Probe Into the Rise of Islamic Political Parties from the Transition of the Relations Between Politics and Religion in Contemporary Turkey

ௐ 1 ഇ! ࢱ 125-61! 2021 ѐ/ߋ؞ཱི !ס έ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώ! ௐ 17 Taiwan International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 125-61 Spring 2021

從當代土耳其政教關係的轉變探討伊斯蘭政黨的崛起

ڒች໚ ࡁտٙઘି଱ି؟ጯ̂ڼ߆

ၡ ࢋ

၁វ̝̚Ă˿҅׎ڼࠎ͹វ۞઼छٕ߆ڒБ஧̣Ȉዶ࣎ͽ᎗೻ ϲ̙ͽϿ೻ᜋࠎ઼ି۞͵ܸ͹ཌྷϔ͹߆វĂ׎߆ᝋ዇ആ̂ޙࠎ͌ᇴ छ۞পּĂ˜ߏଣ੅઼ڒкਕ౅࿅׶π۞ϔ͹඀ԔԆјĂ၁ࠎ᎗೻ ઼ޓ౵ָ࣎९Ąώ͛ˬ༼̶Ҿଣ੅ଂญဦતڼϿ೻ᜋሀё۞ϔ͹߆ Ҍ 1990 ѐ΃ޢਔඛć˟ጼ̝ି؟Ҍ౶ϐႬВ׶ࢭ׻۞።Ϋă୉ཏᄃ ጾ᜕Ͽ೻ᜋ็௚۞߆ᛨ૦੓ٺ൴णᔌ๕ĂপҾჸ൏ڼࠎͤ۞߆ᛨ߆ פᄃ઼ᅫЯ৵ćͽ̈́͹ࢋϿ೻ᜋ߆ᛨůĶϒཌྷᄃ൴णᛨķĂ઼̰۞ ޙңͽϤ౶ϐႬ͹ጱځᄲܮԽ֨Ăͽڼ଀ે߆ᝋ̫֞ഈ౎ᗕ͞۞߆ ˟үĂݒдྻڼĂགྷ።Η͵ࡔ۞߆ᛨ߆ޘטϲ۞፬ซ͵ܸ͹ཌྷጳ߆ ΍னϿ೻ᜋ߆ᛨ۞ాᜈે߆Ąώ͛ඕኢ݋౅࿅ᄃ׎΁᎗೻ޢѐ̝˼ छ۞၆ͧĂૻአ˿҅׎࠹၆ᘦؠ۞ϔ͹ጳ߆ྻүĂ၁ѣ׎፾প઼ڒ Я৵ĂΒ߁Ĉለֲ፜ୖ̝гநҜཉăϏഅజڼ።Ϋ̼͛ᄃгቡ߆۞ ᄃώ˿ۤགྷ̼͛୧І࠹פҘ͞ЕૻٙതϔඈАՙ୧ІĂٙͽՀਕଳ ᄃྻүሀёĄޘטڼዋᑕ۞߆

ࢭ׻ă౶ϐႬăВ׶ˠϔᛨăϒཌྷᄃ൴णᛨă܅ᙯᔣෟĈ ญဦતăࡸఆ ғႬкщ ăௐ 1 ഇĞ2021/ߋ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 17 126

壹、前言

छĂ˵ߏ׎઼ט׎ߏϿ೻ᜋ͵ࠧ͌ᇴ̙ͽϿ೻ᜋࠎ઼ି۞͵ܸវ҅˿ ࠹၆ᘦؠ۞ϔ͹߆វĄᔵ൒Ă࢕ˠ̒߆۞ౚᇆ̪ϏԆБଵੵĂͷऱᇇ୉̚ ڒᇴϔ୉યᗟ̪ࠎ̰߆ᄃ઼छщБ౵̂ᔳᇎĂҭдБ஧̣Ȉዶ࣎ͽ᎗೻͌ ၁វ̝̚Ă˿҅׎۞߆ᝋ዇ആ̂кਕ౅࿅׶πᄃϔ͹ڼࠎ͹វ۞઼छٕ߆ छĂࢋ̙ߏჯ޺็௚۞͵᝚Ӗ͹઼ڒ඀ԔԆјĂ၁ࠎপּĄ̂ొ̶۞᎗೻ ܧĂͽטᖼࠎ࢕ְ፾෗វܮޢٛұΗफኜ઼Ăࢋ̙൒ಶߏ፾ϲܠĂтטវ ௲ᗓതϔ௚ٺϲޙϔ͹߆ᝋĂ̂кڒछࠎкĄΚ͌ᇴ۞᎗೻઼ڒ߷۞᎗೻ Ч჌ొ̰ٺĂҭૄט͹઼۞щଵ˭̖ଳҖҘ͞ёጳ߆ϔ͹វ؟Ăд݈ޢڼ ᕚᒜдϔᏴ͛૱ޢ઼̝ޙᙱͽᕚπ۞ିࠁă୉ཏᄃล৺Ϭ࠼ඈયᗟĂ፾ϲ ăᛂ̜ăОκඈ઼ćٕ۰ᔵѣ؃ೋّೈᒖĂт͐ૄ೻۞ڼˠે߆ᄃ࢕ְ௚ Ăт੺ֽҘֲĄڼᝋ௚ރϔ͹Ᏼᓝ̝Щăҭ̪ᙱᕚ௲˘ᛨ ڌࢭ׻Ăयଡ̚܅ᕇ፼۞ࡸఆ҃ރࡎκҘֲཏிϯ۞ܧѐĂϤΔ 2011 ض૟૲જϿ೻ᜋ͵ࠧ۞ϔ͹̼ሗ߹Ą̙ޞϿ೻ᜋ͵ࠧĂࣧώజഇ۞ܧᄃΔ ᝋᖼݭࠎϔ͹߆វ̝γĂ׎΁ᜩᑕރߏĂੵ˞ࢭ׻۞൴໚гࡎκҘֲଂ۞ Ăтऄ̈́ćטវטछĂࢋ̙ߏࢭ׻జᗉᑅĂޭೇࣧώ૞઼ڒԼࢭࢲሗ۞᎗೻ ᛨࠁ፬ধ኏ࡎĂֹ߆Ԋ޺ᜈજᒜĂࠤҌ૟઼छ૲ˢ̰ጼڼࢋ̙ಶߏ̙Т߆ ߏӎਕځၗĂтୃӀֲĄ˯ࢗ።Ϋགྷរ૱΄ˠ͕ϠႷયĂտౣϿ೻ᜋ͛ې ഇͽֽ၆Ͽ೻ܜצٯᄃ༊΃ϔ͹ҋϤ۞ᆊࣃ࠹टĄ࣎ˠᄮࠎѩ჌ኢᕇĂ̂ ͛ି؟͹ཌྷķઐ֍ٙᇆᜩĄ׎၁ĂϿ೻ᜋ̙֭υ൒ͧ׎΁͞ڌĶ۞ځᜋ͛ ၗ˭ଳҖϔ͹ېՀ̙ਕᄃҋϤϔ͹ᆊࣃ࠹टć҃˿҅׎дଂϏజതϔ۞ځ Ă׎߆ᝋ዇ആϺჯ޺࠹၆ᘦؠĄᔵ൒Ă2017 ѐ 4 ͡дனЇᓁ௚ғטВ׶វ ႬкщĞRecep Tayyip Erdoğan, 1954-ğ۞͹ጱ˭Ă౅࿅࣒ጳ̳Ը૟˿҅׎ Ăᕖ̂˞ҋ̎۞ᝋ˧ᄃЇഇĂ٢࡭઼ᅫۤົԲෞ۞טԼࠎᓁ௚טܜଂᗕࢵ ᛏ଀ޘѐ̂ᏴГ 2018 ٺᓏ঎Ăҭ఺˘̷࿅඀ֶ̪ϔ͹඀ԔซҖĂғႬкщ छϔ͹߆វ۞প઼ڒࢵѨాЇĂٙͽ̫֞˿҅׎̪ߏ᎗೻۞ޢЇഇ̝ܜؼ Ąޥ౵ָ९ּĂࣃ଀Ӎˠஎˢࡁտᄃ̝ͅڼĂࠎଣ੅Ͽ೻ᜋሀё۞ϔ͹߆ּ ଂ༊΃˿҅׎߆ିᙯܼ۞ᖼតଣ੅Ͽ೻ᜋ߆ᛨ۞૦੓ 127

貳、國家認同重構的歷史脈絡

૦੓ᄃϞྋ۞઼ޓăญဦત˘

ѐĂ˿҅׎۞઼ͭ౶ϐႬĞMustafa Kemal Atatürk, 1881-1938ğд 1923 ണ৔Ԋ๕̝˭Ăͽϔ୉ࡻฯ̝ݻத࢕ుੜҘ͞Еૻ၆۞ޢௐ˘Ѩ͵ࠧ̂ጼ Ă˿҅׎۞઼छؠҜࢬᓜ඾ޢĄҋѩͽטϲВ׶វޙ׎۞࢕ְҫᅳĂ҅˿ ׌࣎ԭፄ۞યᗟĂ˘ă˿҅׎տౣߏϿ೻ᜋ઼छٕ͵઼ܸछĉ˟ă˿҅׎ ˿۰Ąҭࡶଂޢᑕྍ঻дֲ߷ٕΐˢለ߷ĉ౶ϐႬд༊ॡ۞׌࣎ԭፄ࠰Ᏼ υ൒Ą౶ϐႬ׽൒ਕͽ࢕ܧ׎۞።Ϋ᏷யĞٕΒෙğֽ࠻Ăѩ˘ԭፄ֭҅ ˯छ࠹ͅ۞྽ྮĂҭ઼ڒ๕૟઼छ૲ˢᄃ׎΁᎗೻ރૻˠᄃϔ୉ାߐ۞ְ Ѻѐ۞ன΃˿҅׎።ΫĄܕֽ˭ତٺޟࢗ׌࣎યᗟ޺ᜈଃ ĞOttoman Empire, 1299-1922ğĂጾѣ̱Ѻ઼ޓ׎۞݈֗ࠎญဦત҅˿ кѐЍၷ።ΫĂഅࠎϿ೻ᜋ͵ࠧ۞ᜦ͹ĂญဦતĶᛂ̜ķĞSultanğӈࠎБ Ͽ೻ᜋ͵ࠧ۞В͹ĞੵϿ६۞̦ཧࠁͳഈ̝γğĂֳѣĶݣ֧൴ķĞKhalifahğ ĂјࠎᅊκࠁϿޢ಴ཱིĂ׎ࣧຍࠎ᎗ցᐵᇇАۢ۞ᚶٚˠĂҋ᎗ཐᕩৌ۞ ೻ᜋ౵੼߆ିᅳఞ۞఼ϡᐝᅟĞHourani, 1995: 25-29ğĄ˿҅׎ϔ୉໚΍̚ Ă؃੓઼̚າᘟĂҘҌ݈ᛂᓑֲ̚В׶઼̝˘۞ݣᖠҹ೻ڌϔ୉Ăێྼ۞ֲ ,гĂд઼࣫̚ԇΫ३݋ჍࠎĶࡎ౿ķĞBartholdێߏΟ΃˿҅׎Чొ୉۞ഫౌ ˞๕႙ᔌ਽ར̝ᅫĂݣ֧൴ࠎ઼۞઼ޓ64-99ğĄ༊̚͵ࡔϿ೻ᜋ ,1-37 :1968 ዮ׽̚δ߆ᝋĂବੵг͞๕˧۞ݔใĂགྷ૱ќበ༊ॡᔘߏளିव۞˿҅׎ Ͽ೻ᜋĂିͽझԗᖃᆇĂତܫ୉۞ѐᅅˠࠎζဉᄃᐌଂĂА΄׎ᕩొێഫ ࢕ְ੊ቚĂҋѩјࠎݣ֧൴ٙࣅࢦ۞ࡎ౿Ķጼ̀ķĞghaziğᄃĶไһķצ Ȉ˘͵ࡔࢬ၆ֽҋٺ઼ޓĞmamlukğĞBarthold, 1968: 180-268ğĄ༊Ͽ೻ᜋ ਎ރ˧ڠለ߷۞Ȉф࢕Ăͽ̈́Ȉˬ͵ࡔֽҋ઼̚۞ᄋΟᗨһ׌̂ளିव۞ ᅫĂݣ֧൴࠰ֶያࡎ౿ไһ࢕ဥ̖ਕుੜૻᇲĄࡎ౿ొ୉۞׎̚˘͚ࠎ̝ ޙܐȈα͵ࡔٺщ֤ћӀֲ੼ࣧĂ֭ٺ˸ጼ჋Ăᔒᖼ߹۞فᔖᄋΟҘྴ˞ ๸೻ત઼̳Ğprincipality of OsmanğĂࣧώ่ࠎཏฯ౷݈֗۞઼ޓϲญဦત ਎̝ރĂҭдᕚ௲˞Ȉф࢕ᄃᄋΟˠ۞˘઼̝ܭፂ̝щ֤ћӀֲ੼ࣧ۞ኜ ăௐ 1 ഇĞ2021/ߋ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 17 128

ΗޢȈα͵ࡔٺᎸ̂ຽĂ֭̚۞ځĂ઼๕ు႙ᖼૻĂ྾۷࢑੓Ͽ೻ᜋ͛ޢ ,ᄃ͐Ⴌ຅Ηफᕖૺ๕˧ĞHodgsonثڻٙᛳ۞г̚ঔ઼ޓཧฟؕШ޵Κल 1974, Vol. 2: 263-68, 386-428ğĄ 1453 ѐĂญဦતௐ˛ЇӖͳ୥ᄿ࡚প˟͵ĞMehmed II, 1451-81ğԽౝ ಢĞIstanbulğ؃ಢĞConstantinopleğĂԼЩϿ೻˚؃ࢵౌӖ઼̀ޓᘲ੺ڌ ϒё௣ඕĂ͔൴઼ޓనࠎࢵౌĂ઼ৣწؼ෹࿅˘˼̣Ѻѐ።Ϋ۞ᘲ੺̪֭ ਎ķ྾јለ߷ϔ୉ᇴѺѐ೭̝̙Ν۞ေើރБለ߷۞ዩፁᄃមऻĂĶϿ೻ᜋ ઼ؕޓȈ˝͵ࡔ̚ཧͽ݈ĂญဦતזĞHodgson, 1974, Vol. 2: 555-64ğĂۡ ᜦ۞઱˘ֲ߷ૻᝋĄ൒҃ĂҘ͞͵ࠧ።གྷгந̂൴னۋ௣ߏΞᄃለ߷Еૻ ॡ΃ٙΞޙދࡔ۞͵̚ܧĂ̏ޢᄃ̍ຽࢭ׻ඈ˘ాҚ۞ன΃̼ྻજ߾ᖃ̝ ߏญဦતܮĂࢵ༊׎኏۞ޢᑢĂдለ߷Еૻ൴જതϔ͹ཌྷШБ஧ᕖૺ̝ͧ ੠Րځѣᙊ̝̀྾͹ૺͽጯ௫Ҙ͛͞۞઼ޓĂญဦતגĄ༊ѩП፟ॡ઼ޓ 1ĄȈˣ͵ࡔ઼ޓ୻̂ٺಱ઼ૻһ̝྽ֽା઼Ă׎ଯજҘ̼Լࢭ۞ॡมᅈѝ εӀᄃ̙πඈۋഇĂғݣᔙᇇˬ͵ĞAhmed III, 1703-30ğд˘ాҚ۞ጼܐ Ҙ̼ԼࢭĂ۞ޘĂฟ͔ؕซҘ͞۞࢕ְࡊԫᄃ̼͛ĂซҖѣࢨޢ୧ࡗᘪࢎ̝ ྾ฟؕଯજՀซ˘Վ۞Ҙ̼ᄃன΃̼ޢҭ̪ॖା̙˞̂ԊĂȈ˝͵ࡔ ĞHourani, 1995: 40-48ğĄ ొ઼̰ޓ͹ཌྷࢲሗयଡБ஧Ăญဦત઼ޓȈ˝͵ࡔለ߷۞ϔ୉͹ཌྷᄃ ڌϞྋ۞ᅈЯĄࢵАĂ׎઼ޓྋĂ௣ј̼ڱ׌̂Ϭ࠼ు႙ঙ˯ᕧࢬ҃൑۞ ፜ᐝಢĂ۞ܬᅳ˿ѣ੼ּͧ۞ૄ༛ି͌ᇴϔ୉Ăјࠎለ߷Еૻˢڌܕለᄃ ć׎ڼᐌॡ໤౯ᜩᑕለ߷ϔ୉͹ཌྷ۞ཱིΡĂᕚ௲ளିᄃள୉۞ญဦત௚֭ ٛұϔ୉҃֏Ăܠٛұϔ୉ࠎ͹វĂ၆ܠᛳг݋ͽܧٛұΗफᄃΔܠѨĂ ႕୉۞઼̚ޓள୉Ă׎มᙯܼᅲᙷҬ̂୻ٺ۰ᔵࠎТିĂҭᛳڼญဦત௚ ,Т͛Т჌۞ϔ୉ĞHouraniܧᄃ̼͛ᄮТᔵТĂҭݒି؟ᄃ႔୉۞ᙯܼĂ ᄃ็௚̼͛۞ᄮି؟΃ࣧѣ۞פ΃۞ϔ୉͹ཌྷᄮТు႙ܕ50-66ğĄ༊ :1995

Ąለ߷Еૻ౅࿅˘ాҚ۞࢕઼ޓ୻̂۞ֲڌ።Ϋ׻ྻᅲҬ۞઼ޓȈ˝͵ࡔͽࢫĂญဦત 1 ᘪࢎኜк̙πඈ୧ࡗĂତᜈ۞ߏ౷гăኪഠăฟ઼ޓ׌͞ڌăγϹᄃགྷᑻ߱͘Ăְֹ࢝ ঽ͈ķĂֲڌ݋జᙎࠎĶ઼ޓঽ͈ķĂ̂୻ڌܕజᙎࠎĶ઼ޓ఼થᄃ็ିඈඈĂญဦતٸ ።ΫĂણዦ HouraniĞ1995: 34-40ğĄ۞઼ޓரญဦતܬ΃ΫᅲкᙷҬĄለ߷Еૻܕ׌۰۞ ଂ༊΃˿҅׎߆ିᙯܼ۞ᖼតଣ੅Ͽ೻ᜋ߆ᛨ۞૦੓ 129

ளିள୉ᄃТିள୉׌჌͌ᇴϔ୉۞צ௣૟ዎّڱЪ۞ڼ௚઼ޓĂޢТ̝ ኳႷᄃ߄ጼĄҘ͞Еૻ·̶߽ଉญဦત̰ొ۞׌჌Ϭ࠼֭ΐͽӀϡĂ྾ֹ ٛұҊϔᗕᗕ֕Ш፾ϲ̝ྮĄܠ଀ญဦતٙᛳ۞ૄ༛ିҊϔᄃ Ăฟୁ˞ญޢ፾ϲгҜ̝זפۋĞ1821-29ğࠎԓᘷࢵАۋԓᘷ፾ϲጼ ăᇇăڱϒିЧϔି۞፾ϲྻજĂдࡻăڌለᅳ˿۞͇͹ିᄃڌဦતٙᛳ ڒѐ۞Ķߦ 1878 ז๸ăܻඈለ߷Еૻ዇൫΍ᑝ̝˭Ăญဦત၇ጼ၇ୀĂۡ ˭ᛉķĞCongress of BerlinğࠎͤĂญဦતεΝ˞ٙѣ۞ለ߷ᅳ˿ĂΪ౺ົ Ͽ೻ᜋ̼͛८۞ܧᄃΔڌܕгડĄତ˭ֽ̣ȈѐĂ݋ాܕಢዐ؃Ͽ೻ౌޓ ඈгĂѣ࠹༊੼ͧ؃г૲Ϻ̙ܲĂΒ߁̫͟۞ୃӀֲăጌ့͐ᄃ͐ઙ೻͕ гҜڼ଀Η፾ϲ۞ҋפٛұૄ༛वĂ˵дለ߷Еૻ۞̒࿰˭ు႙ܠ۞ּ ĞHodgson, 1974, Vol. 3: 228-48; Hourani, 1995: 54-58, 62-66ğĄѩγĂऄ̈́ ٛұϔ୉͹ཌྷ۞ܠ΃ܕགྷᑻᄃ̼͛ࢦᗉĂϺࠎ۞ځٛұϿ೻ᜋ͛ܠШࠎ˘ :׌઼۞͚޺˭ు႙֕Ш፾ϲ̝ྮĞHodgson, 1974, Vol. 3ڱ൴໚гĂдࡻă ൴໚г۞ځĂϿ೻ᜋ͛ޢHourani, 1995: 49-54, 59-62, 193-209ğĄ౵ ;239-47 Ăҋᄮ׎اٛұΗफ۞Чొ୉Ă˘Шͽ౪ΐᄃ౪г֤׌ཐг۞᜕ܲ۰ҋܠ Јͧ˿҅׎ˠՀϒ௚ĂГΐ˯ϔ୉͹ཌྷ঎ሗ۞ᇆᜩĂ྾ᄃญဦતܫϿ೻ᜋ ޓ઼႙Җ႙ᅈĞHourani, 1995: 37-38, 269-70, 284-91ğĄ ϐഇ΍ன˞׌჌઼छᄮТࢦၹ۞ྮ઼ޓࣃѩПާх˸̝ࡌĂญဦત Ͽ೻ᜋ͹ཌྷķĞPan-IslamismğĂЋဦಓ੓ٙѣھቢĂ˘ࠎ͹ૺаᕩ็௚۞Ķ ϔ୉ဥඕдϿ೻ᜋၮᆽ̝˭Ăࢦॎ̚͵ࡔϿ೻ᜋڒர۞᎗೻ܬҘ͞Еૻצ ޓญဦતمᚶᜈड़ڒٛұ᎗೻ܠ஽͵ĂѩᓝٕΞॖаТିள୉۞۞ځ͛ Ҙ۞غٛұૄ༛वՀΐழᗓćௐ˟჌ᄮТࢦၹྮቢࠎՀၔܠĂҭݒֹ଀઼ ׎҅˿ھĂ֕ШБາ۞͵ܸϔ୉઼छ̝ྮĂೳୢϿ೻ᜋ็௚ĂԼଯજĶ̼ ԩለ߷ٯ͹ཌྷķĞPan-TurkismğĂཱིΡֲ̚Чࡎ౿ϔ୉дญဦતᅳጱ˭ВТ ˘ٛұᛳϔ૟̙జΒӣдѩܠ۞઼ޓЕૻĂѩ჌͹ૺк͌ᔳӣ˞ࣧญဦત ,າᎸ˿҅׎ϔ୉̝̰ĞHodgson, 1974, Vol. 3: 250-59; Hourani, 1995: 103-29 280-88; Landau, 1994: 9-142ğĄ ٛұˠͅݔܠ׌઼ຳ̚ඉજڱௐ˘Ѩ͵ࠧ̂ጼĞ1914-18ğᘕ൴Ăࡻă ଀፾ϲгҜćࡻ઼ࠤͷд઼ᅫ൘͉ᐁפޢĂ̯֭Ꮪ݈۰дጼڼญဦત۞௚ ăௐ 1 ഇĞ2021/ߋ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 17 130

Ă˵ः઼ޙ؃а͐ઙ೻ܔޢщ͹ཌྷྻજᅳఞ۞ྼᄲ̝˭Ăඍᑕឰ൘͉ˠጼ มтң̝ڒٛұ᎗೻ܠٛұૄ༛वăܠใԊ۞჌̄Ă൘͉ˠăڌ̚ޢ͟˭ ౷ᅳ˿͹ᝋĂҌ̫̪ࠎ൑ྋ۞઼ᅫᙱᗟĄญဦતЯᄃጼୀ۞ᇇă๸Л׌̶ ࠎࢵ۞ᓑڱజࡻăޢăཌྷăܻඈ઼Ăጱ࡭ԸࢫڱࠎТ˘ੱቢĂ၆ԩࡻă઼ ࿅඀̚Ă̱Ѻкѐ઼ޙͽϔ୉ҋՙࠎࣧ݋۞઼ᅫ৩Ԕࢦޢ࢕ٙҫᅳĂдጼ ٛұϔ୉ࠎ͹វ۞ᅳ˿৾৾֕Ш፾ܠྋវĄ̙ҭٙᛳٺ௣઼ޓญဦત۞ৣ ć͐ઙ઼ޙᄃڼ׌઼۞᜕ܲĂԬങдг߆ᝋ֕ШҋڱϲĂ̶֭Ҿৼˢࡻă ݋Ϥࡻ઼ᇶॡ੉გĂለ߷Ч઼۞൘͉ˠฟؕொϔ͏ጩĂ໤౯ޭೇ൘͉؃೻ פϔ୉኏ࡎ۞گ˘ٛұˠ݈౉Հΐ᜻୶Ăາܠཐг۞ିˬا͵য়઼Ăֹ଀ ,ࡠྮᇩҽཐгˬି׶πВх۞˼ѐ็௚ĞHodgson, 1974˭ڼ΃˞ญဦત௚ Vol. 3: 259-62, 276-81, 297-302; Hourani, 1995: 286-98ğĄ

טă౶ϐႬࢭ׻ᄃᔙШ͵ܸϔ͹В׶វ˟

˘ϲ۞Пާх˸̝ࡌĂ˿҅׎ϔ୉ϤޙϏإϞྋăາВ׶઼ޓϒࣃᖞ ϐഇซ઼ޓጼࡻฯ౶ϐႬ۞ᅳጱ˭ࡎ৔ࢦಛĂᔙШາԊĄ౶ϐႬߏญဦત ЯܮĂૈዳ΍ֽ۞າ˘΃࢕ְ؈̖Ą΁ଂ̚ጯॡഇޢҖ࢕ְன΃̼Լࢭ̝ ء࢕ᖚϠ୾Ăд࢕۞ܜ࢕ְ࿰౯ጯ७Ăଂѩฟୁ׎ႝه࢕ॠϠ߿҃ᖼـᕏ :౹ϲϏ˳۞າ࢕ĞMango, 2000઼ޓԸˢญဦતܮޢጯੰԆј࢕ְିֈ੊ቚ ಱ઼ૻһᅮՐٙበቚ۞າ࢕Ăٺ35-56ğĄϒည઼̚႕୻ϐѐ۞Ԋࢬ˘ᇹĂૄ Ϟྋטវ઼ޓຐ۞ಞٙĂдᖞޥăθֈԼࢭࠤҌࢭ׻هҘ͞າநצјࠎତ ߏдѩ˘າăᖞϹആܮᝋ˧ৌ۩྾Ϥ఺Բາ࢕૟ᅳٙ๱ྃĂ౶ϐႬ۞ޢ̝ ॡ๕˭јࠎ˿҅׎В׶઼̝ͭ2Ą۞

ពĂ׌઼۞Ķ઼ͭķځޝ˵ШາВ׶۞࠹Ҭ఍ࠤкĂҭमள఍֕ט׎ᄃ઼̚ଂᖞវ҅˿ 2 ٙԷႊ۞֎ҒĂЯѣ൑ೠ೪࢕ְ၁ᝋ҃ၟ൒̙ТĄజ಴ࠎ̚රϔ઼઼ͭטϲВ׶វޙд ग̋̚ࠎ͛ˠĂොؠΪਕјࠎາăᖞ߆ᝋϹତॡഇ۞࿅ഭ̮ࢵĂЯ൑࢕ְ၁˧ĂВ׶۞ རˢາ࢕૟ᅳ̝͘Ăӈਿ͵౶ᄃΔ߶࢕ᅧඈˠć࠹ྵ̝˭Ă˿҅׎ଂܮᝋ̂۞ޢϲ̝ޙ дܮԸˢ˞ௐ˘Ѩ͵ࠧ̂ጼ̝ᅫĂ౶ϐႬ઼ޓ࿅ഭഇĂϒߏญဦત۞טШВ׶វ֕טޓ ԩγᇲăዮ׽ᅳጱ͕̚Ă֭ͽ࢕ְૻˠ̝ٯ਎̝ᅫೠ೪࢕ᝋĂѣड़ރछࢬᓜҘ͞Еૻ઼ ቁϲĂ˫ਕ֗វ˧Җବੵᖞ๕˧ֽଯજன΃̼Լ۞ט๕ܳј઼छϔ୉۞௚˘ᄃВ׶វ Ą౶ϐႬдௐ˘Ѩ͵ࠧ̂ጼ۞ְטਕд౵ൺ۞ॡมᔙШன΃ϔ୉઼छវܮࢭĂ˿҅׎ ᖹĂણዦ MangoĞ2000: 140-82ğĄ ଂ༊΃˿҅׎߆ିᙯܼ۞ᖼតଣ੅Ͽ೻ᜋ߆ᛨ۞૦੓ 131

П፟۞ฟؕĄࡻăگ˘જĂҭݒߏ˿҅׎ΩୁޙѐĂ઼ᅫ׶πࢦ 1919 Հкᅳ˿Ăԓăֲפ׌̶઼Ҿ͚޺ԓᘷᄃֲ࡚κֲ׌઼ҋ˿҅׎ώొᒔڱ ăҘ׌ᓍซԽĂЋဦӵᑝϤ౶ϐႬᄃЧгొ૟дщ֤ћڌ׌઼࢕ฤ̶Ҿଂ ྿ˬѐܜ˞ߏฟୁٺĂعӀֲ੼͕ࣧ̚щΙٛĞAnkarağٙ௡ј۞ᓜॡ߆ ҅˿ቢ۞ᇲ࢕Ă1920 ѐдڌ;Ğ1919-22ğĄ౶ϐႬАᑕۋ׎፾ϲጼ҅˿۞ ᄃֲ࡚κֲᓑ࢕Ăҭ˵͔൴˯༱Щֲ࡚κֲᙱϔ۞઼ڱݑᙝડᑝሚڌ׎۞ ൴જዩម͵ࠧ۞઼ޓĂญဦતޢૠ୭Ă҃఺ֱᙱϔࠎ 1915 ѐ˘Ѩ̂ጼᘕ൴ ͼໝ჌̂ૠ୭۞Ѫ˸ˠᇴҤࢍѣܕ߹˸۞ᙱϔĂྍѨޢ࡚κֲ̂ૠ୭ֲ̝ Ăᗕ͞ࠎ˞Чҋ፾ϲ드˿͹ᝋԆፋĂޢѺ̣Ȉ༱ˠĄдາВ׶јϲ̝˘ ڱк୹˞Ω˘ѨೌᆐĂጱ࡭˿҅׎ᄃֲ࡚κֲ̝ม۞ҽࣜᙯܼҌ̫̪൑˫ Ă౶ϐႬତ඾၆;Ҙቢ۞ԓᘷ࢕ฤĄ1921 ѐࡌĂԓޢྋĄдൾઇಆि̝̼ ᑝĂฟؕܓޔщΙٛҘࢬˣȈ̳֧఍Ă౶ϐႬᏐЇ͹ܕତזᘷ࢕ฤ̏॔ซ ކѐ 1922 ٺᖼчࠎԽĂ֭д˘ѐ̰ᜭు˞˿҅׎ώొ̰۞ٙѣԓᘷᇲ࢕Ă ˢ።ΫĄ1923 ѐ۞ĺࠃॹ୧ࡗĻĞTreaty઼֕ޓοາВ׶јϲĂϒёឰญဦત Ă઼ᅫۤົϒёٚᄮщΙٛࠎࢵౌ۞˿҅׎В׶઼̝ޢof Lausanneğᘪࢎ ˘ᛉĂВѣ˿҅׎ဩ̰۞˘ѺםгҜĂԓă˿ᗕ֭͞྿јϹೱொϔ۞ڱЪ ׎Ăᗕ͞Ϊ҅˿ـொڒԓᘷĂԓᘷဩ̰݋ѣˬȈˣ༱᎗೻ـȈ༱ԓᘷˠொ ĂޢྋՙĞMango, 2000: 220-357ğĄҋѩͽޞإ౺˭๫೼ྮ೻फ۞͹ᝋᕩᛳ Ј۞͹ᝋ઼छĂᕚ௲ܫјࠎՀ৷ო۞˿҅׎ϔ୉ᄃϿ೻ᜋܮ׎В׶઼҅˿ ݑᙝဩ۞ऱᇇ୉ࠎ઱ڌ˭ౄј۞ӧԊĂ౺ି؟ญဦતॡഇкϔ୉ăк̮˞ Ă׎યᗟࣧώ̙ࡶԓᘷˠᄃֲ࡚κֲˠڒТࠎ᎗೻ٺᇴϔ୉Ăҭૄ͌۞˘ યᗟ֤ᆃഌ͘Ą ᄃனٸĂੵ˞޺ᜈญဦતॡ΃ШҘ͞ฟޢϲВ׶̝ޙ౶ϐႬд 1923 ѐ ڼ΃̼Լࢭྮቢ̝γĂ˫ଳҖ˘ాҚՀ፬ซ۞ΝϿ೻ᜋ̼߆ඉĂЋဦ૟߆ ăᆿੵϿޘטοᆿੵݣ֧൴ކԆјĂΒ߁ϒё׀˘གྷᑻᄃିֈ̼͛۞Լࢭ Ă֭ͽன΃ڱޠ΃Ͽ೻ᜋפͽڱր۞ϔăЖڱलăΩ࿴Ҷϼड़ለౙڱ೻ᜋ ĞSufiğཐဪ̈́ٙᛳܧ΃็௚Ͽ೻ᜋགྷੰିֈĂ҃૟୻ৌъăᛂפҘёିֈ ચొგᔑĂ૟ĮΟᜋགྷį६ᄪԼϡ˿҅׎ᄬĂχְି؟ৠᖚˠࣶБొৼˢ ᝚̝ڻٛұᄬᄪགྷ۞ৠཐ็௚Ă˵ᆿͤ̚͵ࡔͽֽܠഇͽֽΪਕϡܜ˞৔ ăௐ 1 ഇĞ2021/ߋ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 17 132

ٛұфϓ޸ᆷ۞˿҅׎͛ĂԼͽٛ˚фϓ޸ᆷĄՀ፬ซ۞Ͽ೻ᜋԼࢭନܠ ଀ᑛࢬ৲Ăࡶ୬̙ޠ˘྅Ă૎̃д̳Вಞٙڇշ̃۞็௚ڒ߉ࠎᆿੵ᎗೻ ݋ͽ̎֗؍ᐝ̑ӈΞĂҭ౶ϐႬώˠᄃ׎˯ؼᜈ็௚ࡍ඾۞૎̃ĂΪࢋ٣ & ྅ĞMango, 2000: 361-414; AtabakiڇࠎϯቑĂခᐽ˿҅׎ϔிԆБ඾Ҙё Zürcher, 2004; 98-112, 212-22, 238-59; Eligür, 2010: 43-47ğĄ˯ࢗБࢬّ۞͛ ᛉĂ̙ҭ઼̰۞Ͽ೻ᜋ็ۋĂͧ੓߆ି̶ᗓՀΐ͔੓ڱᄃିֈ͵ܸ̼ү̼ ٛұܠĂ˵͔൴׎΁ڱ႕Ăᄮࠎߏ၆Ҙ͞Еૻ̼͛Ըࢫ۞ү̙ޘ௚๕˧ໂ ٛұϔ୉҃֏Ă఺тТߏТି۞ܠ۞ځछ۞ᙈ൒Ą၆౵ѝฟ౹Ͽ೻ᜋ઼͛ ॡഇಶ̏хд۞ϔ୉ᄃ̼͛ᄮ઼ޓϯĂΐஎ˞ҋญဦતކΈԙ̝֣ՙෘ۞ ڒӘ௣ඕĂତ˭ֽซˢϔ୉߆ᝋކ̼͛̂˘௚ି؟Т۞Ϭ࠼ĂϿ೻ᜋ͵ࠧ Ͽ೻ᜋೇᎸྻજ۞ЄඊĄޢ͟˞˭ϲ۞̶ෘॡഇĂ˵ः ҁࢵА൴ܜܧĂऱᇇ୉۞ᛂޢѐд˘րЕ۞ΝϿ೻ᜋ̼Լࢭ၁߉ 1925 :జ౶ϐႬ߉ᜠඦᗉᑅĞTapper, 1991ג፟ᙯĂҭϲعᙱĂதிԽᑝг͞߆ ྽ဥ۞ਨॲ˧ณฟؕᖼࠎҲአĂຳ̺̚ඕ઼ົᛉࣶᄃ߆ܧᛂޢ102-20ğĂѩ ,යࡻĂͽ׶π͞ёֽ߄ጼ͵ܸ̼߆ඉĞTapperڼဈវր̰ొ۞ܲч߆ءع 121-42ğĂ˵ֹ౶ϐႬٙԬ޺۞ĶВ׶ˠϔᛨķĞRepublican People’s :1991 ঙ˯ᕧࢬĂિ޺ۋParty, Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi, CHPğ͵ܸࠁᄃܲчࠁ̝ ˿ჯ᜕Ͽ೻ᜋϲ઼۞ܲчࠁЋဦΩϲ߆ᛨĂҭ౶ϐႬિؠ͵ܸ͹ཌྷྮቢࠎ ׎јࠎன΃઼̼छ۞υࢋ݈೩ĂΩ௡Ͽ೻ᜋ߆ᛨజෛࠎ࿁ጳĂ߇౶ϐႬ҅ Ăݒ̪ჯ޺ĶВ׶ˠϔᛨķ˘ᛨ፾̂۞Ηϔޘטд͵ഇมĂᔵѣᛉົϔ͹ ͹ԊࢬĞAtabaki & Zürcher, 2004: 98-112; Eligür, 2010: 48ğĄ ౶ϐႬд׌Ѩ̂ጼ̝มٙଂְ۞˘ాҚҘ̼Լࢭନ߉Ă˜ߏٚତญဦ ă౵ᙯᔣّ۞˘ՎĄ1938 ѐ౶ϐႬޢϐഇ۞ன΃̼ԼࢭĂГྭ΍౵઼ޓત ௚็˞ט୕൑ˠਕᇲĂ˵ᇶॡᑅރΝ͵̝݈ĂЯ׎࢕ְૻˠᄃϔ୉ࡻฯ۞ ͵௲ֲˢለăଂϿ೻ᜋ઼ᖼࠎغч๕˧۞ͅᇡĂ߇ଂܑࢬ˯࠻˿҅׎ၔܲ Լࠎϔ͹В׶Ҭͼ˵൑Ξਗ਼ᖼĂҭ׎၁઼छᄮТ۞યᗟ֭טޓĂ͵᝚઼ܸ ϏৌϒྋՙĄ ଂ༊΃˿҅׎߆ିᙯܼ۞ᖼតଣ੅Ͽ೻ᜋ߆ᛨ۞૦੓ 133

౶ϐႬॡ΃۞઼छᄮТયᗟޢăˬ

ᖼݭࠎ͵ܸ͹ཌྷ۞˿҅׎В׶઼Ă׎၁ଂ઼ޓͽϿ೻ᜋϲ઼۞ญဦત ܮϐഇĂݣ֧൴઼ޓϔ͹۞߆វᖼត̝ᄮТͧྵ̙ߏયᗟĄญဦતזט૞ ˿ѣᗖԛĂ̏عĂ߇ϔᏴᛉົ̰̈́ᅦ߆טӄ˭ଯજӖ͹ϲጳםдϲጳࠁ۞ छ۞Ͽ೻ᜋ෪઼ٺҁྮĂՀ̂۞યᗟд۞ט׎ϔி̙ົຐ֕аݣ֧൴૞҅ ăିֈăࣖநᆊࣃăϠ߿ޠڱᇈజोଫĂϿ೻ᜋ็௚̼̙͛Г޽ጱ઼छ۞ ёĂ၆Ҙ̼ᇆᜩ̙எ۞ᇃ̂ฏՅϔிᙱͽநྋĂ҃ϔ୉͹ཌྷଐຏྵૻধ͞ ĂᔘࢋШҘ̼͛͞ያᘇĂ੎ޢ፾ϲ̝ڼ଀߆פࠎңצତڱᙊЊ̄˵൑ۢ۞ ߏ˫តјΩ˘჌തϔ͞ёĉٙͽĂϿ೻ᜋ઼ᄃ͵઼ܸ۞ᄮТયᗟĂд౶̙ ঙ˯ᕧࢬĂГΐ˯˿҅׎পঅ۞ለֲ፜ሇгநҜޘГޢඕՁڼϐႬૻˠ௚ ཉĂֹ׎д၆γᙯܼ˯˵ԛј௲ֲˢለٕаᕩֲ߷׌჌઼छؠҜԭፄĄ ౶ϐٺࡻฯăᓏ୕ᄃгҜ่ѨۋѨ̂ጼഇมĂϤТࠎ˘ጼᄃ፾ϲጼ˟ ጼјࠎጼ˘ٺႬ۞ϿᏚ৸Ğİsmet İnönü, 1884-1973ğ૟࢕ᚶЇᓁ௚̝ҜĄૄ ለጼඕזഇܲ޺̚ϲĂۡܐୀ઼۞ၝ൭።Ϋି੊ĂϿᏚ৸ՙؠд˟ጼᘕ൴ Ձ݈̖́ΐˢࡻă࡚ăᛂඈТ༖઼˘͞Ă྾ֹ଀˿҅׎јࠎᓑЪ઼౹ؕົ ՀΐిᄃҘ઼͞छЪүĂ֭޺ᜈ౶ϐႬٙಧ˭ૄᖂ۞ன΃ޢ઼ࣶ̝˘Ăѩ ௲ֲˢለ۞ՎЂĞAtabaki & Zürcher, 2004: 113-29ğĄ1950 ѐ΃ҽጼԊ̼̈́ ҂ณĂ˿҅׎Ᏼፄΐˢ઼࡚ᄃҘለ۞ϔ͹ੱ۞ڼгቡ߆ٺĂૄޢ๕ቁϲ̝ ଂโঔซˢг̚ঔ۞౾઼ܻטᒉ˘͞ĄЯ˿҅׎ᅳ˿ፖྭለăֲ׌߷Ă԰ ޓĂٙͽଂ͗ܝ೻೼ጆ೻ĞBosporusğᄃ྿྿κႬĞDardanellesğ׌ঔद۞ ॡ΃੓ಶᄃܻᘲ೻ϔ୉хд඾ღૺᙯܼĄᛂᓑВய๕˧۞ᕖૺĂ˿҅׎ܻ ঔᝋ౵ࢦࢋט଀פ˭ߏࢵ༊׎኏Ă઼࡚Ϻஎۢ˿҅׎ࠎ֨૆Вய๕˧ݑ˵ ӈЪĂ˿҅׎ٮ˘В݈ቢĂѩ჌Ԋ๕ೀͼֹ˿҅׎ᄃ઼࡚ăҘለ઼छͅ۞ ለ߷ăࠁһ͚೯ᔹጼ࡚࢕۞˘͞Ă˵д 1952 ѐΐޙҭ͚޺੺໏Ⴌࢍထࢦ̙ ˢĶΔ̂Ҙ߶̳ࡗ௡ᖐķĞNATOğć1961 ѐ˫ΐˢĶགྷᑻЪүၱ൴ण௡ᖐķ ˿ĞOECDğ҃ࠎ౹ؕົ઼ࣶĂ׎௲ֲˢለ۞࿅඀Яҽጼଐ๕҃ΐిซҖĂ :၁۞༖̓ĞKösebalaban, 2011م׎ೀͼјࠎҘ͞ҋϤϔ͹ੱᒉдֲ߷౵҅ 69-85; Ercan, 2017: 42-53ğĄ ăௐ 1 ഇĞ2021/ߋ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 17 134

ޓ׎ٙٚତ۞ญဦતٺፋវ҃֏Ă˿҅׎۞઼छᄮТયᗟĂ͹ࢋֽҋ ଀πᏊĂ఺˵ߏ˘ਠ׍פᄃ߆ඉޘטϿ೻ᜋ็௚ࢋтңᄃன΃઼̼छ۞઼ छྵᙱͽ઼ڒ᎗೻ܧѣஎݓϿ೻ᜋ็௚۞઼छ೼࿆хд۞યᗟĂ҃ࠎ׎΁ ࢵฟ߆ି̶ᗓᄃ͵ܸ̼۞ࢲঈ̝АĂ֭౅࿅തϔځநྋ̝఍ĄҘ͞ன΃͛ ڌ݋ѣ࠹༊རमĄޘ඀צҘ઼͞छ۞ତܧᄃ̼͛ᜦᝋШБ஧ଯणĂҭڼ߆ ۞ޘטڼĂ˵ౌ̷৾৾ᕝ็௚̼͛ᄃ߆ޢछдൺᇶ۞̼͛ᖼݭੱ൭઼ֲ̝ ၹ҃Ӆ˧Ă߇̚ă͟ăᔹˬ઼ЧҋͽޙᙯܼĂБ˧ഈШҘ͞ё۞ϔ୉઼छ ᙝቡ֎ҒĄاϔ͹ٕะᝋ۞͞ёĂഈТᇹ۞ன΃̼ϫᇾ݈ซĂ็௚̼͛྾Ҝ ᄃҘ͞Еૻ࠹̢ԩᏊ۞઼ޓҭϿ೻ᜋ͵ࠧ۞።Ϋགྷរѣ̙ٙТĂ༊ญဦત ॡ΃Ăϒߏχ඾Ͽ೻ᜋཐጼၮཱི۞ЍၷॡഇĂ઼छ۞਽རᄃϿ೻ᜋ็௚Ҭ Јᓠܫͼ՟ѣۡତᙯܼĂ҃၆Ͽ೻ᜋᄮТૻধ۰Ă҃ͅᄮࠎߏЯࠎϿ೻ᜋ ኳ̼͛۞ྻۏரĂᑕྍΐૻჟৠֽ̼͛޽೭ܬԩҘ͞۞ٯڱౄј൑̖ޢऴ ׶Ҙ̼͛͞Ąည౶ϐႬ఺ᇹෛϿ೻ᜋࠎனܢୢҋ̎۞็௚ΝٸϡĂ̙҃ߏ ΃̼Լࢭᅪᘣ۰Ăд༊ॡ۞Ͽ೻ᜋ͵ࠧࠎໂ͌ᇴĂѩ჌፬ซҘ̼ࠁ۞ጾ᜕ ౶ϐႬώˠΪߏͅ၆߆ڶҘ͞ିֈ۞ౌξයࡻĄՀңצ۰Ă̂кࠎ౵ѝତ Ă׎፬ซԼࢭٙ୬ବੵ̶֗ڒᗓĂ΁дռᅳાϠ߿̪ჯ޺਴ྕ۞᎗೻̶ି ဈءعᄃ߆ט۰ࠎჯ᜕ߊ଀Ӏৈ۞็௚යࡻลᆸĂ߇Ϊߏ̷ᕝᖞϿ೻ᜋវ ϲ˘࣎൑ৠኢ۞઼छĄޙܧֈវր۞ᙯܼĂ҃ି̈́ Ҿᄃ୉ཏҾˠ˾௚ࢍᇴфĂҭି؟՟ѣ೩ֻჟቁ۞͞ءᔵ൒Ă˿҅׎ ҫБ઼ᓁˠ˾ᇴ෹࿅ 95%Ă׎̚ࡗ˛јࠎᅊκࠁĂࡗڒЧ͞૞छҤࢍ᎗೻ ᇴ୉ཏΪѣֲ࡚κֲ͌ି؟ڒ᎗೻ܧٙٚᄮ۞͞ءјࠎ̦ཧࠁЧ̶͚Ăˬ זˠĞ70,000ğă൘͉ˠĞ26,000ğᄃԓᘷˠĞ5,000ğĂҭˬ۰۞ᓁᇴᔘҫ̙ ׎Ă̙̏Гѣญဦતॡഇ۞҅˿۞ޢ1%ĞJoshua Project, 2015ğĂٙͽ፾ϲ มтң׶πВх۞ᙱᗟĂ߇၆Ͽ೻ᜋᄮТૻধ۰ᄮࠎ՟ѣநϤ̝ି؟к̮ ҅˿ቢĄѩγĂ˿҅׎۞୉ཏયᗟΪ౺ऱᇇ୉ྵᙱ఍நĂ௖Ҥྮ̼ܸ͵֕ ׎୉ҫᓁˠ˾۞ 70%-75%Ăऱᇇ୉ࠎ౵̂͌ᇴϔ୉Ăࡗ 13%-23%Ăͷ࠹༊ ݑᄃୃӀֲăϿٛҹϹࠧ۞ᙝหгડĂᄃ׌ዐ઼۞ऱᇇ୉ડા࠹ڌٺะ̚ ԆБπिĄҭऱᇇڱĂҌ̫̪൑ޢĂ׎፾ϲྻજҋ 1980 ѐ΃ᖼᔌ፬ซ̝ా ୉ࠎТିள୉Ăᄃ̂ొ̶˿҅׎ˠ˘ᇹౌߏᅊκࠁĂٙͽ၆ܲчࠁ҃֏Ă ଂ༊΃˿҅׎߆ିᙯܼ۞ᖼតଣ੅Ͽ೻ᜋ߆ᛨ۞૦੓ 135

ି؟ҭ̙ߏ̶ෘ̝໚Ă҃ͅߏፋЪऱᇇ୉Ξϡ۞̼͛ྤ໚Ą׎΁۞̙ି؟ ϒିवᄃ̦ཧࠁĂҭˠ˾ໂ̶೸Ăڌᇴ୉ཏ̂ࡗ 7%-12%ĂΒ߁൘͉ିवă͌ ˿ፋЪ֭ϏౄјયᗟĞÇaǧaptay, 2006: 11-40, 102-13ğĄᓁ̝Ă༊݈ڼ၆߆ ˠ˾ĂݒϤ͵ܸࠁයࡻڒયᗟĂ͹ࢋߏд˘࣎෹࿅ 95% ۞᎗೻ି؟׎۞҅ ૻ๕г၁Җ͵ܸ̼߆ඉ҃ࢉϠ΍ֽ۞Ą

參、土耳其世俗民主政體的實驗

ॡഇĞ1946-71ğۋă͵ܸνࠁᄃΠࠁ׌ᛨᚮ˘

Ă೭Ҿ˞౶ϐႬ࢕טѐĂ˿҅׎ϒёඕՁϤ˘ᛨ፾̂۞Ηϔ͹វ 1946 ܐૻˠ۞࿅ഭॡഇĂ׶π֕ШҘ͞ёᛉົϔ͹߆វĄ̙࿅Ă˿҅׎ϲ઼ְ ѣՀ׍҃טϔ͹፟۞ۋഇ۞઼छᄮТયᗟ̙ҭ՟ѣঐੵĂ҃ͅᖣϤкᛨᚮ ڼ׎߆҅˿ޢјࠎଣ৶˟ѨጼސणனĂ͵ܸࠁᄃܲчࠁ۞၆ڼ၆ϲّ۞߆ Ăᄃ઼̰ᄃ઼ᅫԊ๕ត̼ౌѣ૜̷ᙯܼĄܜ൴ण۞͹คĂ҃ᗕ͞๕˧۞ঐ ͵୕Ă౅࿅˘ᛨ፾̂۞઼ϔᛉົĂૻ๕͹ጱރ౶ϐႬд͵ॡĂͽ׎࣎ˠ۞ ˯ԣజᗉᑅĂٙͽΝϿ೻ᜋ߆ඉܑࢬޝ˧ଯજĂᛨ̰γ۞ͅ၆๕۞ڱጳܸ ˧ĂҭયᗟΪߏᇶॡజૻˠ۞ЍᒖٙପᄏĂϿ೻ᜋ็௚๕غҖ۞࠹༊ၔે ൴гವԱ΍ޞॲஎའ׽Ă֭ϏజঐྋĂࠤҌᄊ๕҃ڼ።ᇴѺѐญဦત௚̏ ๕˧۞͚޺Ă޺ᜈ߄ጼĶВି؟଀פĂ˵ֹ଀Πᓍ߆ᛨ଀ͽ෦ՐϿ೻ᜋ˾ ׶ˠϔᛨķٙؼᜈ۞౶ϐႬ͹ཌྷྮቢĄ Ҍ 1946 ѐࠎͤĂࠎ઼ޙϤ౶ϐႬٙ౹ϲ۞ĶВ׶ˠϔᛨķĂଂ 1923 ѐ טჩᅳࠎ̚มઐνྮቢĂ͚޺ᛉົϔ͹ڼ߆ᛨĂ׎߆ڱ׎઼̰઱˘Ъ҅˿ Ăҭдགྷᑻ˯݋͹ૺ౅࿅̚δะᝋ۞ࢍ൪གྷᑻֽܳซ̍ຽ̼̈́ٙ଀ࢦ̶ޘ & ੨Ăିֈ̼͛˯݋ଳҖͅ็௚͹ཌྷă˿҅׎͹ཌྷᄃҘ̼ྮቢĞAtabaki Zürcher, 2004: 98-112ğĄ˯ࢗ߆ඉ۞ѣड़ેҖĂѣᏥૻ๕ᅳጱᄃѣड़த۞Җ ĂĶВ׶ˠϔᛨķ̏൑઼ͭ۞Ѝᒖΐ޺Ăᛨ̰̙Гޢ͵ဈĄҭ౶ϐႬ࿅ء߆ гિ޺౶ϐႬ፬ซ۞Νק˘ѣΞٚତ౶ϐႬϏႽ̝ચ۞ૻ๕ᅳఞĂҭݒ̪ Ͽ೻ᜋ̼ᄃ಼̂ன΃̼ྮቢĂጱ࡭ͽฏՅгડ۞็௚๕˧ͅᇡĂ҃΃ܑྍ ăௐ 1 ഇĞ2021/ߋ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 17 136

,΍֕Ω௡̚มઐΠ۞Ķϔ͹ᛨķĞ Democratic Partyܮ๕˧۞ᛨ̰ᅳఞ Ї۞གྷᑻ߆ඉăՀк۞г̶͞ٸDemokrat Parti, DPğĂ׎߆ჩՀૻአҋϤ ᝋĂ˵Հ้ШаᕩϿ೻ᜋ็௚ĞEligür, 2010: 49-51ğĄ ௐ˘ѨБ઼̂ᏴĂĶϔ͹ᛨķౣᒔ଀࿅Ηᇴ۞ۋкᛨᚮٸѐᓝҖฟ 1950 ଀ைதĂᝃ߁ᛉົ 415 यѨĂ˘ᓝो˭ે߆ᝋĂĶВ׶ˠϔᛨķ஍ࠎ 55% ۞ ౵̂д౎ᛨĂᔵᒔ଀ 40% ۞଀ைதĂҭ่ѣ 69 य۞ᛉࣶĂΞᏜၝୀĄĶВ ׶ˠϔᛨķ଀ைᇴᄃ׎यѨ̙јּͧĂᄃ༊ॡ˿҅׎ٙ၁߉۞ኑᇴ̂Ᏼડ ጱ࡭Տ˘Ᏼડ۞ௐ˘̂ᛨΞͽᝃ߁ྍᏴડٽטѣᙯĂྍޘטᏴᓝ۞ڱ੃ా ҘٺٙѣᛉयĞWikipedia, 2021ağĄĶВ׶ˠϔᛨķҫᐹ๕۞ᏴડĂΪะ̚ ঔ̂ݱć҃Ķϔ͹ᛨķҫᐹ๕۞Ᏼડ݋ࠎ็ڻ౵எ۞Ҙొޘᄃன΃̼඀̼ Ϗ̍ຽ̼ᄃౌإຽгડĄ׎ॡ˿҅׎ྺ۞ొڌ௚̼͛ྵஎݓ۞ፋ̰࣎ౙᄃ ξ̼ĂĶВ׶ˠϔᛨķ፬ซ۞͵ܸ̼ᄃன΃̼߆ඉĂд˘̪࣎ѣ 80% ྺຽˠ छĂព൒̙଀ϔ͕Ăͷ˫৿ͻૻˠ۞ࡦ३Ă઼ڒ௚̼͛எݓ۞᎗೻็̈́˾ ᏴĂ̂بቢ҃ዎ࡭ͅᇅĄତ˭ֽ۞ 1954ă1957 ׌غᙱ̙ົЯ༥ᛈ̼͛ᄮТޝ ѐௐ˘Ѩ࢕ְ߆តᘕ൴Ă̖ඕՁ 1960 זĶϔ͹ᛨķ̪ᘦӱે߆ᛨ̂ҜĂۡ Ķϔ͹ᛨķ۞Ȉѐે߆ĞEligür, 2010: 51-52ğĄ ഇĂ˿҅׎׶̂ొܐҽጼॡ΃۞݈ഇĂ̂ࡗଂ 1950 ѐ΃Ҍ 1970 ѐ΃ ଀፾ϲҋ͹гҜĂჯ᜕פࣣᕚ௲Ҙ͞തϔ͹ཌྷ̖ٺछ˘ᇹĂૄ઼ڒ᎗೻̶ إछ͹ᝋᅳ˿Ԇፋ֭႕֖ϔϠགྷᑻૄώᅮՐࠎϲ઼ࢋચĂ߇Ͽ೻ᜋᛉᗟ઼ ͹ࢋ൏ᕇĄЯѩĂ፬ซ۞ͅ็௚͹ཌྷĂ׽൒̙଀ϔ͕Ă۞ۋ੽ڼϏјࠎ߆ ၹ֭ޙӀৈĂЯ̼͛ᄮТڼҭ͉࿅ૻአͽϿ೻ᜋϲ઼Ă˵̙˘ؠѣ͉к߆ ٛұ઼छ˵ౌͽಱ઼ૻһࠎௐ˘ࢋચĂٙͽଳܠ፼࠺̝ާĄ༊ॡࠤҌాܧ छĂ઼ͅڌ̚۞ڒҖϿ೻ᜋჩᅳ۞߆ᛨ֭Ϗ΍னдֱ֤ೀͼ୻˘Ғࠎ᎗೻ Ͽ೻ᜋ۞ܧݑֲඈϿ೻ᜋ͵ࠧ۞ᙝቡ઼छĂЯ઼̰ѣྵ̂ڌߏдݑֲᄃ҃ ğĂ؃਎Ğт͐ૄ೻ރዐ઼۞ڒ᎗೻ܧཏវĞт੺ֽҘֲğĂٕ۰ࢬ၆ି؟ ડ࿣үϡĂ̖΍னͽϿ೻ᜋࠎڼዮ׽̰ొဥඕă౹ౄᄃᇲ၆߆ᒉ۞߆ٺૄ छĂ઼ڒ᎗೻۞ځᛨЩٕჩᅳ۞߆ᛨĄ༊ॡĂͧ˿҅׎ѣՀଊ˳Ͽ೻ᜋ͛ ᝋវރ΃̝۞̂кࠎ้Ш͵ܸ͹ཌྷ۞࢕ˠ҃פĂޢдଯᖙᖞѣ͵᝚Ӗͳͽ ೇྐྵ۞Ͽ६Ăࠎ˞๐ੵ็௚ވĂтऄ̈́ăୃӀֲăϿٛҹĂࠤҌాᖞͳט ଂ༊΃˿҅׎߆ିᙯܼ۞ᖼតଣ੅Ͽ೻ᜋ߆ᛨ۞૦੓ 137

߆ି̶ᗓĂ૟ৠᖚˠࣶ۞ᝋ۞ޘĂ˵ᖣϤ၁߉̙Т඀ރ๕˧֭ዮ׽࣎ˠᝋ ̼ܸ͵Ă֭ϏЯଳڼᝋ௚ރચ˯Ăҭ˯઼ࢗछ˘ۡઃ঻дְି؟ࢨᒺд˧ Ă͹ޘטĄѩγĂჯ޺Ͽ೻ᜋϲ઼็௚۞͵᝚ᛂ̜ט߆ඉಶᖼݭࠎϔ͹វ ቢĂߊ൑͵ܸ̼ĂྮڼՀܲч۞߆פٛұΗफኜ઼Ă఺઼ֱछଳܠٺࢋะ̚ ˿གྷរ۞ڼछĂΪѣଂϏѣതϔ௚઼ڌ൑ϔ͹̼ĄٙͽĂҽጼॡഇ۞̚˵ ቢĂ׎΁ဘྏଳҖкᛨྮڼ׎Ă̖ଳ͵ܸ̼ᄃϔ͹̼ᗕგᆅ˭۞̂ᓙ߆҅ ă؃γቡ઼छࠎ͹Ăт͐ૄ೻ྵځछĂͽϿ೻ᜋ઼͛۞טᛉົϔ͹វ۞ۋᚮ ၁រεୀ۞عᛂ̜ăОκᄃ੺ֽҘֲĄҭ఺઼ֱछ።གྷೀЇ۞͛ˠϔᏴ߆ ဧ3Ąޢᛨ૞߆۞˘ٕڼ৾৾Վ˯࢕ˠ੼ᑅ௚˵ޢĂ౵ޢ̝ ѣՀநຐّ۞טछ۞፾෗۰Ă౶ϐႬ၆͵ܸϔ͹វ઼ڒ੓׎΁᎗೻ͧ ĂٙͽҋВ׶јޢ၌اĂ౶ϐႬ˵ు႙ੜޢિ޺Ăд͵ܸ߆ᝋྻүᘦ׽ͽ ϲͽࢫĂՏαѐౌؠഇᓝᏱ઼ົᏴᓝĂֹϔ͹ྻүՎˢ૱ၗĂ֭Ϗᑿϡ࢕ ؠ۞˿҅׎ט˭ᝋ˧ֽ̒࿰߆ԊĄ౶ϐႬٙᅳጱ۞ĶВ׶ˠϔᛨķ͹ጱ͞ ᛉົăˬᝋ̶˧ăҖ߆טੰ˘ࢎ߆ି̶ᗓࣧ݋γĂ֭ଳϡϔᏴځĂੵڱጳ Ă֭ኬ̟ט፾ϲඈன΃ϔ͹઼छ۞ૄώវڱăΦטܜᝋࠎᓁ௚ᄃᓁநᗕࢵ ણ߆ᝋĂՀᚑࢦ۰૟జྋڱѣᝋ၆࿁ͅ͵ܸࣧ݋۞߆ᛨࣤဳ׎Ъੰڱڱጳ :щБᘝĞSaleem, 2017ޢ౵۞ט೸Ă̙଀ણᄃ̳ВְચĂઇࠎቁܲ͵ܸវ ˧ѐࠎ͹Ă።Ѩ઼ົ̂ᏴᔵѣӅ 1970 זEligür, 2010: 41-47ğĄЯѩۡ ;35-44 ቁᇾၳϿ೻ᜋ߆ჩ۞߆ځᔳّ۞Ͽ೻ᜋᏴϔ̝Πᓍ߆ᛨĂҭ֭൑Їңפۋ хдĄڱᛨΞͽЪ ܐޢ଀˟Ѩጼפ౶ϐႬॡ΃ాᜈˬѨᛏ଀̂ᏴĂޢĶϔ͹ᛨķΞͽд ЪฏՅгડϔி۞็௚̼͛ᄮТĂԮܓߏਕܮഇȈѐ۞ે߆ᝋĂ͹ࢋЯ৵ Ͽ೻ᜋି۞ّטᖼ౶ϐႬॡഇ፬ซ۞͵ܸ̼߆ඉĂΒ߁̳ϲጯ७ޭೇૻ ܠֈăޭೇ઼छᇃᇫ࿪έ۞Οᜋགྷ६ᄪ༼ϫă˘͇̣Ѩᖃ޵۞ᄪགྷаᕩͽ ቙פռన۞Οᜋགྷኝ඀̙̟ڱ྽ဥ࿁ܧٛұ͛६ᄪĂ֭၆୻ৌъᄃᛂ ĞJenkins, 2008: 114-24; Rabasa & Stephen, 2008: 35-37; Eligür, 2010: 57ğĄ

Ăણዦ NoiĞ2013ğăژ൴णᄃϔ͹̼࿅඀۞Ԉ៍ͧྵ̶ڼ߆۞ޢछ˟ጼͽ઼ڒѣᙯ᎗೻ 3 Teik ඈˠĞ2014ğă̈́ Esposito ඈˠĞ2016ğĄ ăௐ 1 ഇĞ2021/ߋ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 17 138

ߏĂͽϔ͹Ᏼᓝᛏ଀߆ᝋ۞Ķϔ͹ᛨķĂ׎၁Ϊຐኬ̟็௚̼͛۞ו࠹༊Ꮭ ளᛉ̶̄۞טᄃ֏ኢҋϤĂЋဦᑅۍ΍טࢨڱГனՀ̂۞ҋϤĂҭݒ࣒۞ វրࠎĶВءԲҿᄃᏐĶВ׶ˠϔᛨķ۞֏ኢćĶϔ͹ᛨķ˵எۢ࢕ฤ̈́͛ ࢋՐ࢕ˠᄃ̳ચࣶ೩ѝੜЃĂЋဦࢦ௡઼ڱ׶ˠϔᛨķ۞̚િ˧ณĂౣ࣒ छ፟ጡࠎ̎ٙϡĂԛјĶϔ͹ᛨķ̙ϔ͹Ăጱ࡭࢕͞ͽ̙ϔ͹۞͞ёޭೇ ͽֽ۞ௐ˘Ѩ߆ޘטன෪Ą1960 ѐĂ࢕͞൴જ၁߉кᛨϔ͹َ۞ڼϔ͹߆ έĂ֭૟ᓁநᄃᇴҜ̰ᅦᅦࣶงॏ֭ҿЖĂ૟˭عតĂֹ࢝Ķϔ͹ᛨķ߆ рՀ̂ఢضࣧࢎ۞ 1960 ѐ̂ᏴؼҌ࿣ѐᓝҖĂ௣ඕεୀ۞Ȉѐϔ͹၁រĂ ,Լ௡ࠎĶϒཌྷᛨķĞJustice Party˫ޢሀ۞ፋඥ֭Ϗ൴ϠĂĶϔ͹ᛨķྋ೸̝ ቢĂᄃĶВ׶ˠϔᛨķྮڼAdalet Partisi, APğĂᚶᜈჯᘭ׎̚มઐΠ۞߆ д 1961 ѐ̂Ᏼ၆ՙĂ఺ߏϿ೻ᜋ߆ᛨ૦੓݈Ă˿҅׎ޘมઐνྮቢГ̚۞ :ᏴีĞRabasa & Stephen, 2008: 36; Eligür, 2010ڼ߆ጪ˯۞׌࣎͹ࢋ߆ 58-59ğĄତ˭ֽ۞ˬȈѐĂ˿҅׎˫ࢦႊ˞ՏȈѐ˘а۞ϔ͹ᄃ࢕ְ߆ត Ѩ዇ആೈᒖĄˬ۞ ѐ۞࢕ְ߆តଯજ˞ 1961 ѐ۞࣒ጳĂࠎឰ͵ܸࠁᄃܲчࠁӮਕ႕ 1960 ҋϤĂҭ˵ՀΐᚑॾࢨۍЈҋϤᄃ֏ኢ΍ܫି؟ቁࢎؠܲᅪځՀڱຍĂጳ ᄃڱĂ၆ϲੰڱڱጳ۞ܝᄃ̳ВְચĂ֭నཉ૞ڼဥវ̙଀̒࿰߆ି؟ט ᆶߤᝋĂ֭೩઼̿छщБົᛉ۞ڱᄃҖ߆ନ߉ֳѣΦޠڱ࿁ጳ۞ܝҖ߆ొ ޘטᓁந۞޽೭ĞEligür, 2010: 59-60ğĄ˯࣒ࢗጳͽٺҖ߆ᆸ৺Ăֹ׎ۡᛳ ຍ۞טᝋ˧ֽग़኎͵ܸវڱరၔ౶ϐႬ͹ཌྷĂĶВ׶ˠϔᛨķ౅࿅࢕ฤᄃΦ ˘ᛏаௐޘϲӈޭೇ઼ົᏴᓝĂĶВ׶ˠϔᛨķᔵГܮޢពĄ࣒ጳځဦໂࠎ Ăعᛨ۞гҜĂҭЯϏ྿઼ົयѨΗᇴĂ̙଀̙ᄃ׎΁߆ᛨВ௡ᓑЪ߆̂ ܸ͵రၔڱĂд൑ڱચ۞үְି؟Ķϔ͹ᛨķͽ઼छྤ໚ྃӄ̶ొפଳ֭ Ͽ೻ᜋຍᙊԛၗĂૻአ۞ۍၹ˘჌ன΃ޙĂՙؠአፋඉரĂͽޢ߆ඉ̝̼ ٛұϿ೻ᜋ͛ܠপኳĂֹ˿҅׎Ͽ೻ᜋ̼͛ᄃ۞ځϿ೻ᜋซՎăநّᄃฟ ௚གྷጯିֈ۞ৠᖚˠࣶዳјጯ็ٺઇ̷౷Ă֭ฟᏱඕЪன΃ۢᙊኝ඀̼ ߆ඉ̼ܸ͵΃ໂ˧ԩ١פ७Ăຍဦૈዳາ˘΃௑Ъன΃ሗ߹۞ৠᖚˠࣶĂ :ҁĞJenkins, 2008: 124-31; Eligür, 2010ܜܧᄃᛂܜчͅજ̝୻ৌъିܲ۞ ˘ĂڍĂ׎၁ౄј˞׌࣎࠹̢Ϭ࠼۞ඕڍ60-61ğĄ1961 ѐ۞ጳ߆Լࢭ۞ඕ ଂ༊΃˿҅׎߆ିᙯܼ۞ᖼតଣ੅Ͽ೻ᜋ߆ᛨ۞૦੓ 139

଀Հפ˧̼͛ĂҭТॡ˵ૻ̼˞Ͽ೻ᜋ๕ڼࢬ૲ֽ˞Հк̮ᄃҋϤ۞߆͞ В൴֏ᝋĂฟୁ˞ତ˭ֽᇴȈѐ۞Ͽ೻ᜋёҋϤ̼ᄃϔ͹̼࿅඀Ą̳۞̂ ༊൒Ă1970 ѐϿ೻ᜋ߆ᛨ۞૦੓ᄃӴ̂Ă̙ಏΪߏ˿҅׎઼̰Ԋ๕ᖼᔌҋ Ϥ̼ѣᙯĂ˵ᄃ઼ᅫԊ๕۞ត̼ѣٙ஝ాĄ

๕˧۞૦੓ڼăϿ೻ᜋ߆˟

ҽጼॡ΃Ăధкௐˬ͵઼ࠧछࢬ၆༊ॡхд۞࡚ăᛂ׌̂ૻᝋ۞၆ԩ ൑؉Ă˵ౌЋဦдҘ઼͞छٙ೩זᏴีౌຏڼνӈΠ۞׌჌߆ܧٙԛј۞ ڼ׌୧ྮቢ̝γĂ൴ण΍׍ѣϔ୉͹វّᄃዋЪώ˿ۤົ۞ௐˬ୧߆۞ֻ ˧Шܲч۞Πࠁ๕้ڼቢĂଂаᕩ็௚̼͛ԱವຍᙊݭၗૄᖂĂ૱ࠎ߆ྮ ٙᏴፄ۞ሀёĂည˿҅׎఺჌׍ѣଊ˳።Ϋ̼͛̈́Ѝၷ࿅Ν۞઼छĂՀट ҋϤϔ͹ੱᒉĂͽаᕩ็ٺ๕˧Ăͷ֗఍ڼԛј෦Ր็௚ᆊࣃ۞Π้߆ٽ Ξटధ۞ᏴีĄְ၁˯Ă઼࡚дҽጼ۞ಛ૆˯ڼВய͹ཌྷϺࠎ߆ט௚ֽͅ Вயࡓሗ۞ቺؼĂּтטٯֽ˧ඉர˭Ă͚޺ௐˬ͵ࠧ۞Ч჌ͅВΠᓍ๕ ڌ޽Ⴭ̚ܧгડĂٛᘇϿ೻ᜋ๕˧ֽͅВ၁ѣྫΞವ4Ą༊൒Ă఺֭ڌд̚ ߏд༊ॡ׌̂෹ૻ၆ԩڱछ۞Ͽ೻ᜋ๕˧ౌϤ઼࡚ٙԬ޺ĂՀܲ঻۞ᄲ઼ ณΞਕјࠎҘ͞ϔ͹ੱᒉ۞ሕд༖˧ି؟˿Ԋ๕̝˭Ă෦ՐͅВ۞ώ۞ ҽጼޢҽጼॡഇ͚ٙ޺۞Ͽ೻ᜋ༖̓Ăдז࿰ഇڱధ˵൑ٕعĄ઼࡚߆̓ Ąۋ਎Ă҃ࢉϠ΍̫͟۞ͅऻጼރॡ΃ົᖼតјડાщБ۞͹ࢋ ณ۞̂ᘕ൴҃ుՎ෹෸ҽጼ۞ॾԊĂ݋ͽ 1979 ѐ˧ڼ࿅ĂϿ೻ᜋ߆̙ Ͽ६̦ཧࠁࢭ׻੓҃ଯᖙᏐ࡚۞͐ઙჯ߆ᝋĂ౵׍޽ᇾّຍཌྷĄ༊̫ጯ۞ ۰дଣ৶Ͽ೻ᜋೇᎸࢲሗ۞ჹؕĂ1979 ѐ૱జᄮࠎߏ͹ࢋ۞።Ϋ̶ͪᑏ ĞEsposito, 2005: 158-200; Teik, et al., 2014: 66-88, 201-23ğĄ༊݈Ӎˠ౵ሢଉ ሀёౌ΍னд఺˘ѐĂϿ६ͽ̂ఢሀ۞ཏிྻજ࢝ڼ׌჌Ͽ೻ᜋ፬ซ߆۞ ྅ഫᑝጼ၆ԩᏐᛂڠಱѭཐጼ̀ͽܠ፾෗߆ᝋݲέćТ˘ѐĂ۞̼ܸ͵ֹ Ҿͽ׌჌፬ซ͞९၆ԩϤ࡚ăᛂ׌෹ૻࡦ३̶ڒᓑ۞ۤົ͹ཌྷ߆ᝋĂ᎗೻

:ҽጼॡഇĂ˿҅׎ͽͅВᄃඕ༖Ҙ͞͵ࠧࠎ͹ค۞γϹ߆ඉĂણዦ KösebalabanĞ2011 4 69-115ğĄ ăௐ 1 ഇĞ2021/ߋ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 17 140

፬ᐽᄃϼड़үϡĄᄃѩ۞̂૱ܧछ੓඾઼ڒώ˿͵ܸ߆ᝋĂ၆׎΁᎗೻۞ ߆ᝋ۞Ͽ೻ᜋ߆ᛨĂтऄ̈́פ࠹၆໰Ăͽ׶π႙ซ۞ᛉົϔ͹ྮቢЋဦᒔ ķĂݒ҃ͅव౻൑ΑĂ݈۰ົםĶϿ೻ᜋ۞؃Έԙົķᄃ͐ૄ೻ڒĶ᎗೻۞ ͹߹߆۞؃۰݋ؕ௣ౌ̙ਕјࠎ͐ૄ೻ޢ൑ଐχᑅĂ۞ع࢕ˠ፾෗߆צዎ ׌۰̝มĄٺᛨĂҭд 1979 ѐͽ݈Ă˿҅׎Ͽ೻ᜋ߆ᛨ۞׻ྻҬͼ̬ छቺ઼ڒѐ΃ĂϿ೻ᜋೇᎸྻજฟؕͽۤົྻજ۞ԛёдЧ᎗೻ 1960 ጳܸ͵ٺؼฟֽॡĂ˿҅׎۞Πࠁ߆ᛨ˵ฟؕӛќϿ೻ᜋ۞ዳ̶Ąᔵ൒ᘣ Ăҭڼϫૺᓙχ඾Ͽ೻ᜋၮཱིણᄃ߆ځఢቑĂ˿҅׎Ч߆ᛨӮ̙Ξਕ۞ڱ Π۞ܕЍᙉତڼሗୁ൴۞າ˘΃ۢᙊЊ̄Ă̏ుՎણᄃ߆ޥᅫϿ೻ᜋ઼צ Ăޢ଀ે߆ᝋפᓍ߆ᛨĄ༊ 1965ă1969 ѐ׌Ѩ̂ᏴĂ̚มઐΠ۞Ķϒཌྷᛨķ ྽ဥĂĶӅႬऱ೻ķĞNurcusğᄃĶৼЪҘܧி۞׌̂ᛂܫฟؕᄃጾѣᇃ̂ ঱࢚ķĞNakshibendisğĂ௡ј৛૜۞Ᏼᓝඕ༖Ă׌̂྽ဥͽᏴை૟Ķϒཌྷᛨķ ဈءع྽ဥјࣶщଵซˢ߆ܧĶϒཌྷᛨķ૟ᛂפᅳఞଯ˯ે߆̂ҜĂ֭ೱ :ĂͽଯજϿ೻ᜋ̼۞̳В߆ඉĞSilverstein, 2011: 97-132; Bruce, 2019טវ ഇड़ᑕĂ׎၁ߏֹΠᓍܜ23-28ğĄΠᓍ߆ᛨЋဦӛќϿ೻ᜋᏴைٙጱ࡭۞ ˿۞ځ๕˧ĂͅВϲಞᔿڼ๕˧ు႙జϿ೻ᜋ̼Ą1970 ѐĂΠࠁ۞׌۵߆ ׎ϔ୉͹ཌྷ۰ᄃϿ೻ᜋ͹ཌྷ۰Ъ߹Ă௡ј˿҅׎ௐ˘࣎ͽϿ೻ᜋࠎԼࢭ҅ ,ᛨķĞNational Order Party, Millî Nizam Partisiטޙჩᅳ۞߆ᛨĂĶ઼ϔ ۺғ͐ܜMNPğĂ֭ଯᏴЯ̙႕Ķϒཌྷᛨķ߆ඉ҃΍֕۞઼ົᛉࣶᄃથຽొ ᖼ͚҃޺Հݵܮ྽ဥܧĞNecmettin Erbakan, 1926-2011ğࠎᛨ͹यĂ׌̂ᛂ :ᛨķĞ Jenkins, 2008: 131-38; Eligür, 2010טޙĶ઼ϔ۞هЪ׎็௚ந 66-67ğĄ ๕˧۞ᓑЪĂ၁Я၆˿҅׎۞ໂν๕˧ుڼΠᓍᄃϿ೻ᜋΠᓍ߆ܸ͵ ፬ซ߱͘ЋဦဳᝋѣᙯĄдҽጼॡഇĂҋϤϔ͹઼छ۞ऻВפ႙Ӵ֭̂ଳ ໂΠࠁ๕˧۞ะඕĂໂνᄃໂΠ๕˧۞፬ধ၆ԩĂֹ଀ 1960ܜൄٽಛटڤ ׌ໂ̼ٙ૲ֽ۞ڼѐ΃۞˿҅׎߆ጪໂ̙ᘦؠĂ҃Ķϒཌྷᛨķ൑˧఍ந߆ ĂĶϒཌྷᛨķޢજᒜ̙щĂࠎ 1971 ѐ۞ௐ˟Ѩ࢕ְ߆តәᜩཱི֎Ą߆ត̝ ڱڱజ࢝ྋ೸Ąܑࢬ˯ĂጳعТᇹ۞͂ྻĂ׎߆צᄃ׎݈֗Ķϔ͹ᛨķዎ π͞ёֽ఍நνࠁᄃΠࠁ׌̂߆ᛨĂ݈۰ࠎ 1961 ѐ̳۞ڕͽЧχ̣Ȉ̂ੰ ଂ༊΃˿҅׎߆ିᙯܼ۞ᖼតଣ੅Ͽ೻ᜋ߆ᛨ۞૦੓ 141

۰ࠎࣣјϲ˘ѐޢјϲ۞Ķ౻̍ᛨķĞLabour Party, Emek Partisi, EMEPğĂ ᜈ۞ᆶҿ࿅඀ĂೀͼΪޢ߹˸༄̀ĄҭдۺᛨķĂ˵ֹ࢝ғ͐טޙĶ઼ϔ۞ ᛨķĂֹ׎д 1972 ѐೀͼטޙ࿅Ķ઼ϔٸ੫၆Ķ౻̍ᛨķ۞ᅳጱลᆸĂݒ ,ߏͽೱ഼̙ೱᘽ۞ሀёĂԼ௡ࠎĶ઼ϔ߀ାᛨķĞNational Salvation Party ҅˿ٚЯՀऻᛵВயᛨд؃˭Millî Selâmet Partisi, MSPğĂ҃࢕͞੼ᆸ˵ռ ;Ꮚ۞˧ณĞRabasa & Stephen, 2008: 37-38ט׎۞ӱ̂ĂϿ೻ᜋ߆ᛨ̙εࠎ Eligür, 2010: 67-68ğĄ

ॡഇĞ1972-95ğϿ೻ᜋ߆ᛨ۞൴णۋăкᛨᚮˬ

ᅫϿ೻ᜋྻજ૱֍۞ኢአĂᄮࠎ઼˞פ͹ૺଳڼĶ઼ϔ߀ାᛨķ۞߆ ኢ۞ຍۏ઱ځϿ೻ᜋߊͅ၆ྤώ͹ཌྷĂϺͅ၆ۤົ͹ཌྷĂ׌۰ౌߏҘ͛͞ ჟޙ΍ௐˬ୧྽ྮĂࢦ֕ځᙊԛၗĂ৿ͻ྽ᇇૄᖂĄϿ೻ᜋᑕᅳጱˠᙷ͛ య˿҅׎ΐˢለ߷ВТξಞ۞᜔֭ۺซՎĄғ͐۞ځኳ͛ۏᅳጱֽځৠ͛ ٙᅳᛨ۞Ķ઼ۺķĞEligür, 2010: 69ğĄғ͐ۏĂ˜ߏĶາȈф࢕͕ၗ۞யڱү ĂͽᔖҺГజે߆༊ԊԱ౫໭ĂڱҲአүפᅳા˯ଳ̳ڼϔ߀ାᛨķĂд߆ ݒ̂˧ᕖण௡ᖐĂ̙ҭдБ઼Ч࠷ᄃᎩξӮనϲг͚͞ొĂ֭૟˭غҭռ ĄڦঔγĂপҾߏለ߷Ч઼۞˿ཱྀဋϔĂͽᒔ଀Հкགྷ෱ỉז௡ᖐშඛؼҩ ଀פѐ۞઼ົ̂ᏴĂԼᐝೱࢬ۞Ķ઼ϔ߀ାᛨķᛏ଀ 11.8% ۞ᏴைĂ 1973 ĶВٺय઼ົᛉࣶĂ̏јࠎ˿҅׎ௐˬ̂߆ᛨĞEligür, 2010: 70ğĂ่Ѩ 48 ׶ˠϔᛨķᄃĶϒཌྷᛨķ׌̂͹߹߆ᛨĂ݈۰֭ᔛኛĶ઼ϔ߀ାᛨķВ௡ ೀ̰࣎ᅦొזЇઘᓁநĂĶ઼ϔ߀ାᛨķ׎΁ᅳఞϺ̶̿ۺĂғ͐عᓑЪ߆ ৔ԊĂԼϤΠᓍ۞Ķϒޢд˘ѐعᓑЪ߆۞ڼᖚҜĄҭѩ˘νăΠВܜࢵົ ĂϿ೻ᜋ߆ᛨౣ൒νعཌྷᛨķᔛኛĶ઼ϔ߀ାᛨķ௡ϔ୉͹ཌྷੱቢᓑЪ߆ Πె໚Ăֹ׎Тॡ׍౯дഈᄃд౎׌͞۞၁˧Ąᔵ൒ 1977 ѐ̂ᏴĂĶ઼ϔ ߀ାᛨķ۞यѨଫ˞˘ΗĂҭ̪జે߆۞Ķϒཌྷᛨķᔛኛΐˢௐ˟Ѩ۞ϔ ڱ͹ጱ߆Ԋ۞׌̂ᛨӮ൑ٺĞEligür, 2010: 71ğĄҭϤع୉͹ཌྷੱቢᓑЪ߆ ൴ޘˬᇷ˧Ă1980 ѐ࢕͞ௐڼԼච਽ੜ۞གྷᑻĂ˵൑˧ᑕ;ుՎ̿੼۞߆ :ĞEligür, 2010: 88-105; Jenkins, 2008ڼ྿ˬѐ۞࢕ְ௚ܜજ߆តĂ֭޺ᜈ 141-45ğĄ ăௐ 1 ഇĞ2021/ߋ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 17 142

οٙѣ߆ᛨӮކࢦ௡ĄࢵАڼ߆۞غՀၔפଳعĂ࢕߆ޢ఺Ѩ߆ត̝ Ă߇ՙؠ࣒ࢎᏴڍϲ۞ඕڒ௡ᖐĂ֭ᄮࠎ˿҅׎߆Ԋ৴ใ˜Якᛨڱܧࠎ ܝĂనϲ߆ᛨᒔ଀ 10% ͽ˯Ᏼை̖ѣयѨ۞੼טĂ1983 ѐϒё၁߉າڱᓝ ĂᐌӈᓝҖ̂ᏴĂޢ఼࿅ڱĄາᏴᓝטᕣĂЋဦឰ˿҅׎តј׌ᛨٕˬᛨ Ăνޢ๕˧۞ࢦາ߾ൕ̝ڼΪ̯ధˬ࣎͵ܸ߆ᛨણᄃᏴᓝĂགྷ࿅߆ع࢕߆ ,ᙝቡ̼Ă̚มઐΠ۞Ķয়઼ᛨķĞ Motherland Partyغజၔٺࠁ๕˧ඈ ଀ેפAnavatan Partisi, ANAPğᝃ߁˞ 45.1% ۞Ᏼை઼̈́ົ 211 ࣎यѨĂ ߆ᝋĄТѐĂĶ઼ϔ߀ାᛨķԼ௡ࠎĶ჊ӀᛨķĞWelfare Party, Refah Partisi, ણᄃ̂ᏴĂΪਕຳ̚൴ण௡ᖐĂӴ̂ૄᆸ၁˧Ă׎ሕдᏴϔڱRPğĂҭݒ൑ Ķয়઼ᛨķĄᔵ൒Ă1987 ѐે߆ᛨͽ̳Ըՙ۞ܕତྵهд̂ᏴॡΪр͚޺ந ĂҭТѐٙᓝҖڶېϲ۞ڒೇкᛨޭޘĂ˿҅׎Гטؠᆿੵ߆ᛨણᏴ۞ࢨ ѨણᏴ۞ܑனָ̙ĂҭฟؕซҖՀચ၁۞எॲૄܐᏴĂĶ჊Ӏᛨķ̂ົ઼۞ நĂͽг͞Βಛ̚δĂుՎᔙШ 1990ڼ଀ે߆ᝋ۞г͞פᆸඉரĂӅ˧གྷᒉ :ѐ΃јࠎௐ˘̂ᛨ۞гҜĞEligür, 2010: 76-78; Rabasa & Stephen, 2008 38-40; Jenkins, 2008: 146-53ğĄ ણᄃБ઼Ᏼᓝ۞Ķ჊ӀᛨķĂڱᑅԺ҃൑טវܸ͵צңͽд 1980 ѐ΃ ͹ጱ۞ 1983 ѐ߆ᛨࢦ௡ع࢕߆ٺ૦੓ĉ͹ࢋࣧЯдి֝ޢȈѐܕਕдՕ૚ Ш۞ϔி՟้ڼᏴีઐШϤ͵ܸΠᓍะဥ͹ጱĂֹ଀νᓍ߆ڼĂ͹ࢋ߆ޢ ѣ႕ຍ۞߆ᛨΞֻᏴፄĂνࠁᏴϔдε୕̝ዶĂు႙߹ШϿ೻ᜋ߆ᛨĄĶ჊ ՀΒटᄃՀ၁ϡ͹ཌྷ۞͞९ĂפቢଳྮڼӀᛨķͧ੓А݈۞Ͽ೻ᜋ߆ᛨĂ߆ நຐֽ͔൴ϔி۞ሤ۞ھ۩Гည࿅ΝΪߏχ඾аᕩ็௚۞˾ཱིĂٕͽ̙҃ ᄃିֈڼᄃྋՙ၁ᅫયᗟ۞ਕ˧ĄĶ჊Ӏᛨķᔵ൒д߆઼ڼणனڱଐĂ֭൑ ν้ĂপҾࢦෛౌξ̚˭ลᆸᄃـ̼͛˯̪ჯ޺Πᓍ͹ૺĂҭдགྷᑻ˯ݒ ฏՅϔிдགྷᑻ൴ण࿅඀ٙౄј۞̶੨̙Ӯᄃۤົ̙̳۞ӧဩĂ೩΍ࣘᜪ ൴णᄃ̶੨ϒཌྷ۞གྷᑻԼࢭ͞९Ă֭дг͞ે߆̚ར၁Ăు႙јࠎνᓍᏴ ͵ˬᐝĂ˵ᇆᜩ˞ௐٶϔ۞౵ָᏴፄĄ1980 ѐ΃ĂҘ઼͞छາҋϤ͹ཌྷ۞ ͵ˬ۰۞ड़͍Ăҭ఺჌Πࠁགྷᑻྮቢ͔൴۞ߏྭ઼ྤώଟဳௐڼ઼ࠧछ௚ Ăд᎗೻ט઼ࠧछăళಱ̙Ӯன෪۞Б஧̼Ă၆ѩ჌̙̳ன෪۞ԩᛉᄃͅ ᖂૄڼЧ჌Ͽ೻ᜋྻજ۞ၮᆽ̝˭Ă׎΁Ᏼี۞߆ٺछ̚Ăགྷ૱ะඕ઼ڒ ଂ༊΃˿҅׎߆ିᙯܼ۞ᖼតଣ੅Ͽ೻ᜋ߆ᛨ۞૦੓ 143

ೀͼజଶ۩Ąᐌ඾Б஧̼ॡ΃ֽᓜĂপؠ઼छ۞Ͽ೻ᜋԼࢭٕࢭ׻ྻજ̏ ВТ۞ࡴᙱགྷរĂฟ౹ٺՀ֝ిг౅࿅઼ᅫᓑඕ็࿆Ͽ೻ᜋ͵ࠧĂૄົ˵ ΍ВТ۞ା᝞̝྽Ą ᄃৠᝋඕЪ۞Ͽ೻ᜋ߆טϲௐ˘࣎ன΃В׶វޙѐĂϿ६ࢵѨ 1979 ⅲĂֹ׎଀ͽШ͵ˠពϯңᏜৠᝋёϔ͹߆ڪ۞ۋౝˢ׌ϿጼגវĂᔵϲ វ۞ॡมؼቤ˞ȈкѐĄҭϿ६۞Ͽ೻ᜋࢭ׻јΑĂ၆׎΁઼छ۞Ͽ೻ᜋ Ă˿҅׎ޢߏ౵р۞ּᙋĄ1990 ѐͽܮ߆ᛨтТχ˞˘጗ૻ͕੫Ă˿҅׎ Լ௡۞Ķ჊Ӏᛨķฟؕ൴णޢϿ೻ᜋ߆ᛨ۞ᓏ๕ͪႚ௺੼Ă࢕ְ߆ត̝۞ ϲঔγ͚ొĂдνăޙஎॲૄᆸ۞γಛཏி௡ᖐĂ֭дঔγ˿ཱྀဋϔ̝ม ྋՙు႙ೋ̼۞གྷᑻྤ໚̶੨ᄃݱฏम෼۞ڱΠ׌ᓍ۞͹ࢋ͵ܸ߆ᛨӮ൑ ኳႷᄃ˦ᙱ̝ᅫĂזΐˢለ༖Ăҭ၇၇ዎפۋĂГΐ˯˿҅׎᎕ໂޢયᗟ̝ ჩᅳĂు႙ᛏ଀ฏڼĶ჊Ӏᛨķͽϒཌྷă჊ӀᄃីّೇᎸֽΒ྅Ͽ೻ᜋ߆ & Յᄃౌξ̚˭ลᆸϔி۞͚޺ĞEligür, 2010: 78-84, 136-81; Rabasa Stephen, 2008: 40-44; Jenkins, 2008: 153-60ğĄ።གྷȈѐ۞ࢦፋၮခĂϿ೻ᜋ ĂͽາגߐăனЇᓁ௚ғႬкщдѩЯቡᅫົ۞ᙯᔣॡځڼ߆ᛨ۞Ϗֽ߆ ซˢ઼ົĂՀд 1994 ѐг͞Ᏼᓝॡो˭ௐ˘̂ݱξޘᅳఞ̝ݻࢵڼϠ΃߆ ᚗळĞEligür, 2010: 176-79ğĄ࿣ѐ۞઼ົ̂ᏴĂĶ჊Ӏᛨķܜಢ۞ξ؃Ͽ೻ ВТٺࢵѨјࠎ઼ົௐ˘̂ᛨĂҭ֭Ϗ࿅ΗᇴĂνăΠ׌ᙝ۞͵ܸ߆ᛨૄ ጿ׎͟ৈ੼ႚ۞ܡ଀߆ᝋĂҭ̏ᙱפᓑЪੱቢͽԩ١Ķ჊ӀᛨķפӀৈଳ ঈ๕˞Ċ ࠎд౎๕˧ॡഇ۞αȈѐഇมĂ።Ѩ̂Ᏼإ૟Ͽ೻ᜋ߆ᛨٕ௡ᖐ 1 ܑ ܮЍᙉᕩᙷĂ֭Е΍׎઼ົयѨᄃ଀ைதĂͽڼЧ͹ࢋ߆ᛨ޷໰νăΠ߆ ๴តજ۞ᔌ๕Ą1960 ѐௐ˘Ѩ࢕ְ߆ត۞݈Ȉڕڼᓁඕ˯ࢗ˿҅׎߆ᛨ߆ ѐˬѨ̂ᏴĂ˿҅׎ˠϔ่ѣ̚มઐΠ۞Ķϔ͹ᛨķᄃ̚มઐν۞ĶВ׶ ˠϔᛨķΞֻᏴፄĂ҃Հᔌܲч۞Ͽ೻ᜋ้ШᏴϔᔳᖟд݈۰۞͚޺۰̚ć ՀҋϤ̼۞ጳ߆ԼٺѐҌ 1980 ѐௐˬѨ࢕ְ߆តഇม۞̣Ѩ̂ᏴĂϤ 1961 Ѝᙉ࠰΍னՀк̮۞߆ᛨᏴีĂͧ̚มઐΠ߆ᛨՀڼࢭĂνăΠ׌ᙝ۞߆ ᑚఢ݋˭ͽপྼ۞טࠎܲчᄃ็௚ྮቢ۞Ͽ೻ᜋ߆ᛨĂు႙дᏲч͵ܸវ অ۞ᇹᄻ၈ᜨᐝ֎Ăࣧώଳ̚มྮቢ۞׌̂ᛨฟؕ߹ε׎ཏிૄᖂĂҭϤ ăௐ 1 ഇĞ2021/ߋ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 17 144

ܑ 1Ĉ1950–99 ̂ᏴЧ͹ࢋ߆ᛨयѨᄃ଀ைத

̚มઐν ̚มઐΠ ϒΠ ڼ߆ᛨᄃ߆ ቢ В׶ˠϔᛨ ϔ͹ᛨĞ1950-57ğ ϔ୉߀ାᛨྮ Ğ1950-83, 1995-ğ ϒཌྷᛨĞ1961-77ğ Ğ1973-77ğ ׎΁ ϔ͹ϔოᛨ য়઼ᛨĞ1983-99ğ ჊ӀᛨĞ1991-95ğ ߆ᛨᄃ፾ົۤ Ğ ğ 1987-91 ϔ୉͹ཌྷϔ͹ᛨ ࡚ᇇᛨĞ1999ğ ϲ࣏Ᏼˠ ϔ͹νᓍᛨ Ğ1983ğ ϔ୉͹ཌྷྻજᛨ ̂Ᏼѐ΃ Ğ ğ 1991-99 ৌ྽ᛨĞ1987-99ğ Ğ1999ğ य Ѩ 69 408 10 1950 ଀ைத 38% 53% 8% य Ѩ 31 503 7 1954 ଀ைத 35% 58% 7% य Ѩ 178 424 8 1957 ଀ைத 41% 49% 10% य Ѩ 173 158 119 1961 ଀ைத 37% 35% 28% य Ѩ 134 240 76 1965 ଀ைத 29% 53% 18% य Ѩ 143 256 51 1969 ଀ைத 27% 47% 26% य Ѩ 185 149 48 68 1973 ଀ைத 33% 30% 12% 25% य Ѩ 213 189 24 24 1977 ଀ைத 41% 37% 9% 13% य Ѩ 117 211 (য়) / 71 (ϔ) 0 1983 ଀ைத 31% 45% (য়) / 23% (ϔ)1% य Ѩ 99 292 (য়) / 59 (ৌ) 0 1987 ଀ைத 25% 36% (য়) / 19% (ৌ) 20% य Ѩ 88 (ۤ)/7(ϔ) 115 (য়) / 178 (ৌ) 62 0 1991 ଀ைத 21% (ۤ) / 11% (ϔ) 24% (য়) / 27% (ৌ) 17% 1% य Ѩ 49 (В) / 76 (ϔ) 132 (য়) / 135 (ৌ) 158 0 1995 ଀ைத 11% (В) / 15% (ϔ) 20% (য়) / 19% (ৌ) 21% 14% य Ѩ 0(В) / 136 (ϔ) 86 (য়) / 85 (ৌ) 111 (࡚) / 129 (ϔ) 3 1999 ଀ைத 9% (В) / 22% (ϔ) 13% (য়) / 12% (ৌ) 15% (࡚) / 18% (ϔ) 11%

फ़ֽ໚ĈWikipediaĞ2021bğăͽ̈́ EligürĞ2010ğĄྤ ଂ༊΃˿҅׎߆ିᙯܼ۞ᖼតଣ੅Ͽ೻ᜋ߆ᛨ۞૦੓ 145

׎ΐˢҘ઼͞छ۞ͅВੱᒉĂٙͽͧĶВ׶ˠϔᛨķՀν้۞߆ᛨ҅˿ٺ Π้۞Ͽ೻ᜋ߆ـĂ҃ͧĶϔ͹ᛨķତഔ۰ĶϒཌྷᛨķՀטՀ̂۞ᑅצዎ ણڱᛨĂݒЯ઼ᅫ۞ͅВଐ๕ᄃϿ೻ᜋೇᎸࢲሗĂ଀ͽΗዌΗପ۞͞ёЪ ଀˞Πࠁ๕˧۞͹ጱᝋĄפĂుՎۋᄃ߆ᛨᚮ кّ̮Ăͽ࠹༊۞ڼጳ߆ԼࢭĂ˫ࢨᒺ˞߆ᛨ߆۞ޢѐ࢕ְ߆ត 1980 ᕣĂͷՀૻർгેҖͅνᄃͅϿ೻ܝ੼۞ 10% ଀ைதઇࠎ̶੨઼ົयѨ۞ ޘᜋ۞߆ඉĂд఺इາྼᑚఢ݋˭˫ซҖ˞̣Ѩ̂ᏴĂϿ೻ᜋ้ШᏴϔГ ᔳᖟд͵ܸΠᓍ߆ᛨ۞͚޺ཏிĂ҃Ͽ೻ᜋ߆ᛨ˵ฟؕአፋྮቢĂஎਆૄ ഇĂ᜙̿ࠎܐҽጼޢăҭ˵Հࠎ৾ᕘ۞ٸд 1990 ѐ΃ՀࠎҋϤฟٺᆸĂ௣ ௐ˘̂д౎ᛨĂࠤҌд 1995 ѐ̂ᏴνăΠ׌ᓍ۞͵ܸੱᒉ࠰ࢬᓜ̶ෘ̝ᅫĂ Ͽ೻ᜋ߆ᛨјࠎᒔ଀౵кᏴை۞ௐ˘̂ᛨĄ1999 ѐ̂ᏴĂౣ൒ႊតј̚ม ˘ઐνă̚มઐΠăϒΠˬ̂๕˧Чѣ׌࣎͹ࢋ߆ᛨĂЇ˘߆ᛨٕࠤҌЇ ࿅Η۞ใԊĄࣧώ΃ܑ̚มઐνྮቢ۞ĶВ׶ڱЍᙉ۞׌ᛨᓑЪ࠰൑ڼ߆ ˠϔᛨķĂౣజĶϔ͹νᓍᛨķĞDemocratic Left Party, Demokratik Sol Parti , Їң઼ົयѨć҃ϒΠϿ೻ᜋזᕣ̶̙҃ܝ %10 ٺ΃ĂࢵѨҲפDSPğٙ ߆ᛨԼ௡۞Ķ࡚ᇇᛨķĞVirtue Party, Fazilet Partisi, FPğĂ˵జଳ̂˿҅׎ ϔ୉͹ཌྷྮቢ۞Ķϔ୉͹ཌྷྻજᛨķĞNationalist Movement Party, Milliyetçi ܸ͵ϲޙૻݍॡᙱயĂ˘عHareket Partisi, MHPğϝ̶ை໚Ăጱ࡭ᓑЪ߆ ൴Ăޞᘦؠ߆ᝋĂ҃Ͽ೻ᜋ߆ᛨͽௐ˘̂д౎ᛨгҜᄊ๕̙۞ڼνăΠࠁВ ৔ୀ۞ണԊĂᔙШ˭࣎͵ࡔ۞ે߆̝ྮĄڼ໤౯ќ߂˿҅׎кᛨ߆

肆、伊斯蘭政黨邁向執政之路

ăғႬкщ۞૦੓ᄃϿ೻ᜋ߆ᛨ۞ࢦ௡˘

னЇᓁ௚ғႬкщĞRecep Tayyip Erdoğan, 1954-ğࠎ˿҅׎͹ࢋϿ೻ ૦੓۞࿅඀Ăϒр׶઼ͭ౶ϐႬڼࡦഀᄃ߆ܜᜋ߆ᛨ۞ᅳఞĂ׎࣎ˠ۞ј ͹ૺаזԛјѣ኷۞၆ͧĄଂ፬ซग़኎͵ܸ̼ᄃҘ̼ྮቢ۞ௐ˘Їᓁ௚Ă ѺѐܕᕩϿ೻ᜋ็௚۞னЇௐȈ˟Їᓁ௚Ă׎ม۞मளវன˞˿҅׎ϲ઼ ăௐ 1 ഇĞ2021/ߋ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 17 146

छ൴ण͞Ш۞ᖼត̂๕Ą઼۞ צጯ७ତି؟ซˢܮޢछलĂଂ̚ጯͽڒ਴ྕ۞᎗೻ٺܜғႬкщј གྷᑻᄃથጯĂ΁˵тధк็௚۞˿҅׎ه௚Ͽ೻ᜋିֈ۞ᖤ౜Ă̂ጯ݋็ ׎ˬ͚̂҅˿ٺٚᛳ็ܧϠĂ׎ᛂܝ྽ဥ҃ࠎី࣒ܧᇹĂΐˢᛂ˘ڒ᎗೻ ķ྽ဥĞRabasa & Larabee, 2008: 14-15ğĄғႬкщغࠁ̝˘۞ĶৼЪҘ঱ ѐ΃ΐˢͅВҒ૾፧ݓ۞ĶБ઼˿҅׎ጯϠᓑ༖ķ 1970 ٺᄋؕୁڼ߆۞ ĞNational Turkish Student UnionğĂ1976 ѐ˫ΐˢ༊ॡ͹ࢋ۞Ͽ೻ᜋ߆ᛨ ܦಢ؃జᏴࠎ͹यĂତ඾ᖼЇϿ೻ޢѐ͚ొĂൾܦĶ઼ϔ߀ାᛨķ۞г͞ ѐ͚ొ͹यĂ྾ಧؠ׎дБ઼߆ጪ၈ᜨᐝ֎۞ૄᖂĄ1980 ѐௐˬѨ࢕ְ߆ ဧĂЯ̳൒೩࣍ޢᛨķ۞טޙՎ׎݈֗Ķ઼ϔޘតᘕ൴ĂĶ઼ϔ߀ାᛨķГ ࣧ݋҃జ࢝ྋ೸ĂғႬкщᄃĶ઼ܸ͵ڱ෗ؠ࿁ͅጳੰڱڱϿ೻ᜋ҃జጳ Ω௡Ķ჊Ӏᛨķ5Ą1985ޘᛨࣶГ۞هܫϔ߀ାᛨķ۞׎΁િؠ͚޺Ͽ೻ᜋ ಢξᛨొ͹यĂҭ።གྷ׌Ѩజྋ೸̈́ௐˬѨԼ؃ѐĂғႬкщజᏴࠎϿ೻ Ă׎ᓏ୕ͧͅ 1970 ѐ΃಼̂೩੼Ą؂˭क़҃֕צ௡ĂϿ೻ᜋ߆ᛨ̙ҭ՟ѣ ѐĂғႬкщࢵѨซ࢕઼ົ֭౼ᏴĂҭЯ׎Ͽ೻ᜋϲಞ҃జҿ༊ 1991 Ᏼ൑ड़Ą1994 ѐг͞ᏴᓝĂགྷϤĶ჊Ӏᛨķஎॲૄᆸ۞߆ඉݶड़ĂБ઼ 76 ᖚҜ̚Ķ჊Ӏᛨķो˭ 28 यĂͷ׎౼Ᏼгડ̏ଂ࿅Ν۞ͽฏՅгડܜ࣎࠷ ಢᄃщΙٛĂ׎΁͵ܸ߆ᛨ۞଀ை؃гડĂΒ߁Ͽ೻ົౌ̂זࠎ͹Ăᕖण Ӯ಼̂໣རĂ˵࿰Ә˞ 1995 ѐ̂ᏴĂĶ჊ӀᛨķࢵѨᛏ଀ௐ˘̂ᛨ۞гҜĂ ϲ׎ે߆ݡൕĂͅᖼ˿҅׎ͽ͵ܸ߆ᛨ͹ጱ۞Ԋ๕ĄғޙϿ೻ᜋ߆ᛨు႙ ᚗळĂፉЇϿ೻ܜಢ֭ᛏ଀ξ؃ௐ˘̂ݱϿ೻فႬкщ΃ܑĶ჊Ӏᛨķ΍ ૟ޭೇᚑࡳ۞Ͽ೻ޢഇมĂᔵѣͅ၆ੱᒉ೸Ҷᔀ֏Ă޽ଠ׎˯έܜಢξ؃ ĂҭғႬкщͽᘦઉă໢׶۞߱͘གྷᒉξ߆Ă֭Լච఺ळ˼ѐΟݱڱᜋЖ ѐયᗟĂ߆ᒻ೺൒Ă࿰फ़૟јࠎ߆ܜ໚̙֖ă۩ঈѳߖᄃϹ఼ጫ๫۞ͪ۞ ғႬкщ̳ฟ६ᄪغߐĄҭѩॡ͵ܸ๕˧߇ࢍࢦ߉Ă෺ 1997 ѐ̝͟ځጪ۞

߿જĂણዦ Silversteinڼͽ݈۞߆ܜಢξ؃ғႬкщ۞ѝѐགྷ።ᄃ 1994 ѐፉЇϿ೻ 5 Ğ2011: 16-18, 103-107ğăEligürĞ2010: 161-62ğăRabasa ᄃ LarabeeĞ2008: 45-47ğăBruce Ğ2019: 31-32ğăJenkinsĞ2008: 165-66ğĄ ଂ༊΃˿҅׎߆ିᙯܼ۞ᖼតଣ੅Ͽ೻ᜋ߆ᛨ۞૦੓ 147

Ă޽ଠ׎࿁ͅ߆ି̶ᗓࣧ݋Ă̳ฟႨજཏிޢቔႇ࿵Ͽ೻ᜋଐፆ۞ྐቔ˘ ڱᖚҜĂҿЖȈ࣎͡ĂͷጳܜճሤĂ1998 ѐ̙ҭғႬкщజҺੵξି؟۞ ,ࣧ݋ĂௐˬѨజ࢝ྋ೸Լ௡ĞJenkinsܸ͵۞ڱοĶ჊Ӏᛨķ࿁ͅጳކलڱ 2008: 166-67; Eligür, 2010: 176178ğĄ ѐĂϿ೻ᜋд౎๕˧གྷ࿅ௐαѨ۞Լ௡ĂͽĶϒཌྷᄃ൴णᛨķ 2001 ĞJustice and Development Party, Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi, AKPğ̝ЩГޘ ࢝च҃ՀᓏЩ̂ጠĂјࠎ൑Ξ߄ڼ߆צĂғႬкщ҃ͅЯዎۋԸˢ߆ᛨᚮ ѐ̂Ᏼᛏ଀ᑅࣆّ۞઼ົˬ̶̝˟۞඗၆к 2002 ٺጼ۞າᛨᅾĂதᅳྍᛨ ĄϿ೻ڍϲ҃࡭̶౷Ᏼை۞ඕڒᇴयѨĂ଀ைᇴ݋่ࠎ 34%Ăѩ˜Якᛨ ၗĂ߇֭ϏېᏎဳ̳ᝋ۞ٺ଀ે߆ᝋĂҭѩॡғႬкщ̪఍פᜋ߆ᛨࢵѨ АϤΟႬĞAbdullah Gül, 1950-ğ΍ࢬତᓁந˘ᖚĂعણᄃ઼ົᏴᓝĂາ߆ Ă2003 ѐତЇᓁޢГ఼࿅ޭೇғႬкщ۞ણ߆ᝋ֭ણᄃ˘य઼ົྃᏴޢ൒ நĄдғႬкщ۞ᅳጱ̝˭ĂĶϒཌྷᄃ൴णᛨķᚶᜈᛏ଀ 2007ă2011 ׌Ѩ ̂ᏴĂ΁˵ᘦӱᓁநᖚҜܜ྿ 11 ѐĞ2003-14ğĂͷᓁ଀ைᇴ༼༼̿੼Ă̶ ΗᇴᏴϔ۞͚޺Ă఺дкᛨזҾࠎ 2007 ѐ۞ 47% ̈́ 2011 ѐ۞ 50%Ă̏྿ ;Ϡၗ˭ߏ࠹༊ӧᙱ۞ЇચĞEligür, 2010: 242-48, 254-61ڼϲ۞˿҅׎߆ڒ Keyman & Gumüsçu, 2014: 34-43; Rabasa & Larabee, 2008: 44-50ğĄ

˟ăĶϒཌྷᄃ൴णᛨķ፾̂ॡഇĞ2002-ğ

߆гҜьે۞̫֞ޢғႬкщٙᅳጱ۞Ķϒཌྷᄃ൴णᛨķҋ 2002 ѐͽ ా۞˳ͽֽಏ˘߆ᛨ౵ט׎၁߉кᛨϔ͹҅˿ޢϲ̙ອĂౣ౹˭˟Ѩ̂ጼ ጳ߆ߛ۞טᜈે߆ࡔᐂĄೱ֏̝Ă˘࣎ᇾၳϿ೻ᜋ۞߆ᛨĂдિ޺͵ܸវ ౶ϐႬॡ΃౵ᘦؠ۞߆ᝋĂࠤޢϲޙ˵ၹ˭Ăౣᒔ଀ϔி౵ሤধ۞ጾ᜕Ă ౵͓྘̝఍Ąߏӎ఺ߏ˘࣎ᔙڼҌѣᔙШ˘ᛨ፾̂۞ԊࢬĂ఺ߏ˿҅׎߆ غၔ۞טϲ۞͵ܸវޙछĂ၆Ѻѐ઼઼݈ͭٙڒˢ˟Ȉ˘͵ࡔ۞ன΃᎗೻ ĂՏȈѐಶڶېೳୢ׸ĉࡶ၆໰А݈͵ܸ߆ᛨે߆۞̙ᘦؠᄃ̙଀ϔ͕۞ ၆ͧ΄ˠӧೊĄҭࡶଂ˯༼ٙࢗ۞઼̰۞ټࢋϤ࢕ˠ߆តֽќ߂ണԊĂ̫ Ч઼۞ϔி౵௣ᏴፄаᕩϿ೻ᜋ็௚۞ڒᄃ઼ᅫ۞ਔඛЯ৵ֽநྋĂ᎗೻ ቢĂ׎၁˘ᕇౌ̙ຍγĄྮڼ߆ ăௐ 1 ഇĞ2021/ߋ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 17 148

଀ྻضछ۞Ͽ೻ᜋ߆ᛨ઼ڒ׎۞Ķϒཌྷᄃ൴णᛨķĂͧ׎΁᎗೻҅˿ ВѣޢͽࢫҌ 2000 ѐࠎͤĂ݈ޘטϔ͹۞ۋкĄ1950 ѐ˿҅׎၁߉кᛨᚮ ༼ჍإߏĂ˿҅׎࢕͞۞ضАּĂҭᇉ۞عαѨ࢕ˠ̒߆ଯᖙϔᏴ͛ˠ߆ ਕౌ˵ޢ৩Ԕ̝ڼ࢝चĂдޭೇ߆ڼϏႽҖ̂ఢሀ۞߆֭ޢĂд߆ត̝ט ۋᇷ˧ԩפቢĂ֭Ϗଳྮ̰טϔć̝ͅĂϿ೻ᜋ߆ᛨ˵ౌ֕វٺϲӈᔘ߆ ޢᄃ࢕ְ߆ត۞αѨϹആೈᒖĂ2000 ѐ̝ع߱͘Ă።གྷȈѐ˘Ѩ۞͛ˠ߆ ࢖ĂјࠎϿ೻ᜋ͵ࠧ઱˘ᘦؠ۞͵ܸϔ͹૱۞ڼ׎ుՎᔙШϔ͹߆҅˿۞ ߆ᝋĄᔵ൒Ă౶ϐႬ઼ͭٙฟୁ۞͵ܸ͹ཌྷྮቢ௣տ̙జ˿҅׎ϔிٙԆ යࡻፘڼ׎߆҅˿۞ޢـĂࠎهܫĂҭ׎၆˿҅׎ϔ͹В׶۞િؠצБତ Ąטᇷ˧ֽ߱͘৔ᗼϔ͹វڱܧϲၳᇹĂ൑ˠਕͽ ΈԙົķĄऄڒߏऄ̈́۞Ķ᎗೻ܮ࠹ͅ۞࣎९Ăڍᄃѩ࠹၆໰۞Ω˘ඕ ᄃ˿҅׎Тᇹѣ࢕ˠ̒߆۞็௚Ă࿅ΝᇴȈѐĂ൑ኢߏଳᇷ˧ٕ׶πԩ̈́ Έԙົķڒ௣ͽ͵ܸ͹ཌྷϲ઼ࠎநϤĂࣤဳĶ᎗೻ؕعቢĂऄ̈́࢕߆ྮ۞ۋ ѣ፟ົଯᖙᇴ˼ѐ۞ٺĂऄ̈́௣ޢࢭ׻̝܅ણ߆ᝋӀĄ2011 ѐࡸఆڱЪ۞ Έڒ௚ĂᓝҖ።Ϋ˯ࢵѨ۞ϔᏴᓁ௚Ăጾѣᇃ̂ཏிૄᖂ۞Ķ᎗೻็ט૞ ൒˘ᓝो˭ᓁ௚ᚗळ֭ڍԙົķଯᏴ᎗ԓĞMohamed Morsi, 1951-ğણᏴĂ гࢋବ̷ާٺѐĂЯ᎗ԓᓁ௚࿅˘זĄҭે߆̙ع௡јࢵЇ۞ϔᏴ͛ˠ߆ ౝˢޘੵ᎗͐ٛҹࠎࢵ۞࢕͞๕˧Ăͅజ࢕͞൴જ߆ត҃ዎቪᕈĂऄ̈́Г ϞྋĂגϲޘטϲ۞ϔ͹ޙٽ࢕͞ᄃϿ೻ᜋ๕˧ᇷ˧၆ԩ۞ใԊĂр̙ट ऄ̈́аᕩ࢕ˠ૞߆ĞEsposito, et al., 2016: 202-36; Teik, et al., 2014: 108-33ğĄ˿҅׎ᄃऄ̈́۞၆ͧĂ׎ᙯᔣЯ৵Ҭͼߏೠ೪઼छ፟ጡ۞࢕͞Ă छᇷ˧۞ֹϡĄ઼טĂҋԧҹޘטߏӎਕૉ಴ࢦϔ͹ ķĞTurkish Economicົܛॲፂ 2006 ѐ˘ีϤĶ˿҅׎གྷᑻᄃۤົࡁտૄ ڼ׎ˠ۞߆҅˿˞ځand Social Studies Foundation, TESEFğٙઇ۞አߤĂᄲ ˿ణ۞צ͚޺ᒔ଀઎ࢬ۞ҥᙋĄྍአߤયזצШĂΞࠎϿ೻ᜋ߆ᛨפᄮТ ˿ķ۰ࠎ 45%ćаඍĶڒ׎ϔிĂ΁ͽң჌ᄮТࠎௐ˘ᐹАĉаඍĶ᎗೻҅ ׎В׶઼̳ϔķࠎ 30%ćаඍĶ˿҅׎ϔ୉ķࠎ 19%ĄѺѐ݈౶ϐႬ઼҅ ׎ˠͽ˿҅׎ϔ୉઼छᐹАĂϿ೻ᜋѨ̝۞҅˿ޞϔ୉͹ཌྷ۰ഇܸ͵̈́ͭ ˘͹य Can Paker ซົܛᄮТĂҬͼ̏ు႙జਗ਼ᖼ˞Ą࢑యྍአߤ۞ૄڼ߆ ଂ༊΃˿҅׎߆ିᙯܼ۞ᖼតଣ੅Ͽ೻ᜋ߆ᛨ۞૦੓ 149

˿ՎྋᛖĂϫ݈˿҅׎ˠ้Ш͵ܸ͹ཌྷ۰ΪΚˬ̶̝˘Ăͷ఺ֱˠᅲፉᇎ ׎ϲ઼ͽֽ۞͵ܸ͹ཌྷົజ̫͟۞Ͽ೻ᜋ঎ሗٙჺᄞĂֹ˿҅׎ՎϿ६҅ ிྵ໢׶Ăܫ۰݋Κˬ̶̝˟Ă̙࿅˿҅׎̂ొ̶۞Ͽ೻ᜋି؟ဧĄᄮТޢ ிౌ̪ܫĂ׎΁ڱޠĂ߇Ϊѣ 10% ͚޺ޭೇϿ೻ᜋې߆ି̶ᗓ۞னצତ֭ ன΃ᆊࣃ៍Ă̙ᄮТ߆ିЪ˘ĄࠤҌా͚޺Ķϒཌྷᄃ൴णᛨķ۞ᏴϔĂצତ Ăͅ၆۰੼྿ 70%Ą1995 ѐ੓ಶഅઇ࿅ᙷڱޠΪѣ 14% ͚޺ޭೇϿ೻ᜋ˵ ۰੼྿ 27%Ăҭྍּͧ҃ͅᐌ඾Ͽ೻ᜋڱޠҬአߤĂ༊ॡ͚޺ޭೇϿ೻ᜋ ߆ᛨᓏ๕۞ు႙˯ႚĂ҃јּͧͅ۞˭ࢫᔌ๕Ą̙࿅Ăᄮࠎ˿҅׎ᑕྍࢋ ,ѐ۞ 41%ĞRabasa & Larabee 2006 ז ߆ᛨ۰Ăଂ 1999 ѐ۞ 25%Ă೩ ੼ି؟ѣ 23-24ğĄពϯ˿҅׎ϔி၆Ͽ೻ᜋд̳Вְચ˯ٙԷႊ۞֎Ғѣഇ :2008 ĂࠎĶϒཌྷᄃ൴णᛨķ೩ֻ·̶۞ϔຍૄᖂĂҭ˫̙ԓ୕֕Հ፬ซ۞Ͽޞ ೻ᜋϲ઼ྮቢĄᔵ൒Ă၆Ͽ೻ᜋ߆ᛨ۞хд޺࠹ͅຍ֍۞ϔிּͧՀ੼Ă Ăٕధͅڶֽ߱͘༰ͤϿ೻ᜋ߆ᛨણ߆۞ଐڱᕝͽΦ̙عҭдА݈͵ܸ߆ Ķϒཌྷᄃ൴णᛨķᛏ଀ధкϔி۞ТଐĂֹ׎ᔙШે߆̝ྮĄֹ҃ ଀кᇴᐹ๕۞፟ົĂฟؕᔞ឵ଯજפғႬкщೠ೪Ķϒཌྷᄃ൴णᛨķ Қ࣒ጳજᛉĂ૟ࣧώᓁ௚ࠎ൑၁ᝋă෹ᛨࠁ۞෍Ҝ̮ࢵĂ֭Ϥ઼ົมా˘ ତᏴᓝயϠĂԼࠎጾѣ၁ᝋͷϤБϔۡᏴ۞઼छᅳఞĂֹ֭˿҅׎ଂᗕࢵ ࣒ϒ९̳ԸĂڱĂ൴੓ጳޢĄ2007 ѐᛏ଀ௐ˟Ѩે߆ᝋ̝טតјᓁ௚טܜ Ăޢ఼࿅ᓁ௚ۡᏴć2011 ѐ̂ᏴĂĶϒཌྷᄃ൴णᛨķᛏ଀ௐˬѨాᜈે߆ᝋ̝ ࠎྍᛨ۞͹ࢋԼࢭ෦Ր̝˘Ăҭ׎΁д౎ᛨ࠰ͅ၆ĂĶϒཌྷᄃטͽར၁ᓁ௚ ᕣĂ࣒ጳજᛉΪрᇶቤĄܝ෸࿅࣒ጳڱ൑إ൴णᛨķ۞઼ົयѨ ҋ˟ጼඕՁ˿҅ഇ၁߉ϔ͹ᏴᓝͽֽĂғႬкщٙᅳጱ۞Ķϒཌྷᄃ൴ ϲăຍᙊڒࡔᐂĄ࿅ΝᇴȈѐֽĂкᛨ۞ܜणᛨķ߆ᝋ̏౹˭ాᜈે߆౵ ᘦؠĂՏȈѐνΠಶ൴Ϡ࢕ڼഇ߆ܜݭၗݑᔔΔᖽĂጱ࡭˿҅׎ᙱͽჯᘭ ใೈᒖĂĶϒཌྷᄃ൴णᛨķдˬ዇ڼГֽ˘Ѩາ۞ޢ߆តֽඕՁใԊĂ൒ְ ĂֽҋЧ͞۞ͅүϡ˧˵ฟؕ˘˘΍னĄޢ෹࿅Ȉѐ۞ે߆̝ ѐĂ˜ߏĶϒཌྷᄃ൴णᛨķ߆ᝋฟؕࢬ၆ֽҋᛨ̰ă઼̰۞ͅ၆ 2013 ߆۞࿅඀̝̚Ă˿҅׎Чેז๕˧߄ጼ۞ᙯᔣѐĄĶϒཌྷᄃ൴णᛨķଂд౎ ăᇆᜩ౵எᅈھϿ೻ᜋ๕˧˘ۡߏ౵८͕۞͚ߗĂ׎̚௡ᖐᄃˠਔ౵ᇃ͞ ăௐ 1 ഇĞ2021/ߋ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 17 150

Ͽ೻ᜋဥវࠎĶཀྵᜋྻજķĞGülen movement, Gülen HareketiğĂ׎ᅳጱ۰۞ ჟৠጱर6ĄĶϒཌྷᄃି؟۞˧ཀྵᜋĞFethullah GülenĂ1941-ğࠎ׍ѣ࣎ˠጃ វրڱဈăΦءڠ͛۞عĂĶཀྵᜋྻજķ̂Բјࣶซˢ߆ޢ൴णᛨķે߆̝ ଐְĄҭ 2013 ѐ۞̂ఢڱږࣶ᎕ၑᄃలᕮءӄፋ࿲݈ഈםᄃିֈ፟ၹĂ֭ ᄃछ୉јࣶЕࠎܫˠࣶౣ˵૟ғႬкщ۞Ꮠڱሀඥల߿જĂᏐཀྵᜋࠁ۞ે አߤ၆෪Ăጱ࡭ᏐғႬкщࠁᄃᏐཀྵᜋࠁ̝ม۞๻ᅩঙ˯ᕧࢬĂः˭ғႬ кщϏֽ၆Ķཀྵᜋྻજķ̂ፋඥ۞ጱͫቢĞCicekoglu & Turan, 2019: 24-25ğĄ ϔྻ̳عТѐٙ൴Ϡ۞ Gezi ̳๩ҫᅳְІĂ݋ߏໂ׍޽ᇾຍཌྷ۞ͅ߆ Ҷ Gezi ̳๩૟జކعಢξ͕̚۞˘ͯქгĂ༊ξ߆؃જĄGezi ̳๩ࠎϿ೻ ĂΪჸะ̂ࡗᇴѺЩᒖܲˠ̀ᐖӱԩܐฟؕજ̝͕֭̍̚ۏࠎ̂ݭᔉޙԼ ᜭ೸ԩᛉˠ̀Ăѩᓝ͔൴טݒͽ̙јּͧ۞ᛋ˧ૻعጿ߉̍Ăҭξܡᛉ֭ ಢξϔՀΐ̙႕ĂֽҋЧг۞ᓏ೯ϔி৾৾യˢ̳๩׹ᙝгડΐˢ؃Ͽ೻ ރ߿જĂౣႊតјĶϒཌྷᄃ൴णᛨķે߆Ȉѐͽֽ౵̂ఢሀ۞ཏிϯރϯ ߿જؼᜈރ߿જĂˠᇴ౵кॡ੼྿ˬѺ༱ˠĂ֭ቺؼҌБ઼Ч̂ݱξĂϯ ڼ྿˘࣎͡Ă̙ҭࢦक़ғႬкщ۞ϔ͹ԛ෪Ă˵ٛฟഈ౎ᗕ͞າ˘዇߆ܜ హ̼֭ᄃԩᛉϔி΃ޘၗٺĂғႬкщ֍׎๕ᙱጿĂ௣ޢ֎˧۞Ԕ၌Ą౵ ԩᛉ۞Խ֨࿅඀ĂΎព˞Ķϒཌྷރ၆ྖĂՙᛉᇶቤྍฟ൴९Ąҭፋ࣎ϯܑ ՙඉ࿅඀Ă̪ຐۡ۞ٸϔ͹ฟפᄃ൴णᛨķᔵགྷ࿅ϔᏴ۞҂រĂݒϏਕଳ ҅˿ಫវ˵੨Ъ߆ඉጞᓏĄҭலౣ͞ءତજϡ઼छ፟ጡֽ྾Җ׎ຍԠĂ҃

྽ဥĶӅႬऱ೻ķĂܧरछलĂѐᅅॡ΃ӈΐˢԼࢭࠁᛂି؟щ֤ћӀֲ۞ڌཀྵᜋ΍֗ 6 ঔڻĄ1958 ѐĂཀྵᜋฟؕдᅈᗓछฏ۞Ҙొه࣒ඕЪۤົ၁ኹ۞நីି؟Я҃ୁ൴׎ ĂుܜࠁିءચԊЇ׻ࠎϿਬ૜ႬĞIzmirğ۞ְି؟צरć1966 ѐĂିކЧݱξፉЇ ચࠎᖚԠć1971ڇிĂ֭௡ᖐआ΄ᒉĂͽଂְିֈᄃۤડܫ၁م႙д׹ᙝડાӛ͔˘ཏ ѐ࢕ְ߆ត̝ᅫĂཀྵᜋЯણᄃϿ೻ᜋԼࢭྻજ҃జ஝ాˢႯ˛࣎͡Ă఺߱གྷ።ֹܳ׎ ൴ण΍Ҳአણᄃ͵ְܸચͽଂְۤົԼࢭ۞໢׶ྮቢĂ೩࣍Ķᄏጯ७ͧᄏ୻ৌъՀѣ ࢦ௡۞ OzalޢĂ᎕ໂᄃ߆ត̝ޢᖚચੜЃܜࠁିءΑᇇķ۞˾ཱིć1981 ѐĂཀྵᜋଂ ૜̷ЪүĂଯજିֈ̼͛ԼౄĂ׎௡ᖐˠਔЯ҃Հ֝ిᕖૺĂు႙൴णјࠎͽعາ߆ ጯ७ăಫវăથຽᄃ૞ຽˠ̀ۤဥٙ௡ј۞ᘀ̂͛ିְຽშඛć1990 ѐ΃ՀഈШ઼ᅫ ൴णĂԛјۢЩ۞Ķཀྵᜋྻજķྭ઼ะဥĂ׎௡ᖐ࿆̈́Б஧ 180 ઼࣎छĂฟᏱ෹࿅̼ შ Fethullah Gülen’sءຽ௡ᖐĄણዦĶཀྵᜋྻજķְۍٙጯ७Ă֭ѣಫវᄃЧ჌͛ି΍˼˘ Official Web SiteĞ2021ğăͽ̈́ BruceĞ2019: 27-28ğĄ ଂ༊΃˿҅׎߆ିᙯܼ۞ᖼតଣ੅Ͽ೻ᜋ߆ᛨ۞૦੓ 151

߿જ۞Ч჌ੈिĂ̪౅࿅ۤཏಫវۋ׎̏གྷྭˢ˞າಫវ۞ॡ΃Ăҫᅳԩ შඛ็࿆Б઼ᄃБ஧ЧгĂ͔൴ֽҋ઼̰ᄃ઼ᅫᔕኢ۞ᆅᓏፀЂĞKeyman & Gumusçu, 2014: 58-61; Erisen, 2018: 24ğĄ ࢬ၆ᛨ̰ă઼̰ͅ၆๕˧߄ጼ۞ТॡĂғႬкщ߆ᝋ˫଀ᑕ;ֽҋ઼ Ч઼ଷ੓˞੠Րϔ͹ҋϤ۞ࡸఆܧᄃΔڌ਎Ą2011 ѐĂ̚ރᅫۤົ۞Հ̂ Ăଐၗݒਗ਼ᖼۡ˭Ăೠ೪ߊ଀Ӏৈ۞༊ᝋࠁ̂ᓝͅޢࢭ׻Ă።གྷ׌ѐ̝܅ Լࢭ൑୕ĂЧгໂბ๕̰ט൑ଐ۞ᗉᑅĂጱ࡭វזϔிዎ۞ރᇡĂ׶πϯ ΃̝Ąੵ˞൴໚઼ࡎκҘֲึӀ྿ј߆ᝋ׶πᖼொ̝γĂऄ̈́ăӀ҃פ˧ ՙ౼࢑ćԼࢭᓏ˧ڠඈԼࢭٕࢭ׻ᓏ๕ྵ̂۞઼छĂഈ౎ᗕ͞ͽ෦ኜֲͧ ᕚπԼࢭ๕ٽ਎Ӏᄵඈ߱͘ᅅރٛұΗफЧ઼Ă༊ᝋࠁ݋ͽܠ๕ྵऴ۞ Ąࢭ׻ࠁᄃ༊ᝋࠁ౵፬ধ۞኏ࡎ൴Ϡд˿҅׎۞ዐ઼ୃӀֲĂᗕ͞๕Ӯ˧ ᇲĂͷౌѣ઼ᅫ๕˧̬ˢĂጱ࡭ࢭ׻̙јᖼࠎҕབྷ̰ጼĄ˿҅׎ΐˢҘ˧ ઙჯࠁܠཧࠁ͚ࠁ̦ٺٛұ઼छੱᒉĂ၆ԩᛳܠछᄃТᛳᅊκࠁ۞઼͞ ۰݋ѣ̦ཧࠁ۞ҁ࣯̂Ͽ६ᄃܻᘲ೻ᇣཕĄޢ๫ᇇ߆ᝋĂ҃ܠĞAlawiğ۞ ҭՀౠ˯ΐᔶ۞ߏĂдϿٛҹΔొԽݱଟг۞ĶϿ೻ᜋ઼ķĞIslamic State of Iraq and al-Sham, Al-Dawlat al-Islamiyat fi al-Iraq wa-sh-Sham, ISISğĂχ ܬ௚۞ݣ֧൴઼ၮཱིĂ̂ᓝˢ˘̂ڌϲ̚ޙᑅ࢝۞ᅊκࠁТࡪăצ඾߀ା ለ߷઼ـ׹ᙝዐ઼Ă҃୬݈ـጼጱ࡭ୃӀֲᙱϔ̂ณ੟̰۞ܜӀֲĄႝୃ ߏ˿҅׎ĄܮछವՐԕ᜕۞ᙱϔĂ΍઼۞ௐ˘৭ ѐĂ˿҅׎̳̏ฟ͚޺ͅԩ࢕Ă֭јࠎ᎕ໂ̬ˢୃӀֲ̰ጼ۞ડ 2013 ఍ٙĂˠܕݑᙝડјࠎୃӀֲᙱϔವՐᇶॡщ࿲۞౵ڌાૻᝋĂ҃˿҅׎ ਎Ăރᇴ౵кॡ੼྿׌Ѻ༱ˠĂ၆˿҅׎۞઼छщБᄃۤົ৩Ԕౄјᚑࢦ ၆тң̬ˢୃعડĂጱ࡭Ķϒཌྷᄃ൴णᛨķ߆اЯྍડાϒрߏऱᇇ୉ჸ ૟П፟ᖼ̼ࠎ၆ҋ֗߆ᝋዮ׽۞ᖼ፟Ăٺ׌ᙱĄғႬкщචٺӀֲ̰ጼౝ ఍நऱᇇ୉ય׀˘Ϯ˟౧۞ඉரĈ˘͞ࢬ౅࿅࢕ְ೯ӄͅԩ࢕˘˞פ྾ଳ ᙝࠧٸᗟĂΩ˘͞ࢬͽୃӀֲᙱϔઇࠎᄃለ༖ኘҿ۞ᚯቅĂ̙ॡೳ֏૟ฟ Ăഈ౎Чגឰ̂ณᙱϔዏଁለ߷Ąࢬᓜ઼̰ᄃ઼ᅫયᗟ࠹̢۬ඕ۞ᙯᔣॡ ๕˧Հΐ፬ধ၆ԩĂғႬкщ۞͚޺۰ᄮࠎ઼ᙱ༊ᐝĂᑕՀΐጾ᜕ғႬ͞ ᄃలטкщ఺Ҝᙱ଀˘֍۞ૻ๕ᓁ௚Ăͅ၆۰݋ᄮࠎϒЯғႬкщ۞૞ ăௐ 1 ഇĞ2021/ߋ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 17 152

Ă̂ᓙגჺĂ̖ጱ࡭߆Ԋ৾ᕘĂᑕྍ˭έᔁཋĄғႬкщӀϡѩ˘П፟ॡ ऱפۋ྅੽ڠķĞKurdish Openingğ߆ඉĂۡତᄃ͹ૺͽٸĶऱᇇ୉ฟפଳ ᇇ୉፾ϲ۞Ķऱᇇ̍ˠᛨķĞKurdistan Workers’ Party, Partiya Karkerên & Kurdistan, PKKğᅳఞ၆ኘĂᖣѩቤЪऱᇇ୉ᙝડ۞ღૺଐ๕ĞNimni Aktoprak, 2018: 137-58; Erisen, 2018: 24-27ğĄ ௐ˘Ѩᓁ௚ۡᏴĂғႬкщ΃ܑĶϒཌྷᄃ۞ޢѐĂ˿҅׎࣒ጳͽ 2014 ൴णᛨķ֎ుᓁ௚ᚗळĂٕధ̼П፟ࠎᖼ፟۞ඉரݶड़ĂғႬкщͽ 52% ࿅Ηᇴ଀ைத౼࿅Ω׌Ҝ࣏ᏴˠĂ൑ืᓝҖௐ˟аЪᏴᓝĂ˿҅׎۞າ۞ ૻˠ΍ቢĄ࿣ѐ઼̱͡ົ̂ᏴĂĶϒཌྷᄃ൴णᛨķχ΍࣒ጳͽར၁ᓁ௚ڼ߆ ઇࠎᏴጼ͹คĂႊតјጾғႬкщ۞ે߆ᛨᄃͅғႬкщ۞д౎ᓑ༖Ᏼט ఢڱώֽ˿҅׎ጳٺᛉдۋĂ͔൴౵̂۞ޢጼԽ֨ĄғႬкщፉЇᓁ௚ͽ ଀ᙜΝĶϒཌྷᄃ൴ܮޢؠᓁ௚υื෹෸ᛨࠁĂ߇΁дፉЇௐ˘ЇۡᏴᓁ௚ Ă΁̪ޢणᛨķ͹य̝ҜĂࠤҌ̙ਕጾѣᛨᚱ̶֗Ąҭд઼ົ̂Ᏼ੓෿̝ Ӏϡᓁ௚ᖚҜᑒĶϒཌྷᄃ൴णᛨķ࣏ᏴˠӄᏴĂ͔൴д౎ᛨ٨ᑝҖ߆̙̚ ĄГΐ˯Νѐᓁ௚̂ᏴഇมĂݏՀΐૻܮ၆ғႬкщ۞ͅᇡ˧྽ޢـϲĂ ᛉĂ჌˭Ķϒཌྷᄃ൴णۋᏴᓝഇมᑿϡҖ߆ྤ໚۞ኜк̈́ڱ߆ᛨᕖᝋүે ଀઼ົ࿅ΗᇴयѨ۞ୀЯĂᓁ଀ைᇴ໣རҌ 41%Ăጱ࡭൑פڱ൑ޘᛨķГ Ә৔ԊĂކᆉԊĄ൒݋ĂᄃĶऱᇇ̍ˠᛨķ۞ኘҿѩॡ̏ڼಏ፾ે߆۞߆ڱ ቢĂғႬкщ෺፟ГχП፟ൕĂͽ጖ྮۋ྅੽ڠаᕩޘऱᇇ୉፬ซЊ̄Г ჸ̎͞۞͚޺˧྽Ă֭޽ଠд౎ᛨຳ͚̚޺ऱᇇ୉ऻٍ͹ཌྷ߿જĄ11 ͡ᓝ ̼ٺಏ፾ᛏ଀࿅ΗᇴयѨĂ̖௣ޘҖௐ˟Ѩ઼ົᏴᓝĂĶϒཌྷᄃ൴णᛨķГ ྋᆉԊĞYilmaz, 2018: 33-40ğĄ ගғႬкщ˘ѨͽПֽ፟ᕖᝋޘѐ 7 ͡ 15 ̾͟؆۞࢕ְ߆តĂГ 2016 ಓ੓˿҅׎ϔி۞ޘಶར၌۞εୀ߆តĂГ͇˘ז։፟Ą఺ಞΪ޺ᜈ̙۞ ൭੃ጸĂᄃ˯Ѩ࢕ְ߆ត࠹࿣˟ȈѐĂҭଐ๕̏̂ࠎԼ៍ĄғႬкщᏐ๋ ҹႀ৚ͽৰ༤ᇲˠ۞ౚᏖĂЧгϔி৾৾ᜩ؃ጿٯҋཱིΡϔி˯ූͽ҇֗ ᑕཱིΡĂֹ࢝࢕ˠᘳୠԸࢫć઼ົᛉࣶ˵ԛјᙱ଀˘֍۞ྭഈ౎ൺᇶЪүĂ ߆ត۞ྼҖϯטࢬВТ᜔యᇷ˧ဳᝋĂΩ˘͞ࢬЧҋજࣶϔிΐˢ͞ͅ˘ үޭೇ૱࢖ĂщΙٛූᐝаᕩπᐖĂྻعĄ࿣͇߆តಶᑚᆐّгར၌Ă߆ރ ଂ༊΃˿҅׎߆ିᙯܼ۞ᖼតଣ੅Ͽ೻ᜋ߆ᛨ۞૦੓ 153

ټ঻ග˿҅׎ˠϔᄃ͵ˠኜкႷೊᄃຐည۩มĄғႬкщ޽ଠ఺ಞ߆តࠎ ࢕̳ିវր۞ཀྵع߆ٺ༖̓ཀྵᜋٙඉထĂͽࠎତ˭ֽ۞̂ఢሀፋඥ࿆Ҷ͟ ઼࡚҃୶΍˿҅׎߆ጪ۞ཀྵᜋ݋ᕝاᜋྻજ͚޺۰ዛྮĄҭҋ 1999 ѐ̏ॠ ჍߏғႬкщҋጱҋႊѩѨ߆តĄགྷ࿅Ȉкѐ۞ކ൒ӎ൒߆ត޽ଠĂ҃ͅ ߆Ă˿҅׎۞ેޘ߆ᝋ׶πᖼொĂͽ̈́д౎ᛨ੓छ۞Ķϒཌྷᄃ൴णᛨķα Т˘វ۞઼छ፟ጡĂͅם̝ڼᝋॡഇΞͽۡତ̒࿰߆ރ࢕ᛋវր̙̏Гߏ πĂ֭ೱ଀ତ˭ֽ၆࢕̳ିវր۞̂ఢሀፋඥᄃޛి֝˧జጾғႬкщ๕ ᏖڼೱҕĂт఺ಞ߆តৌߏͅғႬкщ๕˧ٙࠎĂ၁ࠎ࠹༊εඉ۞˘Ѩ߆ ரĞCicekoglu & Turan, 2019: 13-35ğĄ ፋѐΫ൑ּ݈۞Бࢬّ࢕̳ିវր̂ፋඥ̝˘ܕ྿૟ܜѐĂд 2017 Πᓍ߆۞ܕၗĂғႬкщᓑЪຍᙊݭၗ࠹ېϏྋੵ۞إ΄Ăͷдღާ׻ޢ ଂᗕטវع࣒ጳ̳ԸĂึӀ૟߆۞ט൴જᓁ௚ޘᛨĶϔ୉͹ཌྷྻજᛨķĂГ Ăϒёᆿੵᓁந˘ᖚĂ֭૟઼ົᛉࣶᓁᇴଂ 550 ЩᆧΐטԼࠎᓁ௚טܜࢵ Ҳ۩ࢳ࿅Ă˵ฟୁϤΠᓍ׌ᛨޘͽ 51% ۞͚޺่ޘЩĂྍѨ̳ԸГ 600 ז ˘ௐ۞טԼࠎᓁ௚ޢЪү۞ે߆ሀёĞYilmaz, 2018: 43-56ğĄ2018 ѐ࣒ጳ Ѩ̂ᏴĂғႬкщᔵ׶Ķϔ୉͹ཌྷྻજᛨķ௡јᓑЪੱቢ҃ᛏ଀ᓁ௚̂ᏴĂ ᓁ଀ைதࠎ 53%ĂҭĶϒཌྷᄃ൴णᛨķГޘεΝ઼ົ࿅ΗᇴयѨĂΪ౺ 295 यĂᏴᓝ۞଀ைதࠎ 43%ĂυืᄃĶϔ୉͹ཌྷྻજᛨķЪү̖̙Ҍјࠎก ཙᓁ௚Ăϐ΃ᓁந Binali YıldırımĞ1955-ğ݋ԼЇ઼ົᛉܜĄ ፋඥள̎ă࿴οღާ׻΄ăႾଠಫវඈ፾෗۞ޢғႬкщӀϡ߆ត̝ ѐĂ 2023 זుՎᔞ឵Ą΁ᔵΞᘦઇᓁ௚ᖚҜۡۋഈ౎੽۞گ˘үࢲĂጱ࡭າ ϒд߹εĄ2019 ѐ۞г͞Ᏼᓝߏ˘̂ᛋੈĄޘҭĶϒཌྷᄃ൴णᛨķ۞͚޺ ˯ᄃᛉົᏴᓝĂĶϒཌྷᄃ൴णᛨķ۞ᓁ଀ைᇴ̙Ϊ׶ܜдѩѨБ઼Ч࠷ξࢵ Ѩ઼ົ̂Ᏼ˘ᇹĂ่଀ 43% ۞ᏴைĂͷεΝ˞౵׍޽ᇾّ۞ௐ˘̂ݱϿ೻ ಢᄃࢵౌщΙٛ۞ે߆ᝋĂ఺ߏ 25 ѐֽௐ˘ѨĶϒཌྷᄃ൴णᛨķεΝ׌؃ ݱે߆ᝋć҃Б઼̱̂ݱξ۞̣࣎࠰Ꮾග͹ࢋд౎ᛨĶВ׶ˠϔᛨķĂព̂ ϯઐШ͵ܸ͹ཌྷ۞ౌξ̚யล৺ు႙а߹ĶВ׶ˠϔᛨķĂ҃ғႬкщૻ๕ ᅳጱࢲॾࠎ׎ፘϲՀк߆ᇲĄ۞ ăௐ 1 ഇĞ2021/ߋ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 17 154

Ă።Ѩ̂ᏴЧ̫֞ޢ௚ፋ 2002 ѐĶϒཌྷᄃ൴णᛨķјࠎે߆ᛨ̝ 2 ܑ Ӕனڼ߆ᛨ۞઼ົयѨ઼̈́ົᄃᓁ௚Ᏼᓝ۞଀ைதĄѩॡ۞˿҅׎߆ᛨ߆ ݭၗĂΠࠁ۞Ķϒཌྷᄃ൴णᛨķᄃ̚มઐν۞ĶВ׶ˠϔᛨķ۞ڼ໤׌ᛨ߆ ၆ՙĂ҃Ω˘Πࠁ߆ᛨĶϔ୉͹ཌྷྻજᛨķдᓁ௚Ᏼᓝ͚޺ғႬкщĂ઼ Ᏼᓝ˵ᄃĶϒཌྷᄃ൴णᛨķඕ༖ćҭνࠁ๕˧̪ϤĶВ׶ˠϔᛨķ͹ጱĂົ ,ЍᙉՀࠎν้۞Ķˠϔϔ͹ᛨķĞ Peoples’ Democratic Partyڼд߆҃ Halkların Demokratik Partisi, HDPğĂ݋ಏ፾ଯ΍ᓁ௚࣏ᏴˠĂ઼ົᏴᓝ˵ ᙱ·ЊፋЪĄ2017 ѐ౹ϲ۞Ķච։إ˧ϏᄃĶВ׶ˠϔᛨķඕ༖Ăνࠁ๕ ᛨķĞGood Party, İYİ PartyğĂࠎ̚มઐΠ߆ᛨĂᔵଯᓝҋ̎۞ᓁ௚࣏ᏴˠĂ ҭ઼ົᏴᓝ݋ᄃĶВ׶ˠϔᛨķඕ༖Ąѩ჌νăΠࠁ۞д౎ᛨඕ༖Ăߏӎ ѐ̂Ᏼ۞҂រĄ 2023 ޞਕ߄ጼғႬкщᅳጱ۞ે߆ᓑ༖Ăᔘ

伍、結論

ࢭ׻ĂଓЯЧ჌̰γ܅ѐϿ೻ᜋ͵ࠧଷ੓˞੠Րϔ͹Լࢭ۞ࡸఆ 2011 ኳႷϿ೻ᜋ͛ޘ߆ᝋ۞੼ᒒĂ͵ˠГטଯࣆனѣ૞ڱд୧І̙ૉ·̶Ă൑ ౵ڼତৼϔ͹̼۞ன΃ሗ߹ĉҭώ͛ͽϿ೻ᜋ͵ࠧ၁߉ϔ͹߆ڱߏӎ൑ځ ܕ׎ઇࠎࡁտ࣎९Ă̙ҭ֖ͽᖙᖼ˯ࢗኳႷĂࠤͷଂ˿҅׎௢᎕҅˿۞˳ ט҂Ͽ೻ᜋ็௚ᄃன΃ϔ͹វޥȈѐ۞ϔ͹གྷរĂ೩ֻӍˠՀஎ˘ᆸг˛ ඕЪ۞Ξਕّᄃଂ҃ࢉϠ̝Հኑᗔ۞Ч჌ኝᗟĂᔖҺГརˢᖎ̼۞ĶϿ೻ ჯሀёĄޥķ˟̮၆ϲځᜋƝன΃͛ छĂҭ׎ϔ͹઼ڒ᎗೻۞טϲጳ߆ϔ͹វޙ˘׎၁Ă˿҅׎˵̙ߏ઱ छٙ৿ͻ۞ѣӀ୧઼ڒٙͽྵਕᘦؠྻүĂ˜Яѣ׎΁кᇴ᎗೻̝טវ ᐹ๕ă፾প۞።Ϋ̼͛ڼІĂΒ߁Ĉለֲ፜ୖ۞гநҜཉٙࢉϠ̝гቡ߆ ٺၹඈАՙ୧ІĂͽ࡭ޙ௚ăϏഅజҘ͞Еૻٙതϔăಏ˘ϔ୉ᄮТ۞็ γֽതϔ۰ٙૻΐĂٙܧ׎ன΃̼྽ྮߏ˿҅׎ϔ୉͹វຍᙊ۞ᏴፄĂ҃ ᄃώ˿ۤགྷ̼͛୧І࠹ዋᑕ۞ԼࢭሀёᄃՎአĄՀซ˘Վ҃פͽ˵Հਕଳ Бវ઼ϔ၆઼छᄮТ׍౯ВᙊĂтௐ˘ౢٙࢗĂٺυืϲૄޘטኢĂϔ͹

ଂ༊΃˿҅׎߆ିᙯܼ۞ᖼតଣ੅Ͽ೻ᜋ߆ᛨ۞૦੓ 155

ܑ 2Ĉ2002–18 ̂ᏴЧ͹ࢋ߆ᛨयѨᄃ଀ைத

2002 2007 2011 2014 2015 2018 ᓁ௚ ઼ົ ᓁ௚ ઼ົ 6 ͡ 11 ͡ 258 य Ѩ 363 341 327 295 317 ϒཌྷᄃ൴णᛨ 41% ଀ைத 34% 47% 50% 52% 53% 43% 50% 132 य Ѩ 178 112 135 146 134 В׶ˠϔᛨ 25% ଀ைத 19% 21% 26% 38% 31% 23% 25% 80 य Ѩ 0 71 53 49 40 ϔ୉͹ཌྷྻજᛨ 16% ଀ைத 8% 14% 13% 11% 12% 80 य Ѩ 67 59 ˠϔϔ͹ᛨ 13% ଀ைத 10% 8% 12% 11% य Ѩ 43 ච։ᛨ ଀ைத 7% 10% 0 य Ѩ 9 26 35 0 ׎΁߆ᛨᄃ 0

፾ϲ࣏Ᏼˠ 5% ଀ைத 39% 18% 11% 1% 1% 3% ᓁयѨ 550 550 550 550 600

फ़ֽ໚ĈWikipediaĞ2021bğĄྤ

ၹĂᔵޙᖼݭࠎВ׶۞࿅඀Ă̂࡭˯Ԇј઼छВᙊ۞טޓ׎ϔ୉дଂ҅˿ ዐ઼Ă઼छᘟڌ൒̪ѣ͵ܸࠁᄃϿ೻ᜋࠁ̝ม۞Ϭ࠼Ăҭͧ੓˿҅׎۞̚ ા̰хдᙱͽ̼ྋ۞୉ཏăొརăିࠁăล৺ඈ၆ϲĂ˿҅׎۞઼छᄮТ ү˵ՀπᘦгՎˢ૱࢖Ąྻ۞ޘטᜈϔ͹ޢ఍நĂٺٽયᗟՀ ăௐ 1 ഇĞ2021/ߋ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 17 156

छ̙ਕķ۞၆ͧĂពϯ።Ϋ̼͛Я৵ߏ઼ڒଂĶ˿҅׎ਕă׎΁᎗೻ Ͽ೻ᜋ็௚෹࿅˼ѐĂࠤͷჍٱϔ͹ᖼݭјΑ۞Аՙ୧ІĄ˿҅׎ϔ୉ጾ ᜦϿ೻ᜋ͵ࠧܜ྿̱࣎͵ࡔĂҭдѺѐ݈ౣላ൒ՙ൒Ᏼፄன΃̼ă͵ܸ̼ ன΃Ҙ͞ٱĶ௲ֲˢለķྮቢĂሤধጾפĂ֭̂ᓙଳט྽ྮԼࢭ઼छវ۞ ૱ត۞̙ܧᄃ̼͛࠰ି؟Ͽ೻ᜋځĂ఺˘ాҚ۞።Ϋ൴ण֖̏ͽᙋځ͛ ᇴĂ҃ߏΞͽ޷໰ϔ୉ะវຍԠ۞ԭፄઇአፋᄃតࢭĄ൒҃Ăѩ˘តࢭ࿅ ඀ਕӎ྿ј࿰ഇ۞ன΃ᖼݭϫᇾĂ˫׶ϔ୉ВТវ۞ᅳጱ۰পኳѣ૜̷ᙯ ᓑĄѺѐ݈˿҅׎В׶̝ͭ౶ϐႬதᅳҘ̼ࠁයࡻଯજ፬ซ۞͵ܸ͹ཌྷВ ᜈ۞።Ϋซ඀ֽޢၹĂ֭ͽૻ๕үࠎଵ఍Ч჌ซՎ۞ᅪᘣĂଂޙ۞ט׶វ ࠻Ă఺ߏ˿҅׎ᔙШன΃̼ᄃϔ͹̼࠹༊ᙯᔣ۞˘ՎĄ౶ϐႬඈฟ઼යࡻ ٙઇ଀̙ߏಏ৷۞ͅ็௚͹ཌྷĂ҃ߏ၆ࣧѣ็௚ኬ̟ன΃Ϡ׻Ăֹ׎Հਕ ౶ϐႬॡ΃۞Ͽ೻ᜋ๕˧൴જͅᇡĂҭ఺ߏޢዋᑕາॡ΃۞តዏĄᔵ൒Ă ࣎ϒͅЪ۞᜜ᙋ࿅඀Ă˿҅׎൴ण΍࠹༊፾পͷᄃ͵ܸ̼͛ăன΃ᆊࣃ˘ ݵЪ۞າϿ೻ᜋ็௚ĄॡҌ̫͟ĂĶϒཌྷᄃ൴णᛨķͽ႙ซԼࢭ۞໢׶Ͽ೻ ׶πВхĂ˿҅׎۞ϔ͹̼གྷט଀ે߆ᝋĂᄃ˿҅׎͵ܸϔ͹វפᜋྮቢ ٙणன۞߆ିᙯܼЍᙉໂ̂ĂӍˠ̙ྍ่ͽЍᙉΩځன΃Ͽ೻ᜋ͛ځរᙋ نቢĂ҃ྮڼಱѭĶ๰Ӏ঱ķֽໄ߁Ͽ೻ᜋ۞߆ܠბ۞ĶϿ೻ᜋ઼ķٕ˘ ர˞ЍᙉΩ˘ბϤ˿҅׎ٙฟ౹۞Ͽ೻ᜋёϔ͹າሀёĄ ၹĂ঻˭׌࣎ޙт݈ٙࢗĂ౶ϐႬ۞፬ซ͵ܸ͹ཌྷᄃಏ˘ϔ୉ᄮТ۞ ᚙ҃Ϗՙ۞ᙱᗟĄ׎˘ࠎϿ೻ᜋ۞ؠҜયᗟĈϿ೻ᜋߏ˿҅׎઼छᄮТ۞ ٙԷႊ۞֎ҒࠎңĉϿ೻ᜋטυࢋొ̶๜ĉϿ೻ᜋ็௚дன΃͵ܸϔ͹វ ன΃̼ᄃϔ͹̼ĉ׎˟ࠎऱᇇ୉͌ᇴϔ୉યᗟĄଂ 1950 ѐٺ௚тңѣӀ็ ҡᐌ඾ۡ˘ܮĂ˯ࢗ׌̂યᗟޢĂᔙШጳ߆૱࢖̝ڼ΃˿҅׎೭Ҿૻˠ߆ ᏷ய۞࢕͞ᄃ߆ᛨᅳఞ࠰ਕ಴ࢦϔڼᏥᚶٚ౶ϐႬ߆ضүĄྻ۞טϔ͹វ ڼᑚఢ݋ĂдϿ೻ᜋ߆ᛨٕ׎΁Πࠁăνࠁͅ၆๕˧߄ጼ׎௚ྼ۞ޘט͹ ᛉ࠰ਕ౅࿅߆ᛨ߆ۋڼϒ༊ّĂੵ˞ൺഇ۞࢕ְ߆ត̝γĂ̂ొ̶۞߆۞ ޙથĂ͵ܸ߆ᛨᄃϿ೻ᜋ߆ᛨ̝ม˵ు႙םᄃ࠹̢ۋ׶πᚮ۞̰טдវڼ ଂϏјࠎП̈́˿҅׎ϔڼ९Ă፬ซ۞Ͽ೻ᜋ߆͞םԁ۞צၹ΍ᗕ͞࠰Ξତ ಴ࢦቁߏϔ͹ᖼݭ̙Ξٕ৿۞ࢋІĄ۞ޘטයࡻ၆ڼᙱᗟĂ֖֍߆۞ޘט͹ ଂ༊΃˿҅׎߆ିᙯܼ۞ᖼតଣ੅Ͽ೻ᜋ߆ᛨ۞૦੓ 157

തϔ͹ཌྷ̝צ׎ੵ˞׍౯݈ࢗϔ୉ВТ۞Ѝၷ።Ϋ̼͛็௚ăϏ҅˿ ϔ͹̼۞Я৵Ă׎΁ٺ಴ࢦඈѣӀ۞ޘטයࡻ၆Լࢭ۞ՙ͕ᄃڼ᏷चă߆ ϔ͹̼۞Я৵Ă˿҅׎ݒ՟ٺٙܳј̙Ӏڼछٙ׍ѣ۞гቡ߆઼ڒ᎗೻ ۋߏһछυܮౙ۞፜ሇҜཉĂҋΟͽֽ̂ˬܧለăֲăاгડҜڌѣĄ̚ ۋăҘ͞ૻᝋдѩڌགྷᑻಱ໚Ăؕ௣ᙱͽᕚ௲۞ڵгĂன΃ॡഇ˫ѣϮ̝ ဳ๕˧ቑಛ۞ӧဩĄҭ˿҅׎ϔ୉ଂญဦતॡ΃̫֞ĂЯ׍౯֖ૉ۞࢕ְ ΐˢҘ͞ͅВੱᒉĂٙͽ˿҅׎ޢᄃགྷᑻ၁˧ΞͽҋܲĂ֭д˟Ѩ̂ጼ̝ छ۞઼פΞͽνΠె໚ĂዋॡᏴፄ௲ֲˢለٕ௲ለˢֲ۞၆γᙯܼĂͽᏖ Ăྻضछ݋Ϗтѩ઼ڌ࿰Ąҭ׎΁̒̚ޘăҘૻᝋ࿅ڌצ̙˫౵̂ӀৈĂ ர۞ӧԊĂགྷ૱̙଀̙ଳܬҘ͞ૻᝋ̬ˢٕٕ͞ڌഇͽֽᙱͽᕚ௲ֽҋܜ ࠎᇲ၆۞ૻᝋٙᘂჳ۞੼ࢲᐍĂٺᏴᙝ৭ͽՐҋܲ۞ඉரĂҭЯѩᘉᜨפ ৌϒᏴፄҋ̎ࢋڱֶٙያ۞ૻᝋĂ൑ٺטצ˵׎઼छ۞࢕ְăγϹᄃ̰߆ ૱۰Ăགྷڼ௚טγ઼๕˧۞૞ٺטצछ൴णྮቢĄ͍ѣࠤ۰Ăొ̶઼۞֕ ҋϤϔ͹۞ͅ၆๕˧Ă҃׎ֶٙያ۞ૻᝋפۋࠎჯ᜕ߊ଀Ӏৈ҃ᗉᑅ઼̰ ඾ּĄٙͽĂ૟᎗೻۞ܕӄ׎ᘦ׽߆ᝋăᗉᑅள̎ĂୃӀֲಶߏ୎םົ˵ ̼͛Ă׎၁ߏ˘ണᅖ҃ି؟ч۞ܲޢ׎རٺϔ͹ᖼݭᕩ׼ז྿ڱछ൑઼ڒ ன၁۞ᄱྋĄٺߎ ࢬࣆᏴᙝ৭۞γϹ˘פᐹ๕Ă൑ืଳڼ׎ͽ׎ለֲ፜ୖ۞гቡ߆҅˿ ޢ߆ඉĂ߇дҽጼॡഇĂ˜ߏд፾ϲҋ͹۞݈೩˭ᄃҘ઼͞छჯ޺̓චć ҽጼॡ΃Ă˫͹જᄃܻᘲ೻ԼචᙯܼĂ˵᎕ໂણᄃϿ೻ᜋ͵ࠧ۞ְચĂី ѣણᄃ઼ᅫۤົ۞р఍Ăֳٺ߿ྻϡ௲ለˢֲٕ௲ֲˢለ۞׌჌ྮቢĂඈ ݒϏᄋૻᝋ̒࿰ᄃ̝ࣤ݇चĂ׎ϔ͹ซ඀ᄃ઼छ൴णྮቢ۞አፋĂ̂࡭Ξ ᄃ઼ֲ̚छٙ൑۞ڌ࡚ăܻă̚ඈૻᝋ۞׎΁̚ٺטצͽҋ͹ᏴፄĂ఺ߏ ѐֽЯĶϒཌྷᄃ൴णᛨķ۞Ͽ೻ᜋ้ШĂͽ̈́ғܕгቡጼரᐹ๕Ąᔵ൒Ă ഇϏྋ۞ऱᇇ୉ܜ˯֏ኢҋϤĂГΐטႬкщ۞ૻ๕үࢲăፋඥள̎ᄃთ ᛉ˵ᇶॡ̚क़Ăםለ઼࡚छ۞᜔యĂ׎ΐˢለ༖۞זצ૱યᗟĂ˿҅׎གྷ ડાૻᝋĂԆБࣆШڒለֲ፜ୖ۞᎗೻اҭҘ઼͞छ̂к̙ົሄ֍ѩҜ ăܻ׌઼Ăٙͽ˿҅׎̪Ξд઼ᅫۤົྻϡ׌͘ඉரĂჯ޺፾ϲҋ͹۞̚ ଀פछ൴णྮቢĄፋវ҃֏Ă˿҅׎۞Ͽ೻ᜋ߆ᛨ౅࿅׶πᄃϔ͹඀Ԕ઼ ăௐ 1 ഇĞ2021/ߋ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 17 158

ĂೀͼߏϿ೻ᜋ͵ࠧ۞઱˘পּĄטٯҘ઼͞छ۞זצ߆Ă׎߆ᝋ֭Ϗે ࡶ˿҅׎۞ϔ͹߆ᝋਕૉ޺ᜈᘦ׽Ă̙ҭ૟јࠎϿ೻ᜋ͵ࠧ۞ϔ͹׏ቑĂ ኖᙯܼ۞፜ሇ֎̓ޙ኏ࡎᄃࢦځΞਕԷႊҘ͞͵ࠧᄃϿ೻ᜋ͵̼ࠧྋ͛˵ ϲϿ೻ᜋёϔ͹ޙϿ೻ᜋᄃϔ͹ᆊࣃ̙࠹኏ࡎĂځҒĄ˿҅׎̏Ш͵ˠᙋ າҋϤ͹ཌྷ۞ሀёĂٕטវڼϼड़Ҙ͞ё͵ܸ߆ק˘ᄃ჊Ӏ઼छĂ̙҃ߏ തϔ۞ౚᇆĂ੠Րৌϒ۞ϔ୉፾ϲҋ͹̝྽Ąޢᕚ௲غߏၔ̖ छ۞̳ϔۤົхд඾઼ڒ᎗೻ځࢭ׻۞ൺᇶࢲሗ˵̏ᙋ܅׎၁Ăࡸఆ ઱˘পּĂ˵̙ਕଂܧਨॲ˧ณĂ˿҅׎඗ھ੠Րϔ͹ăҋϤᄃˠᝋ۞ᇃ Ăͅଯ׎৿ͻϔ͹̼۞୧ІĂΪਕᄲ఺ֱາᎸϔڍ࠹ᙯ઼छࢭ׻εୀ۞ඕ Ăͷ઼ᅫۤົטវטͽ߄ጼனѣሹॲ᏾༼۞૞֖̙إ͹Լࢭဥវ۞၁˧Ă кĂҭ၁ኳ۞͚೯˧྽ݒ࠹༊ѣࢨĄޝ၆ѩࢭ׻ࢲሗ۞ͅᑕ࠹༊ҽ႐Ăᄲ଀ छ઼ڒϔ͹̼঎ሗٕధдൺഇ̰̙ົ֝ిፖବϿ೻ᜋ͵ࠧĂலౣధк᎗೻ న̪൒̙֖Ăۤޙതϔۤົ۞གྷᑻֶᏥĂϔ୉፾ϲٙᅮ۞ૄᖂޢϏᕚ௲̪ г͞ॾԊĂ̂ிᄃშྮಫវ۞ֹϡ̪̙ૉ೼࿆Ă҃৿ͻٺ̼͛ඕၹ̪ౝົ ઼ڒкᇴ᎗೻̂˞ځࢭ׻ᄲ܅ᄃγొۤົ۞֖ૉ̢જᄃፋЪĂൺ׻۞ࡸఆ छܳјϔ͹̼۞Ч჌̰д୧І̪൒̙֖ĄҭҌ͌˿҅׎ăϿ६ăࡎκҘֲă Ă౅࿅Б஧̼ॡޘטϲϔ͹ޙޢछ̏౅࿅߆ᝋ׶πᖼொА઼ڒОκඈ᎗೻ ࠹̢߹જĂ఺ֱϔ͹̼ᖼݭјΑ۞ቑּ૟ົ۞ب΃۞ྤੈᄃˠࣶ۞൑ᅈτ ϔி̙Гᄮࠎ၁Җ̳πă̳ฟڒछ൴೭ᇆᜩ˧Ă˘ਠ᎗೻઼ڒ၆׎΁᎗೻ ΪߏШޘטࠎ͇͞؆ᙌăᅌ̙Ξְ̝̈́Ă˵̙ົᄮࠎ͔ซϔ͹ڼϔ͹߆۞ ϲϿ೻ᜋёϔ͹Ăϔ͹̼дϿ೻ޙΞͽ˵ځҘ̼͛͞Ըࢫ̝ᓝĂϿ೻ᜋ͛ ᜋ͵ࠧ۞Ϗֽ݈ഀ̪Ξഇ࠽Ą

ଂ༊΃˿҅׎߆ିᙯܼ۞ᖼតଣ੅Ͽ೻ᜋ߆ᛨ۞૦੓ 159

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ଂ༊΃˿҅׎߆ିᙯܼ۞ᖼតଣ੅Ͽ೻ᜋ߆ᛨ۞૦੓ 161

Probe into the Rise of Islamic Political Parties from the Transition of the Relations between Politics and Religion in Contemporary Turkey

Yuan-Lin Tsai Chair, Graduate Institute of Religious, National Chengchi University, Taipei, TAIWAN

Abstract

Turkey provides an excellent case to consider the Islamic model of democracy. This article is divided into the following three sections, the first exploring the historical, ethnic and religious contexts of the Ottoman empire and the Kemalist republican revolution; the second focusing on the development of the party politics from the end of World War II to the 1990s, and specifying the domestic and international factors to the rise of the pro-Islamic parties; the last examining the political struggle between the Erdoğan-led government and the opposition forces since the pro-Islamic AKP’s takeover in 2002. This study aims at explaining how the AKP government maintains majority rule for consecutive five terms after the fifty-year party politics under the radical secularist constitutional system founded by Kemal Atatürk and his followers. In contrast to other Muslim countries, Turkey’s relatively stable democratic rule is based up her unique cultural-historical legacy, geopolitical advantage as the Asia-Europe bridge, and longtime independent status without colonial rule. The Turkish people have been capable of deciding their own institution and operating model suitable for their social and cultural conditions.

Keywords: Ottoman, Jasmine Revolution, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, Republican People’s Party (CHP), Justice and Development Party (AKP), Recep Tayyip Erdoğan

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