parts arsàcides, sassànides, àrabs, etc) i sotmès alhora a les incursions dels nòmades del nord del Caucas. Documentats per primer cop durant les guerres entre romans i parts pel control d'Armènia, els alans són esmentats per les fonts autòctones des del principi de la tradició manuscrita (s. V); hom troba disseminades per tota la historiografia armènia breus notícies que esmenten, sovint amb motiu de ràtzies esporàdiques contra la Transcaucasia, els Alank', associats geogràficament amb el pas de Darial (arm. drownk' Alanac ' "les portes dels alans"). L'estudi recent de GABRIELJAN 1989, que recull i ordena totes les fonts literàries armènies sobre els alans fins al s. X, ha d'utilitzar-se amb precaució, ja que aquest estudiós exhibeix una acceptació ingènua de tot allò que els autors ens transmeten, demostrant a més certa parcialitat en el tractament d'algunes qüestions, com ara la teòrica primacia armènia en la difusió del cristianisme entre els alans, i abusant en ocasions de la possibilitat que altres etnònims o designacions generals els identifiquin; en tot cas, però, hem d'admetre el nostre deute amb aquesta obra a l'hora d'accedir al text original de diversos passatges, que altrament ens hauria estat inaccessible. VII. Fonts armènies Fonts literàries armènies 7.2. Agat'angeJos.iLa "Història dels armenis" d'Agat'angelos (s. V) recull només els esdeveniments d'uns cent anys, des de la revolució sassànida del 224 fins a la conversió al cristianisme del rei armeni Trdat el Gran (n. 237; r. 238- 252 & 286/87-314). És la història armènia més ben coneguda per les altres literatures cristianes orientals, ja que inclou la versió oficial de la vida de Sant Gregori l'Il·luminador (Sowrb Grigor Lowsaworic'), motiu pel qual se'n conserven versions gregues, siríaques i àrabs. 7.2.1. En assabentar-se de la mort del seu parent Artewan V (215-224: part Ardavân) a mans d'Artasir (226-241: pahl. ArdaxSîr Pâbagân), fundador de la dinastia sassànida, el rei armeni Xosrov I (222-238), de sang arsàcida, decideix de prendre venjança: «aleshores, al principi de l'any següent, Xosrov, rei dels armenis, va posar-se a reunir tropes i a formar un exèrcit, a afegir-hi contingents d'albans i d'ibers, a obrir les portes dels alans i la guàrdia de Cor, a fer-ne sortir contingents d'hunnes, a envair les regions dels perses i a atacar les contrades de l'Asorestan fins a les portes de Tisbon».2 © En aquest text veiem com les drownk' Alanac' o "portes dels alans" (= pas de Darial) i el ëoraypahak o "guàrdia de öor" (= pas de Darband) poden "obrir-se" (banal = grec àvoíyo)) per tal de facilitar incursions d'aliats del nord (en aquest cas els Honk') contra tercers; hom pot trobar situacions similars a Elise (§ 7.4.1) per a les drownk' Alanac' i a Flavi Josep (§3.12.1) per a les Kácmuu núXai. La versió grega de zdrowns Alanac' ew zëoray pahakin és TÒÇ KXeiooúpas1 TU v ' AXavûv «al TOU Xeyojievou KcaÇouapou mipyou, on cal entendre Koa£ouápovi = Zoupaou. L'Asorestan (pahl. Asó re s tan) no és pas l'antiga Assíria, sinó que es correspon amb la província eclesiàstica de Bêth-Aramâye (cf. CHAUMONT 1969:27, n. 3: "dans les sources arméniennes, c'est la province royale par excellence, le cœur de l'empire sassanide"); Tisbon es Ctesifont (Kriiai^ûv). Diversos pobles recolzen Xosrov, segons es desprèn del text que segueix (ed. Tiflis, p. 17): Alowank', Lp'ink' ew öilpk', Kaspk' ew ayl ews or i smin ko.imanc' "albans, 1p'ink' i ci.lpk', caspis i encara altres de les mateixes contrades"; els Lp'ink' ew öilpk' (versió grega Ai4>ívvioi KCÙ ZiXßavoi) poden correspondre's amb les gentes Sylvorum et infra Lubienorum de Plin. Nat. Hist. 6,10 i es troben també entre els onze pobles de les muntanyes esmentats per Elise (§ 7.4). GABRIELJAN 1989:39 pretén que entre "els altres" poden incloure's els alans; els annals georgians (K'art'lis C'xovreba, § 9.3.8) esmenten, en parlar d'aquests fets, "ossets, leks i khàzars" (Ovsni, Lekni daXazarni); cf. CHAUMONT 1969:26-27; KETTENHOFEN 1995:142. 7.2.2. Un segon passatge fa referència a la tasca evangelitzadora de Sant Gregori l'Il·luminador: «i així, per tota la terra d'Armènia, de lloc en lloc, [Sant Gregori] aspirava a difondre el cultiu de la predicació i de l'evangelització, des de la ciutat de Satal fins al país dels Xaltik', fins a Kjarjk', fins a les mateixes fronteres 1 Ed. G. TER MKRTC'EAN & ST. KANAYEANC', Agat'angelay Patmowt'iwn Hayoc', Tiflis 1909 (reimp. CATRS 1980). 2 Agat'angelos 19 (ed. TER MKRTC'EAN-KANAYEANC', p. 16): Ard i miws ews i glowx tarwoyn sksanêr Xosrov l'agaworn Hayoc' gownd kazmel ew zôr bovandakel, gowmarel zzôrs Alowanic' ew Vrac', ew banal zdrowns Alanac' ew zooray pahakin, hanel zzôrs Honac', aspatak dnel i kolmans Parsic ', arsawel i kolmans Asorestani, mine'ew i drowns i Tisboni. 196 VIL Fonts armènies dels mask'owt'k', fins a les portes dels alans, fins a les fronteres dels caspis, fins a la ciutat de P'aytakaran del regne d'Armènia».3 © El text presenta coincidències a nivell geogràfic amb la predicado de Nownê a Movsês Xorenac'i (§ 7.5.5), que es tanca amb la frase "tal com te n'informa Agat'ange.los" (orpês owsowc'anê k'ez Agat'ange jos), tot i que aquest no en parla enlloc: - Agat'ange.los mine'ew ar Kalarßk' "finsaK.larjk"' = Movsês Xorenac'i i Klafjac'skseal "començant des de Klarjk'"; - Agat'angelos mine' i spar i sahmans Mask't'ac' = Movsês Xorenac'i mine'ew i sahmans Mask't'ac' "fins a les (mateixes) fronteres dels mask'owt'k'"; - Agat'angelos minC'ew i drowns Alanac', mine' i sahmans Kaspic' "fins a les portes dels alans, fins a les fronteres dels caspis" = Movsês Xorenac'i ardrambk' Alanac' ew Kasbic ' "per les portes dels alans i dels caspis". A més d'aquestes correlacions, el viatge d'evangelització, que segueix una direcció d'oest a est, té com a punts extrems a l'occident la ciutat de Satal (SaraXa) i el país dels Xaltik', i a l'orient la ciutat de P'aytakaran. L'etnònim (gen.pl.) Mask't'ac' apareix en la versió grega com Maaaxourwi' Oüvov (cf. § 7.6.1; KETTENHOFEN 1995:16). Els mots dnd amenayn erkirn Hayoc' i ark'ayowt'eann Hayoc', que obren i tanquen el paràgraf, indiquen només Armènia com a àrea d'acció del sant; tanmateix, GABRIELJAN 1989:50-54 dóna la traducció russa de passatges d'una versió àrab substancialment diferent, que esmenta la conversió, entre altres, d'un rei dels alans per Sant Gregori.4 7.3. Asxarhac'oyc'.5 El títol general d'Asxarhac'oyc' ("mapamundi"), introduït pels copistes, designa dues recensions d'una mateixa obra: - una recensió llarga independent, i - una recensió curta, Yalags asxarhagrowt'ean o Asxarhagrowt'iwn (Fewypa^ia), part del capítol dedicat a la geometria (erkrae'ap'owt'iwn) del K'nnikon (KavoviKÓv) d'Anania Sirakac'i (ca. 610-685 dC), un compendi de les set arts lliberals que data del 666 dC. Atribuïda durant molt temps a Movsês Xorenac'i (potser pel fet que servia de manual a les escoles de l'Armènia medieval igual que la història d'aquest autor), l'obra acostuma a assignar-se darrerament al mateix Anania; cf. HEWSEN 1992 & EREMIAN 1980. Aquest darrer estudiós considera el text i les cartes geogràfiques de Ptolemeu -a través de la Xwpoypa^ía OlKou¿ieviKií de Papos d'Alexandria- la font principal de ÏAsxarhac'oyc', però afegeix que l'autor utilitza també "les données qui étaient connues à son époque, en particulier pour ce qui est de l'Arménie, de l'Ibérie, de l'Albanie, de la Sarmatie asiatique et de l'Iran sassanide. Cette circonstance confère d'autant plus de valeur scientifique à l'ouvrage en question qu'il est le seul à donner une description de tout le monde connu, à la veille des invasions arabes" (EREMIAN 1980:149). Vsevolod Miller va afegir com a apèndix al tercer volum dels seus Osetinskije Etjudy (MILLER 1887:102-116) un "Ekskurs o bolgarakh i alanakh v novom spiske geografii, pripisyvajemoj Moiseju 3 Agat'angelos 842 (ed.
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