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Memoria£ Ze Św. Heleny MEMORIA£ ZE W. HELENY EMMANUEL DE LAS CASES MARIA JÓZEF EMMANUEL AUGUST DIEUDONNE, HRABIA DE LAS CASES MEMORIA£ ZE W. HELENY T£UMACZY£: JAN KORTAS ZE WSTÊPEM: MARIUSZA OLCZAKA FINNA Gdañsk 2008 Redakcja: Mariusz Olczak Korekta: Andrzej Ryba Konsultacja: Mariusz Olczak Rysunek na ok³adce: Jaros³aw Wróbel All rights reserved Copyright © for Polish edition FINNA ISBN 83-89929-37-6 Wydanie I Gdañsk 2008 Oficyna Wydawnicza FINNA 80-768 Gdañsk, ul. Dziewanowskiego 5/6 tel.: (058) 763 11 38 fax: (058) 301 57 25 e-mail: [email protected] Dystrybutor: L&L Firma Dystrybucyjno-Wydawnicza 80-298 Gdañsk, ul. Budowlanych 64 F tel. (058) 520 35 57, 520 35 58 fax (058) 344 13 38 www.ll.com.pl e-mail: [email protected] Wydawnictwo FINNA wchodzi w sk³ad TGW e-mail: [email protected] www.tgw.com.pl SPIS TRECI MEMORIA£ LAS CASESA I INNE WSPOMNIENIA ZE WIÊTEJ HELENY 7 WSTÊP 57 POBYT W BRIARS 202 POBYT W LONGWOOD 295 FRAGMENTY KAMPANII W£OSKIEJ 376 BITWA POD MONTENOTTE 390 DALSZY CI¥G FRAGMENTÓW KAMPANII W£OSKIEJ 561 BITWA POD CASTIGLIONE 562 BITWA POD ARCOLE 580 BITWA POD RIVOLI 595 MEMORIA£ LAS CASESA I INNE WSPOMNIENIA ZE WIÊTEJ HELENY Latem 1805 r. Wellington, powracaj¹c z Indii do Europy na pok³adzie fre- gaty dowodzonej przez kpt. G. Cockburna, zatrzyma³ siê na skalistej wyspie porodku Atlantyku.1 Po krótkim pobycie odp³yn¹³ na pó³noc. Zapamiêta³ jed- nak to nieprzyjazne miejsce szczególnie, skoro prawie 10 lat póniej wybra³ je dla swojego miertelnego wroga Napoleona Bonaparte. Znienawidzony w Europie Hudson Lowe przypomina³ tê w¹tpliw¹ zas³ugê Wellingtona w swoich wspomnieniach, chc¹c zmyæ z siebie choæ trochê tego piêtna wiê- tej Heleny, jakie na nim ci¹¿y³o. Znaj¹c tê wyspê, zdawa³ sobie sprawê, ¿e ju¿ sam jej wybór zdradza³ prawdziwe intencje wobec cesarskiego wiênia. Nie tylko Napoleon trafi³ tutaj, bowiem w 1890 r. na wiêt¹ Helenê skiero- wano jako jeñca króla i wodza Zulusów Dinizulu kaCetshwayo (1868-1913). Przebywa³ on tu wraz z rodzin¹ siedem lat, zosta³ ochrzczony, a nawet przyjêty do miejscowej spo³ecznoci chrzecijañskiej. Prze¿y³ jednak, w przeciwieñ- stwa do Napoleona, pobyt na wyspie. Jaki czas po nim, w 1900 r. na wyspê trafi³a grupa szeciu tysiêcy po³udniowoafrykañskich Burów wziêtych do nie- woli przez Anglików. Ich obóz stan¹³ niedaleko Longwood, bo w Deadwood Plain. wiêta Helena niewielka wyspa na po³udniowym Atlantyku sta³a siê miejscem jednej z najbardziej tajemniczych zagadek historii XIX wieku. To zamorskie terytorium Wielkiej Brytanii o powierzchni 122 km2 zamieszki- wa³o ponad 4900 mieszkañców oraz ¿o³nierzy miejscowego garnizonu. Do- tarcie do wyspy nawet dzisiaj jest stosunkowo trudne. Po³o¿ona na wysokoci stolicy Brazylii, rzeki Zambezi w Afryce i pó³nocnego cypla Madagaskaru, oddalona jest od brzegów Ameryki P³d. o 2900 km, natomiast od brzegów 1 B.E. OMeara, Napoleon in exile, t. 2, London 1822, s. 184. 7 MEMORIA£ ZE W. HELENY Afryki o 1950 km, czyli w takiej samej odleg³oci jak Warszawa od brze- gów Irlandii, czy te¿ od Madrytu. Na pocz¹tku XIX w. z Europy p³ynê³o siê na ni¹ ponad 2 miesi¹ce. Napoleon w 1815 r. o¿ywi³ swoj¹ obecnoci¹ to miejsce podobnie jak wiele innych ma³o znanych niewielkich orodków w ca³ej Europie, o których nikt nie s³ysza³, a które sta³y siê s³awne. Austerlitz, Campo-Formio, Pruska I³awa, Frydland, i na koniec w. Helena. Wszystkie one zawdziêczaj¹ s³awê Napo- leonowi. Po pobycie, mierci i pogrzebie Napoleona rz¹d francuski bynajmniej nie zapomnia³ o swoim cesarzu. W 1840 r. przewieziono zw³oki Napoleona do Pary¿a. Z kolei ju¿ w 1854 r. Napoleon III podj¹³ rozmowy z rz¹dem bry- tyjskim w sprawie opieki nad Longwood oraz dolin¹, w której pochowano Napoleona. One to ju¿ w 1858 r. sta³y siê w³asnoci¹ francusk¹. W 1859 r. na wyspê zosta³a wys³ana misja, której zadaniem by³o odrestaurowanie pami¹- tek po Napoleonie. Kolejna pop³ynê³a w 1913 r. na statku Le Jeanne dArc, aby przygotowaæ raport o stanie zabytków na wyspie. Dziêki zabiegom rz¹du francuskiego Longwood, dolina z grobem Napoleona sta³y siê terytorium fran- cuskim, nad którym opiekê sprawowali kolejni francuscy konsulowie hono- rowi i zarz¹dcy francuskich posiad³oci na wyspie. Tak jest i obecnie. Od sierpnia 1815 r. zapotrzebowanie na wieci o Napoleonie w ca³ej Eu- ropie by³o ogromne. Zniknê³a bowiem z pierwszych stron ówczesnych ga- zet postaæ rozpalaj¹ca umys³y w Europie od niemal 20 lat. Napoleon odp³yn¹³ z kontynentu i zamiast wiarygodnych i dok³adnych informacji pojawia³o siê coraz wiêcej domys³ów i plotek. Sytuacja ta by³a zupe³nie inna ni¿ podczas jego pobytu na Elbie. Nie zaspokoi³y zainteresowania publikacje by³ego sekre- tarza Napoleona Pierre-Alexandre-Édouarda, barona Fleury de Chaboulona (1779-1835).2 Nie by³ on w stanie przekazaæ tego, co najbardziej intereso- wa³o opiniê publiczn¹ w Europie: Co aktualnie dzieje siê z Napoleonem? Rozmaite ustne relacje z jego podró¿y i pobytu na wiêtej Helenie ukazywa- ³y siê jedynie w prasie. Wychodz¹c naprzeciw ogromnemu zainteresowaniu losami Napoleona, w 1817 r. najpierw w Londynie, a nastêpnie w wielu in- nych krajach Europy ukaza³ siê na ponad 150 stronach Manuscrit venu de Sainte-Hélène dune manière inconnue, który mia³ byæ ¿yciorysem Napoleona przes³anym prosto ze wiêtej Heleny. W ca³ej Europie drukowano kolejne wer- sje jêzykowe, a polskie t³umaczenie ukaza³o siê w Warszawie w 1817 r. jako Rêkopis nades³any z wyspy w. Heleny.3 Autor tej publikacji nie ujawni³ siê, 2 Opublikowa³ on Mémoires pour servir à lhistoire de la vie privée, du retour et du règne de Napoléon en 1815 ..., Bruksela 1818; Les Cent Jours, Mémoires pour servir à lhisto- ire de la vie privée, du retour et du règne de Napoléon en 1815, Londyn 1820; Memoirs of the private life, return, and reign of Napoleon in 1815, t. 1-2, Londyn 1819-1820. 3 W 1860 r. we Lwowie ukaza³o siê II wydanie Rêkopis z wyspy . Heleny, prze³o¿ony z francuskiego A. Nieuwa¿ny, My z Napoleonem, Wroc³aw 1999, s.142. 8 TOM PIERWSZY co przez nastepnych kilkadziesi¹t lat budzi³o spory wród bonapartystów. Gazety angielskie z miejsca za autorkê uzna³y Madame de Staël, co jednak nie by³o prawd¹. Analizowano tê kwestiê równie¿ na w. Helenie, gdzie tekst Manuskryptu dotar³ szybko, a o publikacji tej wspomnia³ nawet Napoleon w swoim testamencie. Znalaz³a ona równie¿ miejsce w drugim tomie opubli- kowanych ju¿ w 1823 r. jego wspomnieñ opracowanych przez Montholona. W czterdziestu notach wymieniano b³êdy w tej publikacji, które zwróci³y uwa- gê Napoleona. Bonaparte wytkn¹³ m.in., ¿e nie s³u¿y³ nigdy w Armii Alp, jak podano w Manuskrypcie, podobnie korygowa³ informacjê jakoby Desaix mia³ zaj¹æ osobicie osadê Marengo oraz, ¿e po bitwie pod Austerlitz wkro- czy³ do Polski. Odpowiadaj¹c na ten ostatni zarzut ustosunkowywa³ siê zresz- t¹ do kwestii statusu Polski. Jak rozwa¿ano w Longwood na podstawie samego tekstu, autorem mia³ byæ radca stanu z lat 1800-1803, którego nie by³o we Francji w okresie 1806-1807; specjalizowa³ siê on w sprawach hisz- pañskich i nie by³ na polu bitwy, gdy¿ nie zna³ siê na sztuce wojennej.4 Na kontynencie równie¿ analizowano to zagadnienie. Sugerowano na- wet, ¿e za t¹ publikacj¹ sta³a rodzina Bonapartego. W redakcyjnej przed- mowie do listu do Lucjana Bonapartego opublikowanego w ¿yciorysie Las Casesa napisano o manuskrypcie: Wartoæ jey nie mo¿e byd nawet porów- nywan¹ ze znanym Rêkopismem z wyspy S. Heleny, który pozbawiony jest wszelkiey urzêdowoci i móg³ byd w Europie sporz¹dzonym. Autor napisa³ j¹ wie¿o dla rodziny Napoleona i z tego jey pierwiastkowego przeznaczenia widaæ....5 Sprawa autora jak siê zdaje wyjani³a siê dopiero w roku 1842, kiedy to do autorstwa tu¿ przed mierci¹ przyzna³ siê urodzony w Genewie Szwajcar, wspó³pracownik Constanta i Madame de Staël, Jacob Frédéric Lullin de Chateauvieux (1772-1842), który jednak Napoleona nawet nigdy nie widzia³. Ta deklaracja nie rozwia³a jednak w¹tpliwoci, a nad kwesti¹ autorstwa nadal siê zastanawiano. Za autora na podstawie analizy tekstu wskazywano nawet marsza³ka Marmonta.6 Pierwsz¹ osob¹ przebywaj¹c¹ na wyspie z Napoleonem, która og³osi³a drukiem swoj¹ relacjê by³ angielski lekarz z HMS Northumberland, William Warden (1777-1849). Opublikowa³ on w 1817 r. w Londynie i Brukseli na 4 Quarante-quatre notes sur louvrage intitulé: Manuscrit venu de Sainte-Hélène dune ma- nière inconnue, imprimé à Londres, chez John Murray, 1817, w: Mémoires de Napoléon. Mémoires pour servir à lhistoire de France sous Napoléon, écrits à Sainte-Hélène, par les généraux qui ont partagé sa captivité, et publiés sur les manuscrits entièrement corrigés de la main de Napoléon, écrits par le général de Montholon, t. II, Paris 1823, s. 205-296. 5 ¯ycie i przypadki Emanuela Augusta hrabiego Las Casas ..., Warszawa 1821, s. 93 6 E. Peyron, Qui est lauteur du Manuscrit venu de Sainte-Hélène? Revue des Etudes Napoléoniennes 18, 1922, s. 212-224; L. Laudy, A propos du manuscrit venu de Sainte- -Hélène, Revue des Etudes Napoléoniennes 20, 1923, s. 95-96. 9 MEMORIA£ ZE W. HELENY 170 stronach swoj¹ relacjê Letters written on board His Majestys ship the Northumberland and at Saint Helena, in which the conduct and conversations of Napoleon Buonaparte and his suite during the voyage and the first mon- ths of his residence in that island are faithfully described and related. Spi- sywane przez niego na bie¿¹co w trakcie d³ugiego rejsu na w. Helenê, ale równie¿ przez kilka miesiêcy pobytu na wyspie listy, by³y wynikiem nie tylko jego obserwacji, ale i d³ugich rozmów z Napoleonem.
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