O Pequeno Que Gritava: a (Des)Politização No Musical Les Misérables

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O Pequeno Que Gritava: a (Des)Politização No Musical Les Misérables UNIVERSIDADE DE BRASÍLIA – UnB INSTITUTO DE LETRAS – IL DEPARTAMENTO DE TEORIA LITERÁRIA E LITERATURAS – TEL PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM LITERATURA – PósLIT VERÔNICA MARIA VALADARES DE PAIVA O PEQUENO QUE GRITAVA: A (DES)POLITIZAÇÃO NO MUSICAL LES MISÉRABLES Brasília Dezembro/2017 VERÔNICA MARIA VALADARES DE PAIVA O PEQUENO QUE GRITAVA: A (des)politização no musical Les Misérables Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Literatura, do Instituto de Letras, da Universidade de Brasília, como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Mestre em Literatura. Orientadora: Profª. Drª. Júnia Regina de Faria Barreto Brasília Dezembro/2017 VALADARES, Verônica. O pequeno que gritava: A (des)politização no musical Les Misérables. Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Literatura, do Instituto de Letras, da Universidade de Brasília, como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Mestre em Literatura. Banca examinadora _____________________________________________________________ Profª. Drª. Junia Regina de Faria Barreto (TEL/UnB) Orientadora _____________________________________________________________ Profª. Drª. Myrtes Maria da Silva Folegatti (PUC – Rio) Examinadora – Membro Externo _____________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Marcus Santos Mota (Cen/UnB) Examinador – Membro Interno _____________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. André Luís Gomes (TEL/UnB) Suplente À minha mãe, por me ajudar a vencer minhas batalhas enquanto lutava as suas; minha própria Catelyn Stark. A meu pai, que sempre soube que as belas-letras seriam minha escolha. AGRADECIMENTOS *pode conter traços de teatro musical À Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento Pessoal de Nível Superior – CAPES, pela bolsa concedida para a realização desta pesquisa. Ao Departamento de Teoria Literária e Literaturas e ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Literatura, pela abertura de caminhos os quais almejo desde meu ingresso na graduação. À minha orientadora, Profª. Drª. Junia Barreto, cuja confiança e guia impediram-me de ficar “doing everything all wrong”, tal qual Marius Pontmercy. À Profª. Drª. Myrtes Folegatti, que prontamente se dispôs a vir a Brasília contribuir com sua expertise em teatro musical. Aos demais professores da banca, Prof. Dr. Marcus Mota e Prof. Dr. André Luís Gomes, pelo proveitoso diálogo. À Rachel Ripani, pela gentileza e amabilidade na entrevista concedida à mestranda em desespero, conforme me apresentei; e à Louise Bruton, da Delfont Mackintosh Theatres, que me dotou de informações que eu nem sabia que existiam. Ao prof. André Araújo, que nem imagina de ter sido meu primeiro incentivador ao mestrado. Ao Grupo de Pesquisa Victor Hugo e o Século XIX, pela acolhida e companheirismo (Luiz, não esquecerei de devolver seu livro!). A Safira, Deborah, Rebecca, Vírning e nosso membro honorário, Pedro, do melhor que a UnB me trouxe, com vocês é sempre um “jolly holiday”. À Vitória, que não me deixava duvidar, por cada “misericórdia!” ouvido, dentro e fora do teatro. À Solaine, que não me deixou “throwing away my shot” quando contei de minhas pretensões acadêmicas com nosso romance favorito. À Thaynara e à Verônica, minha xará até em segundo nome, Dumas não previu essa nova formação de seus Três Mosqueteiros. A meus pais, sem vocês seria inválido. A Deus, pois “all good gifts around us are sent from Heaven above...” RESUMO As adaptações literárias têm-se mostrado um fenômeno crescente, e poucas obras talvez tenham sido tão adaptadas quanto o romance Os miseráveis (1863), de Victor Hugo. Dentre as diversas adaptações, é possível considerar que a de maior influência seja a versão feita para o teatro musical — Les Misérables —, contrariando as expectativas de que uma obra com o teor dramático do romance de Hugo pudesse ser traduzida para um meio que ainda se acredita ser reservado para narrativas despretensiosas. Durante o processo de adaptação, porém, chama atenção o esmaecimento da crítica social e política do autor, que, ainda que não tenha sido retirada completamente, ganhou contornos difusos que distam da assertividade provocativa de Victor Hugo. Qual teria sido o propósito da suavização do conteúdo político do romance? Em que medida o público e as questões mercadológicas podem ser responsáveis pelo produto final de uma adaptação? E mais, o quão autônoma a arte consegue ser quando posta em grande circulação? Palavras-chave: Adaptação literária; Teatro musical; Os miseráveis; Política ABSCTRACT Literary adaptations have become a constant growing phenomenon, and perhaps few literary works have been as adapted as the novel Les Misérables (1863), by Victor Hugo. Amongst the many adaptations, it is possible to consider the version made for the musical theater, under the same name, as the one with the biggest weight, going against the expectations that a work with such dramatic content as Hugo’s novel could ever be translated into a media that was still believed to work exclusively with unassuming narratives. During the process of adaptation, however, it is possible to notice that the author’s social and political critique fades away; even if it is not completely dismissed, it acquires fuzzy outlines which are quite distant from Victor Hugo’s provocative assertiveness. Which could have been the purpose to this softening of the novel’s political content? To what measure the public and market interests can influence the final product of an adaptation? And, even more so, how autonomous is art able to be when released to the mainstream? Key-words: Literary adaptation; Musical theatre; Les Misérables; Politics “Even the smallest person can change the course of the future.” J.R.R. Tolkien SUMÁRIO Introdução................................................................................................................... 11 Capítulo 1 – Tradução, cultura e expansão............................................................. 17 1.1 – Do livro ao libreto: tradução intersemiótica e transtextualidade............ 19 1.2 – A (in)fidelidade do tradutor..................................................................... 26 Capítulo 2 – Não basta canções para ser um musical............................................. 34 2.1 – O megamusical........................................................................................ 38 2.2 – A criação de Les Mis............................................................................... 41 2.3 – Um conto de um musical em duas cidades.............................................. 47 2.4 – Recepcionando Les Mis........................................................................... 66 Capítulo 3 – A criação da criança............................................................................. 69 3.1 – XIX, o século da criança......................................................................... 71 3.2 – Victor Hugo e a criança........................................................................... 76 3.3 – O musical surge a partir da criança.......................................................... 81 Capítulo 4 – A revolução de Les Misérables............................................................. 98 4.1 – Hugo em 30; Hugo em 48; Hugo em 63................................................. 100 4.2 – Por que 32?..............................................................................................112 Capítulo 5 – O pequeno e politizado Gavroche....................................................... 122 5.1 – O gamin de Paris...................................................................................... 122 5.1.1 – O figurino.................................................................................. 128 5.1.2 – A personalidade......................................................................... 135 5.2 – As canções de Gavroche: uma forma de discurso.....................................137 5.3 – Os vários laços de Gavroche..................................................................... 148 5.3.1 – Gavroche e seus irmãos.............................................................. 149 5.3.2 – Gavroche e os Amis de l’ABC..................................................... 151 5.3.3 – Gavroche e seu sacrifício............................................................ 154 Considerações finais......................................................................................................158 Referências bibliográficas.......................................................................................... 162 Apêndice...................................................................................................................... 166 Apêndice A – Entrevista com a diretora de Les Misérables no Brasil............. 167 Anexos.......................................................................................................................... 170 Anexo A – Canções de Gavroche..................................................................... 171 Anexo B – Histórico de produções....................................................................175 11 INTRODUÇÃO Vivemos em uma época de irrequieta convergência. A bem da verdade, de certa forma, o mundo sempre foi convergente e foi a nossa necessidade de categorização que criou subdivisões entre meios antes amalgamados. Contudo, cada vez mais, as linhas imaginárias que separavam artes e meios tornam-se tênues, forçando a criação de novas formas e recriação de formas antigas. A adaptação já estava presente no teatro grego e nos autos e mistérios da Igreja medieval,
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