ISSN 2615-6075 (online) ISSN 2615-6946 (print) Journal of Socioeconomics and Development
Volume 1, Number 2, October 2018
The Influence of Respondent Characteristics and Different Areas on Small-Scale Fisherman Household Income of Urban Coastal Areas in Pare-Pare City, South Sulawesi Abd. Rahim, Diah Retno Dwi Hastuti, Dita Pradipta, Nurbaya Bustanul and Nur Azizah
The Relationship between the Adoption Innovation and the Communication Channel of Madura Cattle Farmers Ary Bakhtiar and Ridha Rizki Novanda
Performance Evaluation of the Extension Worker and the Development Strategy of Organic Agriculture Extension in Batu City Hendro Prasetyo and Lilis Hariani
The Identification of Research Priority in The Field of Food Security Budi Triyono, Chichi Sinthia Laksani, Muhammad Zulhamdani, Irene Muflikh Nadhiroh and Lutfah Ariana
The Economic Feasibility of Sweet Potatos Farming by Using Selected N Fertilization Dian Adi Anggraeni Elisabeth, Erliana Ginting and Joko Restuono
The Effect of Destination Image, Amenities and Prices on Tourists’ Satisfaction: A Study of Visitors of Jatim Park 1, Batu Denis Twi Febinanda, Peter Remy Yosy Pasla and Uki Yonda Asepta
The Performance of Agricultural Extension Workers in Utilizing Cyber Extension in Malang Raya Region Sabir, Sugiyanto, Keppi Sukesi and Yayuk Yuliati
The Study Program of Socioeconomics (Agribusiness), Agriculture Faculty, Widyagama University of Malang Jl. Taman Borobudur Indah No. 3 Malang 65142 INDONESIA Phone / Fax +62341 496919 Email: [email protected] OJS http://publishing-widyagama.ac.id/ejournal-v2/index.php/jsed/ ISSN 2615-6075 (online) ISSN 2615-6946 (print)
Journal of Socioeconomics and Development (JSeD) publishes articles in the social and economic scope, development economics, social development, agribusiness, human resources development, regional development, institutional development, and sustainable development. JSeD is managed by The Study Program of Socioeconomics (Agribusiness), Agriculture Faculty, Widyagama University of Malang. JSeD is published bianually on April and October, available in printed and online version. JSeD receives articles of empirical research and literature reviews. Editors can revise the paper without changing the substance and content after review process. The articles sent by the author must be an original script and is not being considered for publication by other journal or publishers. The authors should ensure that they have written entirely original works, and if the authors have used the work and/or words of others that this has been appropriately cited or quoted.
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Published by Badan Penerbitan Universitas Widyagama Malang @UWG Press, 2018 Website https://widyagama.org/pustaka/bpuwg ISSN 2615-6075 (online) ISSN 2615-6946 (print)
Volume 1, Number 2, October 2018
Table of Content
The Influence of Respondent Characteristics and Different Areas on Small- Scale Fisherman Household Income of Urban Coastal Areas in Pare-Pare City, South Sulawesi, Abd. Rahim, Diah Retno Dwi Hastuti, Dita Pradipta, Nurbaya Bustanul and Nur Azizah ...... 63-71 DOI: 10.31328/jsed.v1i2.733
The Relationship between the Adoption Innovation and the Communication Channel of Madura Cattle Farmers, Ary Bakhtiar and Ridha Rizki Novanda . . . 72-78 DOI: 10.31328/jsed.v1i2.604
Performance Evaluation of the Extension Worker and the Development Strategy of Organic Agriculture Extension in Batu City, Hendro Prasetyo and Lilis Hariani ...... 79-87 DOI: 10.31328/jsed.v1i2.594
The Identification of Research Priority in The Field of Food Security Budi Triyono, Chichi Sinthia Laksani, Muhammad Zulhamdani, Irene Muflikh Nadhiroh and Lutfah Ariana ...... 89-99 DOI: 10.31328/jsed.v1i2.729
The Economic Feasibility of Sweet Potatos Farming by Using Selected N Fertilization, Dian Adi Anggraeni Elisabeth, Erliana Ginting and Joko Restuono 104-105 DOI: 10.31328/jsed.v1i2.603
The Effect of Destination Image, Amenities and Prices on Tourists’ Satisfaction: A Study of Visitors of Jatim Park 1, Batu, Denis Twi Febinanda, Peter Remy Yosy Pasla and Uki Yonda Asepta ...... 106-112 DOI: 10.31328/jsed.v1i2.739
The Performance of Agricultural Extension Workers in Utilizing Cyber Extension in Malang Raya Region, Sabir, Sugiyanto, Keppi Sukesi and Yayuk Yuliati ...... 113-120 DOI: 10.31328/jsed.v1i2.772
Index of The Subject ...... 121
Index of The Author ...... 122
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Journal of Socioeconomics and Development Widyagama Vol 1, No 2, October 2018, 63 – 71 DOI: 10.31328/jsed.v1i2.733
The Influence of Respondent Characteristics and Different Areas on Small-Scale Fisherman Household Income of Urban Coastal Areas in Pare-Pare City, South Sulawesi
Abd. Rahim1*, Diah Retno Dwi Hastuti1, Dita Pradipta1, Nurbaya Bustanul2, and Nur Azizah3
1 Study program of Development Economics, Faculty of Economics, State University of Makassar 2Departement of Socioeconomic, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar 3Study Program of Agribussines, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Universitas Nuku, North Maluku
(Received October 04, 2018; accepted October 15, 2018; published November 8, 2018)
ABSTRACT. Traditional fishermen are small-scale fisheries with small-scale catches. They are commonly found in coastal areas and become one of the main income source of coastal communities in developing countries. They use simple fishing gear and small boats in fishing, such as outboard motor and non- powered motor. The changing of seasons (arrest and famine) in Makassar Strait Waters Bordered which is directly to the West coastal area of Pare-Pare City of South Sulawesi Province Indonesia result in the change of the catch and income production of the catching business. That affects the change of household income, especially the small-scale fishermen outboard motor. The multiple regression econometrics analysis method with independent variable estimation model qualitative was applied. The census technique was used in this study with the total of 42 respondents. The findings indicate that the age as the characteristics of the fisherman respondents and the difference of residence areas have an effect on the change of household income of small-scale fisherman. Meanwhile the education, family dependent, and the experience of going to sea do not affect the household income. The productive fishermen has a better physical ability to make an optimal capture for the welfare of their family in meeting the needs in their household. Keywords: household income, fisherman, and small-scale
JEL Classification: D19, Q18, Q22
INTRODUCTION Traditional fishermen are small-scale fisheries (Pomeroy & Andrew, 2011; Gebremedhin, Budusa, The existence of seasonal changes (arrest and Mingist, & Vijverberg, 2013) with small-scale famine) in Indonesian waters particulary in the catches (Lopes & Begossi, 2011; Rabearisoa & Makassar Strait Bordering on the western coastal Zorzi, 2013 ; Panagopoulou, Meletis, Margaritoulis, areas of Pare-Pare City result changes in the & Spotila, 2017). They are commonly found in production of catch, productivity, fluctuations in coastal areas and become one of the main income catch fish prices (Rahim et al., 2018) and its source of coastal communities in developing capture income (Rahim & Hastuti, 2016). That countries (Pomeroy & Andrew, 2011; Barnes- affects the economic changes of households as well Mauthe, Oleson, & Zafindrasilivonona, 2013). They (Jeyarajah & Santhirasegaram, 2015; Rahim, use simple fishing gear in fishing and boats in sizes 2018), especially of small-scale fisherman coastal. not exceeding 5 GT (gross tonnage), including outboard motors and boats without motors (Gebremedhin et al., 2013). Whereas, according to * Corresponding author email: [email protected], Law No. 45 of 2009 on fisheries in Indonesia that ORCID ID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1720-7150 ISSN 2615-6075 online; ISSN 2615-6946 print small-scale fishermen are small fishermen with the @UWG Press, 2018 size of fishing vessels owned by the largest 5 GT. OJS http://publishing-widyagama.ac.id/ejournal- In Indonesia, the fishing population is dominated v2/index.php/jsed/ by small-scale fishermen, in which 95% of them is
64 Rahim et al., The Influence of Respondent Characteristics and .. traditional fishermen (Sudarmo, Baskoro, fishermen, fish farmers and other coastal Wiryawan, Wiyono, & Monintja, 2015) communities (Keputusan Menteri Kelautan dan Perikanan No.18/Men/2002) through the Although traditional fishing contributions are development of economic activities, quality often lack in quantification (Barnes-Mauthe et al., improvement and quantity of resources (Keputusan 2013), they have contributed significantly to the Menteri Kelautan dan Perikanan No.18/Men/2004), coastal economic development. In addition, they sustainability, sovereignty and welfare (Peraturan contribute to sustainable livelihoods (Evans & Menteri Kelautan dan Perikanan No. 45/ Permen- Andrew, 2011), support livelihoods and welfare for KP/ 2015). more than 500 million coastal activists in Indonesia and other developing countries (Pomeroy & In short, the purpose of this paper is to Andrew, 2011; Barnes-Mauthe et al., 2013) in estimate the influence of respondent characteristics poverty alleviation and food security. and regional differences on the change in household income of outboard motor traditional The majority of traditional fishermen have fishermen in urban coastal area by using characteristics as poor (Asiedu, Nunoo, Ofori- econometric estimation model approach of Danson, Sarpong, & Sumaila, 2013; Etuk, Angba, qualitative independent variables (Gujarati & & Angba, 2015), and is largest in coastal strata in Porter, 2009) in coastal area of West Coast of Pare- many developing countries (Zamroni & Yamao, Pare City, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia as a 2011). Most of them have low income in fishing case study. (Barnes-Mauthe et al., 2013) with limited resources and frequent conflicts with large-scale RESEARCH METHOD fisheries and facing uncertain climatic conditions The study was conducted in the Coastal Areas (Gamito, Teixeira, Costa, & Cabral, 2015a; of Pare-Pare City. It used explanatory methods for Mohammed et al., 2017) due to changes in fishing estimating household income of small-scale season (Adili & Antonia, 2017; Brillo, Elazegui, fishermen coastal and Cross-section data from Cervantes, & Rola, 2018). This has an impact on household fisherman survey. Questionnaires were household income (Long & Yabe, 2011; Dachin & given to 42 respondents by implementing census Mosora, 2012; Rahim et al., 2018) and techniques. The analytical method used was consumption expenditures (Oladimeji, Abdulsalam, multiple regression with the exponential function Damisa, & Omokore, 2015). model (Gujarati & Porter, 2009). It was to analyze Factors influencing Fisherman household the income estimation of small-scale fisherman. income has been studied in many countries such as 훽1 훽2 훽3 훽4 휇 in Sri Lanka (Jeyarajah & Santhirasegaram, 2015), 휋푆푆퐹퐻 = 훽0 퐴푔퐹 퐹퐸푑 푄퐹퐶 퐸푥푝푆 훿푅퐷 and Tanzania (Adili & Antonia, 2017), as well as in ...... (1) Indonesia itself (Primyastanto, 2015). However, To facilitate the mathematical calculation of the study has not discussed specifically on the equation (1), it is used the double log or natural influence of respondent characteristics and regional logarithm (Ln) of Gujarati and Porter (2009) as differences on changes in household income of follows: motor boat fishermen in coastal urban areas.
The objectives of the International Fisheries 휋푆푆퐹퐻 = 퐿푛훽0 + 훽1퐿푛퐴푔퐹 + 훽2퐿푛퐹퐸푑 + Policy through the Fisheries Committee (COFI) and 훽3퐿푛푄퐹퐶 + 훽4퐿푛퐸푥푝푆 + 훿푅퐷 + µ ....(2) the Subcommittee are to support sustainable Where 휋푆푆퐹퐻 : household income of outboard development and small fisheries protection, since motor fishermen (IDR), 훽 : intercept, 훽 , … , 훽 : small-scale fisheries generate two-thirds of all 0 1 5 regression coefficient, 퐴푔퐹: the age of household catches targeted for direct human consumption and head (year), 퐹퐸푑: formal education (year), 푄퐹퐶: provide 90% of employment in this sector (Food quantity of family counts (People), : and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 2015). 퐸푥푝푆 Meanwhile, the objectives of fisheries development experience to go to sea (year), Dummy regional in Indonesia are improving the welfare of
Journal of Socioeconomics and Development, Vol 1, No 2, October 2018 65
2 differences, 훿푅퐷: 1, Village of Sumpang Minangae; Thus, the residual (êi ) of regression results as 2 0, Other, and µ : Error term proxy of residual êi : (Gujarati & Porter, 2009)
The appropriateness of the measurement or 2 2 퐿푛ê푖 = 퐿푛휎 + 훽퐿푛푋푖 + 푣푖 ...…. (9) suitability of the model (goodness of fit) was 2 calculated by adjusted R . According to (Gujarati & If the coefficient of β is not significant through Porter, 2009), it is formulated as follows: t-test, therefore, it can be concluded that there is no heteroscedasticity. Instead, if β is significant, (푛−1) 퐴푑푗푢푠푡푒푑 푅2 = 1 − (1 − 푅2) ...... (3) (푘−1) hence the model contains heteroscedasticity.
Where Adjusted R2: the coefficient of RESULT AND DISCUSSION determination adjusted; k : the number of Pare-pare City is one of the areas in South variables not included intercept; n : the number of Sulawesi that has a strategic position because it is samples. located in the path of land transportation and sea The hypothesis testing of regression coefficients transportation, both North - South and East - West 2 used the F-test with a certain level of confidence direction, with an area of 99.33 km geographically o o (Gujarati & Porter, 2009), it is formulated as located between 3 57 '39 "- 4 04 '49 "South o follows: Latitude and 119 36' 24" - 119o 43 '40 "East Longitude. It consists of 4 sub-districts, Bacukiki, 퐸푆푆/(푘−1) Ujung, Soreang, and Bacukiki Barat, and 22 urban 퐹 푡푒푠푡 = ...... (4) (4) 푅푆푆/(푛−푘) villages, which are administratively bordered by
District of Pinrang in the North, District of 퐹 푡푎푏푙푒 [(푘 − 1): (푛 − 푘); 훼] ...... (5) Sidenreng Rappang in the east, District of Barru, where level of significance or specification error. and to the west by the Makassar Strait (Figure 1). The testing of individual regression coefficients (partial) used t-test with a certain level of confidence. The formula is (Gujarati & Porter, 2009):
훽푖 푡 푡푒푠푡 = ...... (6) 푆훽푖
푡 푡푎푏푙푒 [(푛 −); 훼/] ...... (7) where : regression coefficient of i, Si : error standard of regression coefficients to-i
Furthermore, multi-collinearity test used the Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) method: (Gujarati & Porter, 2009)
1 푉퐼퐹 = 2 ...... (8) 1−푅푗
2 R j was received from Auxiliary Regression between the independent variables and dependent variables, where if VIF < 10, it means that there is Figure 1. Map of Pare-pare, South Sulawesi not multi-collinearity (Gujarati & Porter, 2009). The area of Pare-pare City when viewed from Meanwhile, the heteroscedasticity test was the topography aspect consists of flat to wavy conducted in disturbance variable form once areas, with a classification of approximately 80% of 2 unknown variance of disturbance variable (σi ). the area is a hilly area and the rest flat area with a
66 Rahim et al., The Influence of Respondent Characteristics and .. height of 25 - 500 meters above sea level, wavy in the seaweed production function model and hilly terrain (88.96%) with dominant functions presented can explain each percentage of for plantation land (18.56%), forestry (43.04%), contribution of independent variables (age, formal settlement areas (1.57%), and small areas are flat education, quantity of family dependents, to sloping lowlands (11.04 %) with settlement experience, and difference of fisherman's function (2.80%), agriculture (9.40%) and fisheries residence) for 62.4% of the variation (ups and (0.24%). downs) of non-free variables (household income). Meanwhile, the others of 37.6% were contributions The most territory of Pare-pare City is located in from other factors that are not included in the the height or hills, especially in the Sub-District of model (Table 2). Bacukiki with an altitude > 500 meters above the sea level. Meanwhile, Ujung Sub-district and The results of the F-test showed that seaweed Soreang Sub-district are located at the altitude of production function significantly affects the error 0-500 meters above the sea level. This condition rate of 1 percent (Table 2). It can be interpreted shows that the morphology of Pare-pare City is that all independent variables simultaneously have divided into low and high (hills/mountains). a significant effect on small-scale fisherman household income. Furthermore, the individual The analysis of the influence of fisherman influence (partial) from each independent variable respondents’ characteristic (age, last education, to small-scale fisherman household income used t- number of family dependent, experience) and the test and regression coefficient value in the difference of fisherman's residence area to discussion. household income of traditional coastal fisherman in Pare-Pare City used multiple regression analysis Table 2. Estimate of Variables Influencing House- model and classical assumption test of multi- hold Income collinearity and heteroscedasticity. Independent E.S β t-test Variable The results of multi-collinearity testing with 퐴푔퐹 + 1.091** 6.381 variance inflection factor (VIF) (Gujarati & Porter, 퐹퐸푑 + 0.061 0.423 2009) method do not show or indicate multi- 푄퐹퐶 + 0.177 1.329 collinearity or double collinearity since VIF values 퐸푥푝푆 + 0.036 0.440 퐴 = 휋푟2 are less than 10 (Table 1). Furthermore, 훿푅퐷 + 0.253*** 3.338 the heteroscedasticity testing by using park test Intercept 10.436 (Gujarati & Porter, 2009), the error variables as F-test 12.364 dependent variable regression with each Adjusted R² 0.624 independent variable and the coefficient value (β) n 42 *** = Significant error rate of 1% (0.01), or 99% confidence is not significant. Then it is concluded that there is level. ** = Significant error rate of 5% (0.05), or 95% confidence no heteroscedasticity (Table 1). level. ns = not significant. E.S is an expectation sign.
Table 1. The Results of Validity Testing The variable of fisherman age as respondent characteristic has positive effect to household Independent Variable VIF Park Test income of fisherman catch in Pare-Pare City. This 1.445 1.429 ns 퐹퐸푑 1.473 0.105 ns finding is in line with (Jeyarajah & 푄퐹퐶 2.930 0.204 ns Santhirasegaram, 2015), which was conducted in 1.600 0.257 ns Sri Lanka. However, it is in contrast to the research 1.169 0.153 ns in the West Coast Coastal Area of Barru District If the VIF value is less than 10, it means that there is no multi- Indonesia that the age negatively affects the collinearity. Otherwise, If VIF value is greater than 10, it means income of traditional catch fishermen in Barru that multi-collinearity occurs, ns => not significant; if value is not significant, there is no availability of heteroscedasticity. District South Sulawesi Province (Rahim & Hastuti, Otherwise, if the value of is significant, there is 2016), and thus affects the household economy heteroscedasticity. (Oladimeji et al., 2015), (Rahim & Hastuti, 2018)). The measurement of the accuracy model of It means that the increasing age of fishermen will adjusted R2 showed that the independent variables
Journal of Socioeconomics and Development, Vol 1, No 2, October 2018 67 indirectly decrease their income due to decreased one indicator to measure productivity, the higher productivity of the sea. the level of education it has, the higher the productivity and the ability to manage the business Empirically, there is a difference on the average catch and dare to take risks in the business. age of traditional fisherman in Bacukiki Barat Moreover, education status may reduce the District. There are 8 people (29.62%) in the age of chances of becoming poor (Etuk et al., 2015). 25-30 years old in Sumpang Minangae Sub-District and 4 people (26.66%) in Lumpue Village. These The low level of fishermen education in their fishermen are still in a productive age in working families is because of family's economic limitations although they are 51-55 years old who belong to and the inability of parents to send their children to non-productive age. These results are in line with school, so they need to quit school and spend more the findings of Tzanatos et al. (2006a) in which time at home or helping their parents (Hutapea et there are significant differences among groups in al., 2012; Rahim & Hastuti, 2018). the age of fishermen to increase the annual income Furthermore, the quantity variable of family of fishing activities in Greece. dependents has no effect on household income of According to Pakpahan, Lumintang, & Susanto the fishermen. These results are not in line with (2006) the fishermen age who are young around Jeyarajah & Santhirasegaram (2015) who find that 30s are in the productive age. It is because they family size negatively affects the income of have good physical ability so that they can perform fisherman households in Sri Lanka, while Parvin & activities optimally and able to develop themselves Akteruzzaman (2012) finds positive effect on by giving priority to the success of their family household income from agriculture and non - welfare especially to meet the children needs. Agriculture in Bangladesh. Furthermore, according to the International Labor Empirically, the average number of fishermen Organization Convention (ILO) No. 199 of 2007 dependents in Pare-pare City are 2-3 family concerning to fishing jobs, the age of 16 to 18 members. The large number of family members years old who is prior to arrest should be given a who will use a small amount of income will result in training in the form of apprentices for work safety low levels of consumption because the number of in not more than eight hours per day and 40 hours family dependents will encourage fishermen to per week. They should not also work overtime work harder to meet the needs of their family except when it cannot be avoided for safety members (Rahim & Hastuti, 2016). reasons. Further experience of fishing also has no effect Furthermore, the variable characteristic of on household income of the fishermen in Pare-Pare respondents in the form of formal education does City. This result is not in line with the findings of not have an effect on the household income of the Primyastanto (2015) that the experience of going fisherman catch in Pare-Pare City. This finding is to sea affects the change in household income of inconsistent with the prior research (Adili & Pandega fishermen in the Madura Strait. The Antonia, 2017) in Tanzania in the Indian Ocean average experience of fishing at Pare-Pare City was that education affects household incomes of the 31-35 years with the total number of fishermen is 3 fishermen. (17.3%) and the lowest is 5-10 years for 11 The formal education of the fishermen in Pare- fishermen (52.58%). The benefits of education are pare City has no significant effect because their investment (Rahim & Hastuti, 2018) for increasing society generally gets knowledge to go to sea only the income, consumption and their welfare from the hereditary of their parents who work as (Agarwal, Rahman, & Errington, 2009; Rabearisoa fishermen as well. This is proved empirically from & Zorzi, 2013) because the higher the level of the largest number of fishermen respondents who education, the more rational the decision will be. only graduated from primary school (elementary) Thus, it leads to improve welfare economy of their and junior high (SMP), 31 fishermen from 42 family. fishermen respondents. According to Riptanti The differences in the production of traditional (2005), although formal education can be used as fisherman catches in each water directly adjacent
68 Rahim et al., The Influence of Respondent Characteristics and .. to the sub-districts / villages in the western coastal Hikmah, & Pranowo, 2012) and marketing of areas of Pare-pare as their dummy variables marine products (Biswas & Rao, 2014), so that they certainly affect household economics, especially have profound implications for management, rural household income. According to Fahrunnisa, Azhar, poverty alleviation policies (Khodijah, 2014), and Muswar, Miharja, & Fahmi (2015), coastal fishing economic development of fisheries throughout the communities are groups of people living in coastal world (Harper, Zeller, Hauzer, Pauly, & Sumaila, areas with distinctive cultures associated with their 2013). dependence on the utilization of coastal resources CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION in economic activity and have the right to have collective resources that provide the benefits and The characteristics of respondents in the form efficiency of the existing resources sustainability. of age and the difference of residence give an influence to the change of income of traditional Dummy difference of fisherman residence area fisherman households. Meanwhile, the education, has a significant positive effect to household family dependent, and experience of going to sea income of traditional fisherman in Pare-Pare City. have no effect to household income. The age of This result has been proven that the income of productive fishermen of course have a better fisherman households out of Sumpang Minangae is physical ability to make an optimal capture for the 1.954 million rupiahs higher than Lumpue Village welfare of their family in meeting the needs in their i.e. 868 thousand rupiahs. It means that there is a households. significant difference between the traditional fishermen's residence in the area from the fishing Increased fisherman household income can be activities. That is in accordance with the finding of done by on-fishing and off-fishing. On-fishing is (Rahim & Hastuti, 2016) that in Barru District the carried out by the fishermen themselves as the income is smaller i.e. the average per trip is 468 head of the household through fishing efforts with thousand rupiahs for boat fisherman and boats the support of an outboard motor with power knots without motorcycles of 191 thousand rupiahs. (PK) equipped with modern fishing gear to reach Meanwhile, (Adili & Antonia, 2017) finds that in fishing ground as a fishing area in the Exclusive Tanzania, the averaged per day of 24.41 USD Economic Zone (EEZ). Whereas, off-fishing is done (51250 TZS) as a household economic enhancer, as by utilizing free time outside fishing of the well as in Sri Lanka the average monthly household fisherman wives themselves in the form of income amounted to 18.284 thousand rupees postharvest handling, handling, processing and (Jeyarajah & Santhirasegaram, 2015). marketing of marine products as a way of implicating rural poverty alleviation policies and The efforts to increase fishermen household fisheries economic development. income can be done by on-fishing and off-fishing. On-fishing can be carried out by the head of the ACKNOWLEDGMENT household itself, namely the fisherman through fishing efforts (Zhao, Tyzack, Anderson, & We would like to thank to the Study Program of Onoakpovike, 2013) with the support of a 10-20 Development Economic, Faculty of Economics and power knot (PK) outboard motor to reach fishing Research Institute of Universitas Negeri Makassar ground as a fishing area in the Exclusive Economic (UNM) and the Government of South Sulawesi to Zone (EEZ), 6 to 12 miles equipped with modern enable this research. Besides that, we would also fishing gear in the form of fishing rods and nets like to thank to the Department of Maritime Affairs (Rahim & Hastuti, 2016). and Fisheries and the Pare-Pare City Bureau of Statistics and all respondents for supporting in Furthermore, off-fishing is done by utilizing free collecting the data. time outside fishing (Nazmar, 2014) by household members, for example the wife of a fisherman who REFERENCES is not only a housewife, but also as the head of the Adili, Z., & Antonia, M. (2017). Determinants family when fishermen go to the sea (Marini & Influencing Fishing Income to the Coastal Ningsih, 2015). Off-fishing activities include Households of Indian Ocean. Oceanogr Fish postharvest handling, handling, processing (Azizi, Open Access J, 4(3), 1–7.
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Journal of Socioeconomics and Development Widyagama Vol 1, No 2, October 2018, 72 – 78 DOI: 10.31328/jsed.v1i2.604
The Relationship between the Adoption of Innovation and the Communication Channel of Madura Cattle Farmers
Ary Bakhtiar1* and Ridha Rizki Novanda2
1 Agribusiness Departement, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Agricultural, University of Muhammadiyah Malang 2 Departement of Socioeconomic Agriculuture, Faculty of Agricultural, University of Bengkulu
(Received September 24, 2018; Accepted October 10, 2018; Published December 8, 2018)
ABSTRACT. Madura cattle are one type of local cattle developed and maintained by some Madurese farmers. The adoption of technology is a concept used to absorb new innovative technologies in relation to the development of Madura cattle breeding businesses. Communication channels hold an important role in delivering information to farmers. Active communication channels can facilitate farmers in absorbing information, so the purpose of this study is to analyze how the relationship between communication channels with the adoption of innovation in Madura cattle farmers in the Madura islands. This research was carried out in August 2018 by using secondary data with the research findings taken were Sumenep Regency, Pamekasan, and Bangkalan. The samples taken are 60 people and processed by using Spearman rank correlation analysis method. The results showed that the communication channel is significantly related to knowledge with a correlation coefficient of 0.314. Beside that, the communication channel is significantly related to the decision with the Spearman correlation value of 0.046. Meanwhile, the stages of implementation, implementation, and confirmation do not have a relationship with the communication channel. The adoption of innovative technology relies heavily on the communication channels chosen to transmit technological innovation. The selection of the right extension agents is directly to demonstrate technological innovation to farmers. Thus, the stakeholders are expected to be able to provide direct counseling to increase knowledge and decisions to adopt innovative technology. Keywords : cattle, communication channels, adoption of innovation, Madura JEL Classification: O31, Q12, Q16
INTRODUCTION business. Beef cattle have long been maintained by some farmer as savings, social asset, and additional The livestock sector is one that focuses on meat labor to agricultural land with traditional consumption needs in Indonesia. Basically, meat maintenance management. Most beef cattle consumption in Indonesia is still very low compared business is in the form of people's businesses to to the other ASEAN countries. Indonesia's low meat produce seeds or fattening, and the maintenance is consumption is caused by domestic production that integrated with food crops and plantation crops cannot meet national meat consumption needs. (Suryana, 2009). Until now, there is only 70% of national cattle needs have been met (Rusono, 2015). Maintenance of beef cattle is also expected to increase national beef production, which until now The biggest meat needs are contributed by the has not been able to meet the increasing needs of availability of beef cattle. This livestock business the people. On the other hand, the high demand has the potential to be developed as a profitable for beef is an opportunity for businesses to develop local beef cattle so efforts to increase the
* Corresponding Email: [email protected] productivity need to be continued. ISSN 2615-6075 online; ISSN 2615-6946 print @UWG Press, 2018 A Self-sufficiency is a concept that has the main OJS http://publishing-widyagama.ac.id/ejournal- purpose of supplying local beef. The government v2/index.php/jsed/ continues to increase the population of local cattle.
Journal of Socioeconomics and Development, Vol 1, No 2, October 2018 73
One of them is breeding of germplasm. Germplasm characteristics of good innovation are expected to breeding is needed to restore Indonesian native be easily adopted by farmers to realize sustainable cattle and produce national beef that meets the livestock sector development. market demand. The potential and wealth of local Efforts to increase adoption of technological beef germplasm as SDGs have not been managed innovations are a necessity to stimulate farming well, so there are not many benefits that have been production. The adoption of the innovations obtained, even it causes losses and constraints in requires a long time and a measured process. its development, and thus, the management Factors that influence technology adoption are the recommendation are needed (Aryogi & Romjali, nature or characteristics of innovation, 2014). characteristics of prospective users, adoption Local beef cattle has a high potential to support decision making, channels or media used and the supply of national meat needs. This potential qualifications of extension agents. The velocity of has unfortunately not been utilized optimally adoption is also largely determined by the through an improved maintenance management. characteristics or class of farmers. The process of Local cattle has several advantages, for instance adopting a technology generally through several high adaptability to the local environment, being stages, namely awareness, attention, assessment, able to utilize low-quality feed, and enable good trial, adoption and confirmation (Sudana & reproductive power (Suryana, 2009) . Subagyono, 2012). Herman, Hutagaol, Sutjahjo, Rauf, & Priyarsono (2006) argue that the factors Madura cattle are one type of local cattle influencing the actions of farmers to adopt developed and maintained by some Madurese technology are the attitude of farmers, the level of farmers. The system for management of Madura farmer's income, the extent of crop land controlled cattle by farmers relies solely on available feed by farmers and the existence of extension agents sources in the local area. Madura cattle feed in the rainy season is usually elephant grass, field grass, In short, the purpose of this study is to analyze and leaves. In the dry season the feed given is dry the relationship between communications channels agricultural waste, and dried leaves. The feed with and the adoption of innovation in Madura cattle low quality and insufficient quantities can disrupt farmers in the Madura islands reproductive processes in livestock. Madura cattle RESEARCH METHOD have better reproductive advantages compared to Bos Taurus cattle, which are more resistant to hot This research was conducted in August 2018 by weather and tick disease (Hartatik, Mahardika, using secondary data obtained from the Agricultural Widi, & Baliarti, 2009). Statistics of the Indonesian Central Statistics Agency in the Madura region. The research The determination of the policy for the locations taken were Sumenep, Pamekasan and development of Madura cattle farms as germplasm Bangkalan districts which are centers of Madura is concentrated in the Madura Cattle herd area to cattle in the Madura Islands. The samples taken increase farmers' income as well (Hartono, 2012) were 60 people, namely breeders who only Thus, the farmers’ community is strived to be able cultivate pure Madura cattle. The analysis method to access technological innovations to improve their used was the Spearman rank correlation analysis ability in maintaining their livestock business. because the data used a Likert scale, so that rank The adoption of technology is a concept used to Spearman is the suitable method to analyze the absorb new innovative technologies in relation to relationship between communication channels and the development of Madura cattle breeding the stages of technological innovation adoption. businesses. According to Harinta (2011), the very The Spearman rank method is used to analyze dominant factor determining the absorption of the ordinal sample data. The analysis ranked the innovation is the characteristics of innovation. The
74 Bakhtiar and Novanda, The Relationship between the Adoption.. data after testing it (Syamsir, 2015). Kriyantono majority of farmers are not primary school parks (2014) states that the testing by using rank with a percentage of 45%. Their livestock business spearman can find out the relationship between the is a hereditary business, so that the skills to grow independent variables and dependent variables. the livestock are gotten from non-education. The Spearman rank formulation can be calculated based majority of well-known non-business jobs are those on the following equation: that work as factory workers, washing workers, farm laborers, and others in which the amounts of
91.67%. The average of farmer age is between 41 6 Ʃ D2
Rs = 1 - to 60 years old. Smallholder farmers have a 2 relatively small business scale which has cows N(n -1) below 7 individuals per person. In which, Rs (rho) rank-order correlation coefficient Table 1. Demographic Characteristics of Respondents and D2 multiplication of pair differences between two sets of values that have been sorted. Characteristics Quantity Percent (%) Gender Variable Definitions Male 45 75.00 Female 15 25.00 1. Adoption of Innovation Education a. Knowledge is defined as an increase in Not graduating from 27 45.00 elementary school knowledge from the respondents due to the Elementary School 17 28.33 adoption of innovation Junior High School 8 13.33 b. Persuasion is determined that the innovation Senior High School 6 10.00 adoption is able to invite respondents to Bachelor Degree 2 3.33 Occupation innovate after receiving knowledge Coffeshop 1 1.67 c. The decision is a stage where respondents Merchant 2 3.33 decide to adopt innovation Goverment Officials 2 3.33 The other 55 91.67 d. The implementation means the respondents Age implement innovation after making decision 20-40 14 23.33 e. Confirmation means after the innovation is 41-60 37 61.67 implemented, it must be confirmed the >60 9 15.00 Business scale suitability of the innovation Small 59 98.33 2. Communication Channels Medium 0 0.00 Communication in the form of counseling or Large 1 1.67 a direct communication channel is considered very effective to improve participatory The characteristics of farmers or breeders are communication. known to give a role to the adoption of an innovation. On the cocoa farm, Herman, Hutagaol, Sutjahjo, Rauf, & Priyarsono (2006) say that farmer RESULT AND DISCUSSION with a higher income, a positive attitude, and a The Description of Madura Cattle Breeders more extensive crop land tends to take action on technology adoption. The similar findings are Madura cattle breeders spread in the Madura acknowledged by Sudana & Subagyono (2012) who islands with the majority of their distribution in argue that the determinant of acceleration of Sumenep, Pamekasan, and Bangkalan. The adoption of Integrated Crop Management on Rice majority of the Madura cattle breeders’ gender is includes age and education level. The opportunity men with a percentage of 75% and is greater than for adoption of technology is higher if a women. Male farmers are more likely to work in implementing farmer group is relatively young with their own cattle compared to their wives. a higher level of education. Farmer groups which Meanwhile 25% of women who are livestock belong to these categories are generally more breeders are those who are widows or housewives visionary and dynamic. Thus, this also guarantees whose husbands work in the non-farm sector. The
Journal of Socioeconomics and Development, Vol 1, No 2, October 2018 75 a higher opportunity of success in a program. which provided technological innovations. Based on (Sudana & Subagyono, 2012). the results of the calculations, the communication channel is significantly related to knowledge. This The Relationship Between The Channels of indicates that the stages of innovation adoption are Communication and The Adoption of People's very suitable with the selection of good Livestock Innovations communication channels. The communication channel is closely related to Improving farmers' knowledge through how the information can be distributed to farmers. counseling is an initial step to adopt a technological Communication channels are needed to adopt innovation. The animal health technology innovative technology to farmers. Based on the innovation, cultivation, and side processing measurement results rank Spearman, it was found products are simple technological innovations that that the communication channel is significantly are most often obtained by Madura cattle farmers. related to knowledge with a correlation coefficient This condition is in accordance with the research of 0.314. Besides that, the communication channel conducted by Nur et al. (2016) which states that is significantly related to the decision (decision) the most optimal strategy for increasing innovation with the Spearman correlation value of 0.046. adoption is to provide continuous information about Meanwhile the stages of implementation, the innovation. Continuous communication will implementation, and the confirmation do not have increase the spirit of farmers to be responsive to a relationship with the communication channel. new knowledge. 1. The relationship between communication Communication in the form of counseling or channels and knowledge direct communication channel is considered very The communication channel adopted by farmers effective to improve participatory communication. is through direct communication, television, and This strongly supports the effectiveness of raising radio. However, the intensity of the communication farmers' knowledge (Cahyanto, Sugihen, & channels most often used by farmers is direct Hadiyanto, 2008). Counseling carried out by various communication channels. The information about agencies in a group of Madura cattle shows that farm cultivation is gotten through counseling, so the delivery through direct communication channels that the information about technology is very is very effective for increasing the knowledge of efficient through counseling as well. The innovation Madura cattle farmers. Farmers' knowledge is also transfer was carried out by related informants who greatly influenced by the attitude of farmers in came from animal husbandry extension, UPT adopting innovation technology (Herman et al., Keswan, and the higher education institutions 2006).
Table 2. Relationship between communication channels and stages of adoption of innovation
Stages of Innovation Adoption Knowledge Persuasion Decision Implementation Confirmation r (rank Spearman) 0.314 -0.180 0.258 -0.046 0.205 p-value 0.015 0.168 0.046 0.728 0.116 Significant Not Significant Significant Not Significant Not Significant
According to Cheboi & Mberia (2014), the most counseling that are outside the area. In this case, effective communication channel to increase the local government usually only sends the knowledge is direct with friends. This relates to the representatives of farmers for training outside the adoption of technology that will be delivered. Not region. After the representative was returned, he all farmers are able to access training and was expected to be able to provide counseling
76 Bakhtiar and Novanda, The Relationship between the Adoption.. directly to other farmers so that his knowledge techniques and media that are appropriate to the would increase to adopt the innovation. This conditions of farmers (Mulatmi et al., 2016) condition is considered the most effective one since According to Herman et al. (2006), the factors communication through friends provides better that influence the stage of change in farmers communication opportunities. knowledge are the existence of field schools or According to (Muchtar, Purnaningsih, & training programs, farmers' income levels and the Susanto, 2014), the participatory communication is simplicity of technology. Factors that influence very important to develop among farmers to farmers in shaping attitudes are knowledge of identify individual needs and decision making so as farmers, the extent of farming area, the existence to raise the enthusiasm and motivation of farmers of farmer groups and the number of family in the learning process. The participatory members. Meanwhile the factors that influence the communication is an approach that is able to actions of farmers to adopt the technology are the facilitate the community to be engaged in decision attitude of farmers, the level of farmers' income, making, a process that helps address needs and the area of crop land controlled by farmers and the increases empowerment. The approach to the existence of extention agent. grassroots community helps to establish familiarity To maintain and increase agricultural with stakeholders. production, through accelerating technology 2. The relationship between communication adoption, requires the support of various channels and decisions government policies and programs. Direct efforts include organizing training programs, providing Communication channels are significantly extension workers who are ready to assist farmer related to the decision of the farmer to adopt the groups, and creating program and technical innovation technology provided. Based on the assistance directly to farmers. Indirect efforts measurement results, the communication channel include the provision of infrastructure, is significantly related to the decision with the empowerment of farmer groups, increase in the Spearman correlation value of 0.258. The effective number and quality of training programs, and communication channels can determine farmers' availability of production factors including working decisions to adopt a technological innovation. capital (Herman et al., 2006) One good communication channel is to use CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION direct practice (demonstration) witnessed by farmers (Cheboi & Mberia, 2014). Giving Communication channels are significantly mentoring, counseling and training programs related to knowledge with a correlation coefficient accompanied by demonstrations about innovation of 0.314. Besides that, the communication channel are very appropriate strategies for increasing the is significantly related to the decision (decision) adoption of innovation in farmers (Mulatmi et al., with the Spearman correlation value of 0.046. 2016). The extension agents are expected to be Meanwhile, the stages of implementation, able to transmit information directly and use good implementation, and confirmation do not have a and right communication methods. Muchtar, relationship with the communication channel. The Purnaningsih, & Susanto (2014) states that the adoption of innovative technology relies heavily on characteristics of extension workers and the communication channels chosen to transmit communication channels significantly influence the technological innovation. The selection of the right decision of farmers to adopt a technology. Farmers' extension agents is to demonstrate technological decisions to adopt technology are strongly innovation to farmers directly. Thus, the influenced by the direct benefits of the technology stakeholders are expected to be able to provide they will adopt (Indraningsih, 2011). direct counseling to increase knowledge and decisions to adopt innovative technology. To improve the accuracy of technology adoption by farmers on a technology, efforts need to be The policy implication that can be formulated is employed through increasing the intensity and an increase in direct communication channels to quality of counseling respect to methods,
Journal of Socioeconomics and Development, Vol 1, No 2, October 2018 77 farmers, so that farmers can absorb innovations Hartono, B. (2012). Peran Daya Dukung Wilayah optimally. The stages determine the knowledge and Terhadap Pengembangan Usaha Peternakan decision, so that the role and communication Sapi Madura. Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan, 13(2), 13(2) 316-326. should enhance the two stages. The knowledge https://doi.org/10.23917/jep.v13i2.177 step, giving mentoring, counseling and training programs accompanied by demonstrations about Herman, Hutagaol, P., Sutjahjo, S. H., Rauf, A., & innovation are very appropriate strategies for Priyarsono, D. S. (2006). Analisis Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Adopsi Teknologi increasing the adoption of innovation in farmers. Pengendalian Hama Penggerek Buah Kakao: The decision step will arise due to good Studi Kasus di Sulawesi Barat. Pelita communication, so the instructor should improve Perkebunan, 22(3), 222–236. Retrieved from the communication method. https://repository.ipb.ac.id/bitstream/handle/12 3456789/53967/jurnalpnlitiankopi&kakao.pdf?se REFERENCES quence=1 Aryogi, & Romjali, E. (2014). Potensi, Pemanfaatan Indraningsih, K. S. (2011). Pengaruh Penyuluhan Dan Kendala Pengembangan Sapi Potong Lokal Terhadap Keputusan Petani dalam Adopsi Sebagai Kekayaan Plasma Nutfah Indonesia. In Inovasi Teknologi Usahatani Terpadu. Jurnal Lokakarya Nasional Pengelolaan dan Agro Ekonomi, 29(1), 1–24. Perlindungan Sumber Daya Genetik di https://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jae.v29n1.2011.1- Indonesia: Manfaat Ekonomi untuk Mewujudkan 24 Ketahanan Nasional (pp. 151–167). Retrieved from Kriyantono, R. (2014). Teknik Praktis Riset http://peternakan.litbang.pertanian.go.id/fulltek komunikasi. Prenada Media. s/lokakarya/lgen06-17.pdf?secure=1 Muchtar, K., Purnaningsih, N., & Susanto, D. Cahyanto, P., Sugihen, B., & Hadiyanto. (2008). (2014). Komunikasi Partisipatif pada Sekolah Efektivitas Komunikasi Partisipatif dalam Lapangan Pengelolaan Tanaman Terpadu (SL- Pelaksanaan Prima Tani di Kecamatan Sungai PTT). Juli, 12(2), 1–14. Retrieved from Kakap Kabupaten Pontianak, Kalimantan Barat. http://journal.ipb.ac.id/index.php/jurnalkmp/arti Februari, 06(1), 14–30. Retrieved from cle/view/8652/pdf http://journal.ipb.ac.id/index.php/jurnalkmp/arti Mulatmi, S., Guntoro, B., Widyobroto, B. P., Nurtini, cle/view/5657/4288 S., & Pertiwiningrum, D. A. (2016). Strategi Cheboi, S., & Mberia, H. (2014). Efficacy of Peningkatan Adopsi Inovasi Pada Peternakan Interpersonal Communication Channels in the Sapi Perah Rakyat Di Daerah Istimewa Diffusion and Adoption of Zero Grazing Yogyakarta, Jawa Tengah, Dan Jawa Timur. Technology. International Journal of Academic Buletin Peternakan, 40(3), 219–227. Retrieved Research in Business and Social Sciences. from https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v4-i9/1164 https://journal.ugm.ac.id/buletinpeternakan/arti cle/download/12470/10531 Harinta, Y. W. (2011). Adopsi Inovasi Pertanian Di Kalangan Petani Di Kecamatan Gatak Rusono, N. (2015). Peningkatan Produksi Daging Kabupaten Sukoharjo. Agrin, 15(2), 164–174. Sapi untuk Mewujudkan Kedaulatan Pangan https://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.agrin.2011.15.2.1 Hewani (Increasing Beef Cattle Production to 92 Achieve Animal Food Sovereignty). In Prosiding Seminar Nasional Teknologi Peternakan dan Hartatik, T., Mahardika, D. A., Widi, T. S. M., & Veteriner (pp. 12–21). Jakarta: Puslitbang Baliarti, E. (2009). Karakteristik dan Kinerja Peternakan, Kementan RI. Retrieved from Induk Sapi Silangan Limousin-Madura dan https://peternakan.litbang.pertanian.go.id/fullte Madura di Kabupaten Sumenep dan ks/semnas/pro15-2.pdf?secure=1 Pamekasan. Buletin Peternakan, 33(2), 143– 147. Sudana, W., & Subagyono, K. (2012). Kajian https://doi.org/10.21059/buletinpeternak.v33i3. Faktor-faktor Penentu Adopsi Inovasi 109 Pengelolaan Tanaman Terpadu Padi melalui
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Journal of Socioeconomics and Development Widyagama Vol 1, No 2, October 2018, 79 – 87 DOI: 10.31328/jsed.v1i2.594
Performance Evaluation of the Extension Worker and the Development Strategy of Organic Agriculture Extension in Batu City
Hendro Prasetyo1* and Lilis Hariani1
1 Department of Socioeonomics, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Brawijaya Malang
(Received April 12, 2018; accepted October 15, 2018; published December 8, 2018)
ABSTRACT. The area of Batu City generally performs high agricultural productivity. Batu is known as a producer of food and horticultural commodities that meet the needs of other regions. However, an excessive use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers in agricultural land has resulted in reducing land quality and productivity. Regarding such issues, the municipal government of Batu city encourages the implementation of organic farming. The role of extension workers is expected to be able to provide implementation up to the level of farmer cultivation management. The objectives of this study include (1) evaluating the performance of agricultural extension services, (2) identifying the internal and external environment of the organic agriculture extension program, (3) analyzing the strategy for developing an organic agriculture extension program. The study was conducted in the District of Junrejo Bumiaji Batu. Farmers and key persons were interviewed to obtain perceptual variables on the performance of extension workers, and strategies to increase the role of extension workers. The results of this study indicate that the performance of agricultural extension in seven indicators is sufficient. Only one indicator that has unsatisfactory performance is the media used in education counseling. Strategies for increasing the role of extension workers include: (1) improving information about organic agriculture by improving extension methods, (2) increasing the ability of farmer groups by working with stakeholders, (3) improving more effective and efficient extension methods, (4) improving the number of extension agents to optimize services for farmers, and (5) improving the quality of extension workers. Keywords: evaluation program, organic farming, Bumiaji, extension
JEL Classification: Q16, Q58, Q56
INTRODUCTION economy, with the characteristics of the comparative advantage of sub-tropical Regional economic development requires an commodities. Soil fertility conditions are suitable for integrated study of environmental aspects and the cultivation of vegetables and fruits. The cool social capacity. This concept can use a comparative and comfortable climate makes Batu as mainstay of advantage and agglomeration approach, associated a tourist destination. This needs attention in the with the function of economic integration with other management of land and regional resources to regions. This approach can lead to sustainable produce sustainable development benefits. development (Parmawati, Soemarno, Nugroho, & Setiawan, 2012). The development of organic agriculture is a real manifestation of the Batu City government efforts Batu City, East Java province, is located in a to implement sustainable agricultural development highland area starting from 600 m to 2,300 m (Fadlina, Supriyono, & Soeaidy, 2013). One area in above sea level. The development of the Batu city that implements an organic farming agricultural sector still dominates the regional program is Bumiaji district. Bumiaji district is one of the areas in Batu City which has an altitude of more * Corresponding author email: [email protected], than 1300 m above sea level. This area is adjacent ISSN 2615-6075 online; ISSN 2615-6946 print to a forest park conservation area, known as the @UWG Press, 2018 OJS http://publishing-widyagama.ac.id/ejournal- Sumberbrantas area. The majority of v2/index.php/jsed/ Sumberbrantas people have planted vegetables
80 Prasetyo and Hariani, Performance Evaluation of the Extension ... such as carrots, potatoes, blumkool, shouldard and minority farmer groups who follow the pilot of greens, shallots. Some others plant apples, but the the organic farming program. The area of the pilot implementation is still conventional. It means that program is 10 ha per village. the use of chemical fertilizers and inorganic In order to run the program well, the right pesticides are excessive, so that it is enable to strategy is needed in accordance with reduce soil fertility and soil productivity. environmental conditions both internally and The Agriculture Office of Batu City has externally to maximize the extension program established and implemented an organic farming (Aminah, Sumardjo, Lubis, & Susanto, 2015), so program since 2010 as the efforts to restore the the extension program can achieve the expected level of soil fertility. One of which was in Bumiaji goals of the Batu city government. district. The "Go Organic of Batu City" program The process of implementing agricultural aims to improve soil fertility, biological quality and extension can carry well and correctly if it is health of the soil, produce healthy and qualified supported by professional extension workers, agricultural products, increase farmer incomes, reliable extension agencies, continually flowing encourage the advancement of organic agriculture counseling materials, the correct system of in Batu city, and support sustainable agriculture extension education and appropriate extension (Sumbayak, 2013). methods (Sairi, 2015) For the success of the Organic Agriculture In short, the purpose of this study is to assess Program, Agricultural Extension Resources are the performance of agricultural extension services needed to provide guidance and counseling to the and develop strategies for increasing the role of community through socialization, technical extension agents to support organic farming assistance, production inputs, harvesting, and programs in Batu city. marketing. RESEARCH METHOD The problem often faced by farmers in rural areas is the low availability of new information Survey research was carried out in the city of needed (Fangohoi, Sugiyanto, Sukesi, & Cahyono, Batu. Research respondents included organic 2018). This is increasingly felt when new programs, farmers and key persons. A total of 40 farmers procedures and technology are applied. The new were selected randomly, from the villages of program should be prepared in such a way that Giripurno, Tulungrejo and Sumberbrantas, Bumiaji contains a full explanation and is received uniformly district. Farmers were interviewed to get their by all parties. It may be that a lot of information is perception regarding the performance of extension available from various sources, but the accuracy workers in carrying out their duties. should be identified. This information can be useful Three key persons were interviewed to fill out as the first step to understand the problem which is the questionnaire, to get their responses in then followed up with a solution. formulating a strategy to increase the role of The provision of this information needs to be extension agents. managed properly. Extension workers, farmers and Research analysis methods include description stakeholders can learn to use this information to be analysis and strategy formulation or SWOT more useful. The availability of information can also create technological innovations in agriculture and Descriptive Analysis support services. Descriptive analysis is used to determine the The "Go Organic of Batu City" program also performance of extension with two assessments, needs to be well prepared, through the role of which are good and not good. The assessment extension workers. The performance of extension criteria are explained based on each indicator value workers should be able to oversee the program and compared to the average value. Indicator variables provide guidance to groups of program participants. of farmers' perception of extension’s performance Extension workers in the field foster two farmer include (i) the development of farmer and gapoktan groups, namely the conventional majority group, groups, (ii) the extension work programs, (iii) the
Journal of Socioeconomics and Development, Vol 1, No 2, October 2018 81 extension approaches, (iv) the extension media, (v) opportunities found in the farmer's environment as the extension methods, (vi) facilities and well as threats arising from an external infrastructure, and (vi) coordination between environment. extension agents. The results of the extension's The identification of internal and external performance form the basis for the preparation of factors was expressed by calculating the total score internal factors in the SWOT analysis. obtained. Then the difference between internal and SWOT Analysis external factors was arranged as follows:
SWOT analysis is the identification of various a. Internal factor = (strength - weakness) = factors systematically to formulate an organization horizontal y axis or institutional strategy. This analysis is based on b. External factors = (opportunities - threats) = the subject of the internal environment that can vertical x axis maximize the strengths and opportunities; and The next procedure was to compile a SWOT external environment which can minimize diagram. Diagram is useful for knowing the position weaknesses and threats (Helms & Nixon, 2010). of an organization. The SWOT diagram is divided Internal factors in the strength variable include into four parts, namely: government support, development of farmer groups a. Quadrant I is to support an aggressive and a combination of farmer groups, quality of strategy or the SO strategy (strenght – extension workers, extension work programs and opportunities) approach methods. Meanwhile, the weakness b. Quadrant II is to support a strategy that is variables are counseling media, counseling oriented to the change of strategy WO methods, facilities and infrastructure, coordination (weaknesses - opportunities) among extension agents, and the limited number of c. Quadrant III is to support a defensive strategy extension agents. or WT (weaknesses - threats) strategy The external factors on opportunity variables d. Quadrant IV is to support the diversification include cooperation with stakeholders, the strategy or the ST (strength - threats) availability of organic farming inputs, periodic strategy monitoring, high prices of organic products, and Based on the position of the quadrant, the market opportunities. Meanwhile, the threat extension development strategy can be determined variable includes the level of participation, the lack by using the IFAS/EFAS Table. Merging among of information from farmers on organic farming, the variables of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, lack of services optimization, the narrowness of and threats was carried out based on the diagram. land ownership, and the occurrence of land conversion. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The variables were then given the value of the The Extension Performance Evaluation results from the respondent survey, and were The results of the analysis to measure farmers' arranged into the IFAS (Internal Strategic Factors perception of the extension agents performance are Summary) and EFAS (External Strategic Factors presented in Table 1, covered in seven variables. In Summary) tables (Rangkuti, 2006). general, those variables adjust the performance The calculation of scores was obtained from the indicators as stated in the Regulation of the results between weight and rating. The IFAS table Minister of Agriculture No. was used to assess weight and rating on the 91/Permentan/OT.140/9/2013 concerning assessment of internal factors aimed at the guidelines for evaluating the performance of strengths and weaknesses faced by the extension agricultural extension officers. agent, so that it can deal with internal weaknesses Farmers' perception of the development and take a position to correct them. EFAS table was variables of farmer groups and farmer groups used to assess the weight and rating on the played by extension agents showed positive things. assessment of the high and low values of As many as 73 percent of respondents said that the
82 Prasetyo and Hariani, Performance Evaluation of the Extension ... performance of the extension agent was good, and to the their needs. However, the observation shows 27 others said it was bad. Farmer groups and joint that the media used to carry out the extension farmer groups already have the ability in process is considered to be less varied so that organizing, accounting and building organizational farmers feel bored with the extension media used structures properly. (Fangohoi et al., 2018). Farmers' perception of the extension method Table 1. Farmers' Perception of the Performance of Extension Workers variables carried out by extension agents shows very good. A total of 72 percent of respondents Not No Variable Perception of farmers Good said that the performance of the extension agent good 1 Development of farmer groups 73 27 was good, and 28 others stated bad. The farmer and joint farmer groups. group considers that the extension method used 2 Extension work program 67 33 such as a face-to-face and lecture method are 3 Approach method 52 48 considered good enough to convey information to 4 Counseling media 62 38 5 Counseling method 72 28 farmer groups in Bumiaji district. 6 Facilities and infrastructure 69 31 7 Coordination between extension 66 34 Farmers' perception of the facilities and agents infrastructure variables of counseling conducted by The number of respondents is 40 people extension agents shows a positive thing. As many as 69 percent of respondents said that the Farmers' perception of the extension work performance of the instructor was good, and 31 program variable showed positive things, where 67 others said they were bad. Farmer groups have a percent of respondents stated that the extension's positive perception and feel the facilitation of the performance was good, and 33 others stated badly. facilities and infrastructure are usefull. Farmer groups and farmer groups combined Farmer Farmers' perception of the coordination variable groups in Bumiaji district consider that the of extension activities shows a positive thing, where agricultural extension work program is considered 66 percent of respondents stated that the good because the work program created has been performance of extension agents was good, and 34 felt to be directed towards farmers or has helped others stated bad. The farmer considers that the farmers in doing farming. coordination between extension agents conducted The farmer's perception of the method variable in Bumiaji district is considered quite good. The approach carried out by the extension agent shows coordination is carried out at once a month, as a more or less neutral. 52 percent of respondents performance indicators according to Minister of said that the performance of the extension agent Agriculture Regulation Number was good, and 48 others stated it was bad. The 91/Permentan/OT.140/9/2013 concerning farmer group considers that the extension approach guidelines for evaluating agricultural extension. method is quite efficient or appropriate for the farmer groups so that the they are able to receive The Strategy for Enhancing Extension the program that will be provided by the Performance government well. 1. The Analysis of internal and external The performance of the extension approach environment method is not better than the previous two variables. Approach methods need to be improved The results of internal and external environmental to make them more acceptable to farmers, and analysis are presented in Tables 2 and 3. Table 2 agricultural programs can work better. shows the results of the calculation of the scores of Farmers' perception of the media variables of each internal variable on strength (ranging from counseling conducted by extension agents shows a 0.33 to 0.47) or weaknesses (ranging from 0.38 to positive thing. As many as 62 percent of 0.42). The number of strength and weakness factor respondents said that the performance of the scores is 2.03 and 1.98, respectively. This shows extension agent was good, and 38 others stated it that strength displays a position more dominant was bad. The farmer groups consider that the than weakness, resulting in a score difference of available extension media is quite good according 0.05.
Journal of Socioeconomics and Development, Vol 1, No 2, October 2018 83
Table 2. The Calculation of IFA score should minimize existing weaknesses and threats as
Variable Bobot Rating Score well. It should be to determine the diversification Power strategy of the strengths and maximize the Government Support 0.091 3.6 0.33 available opportunities to be able to maintain the Development of farmer groups 0.109 4.3 0.47 and joint farmer groups continuity of agricultural extension in Bumiaji Quality of HR extension agents 0.102 4.1 0.41 District. Extension work program 0.097 3.9 0.37 Approach Method 0.105 4.2 0.44 Total Score 2.03 Weakness Extension Media 0.103 4.1 0.42 Extension Method 0.099 3.9 0.39 Facilities and infrastructure 0.098 3.9 0.38 Coordination between extension 0.099 4.0 0.39 agents Limited number of extension 0.099 4.0 0.39 agents Total Score 1.98 The number of respondents is 40 people The Difference in score: 0.05
Table 3 shows the results of calculating the scores of each internal variable on opportunities
(ranging from 0.29 to 0.45) or threats (ranging from 0.30 to 0.45). The number of opportunity and threat factor scores is 1.70 and 2.01, respectively. Figure 1. SWOT diagram This shows that the threat performs a greater Another way to look at alternative or strategic position than the opportunity, resulting in a score priorities is to use the SWOT matrix by adding EFAS difference of -0.30. scores to IFAS. The total value of each factor is The difference in scores from IFAS and EFAS illustrated in the formulation of the SWOT matrix tables is then used to compile the X and Y axes on which can be seen in Table 4. the SWOT diagram, presented in Figure 1. Table 4. Summing up of IFAS and EFAS scores
Table 3. The Calculation of EFAS scores EFAS/IFAS Strenght (S) Weakness (W) Variable Weight Rating Score Opportunity (O) SO WO Opportunity = 2.03 + 1.70 = 1.98 + 1.70 Collaboration with stakeholders 0.096 3.5 0.34 = 3.73 = 3.68 There is assistance from organic Threat (T) ST WT 0.111 4.1 0.45 farming inputs = 2.03 + 2.01 = 1.98 + 2.01 Periodic supervision 0.090 3.3 0.30 = 4.04 = 3.98 The high price of organic 0.089 3.3 0.29 products Table 4 shows that the ST strategy value (4.04) Market opportunity 0.093 3.4 0.32 Total Score 1.70 shows the highest score, followed by WT (3.98), SO Threat (3.73) and WO (3.68). The ST strategy from Table Level of participation 0.103 3.8 0.39 The lack of information from 4 is also in line with Figure 1. The sequence also 0.111 4.1 0.45 Farmers on organic farming provides an explanation of the priority strategies Lack of service optimization 0.106 3.9 0.41 needed to improve the success of organic Narrow land ownership 0.090 3.3 0.30 Occurrence of land conversion 0.111 4.1 0.45 agriculture counseling. Total Score 2.01 The number of respondents is 40 people 2. The Development strategy Difference in score: -0.30 The development strategy for extension services The diagram explains that the position of the was prepared on the basis of the SWOT matrix SWOT coordinates is in quadrant IV. This means (Table 5). As explained previously, the priority of that extension programs or activities should use strategies can be drawn up, namely ST (4.04), WT diversification strategies (ST strategy). Counseling (3.98), SO (3.73) and WO (3.68).
84 Prasetyo and Hariani, Performance Evaluation of the Extension ...
The SWOT analysis method is recognized to be of field theory being studied. The strategies very commonly used by practitioners. The compiled from the SWOT analysis should be advantages of the SWOT method are because it is examined, by relying on scientific field simple and easy to apply. However, caution is still competencies, including being equipped with other needed and can not be separated from the concept analytical tools (Helms & Nixon, 2010).
Table 5. The Extension of Performance Development Strategies Based on the SWOT Matrix
Strength (S) Weakness (W) 1. Government support 1. Extension media IFA 2. Development of a joint farmer group 2. Extension methods 3. Quality of HR extension agents 3. Facilities and infrastructure EFA 4. Extension program work 4. Coordination of extension agents 5. Approach method 5. Limited number of extension agents Opportunity (O) 1. Collaboration with stakeholders 2. Assistance for organic farming inputs Strategy SO Strategy WO 3. Periodic supervision (score 3.73) (score 3.68) 4. The high price of organic products 5. Market opportunities Threat (T) 1. Level of participation 2. Information on organic farming Strategy ST Strategy WT 3. Lack of service optimization (score 4.04) (score 3.98) 4. Narrow land ownership 5. Occurrence of land conversion
The combination strategy of Strength - g. Collaborating with stakeholders to improve the Opportunity (S-O). The strategy is intended to use extension approach method through power to take the advantage of opportunities. diversification of agricultural products h. Improving the extension approach method to a. Increasing the government support to socialize build a good and efficient communication to the price of organic products to support develop farmer groups competitiveness b. Increasing government support by opening The strategy for the integration of Weakness - market opportunities to improve the marketing Opportunity (W-O). The strategy is aimed at supply chain system and support Batu's tourism minimizing weaknesses to take the advantage of c. Improving the ability of farmer groups by opportunities. collaborating with stakeholders to improve a. Increasing collaboration with stakeholders to agribusiness and agro-industry based on the improve extension media organic agriculture (Hapsari, Hakim, & Soeaidy, b. Reconditioning and improving extension 2014) facilities and infrastructure by collaborating with d. Increasing the price of organic products stakeholders (Fadlina et al., 2013) through the role of farmer groups to improve c. Improving extension facilities and infrastructure the quality of cultivation to provide organic farming inputs e. Improving cooperative relations with d. Improving supervision regularly by improving stakeholders to improve the quality of HR extension facilities and infrastructure to extension agents (Fadlina et al., 2013) improve organic farming f. Improving the work program of extension e. Improving extension facilities and infrastructure workers with regular supervision (Herlina, to improve innovation and quality of organic 2014) cultivation to produce competitive prices for organic products
Journal of Socioeconomics and Development, Vol 1, No 2, October 2018 85 f. Improving extension facilities and infrastructure f. Doing Recruitement of new extension agents to to improve market opportunities for organic maintain continuity of information on organic agriculture. farming to farmers g. Increasing the number of extension agents to The combination Strategy of Strength - Threat optimize services for farmers (S-T). The strategy is intended to use force to h. Increasing the development of joint farmer overcome threats. groups by increasing the number of extension a. Increasing farmer participation in programs and agents so that the performance of extension government relations to realize agricultural agents is better. diversification in Batu city 3. The Strategic Implications b. Improving the quality of HR extension agents to motivate increased farmer participation The strategic implication of this research is c. Improving the extension approach method to basically the S-T strategy. The strategy is intended increase the farmer participation to use force to overcome threats. In Figure 1, the d. Increasing government support to improve the strategy is directed at diversifying extension provision of information on organic farming to programs. The internal factors of the strength that farmers need to be optimized are basically the extension e. Improving the quality of extension agents to agent and the farmer himself. improve information and communication flows Agricultural extension activities are very (Sairi, 2015) regarding organic farming to important to provide assistance to farmers and farmers their families. Farmers are expected to have the f. Increasing the government support to ability to help themselves to achieve their goals in overcome the ownership of a small-size land so improving the welfare of the farmers and their that the production continues to increase families (Sairi, 2015). g. Requesting government support to limit the conversion of agricultural land Furthermore, the role of the instructor should h. Developing the competency of farmer groups be optimized in various functions, namely as a as an effort to suppress the occurrence of land communicator, educator, facilitator, mediator or conversion motivator. That role puts extension workers as a solution to the problems of all things faced by The strategy for fusion of Weakness – Threats farmers. They should be able to master the (W-T). Strategies are aimed at minimizing technical and social relations with various weaknesses and avoiding threats. parties/other parties in the development of a. Improving more effective and efficient farming, including to empower farmers or small counseling methods such as the use of the businesses (Hapsari et al., 2014). internet to increase farmer participation Extension agents are required to serve better to (Fangohoi et al., 2018) farmers and are able to motivate the spirit of b. Improving information about organic farming learning and innovating in farmer groups, by improving extension methods participating in advancing groups. Extension agents c. Improving optimization of services by improving are also always present to explain to farmers about the facilities and infrastructure of extension land ownership, land conversion and an adverse services asymmetric information. The role of extension d. Improving coordination between extension agents becomes increasingly important when agents in delivering information about organic farmers are faced with farming cooperation with farming the private sector, or investors (Fadlina et al., e. Increasing the intensity of coordination among 2013). extension agents to maximize extension services The position of farmer groups or farmers in Batu city basically has advanced. They are familiar with commercial farming compared to most
86 Prasetyo and Hariani, Performance Evaluation of the Extension ... farmers in other region. They have been quadrant IV on the SWOT diagram. The priority contributing in advancing agro tourism in Batu. strategy for developing or improving extension Nonetheless, its role should continue to grow as services is Strength - Threat (ST). The strategy the progress and intensity of requests from outside focuses on using force to overcome threats by the region. conducting diversified programs.
The Batu Go Organic program should be The Batu Go Organic program will succeed if it directed at forming farmers who independently is able to form farmers who independently apply apply the organic farming. They still need to be organic farming. Farmers have the ability to help accompanied as long as they need or encounter themselves to improve the welfare of their families. difficulties. The weakness of farmers is usually The strategy prioritized by the BPP of Bumiaji when dealing with farming stakeholders, they do District and the Agriculture Office of Batu City, require energy and social competence which is namely: quite complex. This multi-functional activity requires a helping hand from the government 1. Improving information flows about organic including extension agents to coordinate, integrate farming by providing extension methods. or provide new information. 2. Improving the ability of farmer groups by collaborating with stakeholders The Go Organic program is multi-sector. 3. Improving the effective and efficient counseling Naturally, it is expected that the Batu City methods such as the use of internet facilities to Government will demand commitment and initiative increase farmer participation to provide space for the participation of all parties, 4. Increasing the number of extension agents, including farmer groups. The commitment and both PPL and Assistant Staff cooperation between sectors and between 5. Improving the quality of HR extension agents stakeholders need to be built. The government can support the needs and activities of extension The results of this study provide the following workers, such as information technology extension recommendations: (Fangohoi et al., 2018), improviement in the 1. Bumiaji district BPP should improve the quality of extension programs, facilities and performance of extension agents through infrastructure for extension services to farmers, improvements in facilities and infrastructure, farming capital or other supporting facilities. The information technology education, and government can also take a role in controlling land improvement in the quality of extension conversion and land ownership. programs. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 2. The government should support and take a role in controlling land conversion and land The performance of agricultural extension ownership to ensure long-term land workers in Bumiaji District has been said to be productivity. good, including the development of farmer groups and joint farmer groups, work programs, extension REFERENCES media, extension methods and extension Aminah, S., Sumardjo, Lubis, D., & Susanto, D. infrastructure. There is nly the performance of the (2015). Strategi Peningkatan Keberdayaan approach method according to the farmers that is Petani Kecil Menuju Ketahanan Pangan. considered unsatisfactory. Sosiohumaniora, 18(3), 253–261. Retrieved from The internal analysis of strengths and http://jurnal.unpad.ac.id/sosiohumaniora/article weaknesses of 2.03 and 1.98, respectively, resulted /download/8343/6617 in a score difference of 0.05. Meanwhile the Fadlina, I. M., Supriyono, B., & Soeaidy, S. (2013). external conditions of opportunity and threats show Perencanaan Pembangunan Pertanian the results of scores of 1.70 and 2.01 respectively, Berkelanjutan (Kajian tentang Pengembangan resulting in a score difference of -0.30. The Pertanian Organik di Kota Batu ) Sustainable coordinates of the difference in scores place in Development of Agrocultural ( Studies on Organic Agricultural Development in Batu City).
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J-Pal, 4(1), 43–57. Retrieved from Masyarakat Petani di Kabupaten Batang. http://jpal.ub.ac.id/index.php/jpal/article/view/ Journal of Educational Social Studies, 3(2), 30– 115/115 37. https://doi.org/10.15294/jess.v3i2.6651 Fangohoi, L., Sugiyanto, S., Sukesi, K., & Cahyono, Parmawati, R., Soemarno, Nugroho, I., & Setiawan, E. D. (2018). Establish The Perception Of B. (2012). The Effect of Asset Sustainable Agricultural Extension Workers Through Cyber Livelihood to Development of Central Extension As The Media Information. Journal of Agriculture City. J. Appl. Environ. Biol. Sci, 2(3), Socioeconomics and Development, 1(1), 32–37. 123–129. https://doi.org/10.31328/jsed.v1i1.530 https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.6265247 Hapsari, P. P., Hakim, A., & Soeaidy, S. (2014). Sairi, A. (2015). Peran Petugas Penyuluh Pertanian Pengaruh Pertumbuhan Usaha Kecil Menengah Dalam Mengembangkan Budidaya Padi Di Desa (UKM) terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Daerah Sumber Sari Kecamatan Loa Kulu Kabupaten (Studi di Pemerintah Kota Batu). Wacana–, Kutai Kartanegara. EJournal Ilmu Komunikasi, 17(2), 88–96. Retrieved from 3(2), 150–164. Retrieved from http://wacana.ub.ac.id/index.php/wacana/articl http://ejournal.ilkom.fisip- e/view/308/259 unmul.ac.id/site/?p=1947# Helms, M. M., & Nixon, J. (2010). Exploring SWOT Sumbayak, P. H. (2013). Implementation Batu analysis – where are we now?: A review of Local Govenment’s Agriculture Policy Through academic research from the last decade. Go Organic Programs In The Sustainable Journal of Strategy and Management, 3(3), Agricultural Development. JURNAL 215–251. ADMINISTRASI PUBLIK, 9(1). Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1108/17554251011064837 http://administrasipublik.studentjournal.ub.ac.id /index.php/jap/article/view/291 Herlina. (2014). Interaksi Sosial Penyuluh Pertanian sebagai Upaya Peningkatan Usaha Tani
Journal of Socioeconomics and Development Widyagama Vol 1, No 2, October 2018, 88 – 99 DOI: 10.31328/jsed.v1i2.729
The Identification of Research Priority in The Field of Food Security
Budi Triyono1*, Chichi Sinthia Laksani1, Muhammad Zulhamdani1, Irene Muflikh Nadhiroh1, and Lutfah Ariana1
1 Center for Science and Technology Development Studies-Indonesia Institute of Sciences
(Received September 24, 2018; Accepted October 25, 2018; published December 8, 2018)
ABSTRACT. The development of food security in Indonesia still faces various problems. Dealing with those problems, the role of research and development institutions such as the Indonesia Institute of Sciences (LIPI) is needed. LIPI as a government R & D institution is expected not only to produce knowledge, but also to play an active role in solving various problems of the nation including in the field of food security. The results of the evaluation of LIPI's activities show that it has produced significant and strategic research outputs. However, only a few have been successfully implemented to solve food problems. Therefore, a study of Research Priority Setting (RPS) is needed so that the LIPI research activities program in the future will produce more research outputs that play a role in providing solutions in this food sector. The purpose of this RPS study is to provide direction so that LIPI research in the future can contribute more to solving problems in the food sector. This study starts from the activity stage to identify strategic issues that need to be resolved through R & D activities. This identification activity is carried out through a round table discussion involving stakeholders. The next stage is to determine researches that need to be prioritized by LIPI in the next five years using the Delphi method. From the study, it is concluded that in the next five years LIPI's R & D activities should be focused on: (1) the development of biological organic fertilizer, (2) the development of local food materials, (3) the development of Germplasm, (4) the functional food development, and (5) the development of modern agriculture. Keywords : research priority, food security, LIPI, fuctional food, local food JEL Classification: D24, L26, Q12
INTRODUCTION increased. BAPPENAS data production (2016) show that the production of major food commodities in At present, Indonesia is faced with a growing Indonesia such as rice, corn and soybeans and population. This condition results in an increase of meat and fish have increased . However, the food demand. Statistical data show that middle to balance between production and consumption of upper income groups are increasing, which has an some food commodities (such as beef, soybeans impact on food demand. Data from BAPPENAS and shallots) are negative. In addition, this food (2016) show that Indonesian rice consumption sector is also faced with major problems in the currently tended to decline. Conversely, there was form of expensive and volatile prices. an increase in consumption of beef and fish. When viewed from the side of consumption expenditure, In achieving food security with various data show that consumption expenditure in serelia conditions faced, the government's efforts are has decreased. Meanwhile expenditures for contained in Law No. 18 of 2012 concerning Food. consumption of protein (meat and fish), vitamins The Act states that to achieve food security, three (fruits and vegetables) and processed foods have main issues that should be addressed are: (1) the realization of food availability based on the optimal utilization of local resources carried out by * Corresponding author email: [email protected], ISSN 2615-6075 online; ISSN 2615-6946 print diversifying food and prioritizing domestic food @UWG Press, 2018 production, (2) the realization of food affordability OJS http://publishing-widyagama.ac.id/ejournal- v2/index.php/jsed/ from physical and economic aspects are carried out
Journal of Socioeconomics and Development, Vol 1, No 2, October 2018 89 through the management of supply stabilization LIPI research program in the future will produce and prices of staple foods, management of staple more research outputs that play a role in providing food reserves, and distribution of staple foods, and solutions in this food sector. For this reason, it is (3) the food utilization or food and nutrition necessary to conduct a Research Priority Setting consumption will produce quality human resources (RPS) study. This RPS is an important step for as one of the determining factors of development planning research efficiently. RPS can help the success. This is done through the fulfillment of a decision-making process in the research area about variety of food intake, balanced nutrition, food what is invested, where to invest, when to invest, safety, food quality and food nutrition and how much to invest. In other words, RPS is an requirements. optimal approach to allocating research resources (Braunschweig, 2000). In addition, the RPS As a follow-up and elaboration of Law No. 18 of approach can improve the efficiency and credibility 2012, the Food and Nutrition Strategic Policy of decision makers in the research field. The (KSPG) is a common platform for stakeholders in purpose of this RPS study is to provide direction so the field of food and nutrition in its role and efforts that LIPI research in the future can contribute more to contribute optimally in food and nutrition to solving problems in the food sector. development. In the KSPG, it was stated that the strategic food policy objectives to be achieved The Research Priority Setting (RPS) is followed were: (1) increasing food availability through because of the rapid development of science and increasing domestic production, developing food technology and its impact on the social and reserves, regulating food trade based on national economic of the community. Grebenyuk et.al interests, and developing local and processed food (2016) explains that today research activities are production, (2) strengthening food affordability growing in scale, have inter-disciplinary nature and through efficiency in marketing facilitation, food global coverage; the impact on global innovation- logistics system, stabilization of food supply and based development is also increasing. Despite prices, handling emergency food insecurity, and significant growth of R&D expenditures in food assistance for poor families, (3) developing developed countries, none of them is capable of food utilization through the pattern of promoting conducting fully-fledged research covering the food consumption, developing diversified food whole range of subject areas. Therefore, setting consumption based on the local food, improving sound priorities for science, technology, and nutrition community, and enhancing the security of innovation (STI) activities becomes particularly fresh and processed food, and (4) strengthening important since they determine the prospects not food institutions and coordination of food security only for scientific but also socio-economic through synergy and involvement program of all development. Most developed countries have been stakeholders in the development of food and working on setting STI priorities for quite some nutrition as well as the policy support of ministries / time, the latter providing the basis of their STI institutions. However, to achieve these objectives policies. Many countries are also traditionally there are various problems that need to be solved. working on setting and regularly updating thematic priorities which include specific S&T fields investing Dealing with various food issues and problems, in which it can potentially bring the biggest social the role of research and development institutions and/or economic effects in the medium to long such as the Indonesia Institute of Sciences (LIPI) is term. A sufficiently widely articulated range of needed. LIPI as a government R & D institution is social and/or economic objectives accomplished by demanded not only to produce knowledge, but also orienting science and technology development is expected to play an active role in solving various accordingly is obvious in such priority-setting problems of the nation including in the field of food exercises. security. The results of the evaluation of LIPI's activities show that it has produced significant and The Research Priority Setting (RPS) is an inter- strategic research outputs. However, a few of them personal activity that aims to select topics and or have been successfully implemented to solve food key choices of questions to be examined. Priority problems. Therefore, a study is needed so that the settings themselves are related to limited resource
90 Triyono et al., The Identification of Research Priority in .. management. RPS is very important to understand the future (8) helping to cope with "Grand development challenges and opportunities, to Challenges" and (9) triggering actions and understand the organization and research promoting public debate. This is done by several institutions involved, where these areas are related developed and developing countries such as to issues, and identify knowledge gaps with Germany, Japan, UK, China, Korea etc. In these potential contributions that can be generated. RPS countries the RPS is generated based on large-scale is defined as a collective activity for deciding which foresight projects involving all sectors of science uncertainties are most worth trying to resolve and technology (Harper, 2013). Foresight through research; uncertainties considered may be conducted by Japan continuously since 1960 also problems to be understood or solutions to be issued a list of priority research areas and a list of developed or tested; across broad or narrow areas key technologies. China and Korea also determine a (Sandy Oliver ). list of important technologies based on Delphi- Based Foresight that are carried out periodically. In practice, questions often arise about the Germany also does technology foresight in difference between RPS and foresight activities. analyzing the potential and demand for research (Gavigan & Forschung, 2001) defines foresight as a and technology. series of systematic, participatory processes, future intelligence gathering and long term vision building The increasing need to determine priority areas process in the aim of forming strategies, decisions in conducting research, especially related to the and implementation at this time. Regarding efficiency and effectiveness of resources makes foresight, Harper (2013) defines foresight as one of priority setting studies conducted explicitly (Drilhon, the collective approaches in exploring, anticipating 1991) apart from a series of foresight activities. and shaping the future. Foresight itself has been Current Science and technology (S & T) priority applied in various matters at international, national settings are also carried out at various levels, and regional levels. In the process, foresight including policy levels that are generally carried out involves many actors, as many as possible involving by the government, strategic levels (generally relevant stakeholders to provide the right picture funding agencies) and operational levels (generally and strategy. In addition, foresight also consists of carried out by R & D institutions) (Glod, Duprel, & a combination of activities such as panels, Keenan, 2009). The new European Horizon 2020 workshop scenarios, brain-storming, consensus Research and Innovation Framework Program building, horizon scanning and trend analysis (Zygierewicz, 2017) is a program that uses the (Harper, 2016). Foresight methodology in determining and implementing priorities at the European Meanwhile, the priority setting can be defined Commission level. Glod et al., (2009) also as a negotiation process among related parties mentions that basically S & T priority settings also such as the public and private sectors and other determine priorities in several other related stakeholders to find common ground and form matters, such as fields of science, industrial areas, strategies (OECD, 2012). Priority settings technology areas, research facilities, types of themselves are basically related to the allocation of research conducted by R & D institutions and resources in achieving the desired goals (OECD, others. 2010). In general, RPS is carried out implicitly as one of the foresight process series. (Popper The Delphi method is used in this RPS study. It Villarroel, Keenan, Miles, Butter, & Sainz, 2007) is a suitable method to be applied in LIPI, whose states that the purpose of foresight generally researchers are very diverse because this method revolves around: (1) fostering science, technology allows many researchers in this study. This method and innovation (STI) cooperation (2) orienting is a group process that is used to obtain written policy and decisions (3) recognizing key barriers responses from several individuals. The process is and drivers of STI (4) encouraging strategic and intended to gather opinions from a number of futures thinking (5) supporting the STI strategy and individuals in order to improve the quality of priority setting (6) identifying research / investment decision making. In its application in the company, opportunities (7) generating vision and images of the Delphi process is carried out by distributing
Journal of Socioeconomics and Development, Vol 1, No 2, October 2018 91 questionnaires sequentially to stakeholders and and develop strategies. Therefore, this technique is experts in the internal company to find out the very suitable to use in this RPS study. initial state of the company's human resources, as Roundtable is a discussion that directs the well as knowing the criteria that affect the opportunity of all participants informally to discuss management of the company in making a policy in issues related to or related to their business terms of fulfillment human resource needs of the processes with a formal agenda, discussing the key company, so that qualitative data are obtained for points of the issue to be explored (American later weighting processes. Pediatric Surgical Nurses Association, 2014) Generally the experts involved in the delphi involving facilitators and other equipment. process are people who have expertise in the area According to (Ashton, de Angelis, & Graf, 2011), in question or who will be assessed. Existing roundtable discussion is a discussion activity that experts do not know one another until they are debates issues and aims to create a win-win brought together in the final stages of the situation. Discussions in the roundtable involve implementation of the Delphi method (Linstone & several participants, namely business people, local Turoff, 1975). Delphi does not require direct leaders, workers, environmental activities, meetings (face to face), and this is useful for members of community groups or communities, or involving experts, users, resource controllers, or figures that fit the needs. administrators who cannot come together. Delphi RESEARCH METHOD allows people to list without using names, but it prevents domination by certain individuals. Because This study was started from the activity stage to of its nature, it is possible to gather opinions from identify uncertainty topics, issues, questions or people who are hostile to each other, or where the problems that need an attempt to be solved style of individual personality will damage in a through a research. This identification activity is meeting. carried out through a round table discussion involving stakeholders. At this stage, the research The process of implementing the delphi method team presented various issues to be confirmed, that is now commonly done is a method / version detailed and completed in the round table (Linstone & Turoff, 1975) "Paper and Pencil discussion to get strategic issues that need to be a Version", where in this method a team is formed to concern for LIPI in developing its research design a questionnaire that will be submitted to program. experts (group respondents). After all answers from the questionnaire are obtained, each respondent is The next stage is the determination of research given the opportunity to re-evaluate their answers. prioritizing the leading LIPI research program in the After that, the team concludes the results of the next five years (2020 - 2024) to provide solutions answers obtained. Based on these conclusions, the to the topics, issues, uncertainty questions or team designed the next step questionnaire to be problems that have been identified. This stage was re-submitted to the respondent group. The Delphi carried out through the process of using the Delphi method like this is also known as "Conventional method (assessment according to the Expert Delphi". Council) in two rounds. The outline of the flow of this study can be illustrated in the following chart. This study also use roundtable discussion techniques that are used to build consensus as an The first round of Delphi was started by effort to identify problems and find solutions in the searching ideas of LIPI experts about the research relationship between formal decision makers such that needs to be done in the next five years to as the government, and other social sectors such provide solutions to the uncertain topics, issues, or as environmental groups, communities and other questions that have been identified from the groups. The Roundtable is not a general meeting, previous stage. Furthermore, in the first round of but a meeting or discussion focused on specifically the Delphi, the assessment was conducted by the exploring to identify existing or new issues so that Expert Board to assess the level of attractiveness of they can be used to explore solutions, find actions the research proposed by experts from the results
92 Triyono et al., The Identification of Research Priority in .. of the ideas searching based on criteria: its for the research that will be prioritized in the LIPI potential to answer the issue and its contribution to research program in the next five years (2020- the development of science and technology. The 2024). results of this first phase assessment are proposals
Figure 1. Flow of Study
In the second round of Delphi, it was conducted transferring this R & D capability to research to assess LIPI's R & D capabilities (feasibility) to that has a high level of importance; carry out proposals for the research that would be 4. Research with low attractiveness and low value prioritized in terms of the availability of expertise of of feasibility. This research group should not be the researchers and the availability and suitability a priority in LIPI's flagship research program of the R & D facilities and infrastructure. The From the results of the roundtable discussion complete results of these two delphi rounds are as identified, there were 49 strategic issues in the field follows: of food security that needed solutions through 1. Researches with high attractiveness and research and development activities. Meanwhile, feasibility. This research topic group should be from the LIPI researchers' identification results, the main priority of the LIPI research program there were 77 researchers who had experience in for the next five years; conducting research related to the food sector. 2. Researchs with high attractiveness value, but Questionnaires to capture research ideas that can the value of its feasibility is low. This research provide solutions to 49 strategic issues were given group needs to be studied further to determine to all of the researchers and 57 researchers whether LIPI needs to increase R & D including returning questionnaires and giving capabilities in the research area; research topic ideas for the next five years. There 3. Research topics with low attractiveness value, are totally 171 research topics from the results of but the value of the feasibility is high. This ideas searching. indicates that LIPI has a high R & D capability, After checking the incoming research topics, but the level of importance of this research several research topics were combined with other topic is low. Thus, LIPI should consider research topics because the research topics were considered inappropriate and / or had a high
Journal of Socioeconomics and Development, Vol 1, No 2, October 2018 93 resemblance to other research topics. From the systems (on-farm and off-farm). This fact can also results of the checking, 157 research topics were indicate that food research at LIPI tends to be done obtained, which were then assessed by the Expert a lot on these issues. Thus, it can be assumed that Council for the atractiveness and feasibility level. LIPI has competence in these areas. The details of the number of research topics are Table 1. The distribution of research topics number from shown in Table 1 below.The evaluation of structural ideas searching based on issues model is pointed to know the effect of one Number of independent latent variable to dependent latent Food Issues research variable. There are two parameters to test causal topics correlation between two latent variables. The 1. Food Availability 99 Climate Change and Mitigation 26 coefficient of determination (R2) for the dependent Food Availability 34 construct, the path coefficient and or t-value of Food and Agriculture Systems (on-farm each path are for the significant test between and off-farm) 23 construct in the structural model. Germplasm 9 Institutional 6 RESULT AND DISCUSSION Data and Information 1 2. Affordability / Food Accessibility 5 From the results of the roundtable discussion Food Price Stability 0 Food Affordability 0 identified, there were 49 strategic issues in the field Distribution and logistics infrastructure 4 of food security that needed solutions through Data and Information 1 research and development activities. Meanwhile, 3. Food Consumption and Nutrition 53 Food Safety 8 from the LIPI researchers' identification results, Diversification of Food Consumption 39 there were 77 researchers who had experience in Nutrition Improvement 3 conducting research related to the food sector. Food Sanitation 3 Questionnaires to capture research ideas that can Data and Information 0 provide solutions to 49 strategic issues were given to all of the researchers and 57 researchers Furthermore, table 1 also shows that LIPI including returning questionnaires and giving researchers are less interested in the issue of research topic ideas for the next five years. There affordability / food accessibility. This fact can be are totally 171 research topics from the results of seen from the lack of researchers who provide ideas searching. input on research ideas that need to be carried out by LIPI to answer this strategic issue, even none of After checking the incoming research topics, the researchers proposed research topics on the several research topics were combined with other sub-issues of food price stability and food research topics because the research topics were affordability. This fact also indicates that so far LIPI considered inappropriate and / or had a high has not done much research on affordability / food resemblance to other research topics. From the accessibility. results of the checking, 157 research topics were obtained, which were then assessed by the Expert In addition, to determine which research topics Council for the atractiveness and feasibility level. should be prioritized by LIPI in the next five years. The details of the number of research topics are It will be carried out assessment of the shown in Table 1 below. atractiveness and the ability of LIPI to conduct R & D on each research topics proposed by the Table 1 shows that diversifying food researchers. The level of attractiveness is assessed consumption is the most interesting issue for LIPI based on its potential in answering issues and its researchers. This can be seen from the large contribution to the development of science and number of research topics proposed by researchers technology, while the level of ability in conducting to provide research-based solutions related to the R & D is assessed by the availability of researchers, food issues. The next issue that attracts many LIPI facilities and infrastructure. This assessment was researchers is the issue of food availability, carried out by five LIPI expert boards selected followed by the issue of climate change and based on the consideration of competence and mitigation and the issue of food and agriculture experience in researching and pursuing research in
94 Triyono et al., The Identification of Research Priority in .. the field of food. Each expert council assigns scores level of attractiveness and availability of facilities between 1 (none at all) to 10 (very large) or 0 (if it and infrastructure. is not assessed) on each research topic. However, Figure 2 and 3 show a map of research topics the discussion of the Expert Council decides that based on quadrants (level of atrractiveness and R & the assessment is carried out by giving odd D capability). This map is the basis for determining numbers (1, 3, 5, 7 or 9). If the expert council feels food research priorities which should be carried out that it cannot provide an assessment due to lack of by LIPI in the next five years. Then the group of information and knowledge possessed on a research topics with the highest scores were particular research topic, the expert board can give analyzed and discussed by the Expert Council to be a value of 0. chosen as the LIPI priority research for the next The results of the attractiveness assessment five years and formulated for implementation. research topics and the capacity of R & D to do the Figure 2 shows a map of the research topic research are shown in two-dimensional graphs, based on the level of attractiveness and the where R & D capabilities as the X-axis and level of availability of researchers described in the attractiveness as the Y-axis and the average line in quadrant. The figure shows that research topics both variables become quadrant boundaries. The that have a high level of attractiveness and R & D results of the respondents' assessment showed that capabilities form several research topic clusters, the average value of the atractiveness of all topics which are related to Functional Food, Biological was 5.29 and the average value of the R & D ability Organic Fertilizers, Local Food Materials, and level as seen from the availability of researchers Germplasm. In addition, there are also research (5.64) was greater than the average value of topics with high importance (above 6.5) but the availability of facilities and infrastructure (5.25). availability of researchers is not adequate, namely Based on these average values, the research topic the development of food or technology in order to was mapped in 4 quadrants, namely: respond to climate change. This topic is important 1. Quadrant I: the value of attractiveness and R & to be done by LIPI because it has high potential in D capability is small (below the average line). answering issues and contributing greatly to the Research topics in quadrant I do not need development of science and technology. However, attention to be LIPI's priority. LIPI does not have sufficient availability of 2. Quadrant II: the value of the atractiveness is researchers both quantity and quality for these small, but the value of the R&D capability is topics. large (above the average line). This indicates Likewise, when viewed based on the level of that LIPI has a high R & D capability, but the attractiveness and availability of facilities and importance level of these research topics is low. infrastructure, it shows the tendency of research 3. Quadrant III: the value of attractiveness is topics including in Quadrant IV to group several large, but the value of R&D capability is small. research topic clusters similar to Figure 2, namely This indicates that there are important research the Biological Organic Fertilizer, Plasma Nutrition, topics to do, but LIPI does not have sufficient Local Food, Functional Food cluster and Modern capacity to conduct R & D on these topics. Agriculture. Furthermore, from the second picture 4. Quadrant IV: the value of the level of above shows the topics of functional food research attractiveness and R&D capability is high. The that have a high value of attractiveness. This research topics in this quadrant become means that the research topic is important to be research topics that should be prioritized by carried out by LIPI in the next five years. However, LIPI for the next five years. if it is seen from the ability of the Research The results of the research topic mapping based Institute to conduct research, there are important on the level of attractiveness and R & D capability notes that need to be considered by LIPI. In show that most research topics are including in conducting functional food research, the availability Quadrant IV, which is 33% when viewed based on of LIPI researchers is considered to be adequate the level of attractiveness and availability of but it is still considered inadequate in terms of researchers and 32% when viewed based on the availability of facilities and infrastructure
Journal of Socioeconomics and Development, Vol 1, No 2, October 2018 95
.
Figure 2. The map of food research topics based on availability of researcher
Figure 3. The map of the topic of food research based on research facility
Based on the results of the assessment of the mitigation for food availability and an increase of attractiveness and capacity level of the researchers food productivity. Meanwhile, to answer the issue and the results of the FGD, the Board of Experts of food consumption, LIPI should be able to agreed that in the context of addressing the issue contribute to the development of healthy and of food security, research at LIPI in the future nutritious food products and downstream food should focus on two main issues, namely: food research until it is accepted by the community. This availability and food consumption (Figure 4). In the is a basic concept for LIPI to determine food sector issue of food availability, LIPI can contribute research priorities in the future. through a research related to climate change
96 Triyono et al., The Identification of Research Priority in ..
Furthermore, based on the concept and the during this time and excessive use of chemical results of the research topic mapping according to fertilizers has an impact on the decline in soil the level of attractiveness and R & D capabilities, productivity significantly. The use of biological the Board of Experts agreed that for the next five organic fertilizer from LIPI research results both years LIPI research priorities in food can be alone and mixed with chemical fertilizers, and has focused on biological organic fertilizer development been proven to improve soil structure and increase research, local food ingredients, germplasm, agricultural productivity. For that reason, in the functional food and modern agriculture. Research next five years LIPI still needs to conduct research priorities for LIPI food field in the next five years for the development of biological organic fertilizer are explained below. which is intended as a disaster mitigation effort, so that the productivity of the land will be maintained and will have positive implications for food availability in the end.
The superior microbial properties of biological organic fertilizer agents in overcoming stress of high salt content on agricultural land due to sea water intrusion, drought stress or flooded, pest attack which are resistant to controlling toxins and becomes the basis of future biological organic fertilizer research and development. On the other Figure 4. The concept of LIPI's research on food in hand, an increase in organic-based industries, the future including those from the marine industry, is also 1) The Development of Biological Organic Fertilizer increasing parallel produces large amounts of waste, so it needs to be wisely overcome to Until now, LIPI is recognized to have high produce products of high economic value, for competence in conducting research and example, as a material or media for making development in several strategic sectors including biological organic fertilizer. To improve quality and food. One of LIPI's research and development efficiency further, the modern technology approach activities that has been carried out for more than through molecular technology and sophisticated five years is biological organic fertilizer. LIPI has machinery is absolutely necessary although the succeeded in building competencies in the field of community implementation should be developed biological organic fertilizer research. In recent that is practical, effective and available and years, LIPI has succeeded in developing biological affordable raw materials remain a top priority. organic fertilizer, where the results have been disseminated to various provinces in Indonesia. In order to develop biological organic fertilizer This biological organic fertilizer development is still for the purpose of disaster mitigation, there are important to be carried out by LIPI in the future. several steps that need to be carried out, namely:
Microbes that are microbial candidates for a. Exploration, screening and molecular biological organic fertilizer agents (Rizobakteri characterization of superior microbial starter boosting plant growth) are generally living things formula biological organic fertilizer candidates that are very responsive, clever, and very efficient for special needs based on the ecosystem in responding to changes in the environment. The conditions, stress, and plant commodity groups. life includes the impacts of global climate change b. The development of biological organic fertilizer and environmental changes due to ecological formulas is based on organic materials of agro processes or human activities. For this reason, the waste, livestock and marine products and next five years the development of biological development of production fermentation organic fertilizer needs to be directed towards the technology. purpose of disaster mitigation due to climate c. The starter formula test and the formula for change. The occurrence of extreme climate change biological organic fertilizer on the demfam scale
Journal of Socioeconomics and Development, Vol 1, No 2, October 2018 97
and the wider community are based on the directed to the developing functional food, specific commodities and ecosystems. anticipating climate change, increasing productivity d. Dissemination and commercialization of starter and diversifying food. For this reason, LIPI needs to formulas and the formula of the regional scale carry out several important stages, namely in-depth and community scale of biological organic characterization of germplasm nutrition as food fertilizer are based on specific commodities and ingredients for its cultivation or domestic efforts, ecosystems. and product diversification so that it is interested by the community. 2) The Development of Local Food Materials 4) The Functional Food Development So far LIPI has had a good track record in researching local food development. LIPI has the The development of functional food is ability to identify to its development. Until now, for considered as research that has high potential in the development of local foodstuffs, such as tubers answering issues and contributing greatly to the and bananas, LIPI has been able to do nursering development of science and technology today. In and processing to produce products. For the next relation to the resources to conduct research in this five years, in terms of local food development, LIPI field, LIPI is considered to have adequate needs to make downstream efforts from what has researchers both in terms of quantity and quality. been developed, so that it can be accepted by the Nevertheless, LIPI is considered not to have community. The intended downstream includes adequate infrastructures to conduct this research. social and institutional studies, as well as Therefore, to encourage this research in the next dissemination and education to the community, so five years, LIPI needs to strengthen the that local food materials developed by LIPI can be infrastructures that support the development of truly accepted and consumed by the community as functional food. a form of food diversification. In addition, there are several important things For the next five years, LIPI also still needs to that should be the basis for the research on develop local food ingredients but it focuses on functional food development at LIPI five years carbohydrate food sources. Local food that is later. The development of functional food at LIPI developed should be nutritious and have high should come from raw materials that are already economy. For this reason, it is necessary to carry available and ready to use. That functional food is out several stages, namely characterization, developed from raw materials that have been cultivation and processing. Local food material researched and developed by LIPI, such as mocaf development also needs to be linked to its future and cassava (there are seeds and production development as functional food. technology), tacca, arrowroot, uwi, and banana (already cultivated). Thus, the results of functional 3) The Development of Germplasm food research can be an innovative product The number of local plants that are increasingly accepted by the community and it is necessary to extinct, livestock and local fish, and microbes that pay attention to the availability of raw materials (it have not been explored encourage LIPI to maintain needs to be considered in determining raw research in the field of biodiversity. One important materials) and need to be equipped with a study of thing is the development of the germplasm techno-economics. collection to become one of LIPI's flagship 5) The Development of Modern Agriculture researches in the field of food. LIPI is recognized as having competent abilities in this field compared to The development of modern agriculture is one other institutions. The development of germplasm of the researches that needs to be prioritized by is still considered to be an important thing to be LIPI for the next five years. This needs to be done done by LIPI because of its high potential in in order to increase food availability through answering food issues and its large contribution to increasing productivity and food diversity. the development of science and technology. Regarding to the development of modern However, for the next five years the development agriculture in the next five years, the focus of LIPI's of germplasm carried out by LIPI should be research includes institutional studies, development
98 Triyono et al., The Identification of Research Priority in .. of on-farm agricultural technology, post-harvest On this issue, there are at most a number of technology, and packaging technology. The research topics proposed by researchers to provide development of post-harvest technology is directed research-based solutions related to these issues or at the development of technologies aimed at problems. The next issue attracted LIPI harvesting, efficient technology, and drying researchers' attention was the issue of food technology. Meanwhile, the development of availability, followed by the issue of climate change packaging technology is directed at developing and mitigation, and the issue of food and types of packaging that are environmentally agriculture systems (on-farm and off-farm). This friendly, both canned and non-canned. fact can also indicate that food research at LIPI tends to be done a lot on these issues. Meanwhile, CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION LIPI researchers are less interested in the issue of Indonesia faces various issues and problems in affordability or food accessibility. In this issue, the field of food security that require solutions there is only a few of the LIPI researchers who through research and development activities. gave input on research ideas that need to be done Issues and problems in the field of food security by LIPI to address these strategic issues, even arose mainly due to population and national none of the researchers proposed a research topic economic development increases and the existence on the sub-issue of food price stability and food of extreme natural phenomena which resulted in a affordability. This fact also indicates that so far LIPI decrease in the number of agricultural commodity has not done much research on affordability or production and degradation of agricultural land. food accessibility. The increasing number of population resulted in the In the context of answering the issue of food increasing number of food demand. Meanwhile, security, LIPI research in the future should focus on national economic growth has led to a growing two main issues, namely: food availability and food percentage of Indonesia's upper middle income consumption. LIPI can contribute through a groups resulting in changes in spending on food research related to climate change mitigation for consumption and food consumption patterns. The food availability and an increase for food percentage of consumption expenditure of productivity. Meanwhile, to answer the issue of carbohydrates (cereals) decreases, while the food consumption, LIPI should be able to expenditure for protein consumption (meat and contribute to the development of healthy and fish), vitamins (fruits and vegetables) and nutritious food products and downstream food processed foods increase. However, the current research until it is accepted by the community. condition of national food availability has not been able to compensate for these changes in needs, so ACKNOWLEDGMENT that the balance sheet statistically experiences a We acknowledge the Center for Science and deficit in important commodities. Global food Technology Development Studies who provides conditions are also expected to continue to resources for our research in RPS. This article is an experience improvement and scarcity, so that food advanced development from part of our report prices will continue to increase. Therefore, the which is based on our findings and analysis in the procurement of food through imports will also be research. increasingly difficult. REFERENCES In this study, it is identified 49 strategic issues in the field of food security that require solutions American Pediatric Surgical Nurses Association. through research and development activities. As a (2014). Kindling Synergy in Pediatric Surgical research institute, LIPI is not only expected to play Care: Professional and Clinical Collaborative a role in the development of science, but is also Practice—23rd Annual APSNA Scientific Conference Overview. Journal of Pediatric required to contribute to solve these issues. The Surgical Nursing, 3(3), 68–71. Retrieved from results of the screening of research ideas showed https://www.nursingcenter.com/journalarticle?A that the issue of diversifying food consumption rticle_ID=2582009&Journal_ID=2419515&Issue attracted the attention of most LIPI researchers. _ID=2582000
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Ashton, D. R. ., de Angelis, K., & Graf, C. (2011). Retrieved from How to Plan, Organize, Perform, Evaluate, and https://books.google.co.id/books?id=52xHAAAA Document Rountables. Retrieved from MAAJ https://cocoate.com/sites/cocoate.com/files/gui OECD. (2010). Priority Setting for Public Research: de.pdf Challenges and Opportunities. Paris. Braunschweig, T. (2000). Priority Setting in OECD. (2012). Meeting Global Challenges Through Agricultural Biotechnology Research: Supporting Better Governance: International Cooperation in Public Decisions in Developing Countries with Science, Technology and Innovation. Paris: the Analytic Hierarchy Process (No. ISNAR Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Research Report No. 16). Hague. Development. Retrieved from Drilhon, G. (1991). Choosing priorities in science https://books.google.co.id/books?id=SVj5uQEA and technology. Paris: OECD. Retrieved from CAAJ https://books.google.co.id/books?id=8oclAAAA Popper Villarroel, R., Keenan, M., Miles, I., Butter, MAAJ M., & Sainz, G. (2007). Global Foresight Outlook Gavigan, J. P., & Forschung, E. K. G. (2001). A 2007: Mapping Foresight in Europe and the rest practical guide to regional foresight. FOREN, of the World. The EFMN Annual Mapping Foresight for Regional Development Network. Report 2007. (E. European Commission, Ed.). Retrieved from Manchester: The University of Manchester. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=sGTJGwAA Retrieved from CAAJ https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/ en/publications/global-foresight-outlook-2007- Glod, F., Duprel, C., & Keenan, M. (2009). mapping-foresight-in-europe-and-the-rest-of- Foresight for science and technology priority the-world-the-efmn-annual-mapping-report- setting in a small country: The case of 2007(fef02bbe-f742-4077-a4e9- Luxembourg. Technology Analysis and Strategic b069c2985557)/export.html#export Management, 21(8), 933–951. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537320903262298 Zygierewicz, A. (2017). Horizon 2020, EU Framework Programme for Research and Harper, J. C. (2013). Impact of Technology Innovation: European Implementation Foresight (No. No. 13/16). Manchester. Assessment. EPRS, European Parliamentary Retrieved from http://www.innovation- Research Service. Retrieved from policy.org.uk. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=CqlNswEA Linstone, H. A., & Turoff, M. (1975). The Delphi CAAJ method: techniques and applications. Addison-
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Journal of Socioeconomics and Development Widyagama Vol 1, No 2, October 2018, 100 – 105 DOI: 10.31328/jsed.v1i2.603
The Economic Feasibility of Sweet Potatos Farming by Using Selected N Fertilization
Dian Adi Anggraeni Elisabeth1*, Erliana Ginting1, and Joko Restuono1
1 Indonesian Legumes and Tuber Crops Research Institute
(Received September 24, 2018; accepted October 3, 2018; published December 8, 2018)
ABSTRACT. Sweet potato is normally cultivated in wet land after rice or in dry land during rainy season. N fertilization is commonly applied to increase sweet potato yield. Therefore, the economic feasibility of using selected N fertilizer in sweet potato farming in dry land was studied. Three improved varieties, namely Jago (white-fleshed), Beta 2 (orange-fleshed), and Antin 2 (purple-fleshed) were grown at the Experimental Station of Muneng, East Java and treated with six N fertilization as follows: F1= 0 N fertilization as a check; F2= 50 kg/ha of Urea; F3= 100 kg/ha of Urea; F4= 100 kg/ha of ZA; F5= 200 kg/ha of ZA; and F6= 5,000 kg/ha of manure. The treatment is assumed to be economically viable if the value of Marginal Benefit Cost Ratio (MBCR) is greater than 1. The results showed that the combination of F2 with Beta 2, F3 with Antin 2, and F5 with Beta 2 were viable with the MBCR value of 17.13, 25.85, and 11.61, respectively. Although the data was limited, the study tentatively concludes that profitable N fertilization for sweet potato farming considerably depends on differences in yield, N fertilizer source and dose, as well as selling price of particular variety. Keywords: feasibility analysis, sweet potato farming, N fertilizer, improved varieties JEL Classification: C93, D24, Q12
INTRODUCTION of generating farmers’ income.
Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) as a food Currently, the development of sweet potato crop has been long cultivated in Indonesia. About food products with regard to supporting food 89% of sweet potato production is used for foods, diversification program is intensively performed. particularly traditional foods (snacks) and to a This considerably will require guaranteed supply of lesser amount for ingredient of sauce industry. In fresh sweet potato as an ingredient. The particular, sweet potato is consumed as a staple application of appropriate cultivation techniques, food in Papua. The harvested area of sweet potato particularly the use of recommendation fertilizers in Indonesia in 2014 was about 156.8 thousand ha and improved varieties therefore is essential to with the total production of 2.38 million ton and increase sweet potato production. A number of productivity 15.2 ton/ha (BPS, 2016). This gave high-yielding improved sweet potato varieties (> 25 Indonesia as the fourth rank of sweet potato ton/ha) with different flesh colors have been producer worldwide. This production is yet possible released by Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture to be increased as the application of appropriate (Indonesian Legumes and Tuber Crops Research cultivation technologies, including high-yielding Institute, ILETRI), 2016) and needs to be adopted varieties may raise the productivity as high as 20- by farmers and utilized by industries. This includes 30 ton/ha (Jusuf & Ginting, 2014). The high sweet the white-fleshed variety, namely Sukuh, potato production would has great impacts in terms Shiroyutaka, and Jago (25-30 ton/ha), Beta 1, Beta 2, and Beta 3 (orange-fleshed varieties) that are rich in beta-carotene (34-35 ton/ha) as well as * Corresponding author email: [email protected], Antin 2 and Antin 3 (purple-fleshed varieties) with ISSN 2615-6075 online; ISSN 2615-6946 print high anthocyanin content(130.2 mg and 150,7 @UWG Press, 2018 OJS http://publishing-widyagama.ac.id/ejournal- mg/100 g fresh weight, respectively) and yield of v2/index.php/jsed/ 30-37 ton/ha. Antin 2 is also drought tolerance and
Journal of Socioeconomics and Development, Vol 1, No 2, October 2018 101 that is suitable for upland farming. In Malang area, yields of selected improved sweet potato varieties East Java province, the price of purple-fleshed and to analyze their responding economic sweet potato is double if it is compared to that of feasibility. white and orange-fleshed sweet potatoes (Ginting, RESEARCH METHOD Utomo, & Yulifianti, 2014). Therefore, it is an attractive point for farmers to cultivate these This study was conducted at the Experimental improved varieties with respect to their high Station of Muneng, Probolinggo Regency, East Java yielding capacities and high price in the market. during the first dry season of 2015. The trial was a split plot design, with three replicates. The main Sweet potatos is commonly cultivated in upland plot was sweet potato varieties, namely Jago during the rainy season or in wet land after rice. (white-fleshed), Beta 2 (orange-fleshed), and Antin Sweet potato cultivation in the upland is 2 (purple-fleshed) and six N fertilization as the split predominantly done by farmers in Indonesia. plot as follows: F1= 0 N fertilizer as a check; F2= Recommended fertilizer application for sweet 50 kg/ha of Urea; F3= 100 kg/ha of Urea; F4= potato includes 45 kg of N, 30 kg of P2O5 and 60 kg 100 kg/ha of ZA; F5= 200 kg/ha of ZA; and F6= of K2O (Indonesian Legumes and Tuber Crops 5,000 kg/ha of manure. Research Institute, ILETRI), 2012) and is similar for most of sweet potato cultivars. However, Sweet potatos were planted in a plot sized of 4 (Villagarcia, 1998) reported the differences in N m x 5 m (20 m2) with spacing of 100 cm x 25 cm (4 utilization and N uptake exhibited by sweet potato rows x 20 holes). About100 kg/ha of SP36 + 100 cultivars and environment. Previous studies showed kg/ha of KCl were applied as basic fertilizers that that NPK fertilization increased the yield and were similar to that control treatment. At harvest nutrient contents of horticulture, cereals, legumes, time (the age of 4 to 4.5 months), the number of tubers as well as oilseed crops (Wang, Li, & Malhi, tubers and weight of fresh tubers in each harvest 2007; Shaaban & Kisetu, 2014). N fertilization plot (3 rows of mound along 5 m) were calculated. significantly increases the tuber yield of sweet The economic feasibility of sweet potato farming by potato (Jett & Mulkey, 1996). However, the using selected N fertilization was also observed. excessive use of N fertilizer would increase nitrat The data collected were tuber yield, total variable residue in the fresh tuber and be a contamination costs, and the benefit. The revenue or gross benefit source of underground water that is normally used was calculated as tuber yield (kg/ha) x field price for drinking water (Bundy & Andraski, 2005; Abah, that farmers receive for the sale of tubers per kg. Akan, Uwah, & Ogugbuaja, 2008). The total variable cost was calculated as the sum of all production cost issued for the farm. The net Other previous study revealed that N fertilizer benefit or marginal return was calculated by had negative effect on sweet potato yield grown on subtracting total variable costs from gross benefit. sandy soil in the humid lowland of Papua New Guinea although in many tropical soils, sweet The feasibility of sweet potato farming was potato yield might be increased using inorganic analyzed by using Marginal Cost Benefit Ratio fertilizers (Hartemink, Johnston, O’Sullivan, & (MBCR). MBCR is a ratio between net benefit and Poloma, 2000). The use of 300 kg/ha of NPK marginal cost (FAO, 1990). The mathematical fertilizer for local cultivars of Irish potato on an equation for calculating MBCR is: ultisol of Morogoro, Tanzania significantly increased MBCR = (Bt1-Bt0)/(ICt1-ICt0), the tuber yield as well as net benefit and benefit cost ratio based on the partial budget analysis where (Shaaban & Kisetu, 2014). However, the Bt1 = the benefit of the new technology (sources information on appropriate sources and doses of N and doses of N fertilizers), fertilization to increase sweet potato production in Bt0 = the benefit of the previous technology upland as well as the economic feasibility for its (without N fertilization; used as a control), application at farm level is yet lacking. Therefore, ICt1 = the treatment input cost of the new this study was performed to obtain the effect of the technology, different sources and doses of N fertilization on
102 Elisabeth et al., Economic Feasibility of Sweet Potato ...
ICt0 = the treatment input cost of the previous kg/ha of Urea, 100-200 kg/ha of ZA, and 5,000 technology kg/ha of manure are not quantitively viable. The study of Shaaban & Kisetu (2014) might answer If MBCR value is less than 1, the selected N the finding of this study where the check could fertilization is economically not viable to be have higher tuber yield compared to N fertilization developed. Otherwise, if it is greater than 1, the treatments. The study of Shaaban & Kisetu (2014) selected N fertilization is economically viable to be revealed that the tuber yield obtained higher by developed. control treatment than 150 kg of NPK per ha could RESULT AND DISCUSSION be influenced by the ability of the crops to adjust themselves to the deficiency of nutrients in the soil. Based on the analysis of variance, the Thus, they take a benefit from the residual interaction of varieties and N fertilization had no nutrients in the soil. significant effect on the productivity of sweet potato. Among three varieties, Beta 2 showed the Table 2. The Effect of N fertilization on Tuber Yield of Sweet Potato highest productivity, i.e. 53.34 kg/plot, 63.9% and 369.8% higher than those of Jago and Antin 2, Number of Total tuber respectively. The highest productivity of Beta 2 due Fertilization (kg/ha) tubers per yield plot (ton/ha) to the highest number of tubers per plot and vice 0 N fertilizer (Check) 159 17.04 versa for Antin 2 (Table 1). 50 kg of Urea 156 16.63 100 kg of Urea 150 16.03 Table 1. The Effect of Improved Varieties on Tuber Yield 100 kg of ZA 154 14.21 of Sweet Potato 200 kg of ZA 170 16.98 5000 kg of manure 146 14.51 Number of Weight of tubers per Improved variety tubers per Average 155.8 15.9 plot (kg) plot Different letter(s) in each column indicate(s) significant Jago 100b 31.93 b difference at p = 0.05 c c Antin 2 73 11.14 Partial budget analysis of sweet potato farming Beta 2 293 a 53.34 a Different letter(s) in each column indicate(s) significant under N fertilization treatment indicated the highest difference at p = 0.05 total cost (IDR 25.78 million) was obtained where 5000 kg of manure was applied. On the other hand, N fertilization sources and doses had no the lowest total cost (IDR 23.40 million) was significant effect on the productivity of sweet obtained by the application of the check. On the potatos (Table 2). The result was in line with the contrary, the gross benefit of the check was the study of (Hartemink et al., 2000) where N fertilizer highest (IDR 41.54 million), while the gross benefit failed to substantially increase the yield of taro and if 5000 kg of manure applied was the lowest (IDR sweet potato. However, the finding of this study 35.37 million) (Table 3). In addition, the highest was contradictive for some other previous studies marginal return (IDR 18.14 million) and the highest Talleyrand & Lugo-Lopez, 1976 in (Ankumah, Khan, benefit cost ratio (0.8) were recorded for the Mwamba, & Kpomblekou-A, 2003). Harris (1992) check. From the study, it is suggested that sweet reported that due to N is a component of protein, N potatos still can be produced profitably in the study fertilization is very essential for a growth and area with the minimum fertilization application, development. Zamil, Rahman, Rabbani, & Khatun without considering to the availability and the high (2010) reported that the application of N levels prices of N fertilizers in the market. This finding is significantly affected the number of tubers/hill, also in line with the finding of Shaaban & Kisetu weight of tubers/hill, yield of tubers and seed (2014). tubers/ha. Even, the study of Abdissa, Dechassa, & Alemayehu (2012) reported that the use of manure All treatments had economic benefit. The and phosporus can increase root diameter, enhance benefit cost ratio that was less than 1 indicated soil micronutrients, and result better root growth that sweet potato farming was not viable to be and tuber yield. developed (Table 3). Therefore, to determine the benefit cost ratio, it should be more specified for The declining trends of tuber yield as observed each improved variety of sweet potato combined in Table 2 suggest that the application of 50-100
Journal of Socioeconomics and Development, Vol 1, No 2, October 2018 103 with each N fertilization treatment, the marginal the difference between input cost paid from the use benefit cost ratio (MBCR) which calculated ratio of selected N fertilizer treatment with the check between the difference of benefit obtained from the was used (Table 4). selected N fertilizer application with the check and
Table 3. The Partial Budget Analysis of Sweet Potato Farming under N Fertilization Treatment
N fertilization treatment* Description F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 ...... IDR000/ha ...... Production cost: Seed, insecticide, fuel 8500 8500 8500 8500 8500 8500 Fertilizer 720 870 1020 902 1084 3095 Labor 14183 14183 14183 14183 14183 14183 Total variable costs 23403 23553 23703 23585 23767 25778 Gross benefit** 41543 40543 39081 34640 41381 35371 Marginal return 18140 16990 15378 11055 17614 9593 Benefit cost ratio 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.4 *Six N fertilization treatments: F1= 0 N fertilization as a check; F2= 50 kg/ha of Urea; F3= 100 kg/ha of Urea; F4= 100 kg/ha of ZA; F5= 200 kg/ha of ZA; and F6= 5000 kg/ha of manure **The average field price of sweet potato was IDR 2438/kg, whereas the price of purple-fleshed sweet potato was IDR 3000/kg and price of white-fleshed and orange-fleshed sweet potato was IDR 1875/kg
Table 4. Yield, Benefit, and MBCR of Sweet Potato Farming under N Fertilization Treatment
Description N fertilization treatment 0 N fertilizer (Check) Urea 50 kg/ha Variety Jago Antin 2 Beta 2 Jago Antin 2 Beta 2 Treatment input cost (IDR000/ha) 720 720 720 870 870 870 Yield (kg/ha) 18.45 5.57 27.12 17.00 4.33 28.57 Price (IDR/kg) 1875 3000 1875 1875 3000 1875 Gross benefit (IDR000/ha) 34394 16695 50841 31875 13001 53559 Net benefit on treatment input cost 33874 15975 50121 31005 12131 52689 (IDR000/ha) MBCR - - - -19.13 -25.63 17.13 Description N fertilization treatment Urea 100 kg/ha ZA 100 kg/ha Variety Jago Antin 2 Beta 2 Jago Antin 2 Beta 2 Treatment input cost (IDR000/ha) 1020 1020 1020 902 902 902 Yield (kg/ha) 14.80 8.25 25.05 14.59 4.98 23.07 Price (IDR/kg) 1875 3000 1875 1875 3000 1875 Gross benefit (IDR000/ha) 27750 24750 46987 27347 14951 43247 Net benefit on treatment input cost 26730 23730 45949 26445 14049 42345 (IDR000/ha) MBCR -23.81 25.85 -13.91 -40.80 -10.58 -42.70 Description N fertilization treatment ZA 200 kg/ha Manure 5,000 kg/ha Variety Jago Antin 2 Beta 2 Jago Antin 2 Beta 2 Treatment input cost (IDR000/ha) 1084 1084 1084 3095 3095 3095 Yield (kg/ha) 16.02 5.35 29.57 14.94 4.93 23.67 Price (IDR/kg) 1875 3000 1875 1875 3000 1875 Gross benefit (IDR000/ha) 30028 16050 55434 28003 14801 44372 Net benefit on treatment input cost 28944 14966 54350 24908 11706 41277 (IDR000/ha) MBCR -13.54 -2.77 11.61 -3.78 -1.80 -3.72 (1) Jago = white-fleshed; Antin 2 = purple-fleshed; Beta 2 = orange-fleshed; (2) Price of fertilizer: SP36 IDR 2200/kg; KCl IDR 5000/kg, ZA Rp 1821/kg, Urea IDR 3000/kg, manure IDR 475/kg; (3) Field price of sweet potato in research site per August 2015: purple-fleshed sweet potato IDR 3000/kg, white-fleshed and orange-fleshed sweet potato IDR 1750 – 2000/kg (average of IDR 1875/kg)
104 Elisabeth et al., Economic Feasibility of Sweet Potato ...
From 18 combination treatments, three IDR 17.13; IDR 25.85; and IDR 11.61. Although combination treatments namely Urea 50 kg/ha with the data was limited, the study tentatively Beta 2, Urea 100 kg/ha with Antin 2, and ZA 200 concludes that profitable N fertilization for sweet kg/ha with Beta 2 were viable with the MBCR value potato farming considerably depends on the of 17.13, 25.85, and 11.61, respectively (Table 4). differences in yield, N fertilizer source and dose, as An increase of IDR 1.00 in production cost to well as the selling price of particular variety. replace the check with such N fertilizer applications REFERENCES gave a profit increase of about IDR 17.13; IDR 25.85; and IDR 11.61, respectively. The two Abah, J., Akan, J., Uwah, E., & Ogugbuaja, V. . combination treatments of Urea 50 kg/ha with Beta (2008). Levels of Some Anions in Tuber Crops 2 and ZA 200 kg/ha with Beta 2 had proved that Grown in Benue State, Nigeria. Trends in the combination of improved variety resulted the Applied Sciences Research, , (3), 196–202. https://doi.org/10.3923/tasr.2008.196.202 highest productivity (Table 1). Thus, is suggested that regarding to the doses of N fertilization from Abdissa, T., Dechassa, N., & Alemayehu, Y. (2012). ZA source, it needs equal or more than 200 kg/ha Sweet Potato Growth Parameters as Affected by Farmyard Manure and Phosphorus Application and from Urea source, it needs equal or less than at Adami Tulu, Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia. 50 kg/ha for achieving optimum tuber yield (Table Agricultural Science Research Journal, 2(1), 1– 2) and they were viable. 12. Retrieved from https://nanopdf.com/downloadFile/agric-sci-res- For combination treatment of Urea 100 kg/ha j-international-research-journals_pdf with Antin 2, although Antin 2 had the lowest productivity (Table 1) and the application of Urea Ankumah, R. O., Khan, V., Mwamba, K., & 100 kg/ha resulted the lower productivity than Urea Kpomblekou-A, K. (2003). The influence of source and timing of nitrogen fertilizers on yield 50 kg/ha (Table 2), but the field price of Antin 2 and nitrogen use efficiency of four sweet potato (purple-fleshed sweet potato) was relatively much cultivars. Agriculture, Ecosystems and higher than Beta 2 (orange-fleshed sweet potato). Environment, 100(2–3), 201–207. That is IDR 3000/kg compared to IDR 1750- https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8809(03)00196- 2000/kg. The high selling price of Antin 2 8 influenced high benefit. Therefore, this combination BPS. (2016). Statistik Indonesia 2016. (BPS Pusat was also viable. This suggested that beside the Jakarta, Ed.), Statistik Indonesia. Jakarta: BPS yield and N fertilizer source and dose, profitable N Pusat Jakarta. Retrieved from fertilization for sweet potato farming considerably https://www.bps.go.id/publication/2016/06/29/ depends on differences in selling price of particular 7aa1e8f93b4148234a9b4bc3/statistik-indonesia- variety. 2016.html Bundy, L. G., & Andraski, T. W. (2005). Recovery of The implication of this study is to increase the Fertilizer Nitrogen in Crop Residues and Cover economically benefit of sweet potato farming, it is Crops on an Irrigated Sandy Soil. Soil Science not only limited to the application of recommended Society of America Journal, 69(3), 640. cultivation technology (includes N fertilization), but https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2004.0216 also the selection of high-yielding improved sweet FAO. (1990). Guidelines for the conduct of a potato varieties that have the high selling price in training course in farming systems the market. development. (F. and A. O. of the U. Nations, Ed.). Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization CONCLUSION of the United Nations. The combination treatments of Urea 50 kg/ha Ginting, E., Utomo, J. S., & Yulifianti, R. (2014). with Beta 2, Urea 100 kg/ha with Antin 2, and ZA Potensi Ubijalar Ungu Sebagai Pangan 200 kg/ha with Beta 2 were viable with the MBCR Fungsional. Iptek Tanaman Pangan, 6(1), 116– value of 17.13, 25.85, and 11.61. It means that the 138. Retrieved from http://ejurnal.litbang.pertanian.go.id/index.php/ increase of IDR 1.00 in production cost to replace ippan/article/download/2601/2240 the control (without N fertilization) with such N fertilizer applications give a profit increase of about Harris, P. M. (1992). The potato crop: the scientific
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basis for improvement. Chapman & Hall. challenges of sweet potato as bio-ethanol Retrieved from source in Indonesia. Energy Procedia, 47, 173– https://books.google.co.id/books?id=u1UjAQAA 179. MAAJ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2014.01.211 Hartemink, A. E., Johnston, M., O’Sullivan, J. N., & Shaaban, H., & Kisetu, E. (2014). Response of Irish Poloma, S. (2000). Nitrogen use efficiency of potato to NPK fertilizer application and its taro and sweet potato in the humid lowlands of economic return when grown on an Ultisol of Papua New Guinea. Agriculture, Ecosystems morogoro, tanzania. Journal of Agricultural and and Environment, 79(2–3), 271–280. Crop Research, 2(9), 188–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8809(00)00138- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.04 9 .081 Indonesian Legumes and Tuber Crops Research Villagarcia, M. R. (1998). Nitrate uptake and Institute (ILETRI). (2012). Description of nitrogen use efficiency of two sweetpotato legumes and tuber crops improved varieties. (in genotypes during early stages of storage root Bahasa Indonesia). Malang. Retrieved from formation. Journal-of-the-American-Society-for- http://balitkabi.litbang.pertanian.go.id/wp- Horticultural-Science; Sept 1998; 123(5): 814- content/uploads/2016/09/kedelai.pdf 820, Sept; 123(5), 814–820. Retrieved from http://journal.ashspublications.org/content/123/ Indonesian Legumes and Tuber Crops Research 5/814.full.pdf+html Institute (ILETRI). (2016). Deskripsi Varietas Ubi Jalar 1977-2016. Malang. Retrieved from Wang, Z.-H., Li, S.-X., & Malhi, S. (2007). Effects of http://balitkabi.litbang.pertanian.go.id/wp- fertilization and other agronomic measures on content/uploads/2016/09/ubijalar.pdf nutritional quality of crops. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 88(1), 7–23. Jett, L., & Mulkey, W. (1996). Nitrogen fertilizer https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.3084 effects on growth and yield sweetpotato. Hort Science. , 31(5), 759. Retrieved from Zamil, M., Rahman, M., Rabbani, M., & Khatun, T. http://hortsci.ashspublications.org/content/31/5 (2010). Combined effect of nitrogen and plant /759.5.abstract spacing on the growth and yield of potato with economic performance. Bangladesh Res. Public. Jusuf, M., & Ginting, E. (2014). The prospects and J. , 3(3), 1062–1070.
Journal of Socioeconomics and Development Widyagama Vol 1, No 2, October 2018, 106 – 112 DOI: 10.31328/jsed.v1i2.739
The Effect of Destination Image, Amenities and Prices on Tourists’ Satisfaction: A Study of Visitors of Jatim Park 1, Batu
Denis Twi Febinanda1*, Peter Remy Yosy Pasla1 and Uki Yonda Asepta1 1 University of Ma Chung Malang
(Received October 23, 2018; Accepted November 26, 2018; Published December 27, 2018)
ABSTRACT. The purpose of this study is to analyze the influence of the destination image, amenities, and prices on the satisfaction of visitors to Jatim Park 1 Batu. The population of this study was visitors to Jatim Park 1 Batu at the time of this study, in April 2018. The sample size used was 100 respondents with the criteria that they had visited Jatim Park 1 and were 20 years old or more. The data were obtained through questionnaires, where tourists accessed via the Google forms application. Data analysis used was a descriptive approach and multiple linear regression statistics. The results show that tourist satisfaction was significantly influenced by prices variable, while the destination image and amenity did not show influence. Thus, Jatim Park 1 manager needs to improve promotion, product development, and quality services to provide a destination image and comfort for tourists. Keywords: destination image, Batu, Jatim Park, tourist satisfaction
JEL Classification: D22, M31, Z30
INTRODUCTION special attraction for tourists to visit Batu. Batu City become crowded and jammed by the arrival of Batu City has adequate facilities to encourage tourists from various regions. They enjoy the end tourism activities, supporting services and of the year by traveling in various tourist accessibility to various tourist attractions (BPS Kota destinations in the city of Batu. Batu, 2017). Batu has a variety of tourism objects, such as natural tourism, cultural tourism and Tourism development advancement can also creative tourism, reaching around 25 tourist increase income, employment and foreign destinations. Road infrastructure in good condition exchange in the region. The way to attract tourists reaches 70%, supported by adequate public to revisit and or recommend a destination to others transportation modes. is very complicated mechanism for the progress of developing a destination. The image of a Batu Local Government continues to develop destination influences the desire of tourists to visit. various facilities in improving amenities that are Chen & Tsai (2007) suggest that a destination able to provide an increase of city budget. The image plays two important roles in behaviors: (1) performance of the tourism sector based on data of to influence the destination choice in decision- the Batu Tourism and Culture Office (Disparbud) making process and (2) to prepare the after- experienced an increase of 367 thousand tourists in decision making behaviors including participation 2016 with the total 2551 thousand tourists visit. (on-site experience), evaluation (satisfaction) and This figure increased around 14.36% compared to future behavioral intentions (intention to revisit and 2015 (BPS Kota Batu, 2017). During holiday, for willingness to recommend). example at the end of the year, it becomes a The destination images make it easier for * Corresponding author email: [email protected], tourists to make decisions about their journey and ISSN 2615-6075 online; ISSN 2615-6946 print determine whether their travel experience will be @UWG Press, 2018 OJS http://publishing-widyagama.ac.id/ejournal- very satisfying (Qu, Kim, & Im, 2011). From the v2/index.php/jsed/ perspective of the tourist consumption process,
Journal of Socioeconomics and Development, Vol 1, No 2, October 2018 107 tourist behavior can be divided into three stages: From several tourist attractions in Kota Batu, before the visit, during the visit and after the visit. Kusuma Agro and Selecta in 2016 significantly More specifically, tourist behavior is a complete gained an increase in the number of visitors term that includes taking pre-visit decision compared years before. On the other side, Cangar, behaviors, evaluating experience in tourist Jatim Park 1 and BNS decreased in the number of attractions and post-visit behavior (Chen & Tsai, visitors in those periods. As an agricultural-based 2007). tourist attraction, Kusuma Agro still has a special attraction for tourists visiting Batu. The increase in Table 1. The Number of Visitor per Month in Batu City the number of visitors in Selecta and Kusuma Agro Month Visitors in 2016 was at 12.2% and 72.7% compared one thousand people January 265.1 year before (BPS Kota Batu, 2017). February 166. 0 Table 2. The Number of Visitors in Selected Tourism Site March 198.2 in Batu City April 205.7 May 315.0 Tourism sites 2013 2014 2015 2016 June 135.2 ...... thousand people ...... July 369.4 August 173.6 Jatim Park (1&2) 345.6 329.2 106.3 159.6 September 181.6 Selecta 756.2 702.7 788.2 1077.1 October 204.6 Kusuma Agro 15.4 163.9 283.1 303.7 November 196.7 Cangar 232.2 255.9 211.5 229.6 December 506.6 BNS 310.2 271.9 248.7 254.2 Source: (BPS Kota Batu, 2017) Source: (BPS Kota Batu, 2017)
Beside the destination image, facilities also Table 2 shows that the visitors number of Jatim affect tourists to come to a tourist attraction. Park 1 have decreased during 2013-2016 periods. According to Spillane (1994), facilities are The visitor number decrease from 345.6 thousand infrastructure that support the operation of tourism become 159.6 thousand tourists. This is also objects to accommodate all the tourists needs. It is experienced by Cangar and BNS with the number not directly encourage growth but develop at the of decrease of 1 and 18 percent, respectively. The same time or after developing attractions. development of new tourist attractions cause a lot of alternatives for tourists in visiting Batu, so there One of the tourist destinations in Batu is Jatim are many tourist attractions that show a significant Park 1. Jatim Park 1 provides the entertainment decrease in the number of visitors. venues with the theme of entertainment and education. Jatim Park 1 which was established on Beside the image of destinations and amenities, March 2, 2002 has grown to more than 50 rides. a tourist attraction is also influenced by prices. In Jatim Park 1 is one of the most developing tourism marketing activities, there are four elements that place in Batu. To expand it, the owner develops must be done by each business entity, including Jatim Park 2 and Jatim Park 3 in other areas in product, price, place, and promotion. The Batu City. The target of the development is to add researcher will only discuss prices and promotions. 3 rides every year. The development of Jatim Park This is expected to know how the influence of both tourism rides is expected to continue to attract prices and promotions on tourist satisfaction. tourists to visit Batu. According to Kotler (2008), price is the sum of all the values given by a customer to the benefit with Nowadays, Jatim Park 1, the tourist park, has a owning or using a product or service. total of 60 rides, outbound, parks, and educational spots. Tourists are considered important to assess This study is to explore tourists' opinions who a destination because tourists are buyers or went to Jatim Park 1 in terms of the destinations connoisseurs of services offered by tourism image, amenity, and prices regarding to tourist destinations. Tourists evaluate a tourism satisfaction. This is expected that tourism destination through its beliefs and perceptions, development in Jatim Park 1 can manage in which can then be referred to as the destination harmony as tourists’ need, so, the tourists can image. obtain satisfaction and create a possibility for
108 Febinanda et al., Effect of Destination Image, Amenities, and Price... tourists to revisit to Jatim Park 1 as one of the the chat line and was got as many as 100 tourism destinations that deserve to be visited. In participants (respondents). In measuring addition, this study is expected to know what respondents' answers about the image of factors need to be sustained and improved from destinations, tourist facilities, prices and tourist tourism facilities in Jatim Park 1 to support the satisfaction, a likert scale was used. better quality of tourism destinations. In this study, the variables analyzed are as In short, this research aims to analyze the follows: influence of destination images, amenity, and a. Independent Variables. According to (Sugiyono, prices on tourist satisfaction in Jatim Park 1, Batu. 2016), independent variables are those that RESEARCH METHOD influence or cause changes or the emergence of the dependent variable (bound). The independent The research approach used was a quantitative variables in this study are: approach. Quantitative research is a research method based on the philosophy of positivism, 1) Destination Image (X1). According to Engel, used to examine certain populations or samples, Blackwell, & Kollat (1978), an image is the way in and fulfill scientific principles; concrete or empirical, which a product or brand is defined in the objective, measurable, rational, and systematic. shopper's mind, in part by its functional quality and This method is also called the discovery method partly by its psychological attributes. In this case, because it can find and develop a new the destination image is the overall evaluation or phenomenon, science and technology. This method perception of the tourist towards the tourist uses numerical data analyzed using statistics attraction of Jatim Park 1 Batu. The indicator of (Sugiyono, 2016). destination image used in this study refers to the opinion of Qu et al. (2011), they are: a) Cognitive The population in this study were visitors to the image (X1.1), b) Unique image (X1.2), c) Affective Jatim Park 1, Batu. The study was conducted on image (X.1.3) April 2018. The population size in this study was very large and could not be surely known. They 2) Amenity (X2). Amenity are supporting were people who had visited to Jatim Park. The facilities that can create a sense of fun followed by sample size is calculated by the following formula the ease and fulfillment of the tourists needs in (Widiyanto, 2008): enjoying the tourist products offered. In this case, the tourism facility (amenity) is very necessary as 푍2 푛 = long as visitors are in Jatim Park 1 Batu. The 4(푀표퐸)2 amenities indicators used in this study were based (1,96)2 on Peter Mason theory (Poerwanto, 2004) that 푛 = 4(0,10)2 tourism product components include three main indicators: a) accommodation (X2.1), b) restaurant 푛 = 96,04 = 97 (X2.2), and c) basic (X2.3).
From the calculation of the formula above, it 3) Price (X3). According to Kotler (2008) the can be obtained that the sample size studied is 97, price is the sum of all values exchanged by or rounded to 100 respondents. The sampling consumers for the benefits of owning or using the method uses purposive sampling, in which the product or service. The price indicator used in this samples are technique of determining the sample is study refers to the opinion of (Stanton, Etzel, & with certain considerations or criteria (Sugiyono, Walker, 1991): a) affordability (X3.1), b) the 2016). The criteria are respondents who have compatibility with product quality (X3.2), c) visited Jatim Park 1 and those are in the age of ≥ competitiveness (X3.3), d) suitability with benefits 20 years. (X3.4),
The steps taken in the sampling technique are b. Dependent Variables. Dependent variables are online questionnaires created through the google those that are influenced or which are due to the forms application. The form was sent to people on existence of independent variables (Sugiyono,
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2016). The dependent variable in this study is percent visited with friends, and 6 percent went by tourist satisfaction (Y) that is a feeling of themselves. Meanwhile, there was no respondent disappointment or pleasure felt by someone, which found using the agency's travel services. arises due to comparing perceived performance of Tabel 3. The Characteristics of Respondent the product (or outcome) to the expectations of buyers (Kotler & Keller, 2012). In this case, the Variable Proportion % satisfaction of tourists is the treatment and service Age perceived by tourists towards the Jatim Park 1 - less than 20 years 0 Batu. The tourist satisfaction indicators used in this - 20 - 29 years 86 - 30 - 39 years 3 study was the service quality theory of Zeithaml- - 40 - 49 years 11 Parasuraman-Berry: a) physical facilities (tangibles) - Above 50 years 0 - (Y1.1), b) reliability - (Y1.2), c) responsivess - Gender (Y1.3), d) assurance - (Y1.4), e) emphaty - (Y1.5). - Male 86 - Female 14 The data analysis technique used is regression Education - Undergraduate or above 31 model, with the formula: - Diploma 4 - Senior High School 57 Y = α + β X + β X + β X + e 1 1 2 2 3 3 - Yunior High School 2 - Elementary School 0 In which Y : tourist satisfaction variables, X1 = Frequency of visit destination image variables, X2: amenity variables, - First visit 10 X3: price variable, α: constants, β - β : regression - Revisit 90 1 3 Companion of visit coefficient, e: error - Family 36 - Friend 58 RESULT AND DISCUSSION - Travel service 0 - Alone 6 Characteristic of Respondent The Number of respondent are 100 participants
The characteristics of the research respondent According to Chang, Backman, & Huang are presented in Table 3. The respondent's (2014), the tendency of revisit to tourist sites is characteristics can explain the portrait of the determined by products and tourism services based response to the visitor satisfaction obtained with on the creative industries including unique and tourist destinations. Based on the gender, male authentic traditional culture and art. Business respondents is 86 people (86%) and the remaining managers or operators need to explore the women is 14 people (14%). Based on the age, 86 experiences of tourists, and develop services to percent respondents of Jatim Park 1 is between 20 meet the needs and desires of tourists. They need and 29 years, 3 percent is in the age of 30 to 39, to pay more attention to what travelers’ experience and 11 percent is in the age of 40 to 49 years old. when they visit creative tourist attractions.
The education characteristics of respondents Tourist Satisfaction consist of 37 percent graduated from The results of the regression analysis on the undergraduate (S1), 37 percent graduated from visitor satisfaction are presented in Table 4. In Diploma (D3), 57 percent graduated from senior general, the statistical analysis show an estimate high school and 2 percent graduated from junior variables that significantly influence visitors’ high school. satisfaction. The results of multiple linear Based on the nature of the visit, 10 percent of regression analysis is expressed through equation respondents stated that it was the first time to visit as follows: to Jatim Park 1. The rest, that is 90 percent of Y = 1.070 + 0.040X1 + 0.155X2 + 0.317X3 + e respondents went to the site many times because they accompany friends, family or other interests. Table 4 shows statistic t of destination image variable is not significant, with p value 0.674. This Based on the companian visit, 36 percent of means that the destination image has no significant respondents went there accompanied by family, 58 effect on tourist satisfaction.
110 Febinanda et al., Effect of Destination Image, Amenities, and Price...
Table 4. The Estimate Variable of Tourist Satisfaction other tourist destinations. Tourists possibly find
Independent Variable ß t p value satisfaction with facilities at other tourism site. Constant 1.070 3.512 0.001 The descriptive analysis of amenity variable Destination Image 0.040 0.422 0.674 Amenity 0.155 1.530 0.129 shows the score range in the interval of 3.41- 4.20 Price 0.317 3.756 0.000 and the average point of 3.88. This number is at the high criteria. This means that respondents The result of this research is not in line with agree that the facilities at Jatim Park 1 are previous studies such as (Kristanti & Farida, 2016), affordable and satisfying. In general, services and (Dananjaya, Kencana, & Sukarsa, 2017), (Hanif, facilities in and around Jatim Park 1 can be Kusumawati, & Kholid Mawardi, 2016), and accessed easily. Lodging is available in many (Alfitriani, 2015). They stated that destination choices, not far away, at affordable prices. image has a significant effect on Tourist Restaurants or stalls are available in various kinds Satisfaction. of food and beverage menus with reasonable prices. Other facilities are available in adequate These results indicate that destination image of conditions, including parking areas, prayer rooms, Jatim Park 1 has experienced a change or decline. souvenir shops or toilets around the Jatim Park 1 This is a result of the development of other tourism area. objects in Batu. Currently, other tourism objects have been developed such as: BNS (Batu Night Table 4 shows statistic t of price variable is Spectacular), Eco Green Park, Museum Angkut, significant, with ß coefficient 0.317 and p value Museum Tubuh, Predator Fun Park and others. 0.674. This means that the price has significant Previously, Jatim Park 1, which became the main effect on tourist satisfaction. The results of the tourist icon in Batu, gradually decrease in image study are in accordance with the previous studies because tourists see other attractions besides Jatim (Wulandari & Wahyuati, 2017), where they state Park 1 in Batu. that price has a significant effect on tourist satisfaction. Given descriptive statistics, the destination image of Jatim Park 1 show score range in the The descriptive analysis of price variable shows interval 4.21-5.00 with the average score at the the score range in the interval of 3.41- 4.20 and point of 4.26. This number falls into very high the average point of 3.81. This number is at high criteria. This means that respondents strongly criteria. This means that the respondents agree agree that Jatim Park 1 show the Destination that the entrance ticket to the Jatim Park 1 is Image with its beautiful environment. The name of affordable. The ticket price is in accordance with Jatim Park 1 is easy to remember. The Jatim Park the product offered, cheaper, and satisfied with the 1 has also many rides as desired by the visitors. facilities provided. Jatim Park 1 is a famous and favorite tourist In general, the results of the study have the attraction in East Java. following implications:
Meanwhile, amenity variable have no significant 1. The management of Jatim Park 1 continues to effect on tourist satisfaction. This variable shows t develop promotions, compete with other statistic of 1.530 and p value of 0.129. This destinations to attract tourists. The image will results are not in accordance with the previous also be built through promotions by using studies (Kristanti & Farida, 2016), (Ali & Khuzaini, various promotional media, and adjusting the 2017), and (Suchaina, 2014). tourists’ wants and needs. Amenity related to the facilities provided at 2. The management of Jatim Park 1 continues to tourism site. Facilities that are inadequate in terms develop facilities, accommodations and services of quality or quantity create discomfort for tourist. that are desired and affordable by tourists. The condition of tourist facilities in Jatim Park 1 Tourism products and services are developed by supposedly did not support tourism amenity. finding uniqueness (Qu et al., 2011) with Tourists have preferences and compare facilities at education that invites tourists to be involved in learning or education. Good and friendly service
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is given to meet the needs and satisfaction of 419. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCTHR-04-2014- tourists (Wulandari & Wahyuati, 2017) 0032 3. The management of Jatim Park 1 continuously Chen, C. F., & Tsai, D. C. (2007). How destination develops a competitive price system followed by image and evaluative factors affect behavioral service quality and tourist involvement in a intentions? Tourism Management, 28(4), 1115– comfortable atmosphere. 1122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2006.07.007 CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION Dananjaya, I., Kencana, I., & Sukarsa, I. (2017). Tourist respondents of Jatim Park 1 were Analisis Pengaruh Citra Destinasi dan Motif dominated by ages of 20 and 29 years, namely 86 Berwisata Terhadap Tingkat Kepuasan Wisatawan Lanjut Usia. E-Jurnal Matematika, percent. 10 percent of respondents stated that it 6(2), 131–136. was the first visit to Jawa Timur Park 1, while the https://doi.org/10.24843/MTK.2017.v06.i02.p15 other 90 percent came several times. 36 percent of 7 respondents went accompanied by family, and 58 Engel, J. F., Blackwell, R. D., & Kollat, D. T. (1978). percent visited with their friends. Consumer Behavior (3rd ed.). Dryden Press. The results of the regression analysis show that Retrieved from tourist satisfaction is significantly influenced by https://books.google.co.id/books?id=LXyOAAAA CAAJ price, with ß coefficient 0.317 and p value 0.674. Meanwhile, destination image and amenity Hanif, A., Kusumawati, A., & Kholid Mawardi, M. variables do not show significant influence. The (2016). Pengaruh Citra Destinasi Terhadap Kepuasan Wisatawan Serta Dampaknya research implies that the management of Jatim Terhadap Loyalitas Wisatawan (Studi pada Park 1 continues to develop promotions, compete Wisatawan Nusantara yang Berkunjung ke Kota with other tourism site to improve the destination Batu). Jurnal Administrasi Bisnis (JAB)|Vol, image. The management of Jatim Park 1 needs to 38(1), 44–52. Retrieved from create a competitive price system, followed by http://administrasibisnis.studentjournal.ub.ac.id product development, service quality and tourist /index.php/jab/article/download/1480/1859 involvement in a comfortable atmosphere. Kotler, P. (2008). Manajemen Pemasaran. Manajemen Pemasaran (Milenium). Jakarta: REFERENCES Prenhallindo. Alfitriani. (2015). Pengaruh Citra Destinasi Kotler, P., & Keller, K. L. (2012). Marketing Terhadap Kualitas, Nilai Persepsi, Kepuasan dan Management (14th ed.). Pearson. Retrieved Minat Berprilaku: Kasus Kunjungan Wisatawan from di Kota Palembang. Menara Ekonomi, 1(2), 1–8. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=eMZRYgEA Retrieved from CAAJ https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/107 418-ID-pengaruh-citra-destinasi-fasilitas- Kristanti, L. T., & Farida, N. (2016). Pengaruh Citra wisat.pdf Destinasi dan Fasilitas Wisata terhadap Niat Berperilaku Melalui Kepuasan Sebagai Variabel Ali, M. T. R., & Khuzaini. (2017). Pengaruh Harga, Intervening (Studi pada Pengunjung Museum Kualitas Produk, Lokasi, dan Fasilitas Terhadap Kereta Api Ambarawa). Jurnal Ilmu Administrasi Keputusan Pembelian Rumah. Ilmu Dan Riset Bisnis, 5(3). Retrieved from Manajemen, 6(9), 1–20. https://ejournal3.undip.ac.id/index.php/jiab/arti https://tixpdf.com/pengaruh-harga-kualitas- cle/view/12144/11796 produk-lokasi-dan-fasilitas-terhadap.html Poerwanto. (2004). Geografi Pariwisata (Diktat BPS Kota Batu. (2017). Statistik Daerah Kota Batu. Kuliah). Jember: Universitas Jember. Batu: BPS Kota Batu. Qu, H., Kim, L. H., & Im, H. H. (2011). A model of Chang, L. L., Backman, K. F., & Huang, Y. C. destination branding: Integrating the concepts (2014). Creative tourism: a preliminary of the branding and destination image. Tourism examination of creative tourists’ motivation, Management, 32(3), 465–476. experience, perceived value and revisit https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2010.03.014 intention. International Journal of Culture, Tourism, and Hospitality Research, 8(4), 401– Spillane, J. J. (1994). Pariwisata Indonesia: Siasat
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Ekonomi Dan Rekayasa Kebudayaan. PSIKOLOGI/article/view/1072/938 Yogyakarta, Indonesia: Penerbit Kanisius. Sugiyono. (2016). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif Retrieved from Kualitatif dan R and D (23rd ed.). Alfabeta, https://books.google.co.id/books?id=jrCAAAAA Bandung. MAAJ Widiyanto, I. (2008). Metodologi Penelitian. Stanton, W. J., Etzel, M. J., & Walker, B. J. (1991). Semarang: BP Undip. Fundamentals of marketing (9th ed.). McGraw- Hill. Retrieved from Wulandari, V., & Wahyuati, A. (2017). Pengaruh https://books.google.co.id/books?id=JlcPAQAA Fasilitas, Pelayanan, dan Harga Terhadap MAAJ Kepuasan Wisatawan. Jurnal Ilmu Dan Riset Manajemen, 6(3), 1–20. Retrieved from Suchaina. (2014). Pengaruh Kualitas Fasilitas https://tixpdf.com/pengaruh-fasilitas- Sarana dan Prasarana Terhadap Peningkatan pelayanandan-harga-terhadap-kepuasan- Jumlah Pengunjung Wisata Danau Ranu Grati. wisa.html Jurnal Psikologi, 2(2), 89–109. Retrieved from http://jurnal.yudharta.ac.id/v2/index.php/ILMU-
Journal of Socioeconomics and Development Widyagama Vol 1, No 2, October 2018, 113 – 120 DOI: 10.31328/jsed.v1i2.772
The Performance of Agricultural Extension Workers in Utilizing Cyber Extension in Malang Raya Region
Sabir1, Sugiyanto2, Keppi Sukesi2, and Yayuk Yuliati2
1 PhD Student, Doctoral Program of Agricultural Science, University of Brawijaya, Indonesia 2 Doctoral Program of Agricultural Science, University of Brawijaya, Indonesia
(Received December 5, 2018; Accepted December 18, 2018; Published December 27, 2018)
ABSTRACT. Cyber extension is a system of agricultural extension information through the internet media to support the provision of extension materials and agricultural information for extension workers. The existence of cyber extension is expected to support the performance of agricultural extension workers. This study aims to describe the implementation of cyber extension, describe the extension worker in the utilization of cyber extension and formulate the improvement efforts of extension worker in cyber extension in Malang Raya area. The research method used a combination of quantitative and qualitative (concurrent mixed method). This study revealed that three regions did not have administrator or manager of cyber extension. In addition, the results of descriptive analysis showed that the performance of agricultural extension-based cyber extension in Malang Raya region is still very low. Several efforts that can be taken by the government are to facilitate the technical implementation unit of extension with cyber extension equipment, the provision of financing budget and the socialization of cyber extension utilization to the extension worker. Keywords : cyber extension, performance, agricultural extension, extension worker JEL Classification: D80, Q16, Q18
INTRODUCTION study of existing agricultural information needs is still dominated by the conventional information The extension methods such as newspapers, sources, communication technology-based leaflets, radio and television that were conducted information sources or ICTs (Mulyandari, Sumardjo, indirectly through conventional mass media had Lubis, & Panjaitan, 2011). faced various challenges. Submission of extension materials through conventional media in the Based on these conditions, Agency for process of delivering agricultural information is Agricultural Extension and Human Resources sometimes still not on time, right place, target and Development (BPPSDMP) as the representative of not necessarily accepted by farmers. Today, the the Ministry of Agriculture modified the formulation agricultural knowledge to overcome the problems and dissemination of agricultural extension through faced by farmers are more varied, so that internet-based network called cyber extension agricultural extension workers are required to be (Badan PPSDMP., 2010). ready at any situation. The existence of cyber extension can support The appropriate strategy of information the performance of agricultural extension both in dissemination can improve farmers’ ability to find enriching extension content and introducing it to information and change information dissemination farmers. In addition, cyber extension in Indonesia (Ansari & Sunetha, 2014). On the other hand, the is extension information system through internet, to support provision extension material and agricultural information of extension workers in * Corresponding author email: [email protected], ISSN 2615-6075 online; ISSN 2615-6946 print facilitating agribusiness learning process for main @UWG Press, 2018 and business actors (Dzakiroh, Wibowo, & OJS http://publishing-widyagama.ac.id/ejournal- Ihsaniyatin, 2017). The cyber extension is one of v2/index.php/jsed/ the effective mechanism for developing
114 Sabir, et al., The Performance of Agricultural Extension Worker... communication networks among farmers by (87 people) of 288 agricultural extension workers in implementing ICTs in the agricultural extension Malang Raya region selected as respondents. system. The kind of data collected is primary data. The effectivity of agricultural information is one Primary data were obtained through deep interview of the indicators in achieving the success of with questionnaire guidelines. Deep interview was agricultural extension. The existence of cyber conducted in order to gather complex information extension had brought both consequence and which contains opinions, attitudes and personal demand to agricultural extension workers to be experiences. The primary data were based on the more proactive. They were demanded to seek research variables. There are cyber extension information as extension materials needed by implementation and the performance of agricultural farmers. According to Ahuja (2011), the availibility extension worker used as research variables. Those of agricultural information through internet (cyber variables consist of extension) could improve agricultural extension a. the exsistence and activeness of cyber process more quickly and effective. extension administrator, On the other hand, Malang Raya’s agricultural b. the dialogue between agricultural extension extension workers are still rely on printed media as workers and their counterparts, information source for extension activity. This is c. the presence and involvement of agricultural due to the condition of Agricultural Extension extension workers in socialization meeting, Center that does not have computer facilities. It d. the factors of tracking information, responding affects the performance of extension workers in to information, conveying ideas, utilizing cyber utilizing online information. extension information, and introducing cyber extension to main players and business actors, According to Marliati et.al. (2008), the e. the performance of agricultural extension performance of agricultural extension workers are workers in utilizing cyber extension. affected by both internal and external factors. The performance of extension workers are also Those data were analized by using quantitative reflected by the level of farmers’ satisfaction who and qualitative analysis. Qualitative data are receive agricultural extension services. The intended to complement the finding of quantitative competency of agricultural extension workers is one analysis. Quantitative analysis in this research was of the main factors expected to have an influence conducted by using descriptive statistical analysis of on their performance. The low competence of Ms Excel. According to Sugiyono (2016) descriptive agricultural extension workers produces low analysis is used to describe or give an overview of performance as well (Kusmiyati et al., 2010) the research object through sample data or (Hidayat, 2009). External factors that are expected population as it is without analyzing and making to influence the performance of the extension generally accepted conclusions. To categorize worker are social charecteristic system (ie. aspects respondents’ answer, an interval scale was counted which support/ inhibit changes in the social system from the highest score (4) substracted by the as a result of the agricultural development policy). lowest score (1) then the result was divided into four categories. The classification of respondents’ In short, the objectives of this study are to answers was shown in Table 1 describe the implementation of cyber extension and to analyze the performance of extension workers in Tabel 1. The Determination of Score Categories the use of cyber extension in Malang Raya region. Scale of answer Category 1.00 -1.75 Very low RESEARCH METHOD 1.76 – 2.50 low 2.51 – 3.25 Moderate Malang Raya region was chosen as the research 3.26 – 4.00 High location. Sampling technique used in this research Sources: Sugiyono (2016). was purposive sampling, with the consideration that extension workers selected as respondents have a lot of experience. There were 30 percent
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RESULT AND DISCUSSION respondents in the age of 43-51 years old are 9 people (10.3%). Respondent Characteristics Based on the education level, most of Malang Raya region has relatively great potency respondents i.e. 69 people (73.3%) have graduate in agriculture. It is reflected in the extent of rice degree. Table 1 also shows that extension workers field in Malang Raya region which is 74.4 thousand with the longest and the shortest working period ha. In terms of the number of agricultural respectively are 39 years and 4 years. Most extension workers, Malang Raya region has the respondents who have a working peiod of 3-11 potency for relatively large agricultural extension years are 62.1 percent and are dominated by THL- workers. The number of agricultural extension TBPP respondents. Agricultural extension workers workers are 225 people (109 goverment extension with a short working period indicate that they have workers and 116 contract-based extension workers, higher motivation than agricultural extension THL-TBPP) for Malang Regency, 34 people (21 workers with a long working period in using cyber goverment extension workers and 13 contract- extension as an extension media. based extension workers) for Malang City and 32 people (24 goverment extension workers and 8 Cyber Extension Implementation contract-based extension workers) for Batu City. Based on the research results, most extension Those agricultural extension workers are assigned centers did not have administrator to manage to disseminate agricultural informaion both in the cyber extension. It was due to several factors such form of the latest agricultural technology and as changes in Regional Goverment Agency (SKPD) superior seeds. which handles extension unit and the absence of Table 2. The Demograpic Characteristics of Respondents assistance from BPPSDMP. The absence of administrator was confirmed by the research result Number of Percentage Variable sample (%) that there was no adminsitrator (27.6%) and there Sex was less active administrator (58.6%) (Table 3). It a. Male 46 52.9 revealed that local goverment or central goverment b. Female 41 47.1 (ministry of agriculture) was not serious to develop Age a. 25-33 years 22 25.3 cyber extension. It was caused by administrator b. 34-42 years 27 31.1 and server who were main factors influencing the c. 43-51 years 9 10.4 success of cyber extension utilization (Praza, 2016). d. 52-59 years 29 33.3 Education Tabel 3. The Existence and Activeness of Cyber a. Senior High School 4 4.6 Extension Administrator b. DIII 6 6.9 Number of Percentage c. Bachelor 69 79.3 Type of frequency respondent (%) d. Master 6 6.9 Not exist 24 27.6 Rank and Group exist, less active 51 58.6 a. Pembina/ Golongan IV 16 18.4 exist, active 12 13.8 b. Penara/ Golongan III 51 58.6 exist, very active 0 0.0 c. Pengatur/ golongan II 9 10.4 Total 87 100.0 d. Honorer 11 12.6 Working period 0 a. 30-39 years 19 21.8 b. 21-29 years 10 11.5 In addition, Agricultural Extension Center c. 12-20 years 4 4.6 generally did not have infrastructure such as d. 3-11 years 54 62.1 computer, internet and etc. It is in accordance with the research conducted by Mulyandari (2011) who Based on Table 2, male and female respondents stated that there was generally no support from respectively are 46 people (52.9%) and 41 people goverment to help agricultural extension workers or (47.1%). Furthermore, Table 1 shows that the farmers to acces technology information. In other majority of respondents that are 52-59 years old words, this condition was one of obstacles for are 29 people (33.3%), while the number of utilizing a new technology (Amin et al., 2014). The availability of internet access also become the most
116 Sabir, et al., The Performance of Agricultural Extension Worker... important infrastructure to increase agricultural In relation to their involvement in cyber extension workers’ performance. Those obstacles extension socialization, 16.1 percent of respondents could detain agricultural development process. stated that they had never been involved and 33.3 percent stated that they were rarely involved in the The results also showed that the use of cyber extension socialization (Table 6). extension was not yet fully utilized. This was due to the lack of socialization to agricultural extension Tabel 6. The Involvement of Agricultural Extension workers. The lack of socialization was reflected in Workers in Socialization Meeting the socialization activity variable which get 2.11 out Number of Percentage Type of frequency of 4.00. In other words, the cyber extension respondent (%) Never 14 16.1 socialization was felt to be less intensive. The Rarely 29 33.3 number was the average of some indicators such Often 35 40.2 as dialouge, attendance, socialization presence, and Always 9 10.3 motivation to attend socialization and socialization Total 87 100 involvement. The result showed that the low of socialization From the dialogue aspect between agricultural reflected by the socialization score was influenced extension workers and their counterparts about by the internal factors of agricultural extension cyber extension, 37.9 percent respondents stated worker. The agricultural extension workers seem to that they never had dialogue with their have no motivation in utilizing cyber extension. This counterparts. Most respondents (56.3%) told that is in accodance with the statement of the Head of they rarely had diologue with counterparts. It the Agricultural Extension center as one of the implied that most respondents tended to be less respondents in this study. He explained that daily care about the existence of cyber extension (Table visitor of cyber extension only reached 4). approximately 200 visitors. That number was far Tabel 4. The Frequency of Dialogue between Extension from the total of Indonesia’s agricultural extension Workers and Other Counterparts workers which were around 40 thousand people. Number of Percentage Type of frequency The factors limiting in utilizing cyber extension respondent (%) done by extension workers were the lack of Never 33 37.9 Rarely 49 56.3 integration between cyber extension with other Often 5 5.8 agricultural techlogy providers such as Katam, Always 0 0.00 Landsat, e-farm, etc. Furthermore, information Total 87 100 technology expert in agricultural extension sector
was still low, cyber extension display was less From the aspect of the agricultural extension attractive and the content was less in line with the workers presence in socialization meeting, 32.2 extension needs. percent and 42. 5 percent respondents respectively Cyber Extension Performance stated that they never and rarely attended the socialization (Table 5). Meanwhile, 3.5 percent Performance is the result or output of a process. respondents stated that they always attended the According to behavioral approach in management, socialization meeting. performance is the quantity or quality of something produced or services provided by someone who Tabel 5. The Frequency of Agricultural Extension Presence in Socialization Activity does the work. Number of Percentage The result of descriptive analysis revealed that Type of frequency respondent (%) the agricultural extension performance in utilizing Never 28 32.2 Rarely 37 42.5 cyber extension in Malang Raya region was still Often 19 21.8 very low with an average score of 1.58 of 4.00. The Always 3 3.5 results were the average of several accessibility Total 87 100 indicators such as (i) tracking information; (ii) responding to information; (iii) conveying ideas or
Journal of Socioeconomics and Development, Vol 1, No 2, October 2018 117 questions; (iv) utilizing cyber extension information absence of goverment policies which enforced them content as agricultural extension material; and (v) to utilize cyber extension. introducing cyber extension to main players and Table 8. The Frequency of Responding Toward Cyber business actors. The research result of these Extension elements are described descriptively as follows. Number of Percentage Type of frequency There were 26.4 and 54.0 percent respondents respondent (%) Never 44 50.6 respectively who never and rarely searched Rarely 33 37.9 information by using cyber extension (Table 7). Often 10 11.5 This showed that most agricultural extension Always 0 0.0 workers did not utilize cyber extension as extension Total 87 100 material to farmers. Various reasons expressed by respondents regarding to the low utilization of Agricultural extension workers in Malang Raya cyber extensions such as some extension agents Region had not conducted the dissemination of prefer to use the search engine www.google.com appropriate agricultural innovation and technology as it is convenience and more variety. seen from the results of personal studies or
Table 7. The Frequency of Information Seeking Through experiences through cyber extension. It was Cyber Extension depicted that most respondents (67.8%) never disseminated extension material through cyber Number of Percentage Type of frequency respondent (%) extension (Table 9). Never 23 26.4 Table 9. The Frequency of Conveying Information or Rarely 47 54.0 Question Frequency through Cyber Extension Often 14 16.1 Always 3 3.4 Number of Percentage Type of frequency Total 87 100 respondent (%) Never 59 67.8 Rarely 19 21.8 Furthermore, This study also showed that Often 9 10.3 agricultural extension workers who were old Always 0 0.00 enough (in the age over or same 50 years old) tend Total 87 100 not to be able to access information through internet. They got the extension material from These conditions reflect the consequences that conventional media such as printed media. In the respondents did not understand about utilizing addition, it was also due to limited availibility of cyber extension. In other word, the lack of infrastructure, including internet access in that understanding of utilization also affects the level of region. dissemination of innovation and appropriate technology conducted by respondents. Agricultural extension worker performance from the aspect of giving feedback or response to The performance of agricultural extension agricultural information through cyber extension workers in terms of utilizing cyber extension as was also classiffied as less optimal. Based on Table extension material is still classified as less optimal. 8, it is shown that most respondents (50.6%) never The descriptive analysis result showed that responded to information through cyber extension. agricultural extension worker who used technology It implied that there was no curiosity from information obtained through cyber extension as agricultural extension workers about cyber the main material for agricultural extension is 34.5 extension. percent and said rarely, and 57.5 percent had never been done (Table 10). The lack of understanding of how to respond or give feedback on the information through cyber In general, they were more likely to use extension was a contributing factor why it material obtained from other information sources happened. Another factor that caused the low of such as print media, interpersonal communication, agricultural extension performance was the scientific publications and google. This is consistent with the result of a previous study conducted by
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Anwas, Sumardjo, Asngari, & Tjitropranoto (2009) of 2006 concerning extension system states that who suggested that the most widely used source of extension material converyed both to main and infomation by agricultural extension worker in business actors must obtain recommendation from Bogor Regency was interpersonal sources and goverment institution, except for techlogical printed media (newspapers). sourced from traditional knowledge. This indicates that the materials have not all been verified by Table 10. The Frequency of Utilizing Information Content through Cyber Extension as Agricultural goverment intstitution, so if there is a loss Extension Material experienced by farmers, agricultural extension Number of Percentage workers can be sued. Type of frequency respondent (%) Never 50 57.5 Therefore, the presence of cyber extension can Rarely 30 34.5 accommodate the demand of fulfilling the Often 7 8.1 competency of agricultural extension workers. Always 0 0.0 Beside being able to ensure that the extension Total 87 100 material obtained by agricultural extension workers
through cyber extension have been verified, it also The results of descriptive analysis showed that can help agricultural extension to do efficiently. the introduction of cyber extension to main and Ahuja (2011) also added that the availibility of business actors was classified as not optimal with information through the internet (cyber extension) an avrage score of 1.51 from a maximum score of helps agricultural extension process more quickly 4.00. Agricultural extension worker who stated that and effectively. In addition, it is expected that they had never and rarely introduced cyber agricultural extension workers are expected to extension to both main and business actors were routinely update their knowledge regarding 52.9 percent and 40.2 percent respectively (Table agricultural extension regulations. 11).
Table 11. The Frequency of Introducing Cyber Extension The various facilities offered by cyber extension by Agricultural Extension Workers do not seem to be fully understood by agricutural extension workers. This is indicated by the results Number of Percentage Type of frequency respondent (%) of this study, where the performance of Never 46 52.9 agricuultural extension workers in utilizing cyber Rarely 35 40.2 extension is still low. Those conditions is depicted Often 6 6.9 Always 0 0.0 as still low of agricultural information seeking Total 87 100 through cyber extension, responding to information, conveying ideas or questions, utilizing cyber extension information content as agricultural Implication for improving the agricultural extension materials and introducing cyber extension worker performance extension to main and business actors. Agricultural extension workers act as innovator, The low of utilization of cyber extension facilitator, consultant and communicator. The generally come from internal factors. One of the importance of this role requires agricultural conditions is reflected in the low motivation of extension workers to be able to always increase agricultural extension workers in terms of cyber their capacity, especially in enriching extension extension implementation variable. Amin et.al. materials. Pramono, Fatchiya, & Sadono (2017) (2013) stated that the effectiveness of cyber stated that this condition certainly required the extension use is greatly affected by interaction and needs of agricultural extension workers who had perception. competence based on the knowledge and skills according to their perspective fields. The process Based on those conditions, there are some of increasing capacity can be done through internet efforts that should be implemented to optimize the search engine like google. use of cyber extension such as:
The random process of agricultural information 1. Doing socialization of the importance verified seeking had weaknesses. Based on Law Number 16 agricultural extension materials based on Law
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Number (No). 16 of 2006 concerning extension agricultural extension material, and (v) introducing system. Moreover, the existence of cyber cyber extension to the main actors and businesses. extension can help agricultural extension Based on the performance implications, the workers in utilizing information that can be goverment can take several actions such as: accounted for. This can be a motivation for agricultural extension workers to utilize cyber 1. Doing socialization of the improtance verified extension. agricultural extension material based on Law 2. Mentoring especially for agricultural extension Number (No). 16 of 2006 concerning extension workers who have dificulty in using internet. system. 3. Facilitating the intitutions which handle 2. Mentoring agricultural extension workers who agricultural extension workers with cyber have dificulty in using internet. extension devices such as computers and 3. Facilitating the intitutions which handle internet network. agricultural extension workers with cyber 4. Adding special budget done by Ministry of extension devices such as computers and Agriculture for improving cyber extension internet network. utilization such as giving reward for agricultural 4. Adding special budget done by Ministry of extension workers who actively convey their Agriculture for improving cyber extension extension material through cyber extension. utilization such as giving reward for agricultural 5. Desseminating the utilization of cyber extension extension workers who actively convey their to agricultural extension workers through extension material through cyber extension. regular meetings at extension institution such 5. Desseminating the utilization of cyber extension as Agricultural Extension Center (BPP). to agricultural extension workers through regular meetings at extension institution such ACKNOWLEDGEMENT as Agricultural Extension Center (BPP). We would like to thank to the Doctoral REFERENCES Program of Agricultural Science, University of Brawijaya. Besides that, we would also like to Ahuja, V. (2011). Cyber Extension : a Convergence of Ict and Agricultural Development. Global thank to the Agricultural Training Center Jambi and Media Journal, 2(2), 1–8. Retrieved from all respondents for supporting in collecting the http://www.caluniv.ac.in/global-mdia- data. journal/Winter Issue December 2011 Commentaries/C-6 Ahuja.pdf CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION Amin, M., Pengkajian, B., Pertanian, T., Tengah, S., This study shows that agricultural extension Laosos, J., & Sigi, B. (2014). Effectiveness And workers have not fully implemented the cyber Farmer’s Behavior In Using Information extension. This is due to the lack of socialization to Technology Based On Cyber Extension. agricultural extension. The lack of socialization was Informatika Pertanian, 23(2), 211–219. reflected on the value of socialization variable https://dx.doi.org/10.21082/ip.v23n2.2014.p21 1-219 which was 2.11 of 4.00. Amin, M., Sugiyanto, Sukesi, K., & Ismadi. (2013). In addition, the performance of agricultural Application of Cyber Extension as extension in Malang Raya regency was 1.58 of the Communication Media to Empower the Dry maximum score of 4.00. It reflected that Land Farmer at Donggala District, Central agricultural extension workers in Malang raya Sulawesi. J. Basic. Appl. Sci. Res, 3(4), 379– region have low performance of utilizing cyber 385. Retrieved from https://www.textroad.com/pdf/JBASR/J.%20Ba extension. There are some conditions influenced by sic.%20Appl.%20Sci.%20Res.,%203(4)379- several accessibility indicators, namely: (i) tracking 385,%202013.pdf information, (ii) responding to information, (iii) conveying ideas or questions, (iv) utilizing the Ansari, M. A., & Sunetha, S. (2014). Agriculture Information Needs of Farm Women: A study in information content of cyber extension as State of north India. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 9(19), 1454–1460.
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https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR2014 https://dx.doi.org/10.25015/penyuluhan.v4i2.21 74 Anwas, E. O. M., Sumardjo, Asngari, P. S., & Tjitropranoto, P. (2009). Faktor-Faktor yang Mulyandari, R. S. . (2011). Perilaku Petani Sayuran Mempengaruhi Penyuluh dalam Pemanfaatan dalam Memanfaatkan Teknologi Informasi. Media. Juli, 7(2), 68–81. Retrieved from Jurnal Perpustakaan Pertanian. Jurnal http://journal.ipb.ac.id/index.php/jurnalkmp/arti Perpustakaan Pertanian, 20(1), 22–34. cle/download/5689/4317 Retrieved from https://anzdoc.com/perilaku- petani-sayuran-dalam-memanfaatkan-teknologi- Badan PPSDMP. (2010). Grand Design Sistem informa.html Informasi Penyuluhan Pertanian (Cyber Extension). Jakarta. Mulyandari, Sumardjo, Lubis, D. P., & Panjaitan, N. K. (2011). Cyber extension as a Dzakiroh, D., Wibowo, A., & Ihsaniyatin, H. (2017). communications media for vegetable farmer Sikap Afektif Penyuluh terhadap Website Cyber Empowerment. Journal of Agricultural Extension Extension sebagai Sumber Informasi and Rural Development, 4(3), 77–84. Retrieved Penyuluhan Pertanian di Kabupaten from Karanganyar. Jurnal Agritexts, 4(1), 16–31. https://academicjournals.org/journal/JAERD/arti Retrieved from cle-abstract/43C25302914 https://jurnal.uns.ac.id/ja/article/download/180 58/14382 Pramono, H., Fatchiya, A., & Sadono, D. (2017). Kompetensi Penyuluh Tenaga Harian Lepas Hidayat, S. I. (2009). Analisis Kinerja Penyuluh Tenaga Bantu Penyuluh Pertanian di Kabupaten Pertanian di Wilayah Kerja Unit Penyuluhan Garut, Jawa Barat. Jurnal Penyuluhan, 13(2), Pertanian Sukodono, Sidoarjo. Jurnal Habitat, 194–209. 20(1), 45–56. Retrieved from https://dx.doi.org/10.25015/penyuluhan.v13i2.1 http://habitat.ub.ac.id/index.php/habitat/index 6128 Kusmiyati, O. :, Maryani, A., Kusnadi, D., Stpp, D., Praza, R. (2016). Optimalisasi Cyber Extension Jurusan, B., & Pertanian, P. (2010). Kinerja dalam Pembangunan Pertanian di Era MEA. In Penyuluh Pertanian PNS dalam Melaksanakan Prosiding Seminar Nasional BKS PTN Wilayah Tupoksi di Kabupaten Bogor (Kasus di BP3K Barat Bidang Ilmu Pertanian. (pp. 200–204). Cibungbulang). Jurnal Penyuluh Pertanian, 5(1), Lhokseumawe : Univ. Malikussaleh. Retrieved 87–103. Retrieved from from https://anzdoc.com/kinerja-penyuluh-pertanian- http://repository.unimal.ac.id/2913/1/Optimalis pns-dalam-melaksanakan-tupoksi-di.html asi Cyber Extension Dalam Pembangunan.pdf Marliati, Sumardjo, Asngari, P., Tjitropranoto, P., & Sugiyono. (2016). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif Saefuddin, A. (2008). Faktor-Faktor Penentu Kualitatif dan R and D (23rd ed.). Alfabeta, Peningkatan Kinerja Penyuluh Pertanian Dalam Bandung. Memberdayakan Petani (Kasus di Kabupaten Kampar Provinsi Riau). Jurnal Penyuluhan, 4(2), 90–99.
Journal of Socioeconomics and Development Widyagama Vol 1, No 2, October 2018, 121 - 122
Index of The Subject Vol 1 - 2018
adoption innovation, 72 income, 5, 20, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 39, 40, agricultural extension, 79, 81, 82, 113, 114, 115, 41 116, 117, 118, 119 institution, 5, 4, 11, 13, 14, 44, 45, 54, 56, 55, 56, agriculture, 8, 23, 32, 33, 34, 35, 39, 40, 41, 42, 57, 58 46, 48, 52, 53 Jatim Park, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111 Batu, 79, 80, 84, 85, 86, 87, 106, 107, 108, 109, LIPI, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98 110, 111, 115 local food, 88, 89, 96, 97 biodiversity, 7, 11, 13, 39, 40, 44 Madura, 67, 70, 72, 73, 74, 75, 77 Bromo, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 23, 43, 44, 45, 47, management, 4, 7, 8, 9, 11, 13, 14, 16, 17, 19, 20, 48, 51 21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 39, 40, 41, Bumiaji, 79, 80, 82, 83, 86 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 52, 53, 54, 55, cage size, 25, 27, 28, 30 56, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58 capital, 5, 8, 16, 23, 45 Manokwari, 32, 33, 34, 37 cattle, 72, 73, 74, 75 national park, 43, 44, 45, 46, 48 communication channels, 72, 73, 75, 76 Ngadas, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 43, 44 conservation, 7, 8, 11, 13, 14, 15, 39, 43, 44, 45, organic farming, 79, 80, 81, 83, 84, 85, 86 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 58 path, 16, 18, 19, 21, 22, 47 culture, 7, 8, 9, 13, 14, 15, 43, 44, 45, 46, 49, 50, peatland, 39, 40, 41 54, 56 Pedanyangan, 7, 10, 11, 13, 14 cyber extension, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119 performance, 69, 79, 80, 81, 82, 85, 86, 105, 106, destination image, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111 109, 113, 114, 116, 117, 118, 119 ecotourism, 7, 8, 14, 15, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, plasm-core, 25, 26, 28, 29, 30 50, 51 poultry, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30 environment, 7, 8, 9, 14, 15, 17, 39, 40, 43, 44, research priority, 88 45, 46, 47, 49, 58 rice, 16, 18, 39, 40, 41, 53, 55, 56, 54, 55, 57 evaluation program, 79 rural, 8, 32, 36, 43, 50, 54, 56, 55 extension worker, 113, 114 seed, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30 extension, 72, 73, 75, 76, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, SEM, 16, 18, 24 85, 86, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120 small-scale, 5, 64, 66, 69, 70, 71 farmer, 16, 17, 18, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 37, smart phone, 32, 37 39, 40, 41, 54, 55, 56, 57 Subak, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 58, 59 farmers’ union, 52 sustainability index, 39 feasibility analysis, 100 sweet potato farming, 100, 101, 102, 104 fertilizer, 88, 96, 97, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105 SWOT, 4, 5, 6 fisherman, 5, 64, 66, 67, 68 theory of production, 16, 23 fishery, 5, 48 tourist satisfaction, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111 food security, 64, 69, 88, 89, 92, 93, 95, 98 training, 4, 32, 35, 36, 37, 46, 47 fuctional food, 88 Ulu-ulu, 52, 56, 58 household income, 5, 64, 66, 67, 68 water resources, 8, 52, 53, 55, 58 household, 5, 4, 29, 39, 40, 41 woman, 5, 4 improved varieties, 100, 101, 105
122 Index of ...
Index of The Author Vol 1 - 2018
Ariana, 88 Oktaviani, 7 Asepta, 106 Pasla, 106 Azizah, 5 Pradipta, 5 Bakhtiar, 72 Prasetyo, 79 Bustanul, 5 Purnomo, 7 Cahyono, 32, 56, 59 Rahim, 5, 6 Darmadji, 16, 17, 23 Rahim, 5, 64, 66, 67, 68, 70, 71 Elisabeth, 100 Rejekiningrum, 52, 54 Fangohoi, 32 Restuono, 100 Febinanda, 106 Sabir, 113 Ginting, 100, 101, 104, 105 Sintha, 39 Hanafie, 25, 41, 42 Sugiyanto, 32, 80, 87, 113, 119 Hariani, 79 Sukesi, 32, 80, 87, 113, 119 Hastuti, 5, 66, 67, 68, 71 Suwarta, 16, 25, 26, 28, 30, 31 Kartiwa, 52, 54 Triyono, 88 Laksani, 88 Wardie, 39, 40, 42 Nadhiroh, 88 Yuliati, 113 Negara, 8, 9, 14, 15, 17, 23, 43, 44, 48, 49, 51 Yuniar, 43 Novanda, 72 Zulhamdani, 88 Nugroho, 7, 8, 9, 14, 15, 17, 23, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 48, 49, 50, 51
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