Um Compositor Brasileiro Na Broadway: a Contribuição De Heitor Villa-Lobos Ao Teatro Musical Americano

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Um Compositor Brasileiro Na Broadway: a Contribuição De Heitor Villa-Lobos Ao Teatro Musical Americano UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE MINAS GERAIS ESCOLA DE MÚSICA PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM MÚSICA - MESTRADO UM COMPOSITOR BRASILEIRO NA BROADWAY: A CONTRIBUIÇÃO DE HEITOR VILLA-LOBOS AO TEATRO MUSICAL AMERICANO ROSANE VIANA BELO HORIZONTE 2007 ROSANE VIANA UM COMPOSITOR BRASILEIRO NA BROADWAY: A CONTRIBUIÇÃO DE HEITOR VILLA-LOBOS AO TEATRO MUSICAL AMERICANO Dissertação apresentada ao Curso de Mestrado da Escola de Música da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, como requisito parcial à obtenção do título de Mestre em Música. Área de Concentração: Estudo das Práticas Musicais Sub-área: Análise Musical Orientador: Lucas Bretas Belo Horizonte Escola de Música da UFMG 2007 Dedico o presente trabalho ao meu pai, Sebastião Vianna. AGRADECIMENTOS Ao meu orientador, por ter aceitado o desafio de desbravar "terras incógnitas" sem medo de se arriscar e pela sua grande capacidade. A Mônica Mansur Brandão, pela ajuda inestimável e imprescindível no pré-projeto. A Maria Eugênia Albinatti, pelo seu "ouvido paciente" nesses dois anos e sua colaboração. A David Peterson, meu "dicionário vivo" em momentos cruciais. A Rita Lopes Moreira, pela sua generosidade, sem a qual eu não poderia sequer ter iniciado o Curso de Mestrado. Ao meu pai, pelas informações preciosas e inéditas sobre Magdalena e tantas outras sobre Villa-Lobos. Agradeço também pela sua ajuda financeira durante esse período. A minha saudosa mãezinha, Rosa Nalterelli Viana, pelo seu entusiasmo e incentivo quando descobri a obra em 2000. A Sandra Loureiro, pelas palavras sábias em momentos difíceis e por compartilhar comigo a alegria de escrever sobre Magdalena. A André Cavazotti, por ter carinhosamente me acolhido na sub-área Análise Musical e por ter sempre respondido aos meus e-mails e retornado meus telefonemas. Aos missionários de Campus Outreach, em especial à Christopher Blazer e família e Fernando Rodrigues pela sua grande ajuda, trazendo dos Estados Unidos parte do material utilizado. Aos funcionários da Secretaria do Mestrado, sobretudo Raúlia Augusta de Mello pela atenção para comigo. Ao meu médico, João Gabriel Marques Fonseca, pelo carinho e generosidade. A Sheila Sampaio, pela amizade e apoio moral. A Oiliam Lanna, pela troca de idéias enriquecedora. A John Kenrick, pelas informações iniciais tão valiosas sobre o Teatro Musical Americano. A Carol McDavit com quem estudei pela primeira vez as Six Featured Songs de Magdalena e por seu exemplo em divulgar a obra do grande compositor brasileiro. A Elisabeth Howard, brilhante professora de Canto, por sua ajuda na parte prática desse trabalho em 2006, no estudo das canções da personagem Teresa, conhecimento este que jamais será perdido ou esquecido. A todos aqueles, que possam ter indiretamente contribuído de alguma maneira para o término do curso, cujos nomes não foram aqui mencionados. Ao meu Senhor e Salvador Jesus Cristo e à inspiração e orientação do Seu Espírito, razão principal da minha existência e de tudo o que faço. Considero minhas obras como cartas que escrevi à Posteridade, sem esperar resposta. Heitor Villa-Lobos RESUMO Esse trabalho é sobre a contribuição do musical Magdalena, composto em 1947-48 por Heitor Villa-Lobos, investigando e buscando esclarecer o que foi agregado de novo ao teatro musical norte-americano. A hipótese que norteia nossa pesquisa é que a obra, apesar de grande qualidade e aspectos inovadores, não se tornou um hit na Broadway por questões circunstanciais. Assim, o objetivo principal é analisar as questões que impediram seu sucesso naquele momento. Tal estudo se justifica pelo fato que, mesmo tendo recebido críticas favoráveis de jornais importantes de Nova York e da Califórnia, Magdalena permanece desconhecida do grande público e do meio musical brasileiros. Para responder a estas questões, o presente trabalho contextualiza a obra no cenário do desenvolvimento do teatro musical norte- americano desde o seu início até a década de 1940 e investiga questões relacionadas com a trajetória do espetáculo. Os achados confirmam o caráter inovador do musical e apontam questões culturais, sócio-econômicas e até políticas, que podem ter influído no seu insucesso na Broadway e triste destino. Palavras-chave: Teatro Musical Americano. Broadway. Magdalena. Villa-Lobos. ABSTRACT This work is about the contribution of Magdalena, a musical composed by Heitor Villa-Lobos for the American Musical Theater in 1947-48.This investigation attempts to clarify what innovations Magdalena brought to the genre. The hypothesis that guides this research is that, although Magdalena has great qualities and innovative aspects regarding the musicals, the work did not become a hit on Broadway due to circumstantial causes. The main goal of the work is to analyze the reasons that hindered its success in that particular moment. Such study is justified due to the paradox of the existence of favorable reviews in the most important newspapers of New York and California. However Magdalena remains unknown to the Brazilian public and musical circles. To answer these questions, the present work presents Magdalena in the context of the development of the American Musical Theater from its beginnings up to the decade of 1940. It also investigates issues related to the show's trajectory. Our findings confirm the contribution of innovative aspects to the musical genre and point to cultural, social, economical and political questions that may have had influence in its unsuccessful season at Broadway and its sad destiny. Key Words: American Musical Theater. Broadway. Magdalena. Villa-Lobos. SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO ..................................................................................................... 10 CAPÍTULO 1 – ANTECEDENTES HISTÓRICOS DO MUSICAL ........................ 15 1.1 No princípio até 1920 .................................................................................. 16 1.2 A década de 1920 ........................................................................................ 22 1.3 A década de 1930 ........................................................................................ 25 1.4 A década de 1940 ........................................................................................ 32 CAPÍTULO 2 – MAGDALENA: UMA AVENTURA MUSICAL ............................ 42 CAPÍTULO 3 – O IMPACTO DA OBRA EM RELAÇÃO AOS CRÍTICOS DA ÉPOCA ................................................................................................................ 78 3.1 Crítica positiva............................................................................................. 79 3.2 Crítica negativa............................................................................................ 81 3.3 Crítica mista................................................................................................. 82 3.4 Apreciação comparativa............................................................................. 85 CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS................................................................................. 91 REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS.................................................................... 93 ANEXOS .............................................................................................................. 101 10 INTRODUÇÃO Após ter encontrado, ocasionalmente, uma gravação da obra Magdalena, de Heitor Villa-Lobos na residência de seus pais, a autora ficou surpresa e, ao mesmo tempo, intrigada com o fato de um compositor erudito brasileiro ter conseguido transpor barreiras de elevada resistência, adentrando um mercado praticamente restrito a compositores norte-americanos: Villa-Lobos não só havia composto um "musical", mas também estreado sua obra na Broadway em 1948. Da surpresa à ação, a autora, cantora especialista no repertório do teatro musical americano, iniciou o estudo e a divulgação da obra. Em 2002, em recital no Conservatório UFMG, ela apresentou uma seleção de seis canções de Magdalena, versão canto e piano. Deve ser registrado que essa apresentação foi a primeira audição em Minas Gerais. Assim, estimulada pela experiência prática de cantora- intérprete da obra, a autora se interessou por uma investigação a respeito de sua inserção e repercussão no teatro musical americano, durante a chamada "era de ouro" dos musicais americanos. Tal estudo se torna oportuno, já que existem evidências concretas indicando que o Brasil desperta para o teatro musical. Nos últimos oito anos, observa-se, no Brasil, a redescoberta dos musicais americanos (na sua maioria, encenados em São Paulo e Rio de Janeiro) com versões em português e produções de alto nível permitindo ao público brasileiro de todas as faixas etárias um contato com esse gênero musical. No entanto, a grande maioria do público e da classe artística brasileira desconhece a existência de Magdalena. Mais ainda, não tem conhecimento de que um compositor erudito brasileiro possa ter contribuído para o repertório do teatro musical nos Estados Unidos e, possivelmente, colaborado com inovações além de inserir a música brasileira na história do teatro musical americano. O problema de pesquisa a ser resolvido no âmbito do presente projeto desdobra-se em uma questão fundamental e seu objetivo principal pode ser indicado pela seguinte indagação: o que Magdalena, obra de Villa-Lobos para o teatro musical 11 americano, agregou de novo aos musicais da época (ou ao gênero), quando comparada aos principais musicais encenados nos EUA até o final da década de 1940. Villa-Lobos, considerado por muitos especialistas como sendo o maior compositor do Brasil1 tem sido chamado de
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