CURRENCY IN MALTA )

Joseph C. Sammut

CENTRAL BANK OF MALTA 2001 CONTENTS

List of Plates ...... XllI

List of Illustrated Documents ...... ,...... XVll

Foreword ...... XIX }

Preface...... XXI

Author's Introduction...... XXllI

I THE COINAGE OF MALTA The Earliest Coins found in Malta...... 1 Maltese Coins of the Roman Period...... 2 Roman Coinage ...... 5 Vandalic, Ostrogothic and Byzantine Coins ...... 7 Muslim Coinage ...... 8 Medieval Currency ...... 9 The Coinage of the Order of St John in Malta (1530-1798) ...... 34 The Mint of the Order...... 37 Coins and Siege Ingots struck during the French Occupation (1798-1800) ..... 42 Currency in Malta during British Rule (1800-1964) ...... 60 The Establishment of the Central Bank of Malta...... 70 Decimalization...... 90 First Series of Decimal Coins, 1972 ...... 93 Second Series of Decimal Coins, 1986 ...... 94 Coinage Change-over...... 95

ix CURRENCY IN MALTA

Corpus of Illustrated Documents...... 104 Non-circulating legal tender Coins ...... 120

11 BANKNOTES AND CURRENCY NOTES Rudimentary Banking Services and Money-lending under the Order of St. John ...... 149 The First Banks under British Rule ...... 151 Banknotes ...... 152 Demonetization of the Sicilian Dollar ...... 154 Renewed Issue of Banknotes ...... 155 Money-changers' Notes ...... 158 Temporary Government Paper Currency ...... 159 Currency Notes Ordinance No. VIII of 1914 ...... 160 British Paper Currency ...... 162 Currency Notes printed under Ordinance No. VIII of 1914, Amendment Ordinance 1918 ...... 163 Bank of England Notes ...... 164 World War 11 and the Paper Currency Ordinance, 1939 ...... 165 Note Security Fund ...... 168 Permanent Paper Currency ...... 171 Five-Pound Notes ...... 173 1963 Pictorial Issue ...... 173 Central Bank of Malta Currency Notes (First Series) ...... 173 CBM Second Series of Currency Notes ...... 174

CBM Third Series of Currency Notes ...... ~...... 176 CBM Fourth Series of Currency Notes ...... 178 CBM Fifth Series of Currency Notes ...... 179 CBM Special Millennium Notes ...... 182 x CONTENTS

III VALUE OF THE CURRENCY Currency Trends since the 1950s ...... 225 Backing of the Currency...... 231 External Value of the Lira ...... 236 Epilogue...... 267

APPENDICES I Denominations in the Coinage of the Order of St John ...... 269 II Central Bank of Malta Decimal Coin Series (Specifications) ...... 273 III Central Bank of Malta Coin Emissions for Numismatic Purposes ...... 277 } IV Banknotes and Official Currency Notes ...... 285

Bibliography and Abbreviations ...... 295 Index ...... 307

xi INDEX

compiled by

George Mifsud-Chircop

Notes

Maltese letters CIC (ltI!) and C/g (/dj/) follow English letters C/c and G/g respectively; Maltese letters Gfllgli (//glil/) and filii (lh/) follow English letter H/h; and Maltese letters Z/i (Iz/) and Z/z (ldz/) follow English letter ZIz.

Italicized references refer to illustrations, maps, plates and descriptions of plates, bold references to charts; references preceded by f. refer to facing pages. For referenced abbreviations, see "Bibliography and Abbreviations," pp. 295-301.

A Alfonso I (IV in Catalonia, V in Aragon), Alfonso I on horseback. See coinage/coins A. Oaby (London), 158 Alfonso V (king of Aragon), 180 , Abd-al-Malik. See coinage/coins , Al-Imam al-Abbasi ' Abd-allah. See coinage/coins Abela, G(ianli%vanni) F(rancesco), 5, 6, 8,12,14, , AI-Imam Ma'add Abu Tamlm al-Mustan~ir-biJ]ah , 28 16,20,22,24,26,28,92,120, 121,123,244, , Ali. See coinage/coins 295,302 , All bin Yusuf. See coinage/coins See numismatics: themes alloy, 1, 82, 100 Abela, Joseph (Dr), 92, 121 Almoravid dynasty. See coinage/coins Abela, Maurice, 244 , AI-Mustan~ir - billah, 28 Abela-Ciantar, 28 See coinage/coins ABR,18 aluminium tokens. See coinage/coins See Amandry, M., Burnett, A., Ripolles, P. Amandry, M., 295 accountant general, 69, 71, 90, 92, 172, 173 See ABR acolytes. See coinage/coins Amari, M., 302 Adams Hunter, John (Sir), 166 Anastasius, 26 Adriatic, 14 Andersen, Borge, 120 Aesculapius, 3 Angevins, 30 aggio,61 Malta in hardship, 30 Aghlabids. See Sicily See Malta Agius, Anton, 181 Anglo-Egyptian Bank Co. Ltd. 68, 153, 156,157,158, Agrigento, 4 159 Aire (France), 42 See British Rule in Malta: banks , Al Imam ' Abd-Allah. See coinage/coins Anglo-Maltese Bank, 62, 80,152,153, 154, 155, 156, A1agona, Artale d', 32 157,158,285 Alagona, Giovanna d', 32 See British Rule in Malta Album, S., 302 Annigoni, Pietro, 173, 289 Alexandria, 42 antiquities, 5 alfonsino. See coinage/coins Antonia Augusta. See coinage/coins CURRENCY IN MALTA

Antonia the Younger, 20 See British Rule in Malta: banks Antoninus Pius, 22 bandi. See coinage/coins See coinage/coins Bank of England, 70, 164, 172 AOM,f 40,56,58, lO6, lO7, 108, lO9, llO, Ill, 112, Bank of Malta, Bank of Valletta Ltd. See British Rule 113,114,115 in Malta: banks Apollo. See coinage/coins Banka Guratali ta' Gliawdex, Banka Guratali ta' 1- Aquileia (near Trieste, Italy), 24 Imdina. See currency notes Arabs, 7, 8, 30, 306 banks, 61, 62, 63, 84, 86,90, 119, 152, 153, 154, 158, conquest of Sicily, 8 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 165, 168, 169, 172,227, Aragonese, 10, 30,32, 180 229,230,234,243,244,245,252,258,261,262 See coinage/coins, Malta import Sicilian coins though declared illegal tender Arcadius, 7, 8, 24 in Malta 84. See coinage/coins See coinage/coins, currency, Order of St John archaeological material research, 7 Barbara, Agatha (President of the Republic), 178,292 Archives of the Order,f 40, lO4, 295 See currency notes Archivio di Stato (Palermo), lO4 Barbarian king, 7 Arethusa, argenteus, arms . See coinage/coins Barbaro, Carlo Antonio (Marquis of San Giorgio), 6, 9, Artuk, 1. & c., 302 -' 302 as/asses, 6 Barclays Bank D.e. & 0., 153, 156,244 See coinage/coins barley, lO5 Asia Minor bartering. See Medieval Europe Lydians,1 Ionian Greeks, 1,9 Askew, Gilbert, 18, 295 Bartho & Co. (London), 158 Astarte, 3 Bartol0, A., 14,295 Athens, 2 base metals, 6 Atkins, J., 302 compounds of, 6 Attard, Pietro, 302 See coinage/coins Attard Montalto, John (Dr), 151 battles, 7, 134 auberges, 42, 38,f 40 Battus See currency notes, numismatics: themes tomb, 3 auction, 67 BBC, 168 augustale (Messina), augustale (Malta). See coinage/ bearded faces, beardless heads of men. See coinage/ coins coins Augustus, 6, 20 bee. aureus. See coinage/coins on a honeycomb (design), 92, 98 Austria, 41 See coinage/coins See coinage/coins Belgian coins, 86 automatic teller machines, 227, 230 five franc pieces, 61 axe. See coinage/coins See currency: "currency basket" formula Azzopardi, E., 12, 18,24,28,295 Belgium, 42, 240, 243, 247 Azzopardi, John (Mgr), vii Belisarius, 7 Benedict XIV, 58 Bennett, E. B ., 70 bicca ta' tIe tin irbieglii, Biga. See coinage/coins B bimetallism, 60 Bingemma, 20 B. Tagliaferro e Figli. See British Rule in Malta: banks birds. See currency notes Baal Hammon, 3 Birgu, 37, 180 Balbus, C. Arruntanus (Propraetor), 4 Birkirkara, 171 balcony. See numismatics: themes Birmingham Mint (UK), 122 Ball, Alexander (Captain, Sir) black economy. See currency declared Sicilian dollars and Spanish coins legal, 62, Black Sea, 62, 159 150 trade, 159 Banco di Malta, 62, 80 See coinage/coins Banco di Roma, 153 Blackburn, M., 304

308 Antonia the Younger - British Rule in Malta: banks

blind. See currency notes steel plates, 152 Blouet, Brian, 7 receiving of deposits, 152 blue rock thrush. See numismatics: themes banknotes BMC CRE, 20, 22 committee to report on advisability of issue of See Mattingly, H. Government notes, 154 BMCGC,12 in sterling 153 Board of Commissioners of Currency/Currency Board. fifty sterling, 153 See currency notes five sterling, 153, 156 Board of Supply. See British Rule in Malta hundred sterling, 153 boats (dgnajjes). See coinage/coins, currency notes one sterling, 153, 156 Boehringer, E., 12, 296 ten sterling, 153, 156 Bolivia, 62, 82 thirty sterling, 153 Bonanno, A., 20, 22, 296 twenty sterling, 153, 156 Bonaparte, Napoleon (emperor), 41, 42,151 issue 156 abdication, 152 Executive Council rejects Strickland's draft See French in Malta ordinance, 157, 158 Bonello, Giovanni (Judge), vii, 302 in sterling, 155 Bonello, Michael c., xix, xxiii, 182,292,302 never accepted by Government, 154 BoneIlo, Paolo (notary), 104, 105 printers, 158 I Bonham-Carter, Charles (Sir), 165, 168 renewed issue of, 155, 156, 157 Boniface, Giovanni, 34 withdrawn, 158 Bonnici, Ganni, 131, 132 banks Bonnici, Joseph, 132 align themselves to Government's policy on border of dots. See coinage/coins sterling's official role, 153 Borg, Paolo, 67,132, 136, 181 amalgamation of Anglo-Maltese Bank and Banco Borg Olivier, Giorgio (prime minister), 132, 181 di Malta/Bank of Malta under the name of Bosio, Giacomo, 34, 36, 302 "The National Bank of Malta", 158 Bourbonic coinage. See currency Anglo Maltese Bank, 151 Bozmediano (Commendatore), 34 Apostleship of Prayer Savings Bank Ltd., 153 bracelets, 64 Anglo-Egyptian Bank Ltd, 153 Bradbury, John (Sir), 156, 162, 165, 173, 174,288, B. Tagliaferro e Figli, 153 289,290 Banco di Malta, 152 Bradbury, Wilkinson & Co. Ltd (New MaIden, Surrey, Banco di Roma, 153 UK), 156,165, 173,288 Bank of Industry and Commerce, 153 'Bradburys'. See British Rule in Malta Bank of Valletta, 158 brass coins. See coinage/coins Barclays Bank D.C.O., 153 Bresc, Henry, 104, 302 Brandt & Grindlays, 153 Bretton Woods system (fixed exchange rates), 93, 241, Credit Foncier d' Algerie et de Tunesie, 153 243,246,250,263 Government Savings Bank, 153, 160 demise of, 252 interest rate raised on deposits, 160 brigantin. See currency notes James Bell & Co. Ltd, 153 British Museum, 65, 66, 296, 299, 301 Josef Scicluna et Fils, J 53 British Parliament, 90 Lombard Bank (Malta) Ltd, 153 British Rule in Malta, 42 London & County Bank (Malta) Ltd., 153 Anglo-Egyptian Banking Co. Ltd, 156 National Bank of Malta Anglo-Maltese Bank, 152, 154 dissolved, 158 caters for British merchants, 152 established, 158 Banco di Malta, 154 nationalisation, 156 caters for Maltese merchants, 152 principal business in early years, 152 banking Provident Bank for Savings/ Provvido Banco discounting of bills in scudi, 152 Maltese per Risparmi, 160 first paper currency in Malta, 152 rate of Maltese scudo, 153 Francesco EIlu1 & Bros, 153 receive Sicilian dollars and half-dollars on behalf notes in sterling of Government, 155 copper plates, 152 share capital reduced, 153

309 CURRENCY IN MALTA

Singer & Friedlander (Malta) Ltd ., 153 discontent, 60 stop iss'uing notes in scudi, 153 Dominions, 239 Turnbull Junior & Somerville, 153 economic depression in the final years of nineteenth Berlin Decree's and Milan Decree's effect on Malta, century Malta, 159 151 English merchants set up flourishing houses, 151 Board of SupplylUniversita dei Grani, 150 entrep6t trade, 154 abolished, 151 exchange bureau cheque system adopted by commercial community, 158 Antonio Copponi, 153 Church's deposits at Massa Frumentaria, 150 exportation of sovereigns by merchants, 156 Civil Commissioners/Governors, 104 favoured status of a Free Port, 151 coinage French Occupation in Malta proposals for a system of local coinage not Maltese completely excluded from negotiations adopted, 61 with French, 60 silver coined on the basis of sixty-six shillings per garrison and fleet withdrawn from Malta, 152 Pound Troy unpopular, 60 gold colonies, 74, 239, 241 coins below legal tender weight rejected, 158 commercial community and inhabitants against hoarding, 160 adopting British currency, 61 shortage of, 155 Commercial Rooms/Le Stanze, 152 Government departments to keep accounts in commission submits report on monetary crisis, 155 sterling, 61 committee to enquire into introduction of Government's infrastructural projects, 159 Government note issue, 157 construction of breakwater (Valletta, 1903), corruption of Giurati running Universita di Grani, 159 150 drainage system (1897),159 Crimean War, 154 new Dockyard development (1903), 159 Malta's economic activity and, 154 grain currency, 60, 73,151,305 importation liberalized, 151 acute need of additional currency, 155 harbours Belgian five-franc piece circulated by local closed to foreign shipping, 152 merchants, 62 hoarding, 156, 160, 163,164, 169 British coins import duty sole legal tender with Maltese coins, 62 on spirits, 150 unpopular in Malta, 62 Independence, 181 British gold and silver, 158 introduction of Government note issue shelved, 157 Currency Notes Ordinances, 160, 163 King's Own Malta Regiment of Militia, 161 foreign currency local Government and Colonial Department, 153 devaluation of, 62 local press, 155 demonetized, 62 Lords Commissioners in Treasury in London French five-franc pieces declared legal currency, 62 presented case for a Government note issue, 156 gold standard, 60 Massa Frumentaria's role declines, 151 Imperial Maria Theresa dollar circulated by local monetary system, 60 merchants, 62 abuses, 158, 159 legally circulating in early 19th century, 60 money-changers' notes, 158, 159 Sicilian dollar dominates circulating medium in money-changing firms, 158 spite of demonetization, 63 Navy moved to North Sea steady flow of British currency, 158 German hostility, 159 decline in bunkering activity, 159 Order of St John's mint demonetization sold to the Greek Government, 60 monetary crisis in Malta and, 155 Papal coins remaining gold and silver coins of the Order of St demonetized, 154 John, 155 paper currency deposit on account of military caution, 159 Bank of England notes, 164 discount rate in England, 154 Bradburys/British Treasury Notes, 162 dissimilarity between intrinsic value of British silver British paper currency, 162 coins and continental coins in Malta causes demonetization, 162

310 British Rule in Malta: currency: paper currency: first - World War II

features of unemployment, 159 five-pound notes, 162 Universita dei GranilBoard of Supply, 150 five-shilling notes, 162, 164 abolished, 151 five-sterling notes, 161 Sette Giugno Riots, 181 ten-shilling notes, 161 silver ten-sterling notes, 161 coinage, 60 two-shilling notes, 164 currency wholly unserviceable in Malta, 61 first suggestion Treasury to supply British colonies with British issue of Government paper currency, 153 silver and copper coins, 153 five-shilling and ten-shilling notes troops, 74, 181 discontinued, 162 World War I five-shilling notes, 161 banks retain silver coins as precaution against Government Note Currency Fund, 161 hoarders, 163 issue British florins and half-crowns sent to Malta, 163 individuals/Corporations draft ordinance clandestine exportation of silver, 163 prepared by Count Gerald Strickland, 157 full employment, 163 low denominations, 161 Government to alleviate situation created by } local notes intended to be temporary issues, 171 shortage of silver coins, 163 Ordinance, 165 hoarding, 163 permitted, 160, 161, 162 causes lack of small change, 169 withdrawn, 162 police search premises for, 169 one sterling Bank of England notes impending rumours of, 159 legal tender in Malta, 164 paper notes one sterling note, 161 not issued, 164 printing overprinted and circulated during World War n, 164 Government's Printing Press's, 161 printed as precautionary measure, 163 new notes, 164 Post Office and, 163 scrollwork, 162 rise in the cost of living, 163 temporary Government paper currency, 159, 160 shortage of silver coins due to hoarding and ten shilling Bank of England notes transportation difficulties, 164 legal tender in Malta, 164 World War II ten-shilling notes, 161 bombing raids encouraged heavy hoarding of Treasury notes foodstuffs and currency, 168 exchanged for new Bank of England notes, 164, "Comitato d'Azione Maltese" (Rome), 168 165 currency plague outbreak, 152 acute shortage of small change, 171 Protectorate (1800), 60 caricature on, 170 reduction of British naval expenditure, 159 consultations with banks and, 165 regularization of local monetary system, 60 delivery impossible due to blockade, 171 Royal Engineers, 161 denominations Royal Reserves, 161 five-shilling notes, 167, 168 rundown of military base, 70 one pound, 167 Secretary of State one-shilling, 171 for the Colonies, 61, 64, 66,104, 160, 165, 172 one-sterling, 165 servicing interest payments on certificates of Massa ten-shilling notes, 165, 167, 168 Frumentaria, 151 two shilling-sixpence notes, 165, 167 shipping calling at Malta, 154 two-shilling notes Sicilian dollars overprinted 171 demonetized, 154 withdrawn, 171 withdrawal, 154 destroyedlIost, 169 stagnation in banking and trade, 153 overprinted in emergency, 171 Suez Canal opening paper currency a temporary measure to boosts Maltese economy, 154 counteract scarcity of metallic currency, 167 trading centre for transhipment of British goods to emergency notes and, 165 Southern Europe, 151 features, 167

311 CURRENCY IN MALTA

needed urgently for wages and salaries, 169 c printing facilities inadequate, 165 quick consignment of Bank of England Caesar. See coinage/coins notes to Malta, 165 Cagiati, M., 30, 32, 84, 296 Ordinance (1939), 166 Cagnolo, Centorio (Fra), 106 police search premises for hoarding, 169 Cahn, H. A., 297 postage stamps used for payment of bus fares, 169 Cairo, 42 situation in Malta serious, 166 Caius Octavianus Thurinus, 20 stamped and dated in Malta, 169 Calabria, 14,30 at different printing presses, 171 Calbeto de Grau, G., 58, 74, 296 in shelters, 169 Calico, F. & X., 297 . on small hand-fed Platen and Wharfdale Calleja Schembri, H. 44, 46, 48, 50, 54, 296 machines, 69 Cambrai (France), 42 signatures on, 169 Camilleri, Alfred S., 175,290 uniface, 167 Camilleri, Anthony, 92, 175,290 supplies needed to meet sudden temporary Camilleri, Maroma, vii demand, 165 Cammillieri, Nicola, 135 deteriorating i-n-ternational political climate, 165 Canada, 239,247 exchange of excess metallic currency, 169 cap George Cross awarded to Malta, 171 sacrificial, 16 hoarding, 168 Capelli, Remo (Commendatore), 120, 121 causes lack of small change, 169 captives, Caracalla. See coinage/coins Munich crisis and heavy withdrawal of cash, 165 Carbone, Giuseppe (Sir), 156, 157 Note Security Fund, 168, 169 Cardona, Antonio, 180 "Paper Promises", 155 caricatures. See British Rule in Malta: World War II Police Headquarters (Hamrun), 169 carlini. See coinage/coins printing machinery at Government Printing Office Carthage, 1,2,5, 12 moved to St Joseph Institute (Hamrun), 169 domination, 2 shelters, 169 influence giving way to classical culture, 3 See coinage/coins, French in Malta See coinage/coins British silver denominations. See coinage/coins Caruana, Antonio Annetto (Dr), 5, 6, 8, 22, 24, 26, 28, British Treasury Notes. See British Rule in Malta: 64,65,66,180,296,302 paper currency Caruana, Joseph, xxiii Brocktorff, C. de,f 151 . Caruana-Dingli, Edward, 180 bronze third-farthing. See coinage/coins Casa dei Conti del Tesoro (the Treasury),f 40,1 150, Brown, H. W., 28, 296 f 151 Brown, T.S., 302 Casino Maltese,f 151 Bruce, C. R., 299 Cassar, Carmel, 7, 303 Brydone, Patrick, 149 Cassiere, Jean Levesque de la (Grand Master), 37, 48, building 269,270,271 late Roman Punic/early Roman, 12 See coinage/coins bull,105 Castelfranco Emilia, 34 Bull, A. J., 165, 171 Castellania building (Valletta), 42, 177 Burnett, A., 295 See currency notes See ABR Castle of St Angel0 (Birgu), 37 bus fares. See British Rule in Malta: World War II Castle-by-the-Sea (Castrum Maris, Birgu), 30,180 businessmen, 71 Catalonia, 32 busts. See coinage/coins cats. See numismatics: games Busuttil, Salvino, 302 caves butterflies. See currency notes, numismatics: themes used as tombs, 20 Buzzaccarini Gonzaga, Massimiliano (marquis), 149 Cecco, Marcello de, 237, 303 Byzantine Empire, 6, 7 Centennial Olympic Games (Atlanta, USA). See imported wares, 7 numismatics presence in Malta, 7 Central Bank of Malta See coinage/coins, Eastern Roman Empire external assets, 233, 234, 235, 236, 238

312 British Rule in Malta: British silver denominatives - coinage/coins: axe

formally established, 71 clasped hands. See coinage/coins Governor-Designate, 70 Claudius I (Tiberius Claudius Drusus), 20 issues legal currency notes and legal tender coins, Clauson, John E., 160,286 xix, 70 clay lamp (mnara). See mnara mixed approach to decimalization, 71 Clement VII (Pope), 35 See coinage/coins, currency, numismatics clothing. See Maltese economy ceremonial galleon CNI, 30, 32, 58 Emmanuel de Rohan's (Grand Master), 92 coat of arms. See currency: paper currency, ingots chairs, 3, 4, 18, 68 Cocco Palmieri, Fra Davide (Bishop), 8 during church ceremonies, 68 Cohen, H., 20, 22, 297 See coinage/coins coinage/coins Chamber of Commerce, 62, 91, 155. , Abd-al-Malik, 28 current price alfonsino, 32 insurance premiums and of freight, 62 Al Imam ' Abd-Allah, 28 merchandise, 62 Alfonso I (IV in Catalonia, V in Aragon), 32 establishment, 62 Alfonso I on horseback with raised sword, 32 grants licences to public brokers, 62 'All, 28 rate of monetary value, 62 , All bin Yusuf, 28 } See British Rule in Malta , AI-Imam al-Abbasi ' Abd-allah, 28 Chapel of St Angelo (Hal Far), 12 , AI-Imam Ma'add Abu Tamlm al-Mustan$ir-billah, 28 charioteers. See coinage/coins , Almoravid Dynasty, 28 Charles I (king of Spain), 10 , AI-Mustan~ir-billah, 28 Charles rn, 58, 74 alphabetical letters, 42 Charles rn (Bourbon), 84 aluminium, 275 Charles III (king of Spain, duke of Milan), 58 tokens, 69 Charles IV, 74 Amir Tashufln, 28 Charles V (emperor), xix, 34 Anastasius, 26 ceded Malta to the Order of St John, 32 angel of Victory Holy Roman Emperor, 10, 32, 35, 37, 106 standing, holding cross-tipped staff and globus See coinage/coins crucifer, 26 Charles of Anjou. See coinage/coins Angevin period, 10 cheque system. See British Rule in Malta annual issue of set Chiaramonte, Manfredi, 32 featuring decimal coinage, 124 Chief Secretary's office, 104 Annunciation children. See numismatics vase of lilies between Virgin Mary and angel, 30 Chile, 62, 82 Antonian as, 4 Chrestion, 20 Antoninus Pius, 22 Christian, Samuel, 82, 295, 303 . Arabic', 8 Christians. See Sicily Aragonese period, 10 Christogram. See coinage/coins Arcadius,24 Church in Malta with left foot over captive, 24 ceremonies, 68 argenteus, 6 churches, 42, 68 arms of churchgoers, 68 Antoine de Paule (Grand Master), 56 See British Rule in Malta Aragon,30 Ciantar, Edward, 157 surmounted with crown, 32 Ciantar, G(iovannantonio) (Count), 6, 28, 157, Alof de Wignacourt (Grand Master), 56 295 art of, 1,39 Cicero, Marcus Tulius, 14 artistic standard, 38 circles, circle of dots. See coinage/coins auctioneers, 67 Circolo La Giovine Malta (Valletta), 180 augustali 10 Cisk Brewery (Hamrun), 171 Malta, 10 cistophorus. See coinage/coins Messina,30 Cittadella (Gozo), 22 aureus,6 Civil Arsenal (Valletta), 60 axe, 14

313 CURRENCY IN MALTA

badges of broken wreath of vine leaves, 98 Prince of Wales, 88 in reverse designs, 100 Scotland, 88 bronze, 2, 5 bandoli (proclamations) 104 third-farthing, 44 forlon bullion, 38, 68 counterfeit copper pieces, 113 brokers, 67 withdrawal silver pieces, 109 busts 54 'Barmaid's Curse', 76 of base metal, 6 Julia Domna between Carcalla and Geta, 22 bearded face of Ferdinand von Hompesch, 42 Charles V, 32 Valentinianus, 24 beardless head of Zeno,24 man, 12 Byzantine, 6, 7, 8 bee coins 27 on Caracalla, 22 honeycomb design, 98 carlinoli, 10, 48, 50 Benedict XIV, 58 and cinquina struck in copper as fiduciary money, bicca ta' tie tin irb.ir:gni, 46 48 biga denomination first issued during the reign of Juan driven by charioteer, 12 de Homedes, 48 brass, 4 originally struck in the Two Sicilies and Bologna, grano,50 48 Traianus, 20 Carthaginian, 1 brilliant uncirculated versions 274, 275, 276, 278 found all over Malta, 12 minted in Malta, 122 Cassiere, Jean Levesque de la (Grand Master), 48 Britain catalogue of changes from copper to bronze, 78 in Public Library, 66 Britannia Central Bank of Malta seated beside a lion, holding a trident and an olive coin issue shifted from Accountant General, 71 branch, 88 decimal coin series British establishment, legal notice regarding, 119 as sole legal tender in Malta, 64, 86, 92, 118, 236 emissions for numismatic purposes, xix, 277, 278 bronze denominations, 79 non-circulating legal tender coins, xix, 278 not considered as legal tender in Malta, 88 Central Bank of Malta Thirthieth Anniversary British coins in local circulation, 232 proof, 1998, 283 copper coins, 50, 79 Commemorative End of Military Facilities decimal, 88 brilliant uncirculated, 1979,279 demonetized in Malta, 71 proof, 1979,279 Queen Elizabeth II's effigy, 88 Commemorative FAO First World Fisheries returned by Central Bank to Royal Mint (UK) Conference proof, 1984, 280 after their demonetization, 94 Commemorative FAO World Food Day supplied to Maltese banks on demand, 69 brilliant uncirculated, 1981,279 denominations, 50 proof, 1981,279 gold, 81 Commemorative First Anniversary Republic of gold, silver and copper coinage the recognized Malta octagonal proof, 1975,278 medium for all business transactions, 68 Commemorative International Year of Disabled grain, 50, 61 Persons brilliant uncirculated, 1983, 280 half-sovereigns, 61 piedfort, 1983, 280 metallic currency in Malta, 76 proof, 1983,280 nickel-brass denominations, 79 Commemorative UN Decade for Women old penny, 39 proof, 1984, 281 proposal of a new coinage in the early years of the Commemorative UNICEF International Year of British Rule in Malta, 116 the Child silver denominations, 62, 77 piedfort, 1981,279 sovereign, 62 proof, 1981,279

314 coinage/coins: badges - coinage/coins: coinage of money

Fifth Series (1976),278 brilliant uncirculated, 1989, 281 Fiftieth Anniversary of the Award of the George proof, 1989, 281 Cross to Malta Two Hundredth Anniversary of Revolt of the brilliant uncirculated, 1992,282 French (2 September, 1798) First Series (1972),277 proof, 1998, 284 Four Hundred and Thirty Years in Defence of UN Fiftieth Anniversary Commemorative Coin Christian Europe proof, 1995, 283 proof, 1994, 283 UNICEF - For the Children of the World Four Hundredth Anniversary of the University proof, 1997,283 of Malta proof, 1993,283 Visit of H. H. Pope John Paul II to Malta Fourth Series brilliant uncirculated, 1990,282 First Issue, 1975. Armorial Ensigns obverse, proof, 1990, 282 277 World Cup "Goalkeeper" Second Issue, 1975. Emblem of Malta proof, 1994, 283 obverse, 277 joint venture with the Sovereign Order of Malta, 119 Malta Third Millennium Commemorative Coin Malta Coin Distribution Centre administered by, 122 proof, 2000, 284 specifications, 273-76 Malta's Maritime History Set of four coins ceremonial galleon of ) First series Emmanuel de Rohan (Grand Master), 98 brilliant uncirculated, proof-like, 1984, 280 chairs Second series curule chair, 3 brilliant uncirculated, 1985,281 Charles (of Anjou), 30 proof, 1985, 281 Charles IIJ, 58, 74 Third series Charles III (Bourbon), 84 brilliant uncirculated, 1986,281 Charles III (king of Spain, duke of Milan), 58 Olympic Games 'Waterpolo' Charles IV, 74 proof, 1996, 283 Charles V, 32 Save the Children Fund Christogram, 24 proof, 1991,282 churchgoers and, 68 Schooner'Valletta' cinquina, 46, 48, 50 Ship and Explorer minted in silver for the first time during the reign proof, I 994, 283 of Pietro del Monte (Grand Master), 48 Second Series (1973),277 circles, 28, 30, 61, 98 Sixth Series centre circle, 28 brilliant uncirculated, 1977,278 of proof, 1977,278 dots, 16, 18, 69 Third Series (1974), 277 pellets, 14, 69 Three Hundredth Anniversary of Mattia pellets within, 30 Preti 's death circulation proof, 1999,284 of Twentieth Anniversary of Central Bank of foreign pieces, 108 Malta, xxii cistophorus, 20 brilliant uncirculated, 1988, 281 clasped hands, 36 piedfort, 1988, 281 classical helmeted female head, 98 proof, 1988,281 Claudius Twentieth Anniversary of EEC-Malta standing, holding si mpulum and flanked by letters, Association Agreement 20 brilliant uncirculated, 1990, 282 coat of arms proof, 1990, 282 of Twenty-fifth Anniversary of Central Bank of Ferdinand von Hompesch (Grand Master), 42 Malta Independent Malta, 122 brilliant uncirculated, 1993, xxii, 282 Valletta, 42 proof, 1993, 282 Coin Invest Trust (Liechtenstein), 134 Twenty-fifth Anniversary of Malta's Coinage Advisory Board, 120 Independence coining of money, 34

315 CURRENCY IN MALTA

commemorative silver one-Malta-lira coin, 275 debasement, S, 6, 40, 236 common dolphin-fish, 102 decimal coinage composition, 95, 120, 124, 178, 225, 226 anniversary commemorated, 100, 124 confiscation of decimalization process, 90 offender's money, 109 Public Education Campaign for, 92 consignment Standing Working Committee and, 92 disrupted after ship collided with tanker off Spain, themes of Maltese History and, 92 72 definitive, 102 Constantius JI, 24 deity/deities, 3,4 driving quadriga and tossing coins, 24 del Monte, Pietro (Grand Master), 48 contentions demonetization, 61, 64, 84, 88, 93, 98, 153, 154, between the Grand Master and Mdina Cathedral 15~ 17~ 17~ 17~ 181, 182 Authorities on ownership of coins hoard, 9 of continental coins, 60 first series of decimal coins, 95 copper, 2, 4 . Italian Government demonetizing coins demonetized, 78 of under British Rule, 50 Bourbonic coinage, 84 denominations . Pontificial State, 63 Order of St John, 50, 51 Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, 63 exclusive use in Malta, 61 denarius,6 farthing, 78 denominations, 4,5,6,8,38,116, 120, 122 halfpenny, 78 coinage of the Order of St John penny, 60, 78 copper, 271 third-farthing, 44 gold, 269 corporal punishment for silver, 270 exportation/melting of coins, 109 copper denominations counterfeit coins, 37 smallest needed, 68 foreign coins with fleur-de-lis countermark of tourists and, 88 Alof de Wignacourt (Grand Master), 56 designers, 131 fraudulently imported, 58 Emvin Cremona, 273 to be destroyed, 113 Noel Galea Bason, 275 countermarking, 4,16,37,41,113 Luciano Micallef, 275, 279 grand masters', 54 Royal Mint (UK), 278 crosses, 26 designers/engravers of Ganni Bonnici, 282 Order of St John, 98 Stuart Devlin, 280 pattee on long shaft with letters, 30 Christopher Ironside, 274, 275, 276 crowns, 76 Coin Invest Trust (Vaduz, Liechtenstein), 283 crowned MDM (B raunschweig), 283 eagle, 32 Noel Galea Bason, 276, 279, 281, 282, 283, 284 with open wings, 30, 32 Pietro Giampaoli, 277, 278 Fernando II on throne holding sceptre and globe, Paramount International Coin Corp. (Bahamas), 32 281 cupro-nickel pieces, 88 designs, 3, 120 fifty new pence never issued through Central Bank flanked by dolphins on either side, 98 of Malta, 88 partly adapted from Emvin Cremona's originals, current rates of 92 freight, 62 surrounded by a circle of dots, 16 insurance premiums, 62 devaluation Spanish doubloon, 74 reasons for, 82 curule chairs diademed surrounded by legend, 18 busts Cinkwina, 46, 48, 50 cuirassed de Homedes, Juan (Grand Master), 48 Anastasius,26 de Rohan, Emmanuel (Grand Master), 44, 46, 50, 52 Arcadius, 24

316 coins/coinage: commemorative silver - coins/coinage: fiduciary pieces

Constantius II, 24 eagle Iustinus I, 26 with diademed open wings, 30 Constantius JI, 24 spread wings, 26 Iustinus I, 26 ear of corn, 16 draped edicts Constantius II, 24 prohibiting circulation of foreign coins, 56 Flavia Iulia Helena, 22 regulating value of foreign coins, 56 helmeted eight escudos, 82 Iustinus I, 26 eight reales, 82 didrachm,6 eight tar), 46 dinars eight-pointed cross Fas,28 of Order of St John, 98 Ingranatah,28 effigies, 8 Mi~r, 28 electrum, 1 dirham (Hamadhan), 28 Electrum, 12 discredited issue of, 40 elephant distribution walking trampling serpent, 14 } centre at Central Bank, 120 Elizabeth II, 88, 90, 172, 173, 181, 289 special ceremonies, 38 emblems dollars, 75 Republic of Malta, 94, 96, 102 Imperial Maria Theresa, 61, 62, 74, 86 on second series of decimal coins, 95 Maltese, 38, 62 within an inner circle, 98 Republic of Mexico's, 61, 62, 82, 83, 86 emergency money, 42, 60, 165 Sicilian, 61, 62, 63, 64, 84, 86,154,155,156,157 emperors South American Republics', 61, 73, 74, 75, 82, seated on throne, 24 83 engravers Bolivia's, 62, 82, 83 Noel Galea Bason, 275, 278 Chile's, 62, 82, 85 Christopher Ironside, 273, 278 Peru's, 62 erba' rbajja', 46 Rio-Plata's, 62, 82, 83 evergreen rose, 102 United States', 234, 237, 238, 240, 241, 242, exchange of, 109 243,244,246, 247,248,249,251,252, rates fixed for foreign coins in Malta, 108 253,254,255,256,257,258,259,260, with the Conservatore ConventualelDepositario 261,263,264,265 dell'Universitil,109 Spanish, 61, 62, 73,74, 75, 82, 86 exportation of, 109 dolphin, 14 faceted donation to edges to facilitate identification, 102 Monte di Sant'Anna (di Pietil), 9 versions, 102 doppia oncia, 84 farthing, 60 double-florin, 68, 76 and third-farthing indispensable for Malta's doubloons, 75 internal trade, 78 South American Republics', 61,74,75,82,83, fauna and flora 86 themes of Maltese coins, 95, 96 Republic of Mexico's, 61, 82, 83 female head, 3 Spanish, 35, 40, 61,74,75,86 surmounting large crescent, 18 new values for, 108 wigged, 16 ducatoni, 32 with new values for circle of dots, 18 Florentine,108 gathered hair, 18 Milanese, J08 Ferdinand Ill, 84 Venetian, 108 Ferdinand IV (Bourbon, 1799-1805), 84 dupondius, 6, 20 Ferdinand IV (Bourbon, 1816-25),84 Dutch in Malta, 56 Ferdinand VII, 74 tal er, 56 Fernando II (king of Sicily), 32

317 CURRENCY IN MALTA

fiduciary pieces Frederick IT (king of Sicily), 30 copper, 37, 107 bust, 30 issues,S, 36, 37,40, 41, 107, 112,239 Frederick IV, 32 fifteen tarl, 46, 54 French Occupation and, 38, 41, 42, 54, 55, 60, 62, fifty cent coins, 92, 94, 95, 96, 98, 175 6~ 13~ 15~ 151, 180 depicting Great Siege Monument (Valletta), 97 French and Italian coins kept for purchase of second series, 102 produce from North Africa and Sicily, 86 fifty Malta liri gold coins, 122, 123, 124 gold obsidional ingots struck, 54 fifty new pence (1969), 88 silver ingots minted from gold and silver fifty new-penny coins, 71 confiscated from Monte di Pieta e Redenzione, flowing into Malta by way of tourists, servicemen 54 and businessmen, 71 French louis d'or, 58 filippi/silver scudo, 58 freshwater crab, 102 first struck for Milan, 58 galleys, 14, 41,115,134 new values for, 108 Gallienus, 22 fines Garzes, Martin (Grand Master), 48 and penalties for exportation of, 39 genovine, 58 first coins, 1, 3, 3S, 94 George IV, 76 Maltese decimal coin series, 93, 98, 99 George V, 76 five cent coins 92, 94, 95, 98 George VI, 76 second series, 102 George Cross award to Malta, 98 five lire (Italian), 86 German, 56 five Malta liri taler,56 gold coins, 122, 123 Geta,22 silver coins, 122 goddesses, 3 five mil coins, 92, 98 holding lance, 3 five new pence, 71, 88 gold, 2 five pound, 80 coin aureus, 6 five scudi, 44 denominations of the Order of St John, 45 flail, 3 in Spain and colonial possessions, 74 Flavia Iulia He1ena, 22 Graeco-Roman, 3 fleur-de-lis grain ears countermark within border of dots, 20 of Alof de Wignacourt (Grand Master), 56 grani, 10,42 divided by dot on illegal token money, 69 Great Siege Monument (Valletta), 98 florins, 71, 76 Greek coins, 12, 13, 15 florinu, 10 groat, 76 follis (Nicodemia), 26 grocers and, 68 foreign coins, 57, 58, 59 half new penny (1971), 88 allowed to circulate with local coinage, 35 half-cinquine pieces, 48, 50 circulating in Malta, 86 copper (Emmanuel de Rohan), 48 countermarked with Grand Master's arms, 56 silver (Loubens de Verdalle, Alof de Wignacourt), cument in Malta alongside those of the Order of 48 St John, 108 half-crown, 60, 76 deposited for the purchase of produce or for halfpenny, 60 acquittal of bills payable in foreign half-piastra, 84 denominations, 68 half-shekel, 12 introduced by Maltese merchants, 61 half-sovereign, 80 legally current in 19th century Malta, 86, 87 handmade clay standlmnara forgers, 37, 41 shape of a stylized human figure, 98 four Malta liri silver coins, 122, 123, 124 hawkers and, 68 four tarl, 48, 50 heads four zecchini, 44 Arethusa fourpence, 76 facing right surrounded by dolphins, 12 four-shilling piece, 68 Augustus, 20

318 coins/coinage: fifteen tari - coins/coinage: Malta

Heracles kantharos, 14 wearing lion's skin headdress, 12 karlin,46 Jupiter kerykeion,16 within a circle of pellets, 14 kneeling Mercury, 14 four-winged figure, 16 Persephone, 12 Kufic inscription Tanit,12 legends surrounding T, 30 Helena within circle, 30 standing and holding branch, 22 Lascaris Castellar, Jean-Paul (Grand Master), 44, 50 helmets last British coins in Malta, 89 helmeted busts late Roman coins, 7 King Odovakar with spear over shoulder, 26 laurate head helmeted head of Emperor Phocas holding globus crucifer, 26 Antoninus Pius, 22 Roma, 26 Apollo, 12 hoarding, 13, 15 Claudius, 20 Hompesch, Ferdinand von (Grand Master), 54 Septimus Severus, 22 Hompesch pieces bearing dot in front of nose, 66 Traianus, 20 } horsehead, 12 laureate bust horses of galloping, 14 draped and cuirassed Gallienus, 22 standing, 12 legal tender hundred Maltese liri gold coins, 122, 124 in the United Kingdom automatically became Hungarian, 56 legal tender in Malta, 88 talers,56 legends, 3,4,16,18,276 nabba, 36,50, 78 in front of face, 18 nabbtejn u nofs, 36 legislation on names Uri tad-deheb, 80 designs and redemption of coins, 95 names skudi, 44 Leopold I, 86 libub, 78 lettered edge, 102 Imperial Maria Theresa dollars, 86 added security, 95 incused beading on coins for added security, 95 libbre,9 inferior fineness, 40 lion, 88 ingots head, 12 circulated as money, 42 rampant, 42 during French Occupation of Malta, 42 Uri tad-deheb, 80 inscriptions, 102 list Arabic, 28 of introduction machines, tools and objects in Order of St to John's mint, 114 Trattato pella zecca (Zanobio Paoli), 111 locally struck coins, 2 inventories Loredan, Francesco 58 tools and objects at Order of St John's mint, 110 louis d'or, 58 issues, 4, 5 Limoges,58 issued for numismatic purposes not required to be new values for, 108 backed by external reserves, 235 Louis XVI, 58 Italian lumps kept for purchase of produce from North Africa of and Sicily, 86 metal impressed, 1 Iustinianus I, 26 lyre, 3 Iustinus I, 26 flanked with legend, 18 Jaime (Aragon, king of Sicily), 30 M surmounted by cross, 26 Jaime II (Aragon), 30 male bearded head, 16 Julia Domna, 22 Malta Jupiter, 14 based on Sicilian standards, 4

319 CURRENCY IN MALTA

cent divided into ten mils, 91 174,175,227,236,269,270,271 one-fourth cent as lowest decimal denomination agreement for in Malta, 91 provision of equipment for minting of coins in circulating with Sicilian coinage, 84 Malta training Maltese personnel, 119 coins brilliant uncirculated versions of non-circulating as in Sicily, 10 legal tender coins, 122 denominations, 35, 36, 38,44,46,61,63,76,80 erratic 40 for collections in Public Library (Valletta) and in British Museum, 65 Gozo, 4 grain (fiabba), 50, 78 Malta, 4 lira, 94 machines for minting in Malta, 120 commemorative silver piece, reverse featuring manager, 120 hands sheltering a flame, 100 master of mint/ mintmaster, 32, 37, 38,1 41 lira coin replaces currency note, 95, 102, 227 in Florence, 111 second series, 102 Franklin Mint Corp. (USA), 273, 274, 275, 276, 279 medieval Malta and, 10 Malta Mint, 273, 274, 279, 280, 281, 282 sole legal tender coinage, 93 Order of St John's, 37,1 41,109 struck locally, 5.. commission on minting, 106 tombs and, 12 master's petition to occupy tenement overlying Malta Mint, 120 mint of, 109 inaugurated,94, 121 Paoli's suggestions for Order's mint, 112 Malta gold and silver coins minted in Rome, 122 reforming mint, 111, 113 Maltese fleabane, 102 report on (Pereyra), 113 Maltese gold pieces auctioned in London, 67 sale of mint to Greek Government Maltese merchants correspondence on, 117 foreign coins and, 86 Royal Mint (UK), 273, 274, 276, 279, 280, 281, preferred and used coins valued for their bullion 282,283,284 content, 82 Valcambi SA (Switzerland), 279, 281, 283 Maria and Martin, 32 minute size, 76 Maria Theresa (Austrian), 86 mnara dollar extremely popular in Malta, 84 shape of a stylized human figure, 98 master of the mint/mintmaster, 32, 37, 38,40,1 41 Mocatta & Goldsmid Matthias (of Hungary), 56 brokers, 67 measures modifications reducing silver circulation, 68 making coins easily identifiable, 96 medals, 5 money medieval coins, 31,33 monetary reform, 40 Mediterranean, 3 money scale, 8 melting of, 109 money-changers, 86 metallist reformers 236 monogram British School and French School, 237 of metals Theodoric surmounted by cross, 26 aluminium, 273, 274, 276 Mul).ammad, 28 brass, 273 Muslims, 7, 8, 28, 29 bronze, 273,274, 275,276 Napoleon I (emperor), 86 copper/zinc, 276 napoleons (French gold twenty franc pieces), 86 cupro-nickel, 273, 274, 275, 276 national bird, 102 nickel,276 Neapolitan coins, 85 silver, 275 NIKA,30 mil,39 Nike flying, 12 Milanese ducats, 58 nofs bicca, 46 miliarense 6 nofs Cinkwina, 46 mint/minting, 1,2,5,6,8,9,34,35,37,38,39,40, nofs [wig, 40, 44 44,50,60,61,68,71,76,80,84,92,93,94, nofs patakka, 36 95,104,106,112,116,120,124,135,153,171, nofs uqija, 46

320 coins/coinage: Malta Mint - coins/coinage: rising costs nofslirijat tad-deheb, 80 of non-circulating legal emissions, 120 Malta, 16 Norman period, 10 piastra,84 nude warrior piccio/i, 10,35,50, 74,271 on pierreale (Messina), 30 horse galloping, 14 Pinto, Emmanuel (Grand Master), 44, 46, 50 obsidional coins portcullis with chains in royally crowned, 88 Holland, 32 Portuguese gold, 58 siege pieces, 54 pre-Victorian gold withdrawn, 80 Odovakar (king of the Ostrogoths), 26 present to the Pope, 8 olive branch, 88 priest's oncia, 37, 38, 61 , 84 hat, 14 one cent, 92, 94, 95, 98 ritual cap with three Punic letters, 16 second series, 102 proclamations (bandi), 104 one Malta lira silver coins, 122, 123, 124 profile busts one new penny, 88 Justinianus, 26 one shilling coins, 71 prohibition } one-penny pieces, 72 of onze, 10 exportation of local gold and silver, 39 opere pie, 9 prolific issues, 40 Order of St John's, 104 proof procurators of Treasury, 108 sets, 273, 274, 275, 276 report on amount of fiduciary copper versions minted in the United Kingdom, 122 denominations redeemed, 107 proposed design silver coins demonetized, 64 for Osiris a new grain, 61 flanked by two acolytes, 16 prow holding a crook and flail, 16 of ostrich feathers galley, 14 enfiling a coronet of crosses pattee and fleur de lis Punic, 1, 2, 3, 12, 14 with motto, 88 letters, 3, 12, 16, 18 Ostrogothic coins, 7, 27 ram's head with, 16 outflow tombs and, 12 of purity coinage of the Order from Malta, 39 exact in, 41 oval frame, 42 quadrigatus, 7 overweighted coins, 4 quartered arms palm tree, 12 of Aragon, Naples, Jerusalem, Hungary, 32 Paoli's report, 40 raised sword, 32 Papal zecchini, 58 ram's head, 4, 16 patakka,36 rare pieces, 66 payment for coin purchases rarest and best preserved specimens not realizing effected by commercial banks in Maltese currency, expected prices in auction, 68 71 rationing of, 69, 72 pecunia Gaudisij, 10 rbieglii, 46 pecunia Malte, 10 reales (Madrid), 58 pellets, 14, 28, 42 revaluation, 6 in front of Grand Master's face, 54 reverse designs under bust, 54 m within circle surrounded by Kufic inscription, 30 brilliant uncirculated and proof versions, 100 PerelIos y Roccaful, Ramon (Grand Master), 44, 50 on Philip V, 74 first decimal coin series, 100,101 Phocas (emperor), 26 rising costs and Phoenician name standards of living,S

321 CURRENCY IN MALTA

ritual stand presented to visiting foreign dignitaries, 98 carved and decorated with pittings and potted shapes plants, 98 of Roger II (king of Sicily), 30 Maltese decimal denominations, 92 Roger the Norman (Count of Sicily), 30 shields, 22 Roma, 26 with arms of Naples and Jerusalem, 30 Roman, 1, 2-6 shilling, 60, 76 denominations, 4 ship, 3 quadrans, 4, 6 in the United Kingdom creates difficulties for quadrigatus, 6 Central Bank of Malta, 72 quarter dinar pieces, 8 shipments quinarius, 6 Maltese economy fully dependent on regular quincunx,4 shipments from United Kingdom for supply scripulum, 6 of coinage, 68 semis, 6 shortages of, 39 semissis,6 shortages of sestertius, 6 periodic, 68 siliqua,6 Sicilian 1, 85 solidus, 6 current in Malta from the earliest times, 56, 84 victoriatus, 6 dollars Imperatorialllmperial, 12, 15, 23 extremely popular in Malta, 84 metropolitan, 6 legalized, 62 Republican, 12, 13, 15 oncia,84 Roman period, 1 Siculo-Punic coins, 12 Romano-Maltese strictly prohibited, 68 bronze coins, 17, 19 superseded by coinage of the Order, 35 in Sicily, 4 sign "S C", 6 of Royal Crown above numeral, 88 Tanit,16 royal gifts, 38 silver, 2 Royal Mint (Llantrisant, UK) struck proof version coins, 61 second decimal coin series, 95 crowns, 60 Rudolph n, 56 denominations, 6 rupee, 86 Order of St John's, 46, 47, 48, 49 sacrificial tripod, 3 plates flanked by legend, 18 converted into, 41 sacristans and, 68 silverware converted into, 41 salutolcarlino (Naples), 30 threepenny pieces, 78 sceptre, 3 two scudi, 38 globe and, 32 simpulum, 20 scudo, 35, 39,40,46,60,63, 76,150,153, single coins 270 first issued during the rule of Pietro del Ponte Maltese unit of account, 76 (Grand Master), 44 pieces in gold introduced by Emmanuel Pinto sitt nabbiet, 78 (Grand Master), 44 sitt irbajja ',46 seated figure sittax-il tari, 46 Britannia, 61 six tari, 48 Second Maltese decimal coin series, 102, 103 sixpence, 60, 76 selling rights, 122 six-rayed comet, 18 Septimus Severus, 22 sixteen tari, 46 serial number, 42 size, 4, 71, 76,95,96,161,179, 225 serpent, 14 skud, 35,44,46, 63 sets tad-deheb, 35, 44 minted with a mint mark over date on the obverse, tal-fidda, 35, 63 98 sold (Maltese penny), 78

322 coins/coinage: ritual stand - coins/coinage: two Malta liri silver coins soldiers on dolphin holding kantharos and trident, 14 striding holding lance and shield, 18 taxation, 37 solidus, 26 Temple of Venus, 22 Sotheby, Wilkinson and Bodge, 67 ten cent coins, 92, 94, 95, 98 South American dollars second series, 102 irregular in weight and alloy, 82 ten Malta liri gold coins, 122, 123, 124 rejected in France, Italy, Sicily and any part of ten new-penny coins, 71 the Levant, 82 ten scudi, 44 sovereigns, 61 , 63, 80,155,156, 159,162,168 ten shillings Spanish major unit in decimalization, 90, 91 coins in Malta, 56 ten zecchini, 44 legalized, 62 tetlus, 36 dollar extremely popular in Malta, 84 tetradrachm, 12 eight-escudo pieces in gold, 74 themes eight-real pieces in silver, 74 on Spanish American coins ' circulation limited to sets of coins for numismatic purposes, 74, 92, Malta and Ionian Islands, 82 95,120,122,123, 124,125,126, 12~128, spear, 22 129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136, ) specifications, 98, 102 137, 175, 178, 180,201, 292,293 speculators Theodoric (king of the Ostrogoths), 26 private, 80 Third Republic (France), 86 Spes, third-farthing, 50 walking, holding a flower in her hand and lifting for exclusive use in Malta, 78 the hem of her robes, 20 thirty tad, 46, 54 sprinkler, 14 thistle royally crowned, 88 standard gold coin, 40 three mil coins, 92, 98 star, 24 three piccio/i, 50 next to cross, 26 three tari, 48 stater, 12, 14 threepence, 44,63, 72,76,78 stone altar as dodecagonal nickel-brass coin, 78 carved and decorated with pittings and potted tliet nabbiet, 78 plants, 98 tmien irbajja', 46 street hawkers and, 68 trade, 1,2,14, 41,56, 61,63, 68,74,78,82,86, striking 150, 15~ 153, 15~ 15~ 161, 163,23~24~ coins, 14 243,250,252,253,254,255,256,259, 260, during 262,265 Augustus's reign, 20 trading posts in the North African coast, 1 French Revolution (1789), 58 treasure-troves, 7, 8, 12 in Gozo trident, 88 own coins, 9 trionfi, 10, 32 supply tripod of flanked by legend, 18 precious bullion from Central and South twelve zecchini, 44 America, 74 twenty francs (Paris), 86 Swabian period, 10 twenty Malta liri gold coins, 122, 123, 124 swindlers twenty scudi, 44 gild tari pieces, 46 twenty-five cent coins, 94, 95, 96, 98, 102 talers,56 definite coin for circulation, 98 tarl, 8, 9, 10, 30, 48, 50 proof version, 124 denominations struck only during the reign of twenty-five Malta liri gold coins, 124 Manoel de Vilhena (Grand Master), 46 two cent coins, 92, 94, 95, 98 Messina, 32 second series, 102 pieces not bearing value on obverse withdrawn two Malta liri silver coins, 122, 123, 124 from circulation, 46 uncirculated Taras condition, 274

323 CURRENCY IN MALTA

sets, 273, 276 figures, 3 two mil coins, 92, 95, 98 withdrawals, 39,40, 41 two new pence (1969), 88 Sicilian dollar, 86 two new pence (1971), 88 workmanship, 40 two pounds, 80 wreaths two scudi, 46 laurel/myrtle, 16 two tad, 48, 50 Ximenez de Texada, Francisco (Grand Master), 44, two zecchini, 44 46 uncie, 5, 9, 14, 16, 18, 20, 105 zecchini, 9, 44, 58, 108 underweight and counterfeit foreign coins, called ducat, 58 proclamation on circulation of, 108 denominations struck for largesse purposes, 44 United Kingdom origin in Venice, 58 and pieces of Adrien Wignacourt, 58 Northern Ireland's crest, 88 Zeno,24 unpopular coins zewg irbajja', 46 British,76 zewg liri tad-deheb, 80 uqija, 38, 46 zewg skudi, 46 Valentinianus 11, -24 zekkin, 35, 44 Vallette, Jean de (Grand Master), 48, 50 See Britain, British Rule in Malta, circles, coinage/ value, 8 coins, dinieri, French in Malta, Greek city-states, value of foreign coins raised, 39 ingots, medieval Europe, numismatic collections, Maltese coins in Medieval Malta, 10 Order of St John, Roman coinage, Sicily, skud on first decimal coin series, 100, 101 tad- deheb, zekkin Vandalic, 7, 27 Coleiro, E(doardo) (Prof.), 16, 18, 297,303 Vasconcellos, Luis Mendez de (Grand Master), 48 College of Arms (UK). See numismatics veiled heads Colonial Office (London), 64 female comet. See coinage/coins within circle of dots, 16, 18 commercial Venetian banks, 69, 71, 72,91, 172, 181,227,234, 237,244, ducats, 58 247,252 zecchini in Malta, 108 community, 61, 63, 152, 154, 158 withdrawn, 58 "Committee of Twenty", 251 Verdalle, Hugues de Loubenx (Grand Master), 48, Common Market. See EEC 50 computer. See numismatics Victoria, 76, 86 Congress of Vienna (1815), 60 victoriati, 14 Conservatore Conventuale. See coinage/coins Victory Conservatoria (Valletta), 38 crowning trophy, 14 Conservatorio Vincenzo Bugeja (Ham run), 169 flying holding shield inscribed SPQR, 20 Consiglio, Paolo, 170, 303 standing Constantine I, 6 holding a (rho) cross, 24, 26 See coinage/coins Vilhena, Antonio Manoel de (Grand Master), 44, 50 Constantinopolis (Turkey), 24 village grocers and, 68 convents, 42 vines Conventual Church of St John (Valletta), 42, 137 leaves, 98 Copones, U go, 34 Virgin Mary, 30 copper. See British Rule in Malta, coinage/Coins Virtus Coppini, Antonio, 153 standing, leaning on shield and holding spear, 22 . Corinth, 2 Vittorio Emmanuele 11, 86 corn, 34 weasel,102 Coronation Gardens (Marsa), 12 weight, 4, 8 corporal punishment. See coinage/coins exact in, 41 Cottonera Gate. See numismatics: themes Wignacourt, Alof(ius) de (Grand Master), 48, 50 Council of Government, 63, 160, 163,166, 171 wings Council of the Order, 34, 35, 104, 107, 111, 115 divinity, 3 counterfeit, countermarking. See coinage/coins

324 coins/coinage: two mil coins - currency: "currency basket" formula country dwellers, 76 Central Bank of Malta country-house, 149 Central Bank of Malta Act (1967),173,174 Cousin, George, 65 rate of exchange, 244 crabs. See coinage/coins commercial banks' external reserves and, 244 Crawford, M., 14,297 established, 173, 232 Credit Foncier d' Algerie et de Tunesie, 153 notes with sole signature of Maltese official, 175 credit sale, 105 responsible for issue and control of currency notes Cremona, Emvin (Chev.), 92,132, 175 and coins, xix, 173 crescent. See coinage/coins series of currency notes Crimean War. See British Rule in Malta fifth series, 216, 217, 218, 219 Crispina (wife of Commodus), 22 enhanced versions, 220, 221, 222, 223 cross, 26, 92, 98, 164, 175,254 fourth series, 212, 213, 214, 215 See coinage/coins second series, 205, 206, 207 crowns. See coinage/coins third series, 208, 209, 210, 211 Crown Agents, 66, 67,155,163,165,166,172,231, spot buying and selling rates pegged on 5% 232,233,242 premium over sterling, 246, 247 crowned spot quotations for Malta pound go beyond ) king on throne holding sceptre and globe statutory limit, 246 See coinage/coins value of its external reserves, 232 crowns/five shilling pieces, 60, 63, 66, 76,93 chronic shortage See coinage/coins small change in Malta, 68 crude oil collected currency supplied to Malta on concessionary terms, 255 of See currency: "currency basket" formula the Order of St John, 65 Culiacan, 82 competitive devaluations, 240 culture confidence in, 40 double culture, 3 conversion currency Maltese currency notes into sterling, 232 accountant general copper third-farthing responsible for issue and withdrawal of coins in out of circulation, 68 Malta, 69 counterfeits, 179, 227 agreement "currency basket" formula, 250 for adjustments 254 local issue of numismatic coins, 94 takes into account introduction of the Euro, backing of, 231 262 banknotes, 61, 149 updated on average annual trade and projected Anglo-Maltese BanklAnglo-Egyptian Co. Ltd's, increase in oil bill, 255 185, 285 Belgian franc Banco Anglo-Maltese's, 183 excluded, 256 Banco di Malta's, 184,285 reincorporated, 259 denominations changes in Maltese lira exchange rate currency scudi,285 basket, 253 sterling, 285 Danish kroner ten shillings, 285 excluded, 254 millennium commemorative banknotes, 224 included, 253 bimetallism, 237 devaluation of Malta pound, 256 black economy, 230 ECU and, 261 Board of Commissioners of Currency, 231 enlarged, 252 Britain's controls on Overseas Sterling area first of its kind in the world, 251 led to closure of foreign markets in Malta, 250 fluctuations pronounced, 265 British foreign exchange earnings from tourism and, 259 currency until 1816, 80 fostered maintenance of relative stability in Maltese system and external value of local currency, 266 official exchange rates, 63 in use, 252 broad money, 229 international oil prices and, 252, 254

325 CURRENCY IN MALT A

Irish punt weights of components updated, 261 excluded, 254 Currency Board, 232 included, 253 currency notes, xix, 149 Italian lira Agatha Barbara's portrait, 178 excluded, its weighting allocating to dollar and allegorical figure Japanese yen, 256 of reincorporated, 259 Malta/Melita, 179, 180 Japanese yen Auberge de Castille (Valletta), 179 excluded,261 authenticity, 177 included, 254 backed by sterling deposits and securities, 231 Luxembourg franc Bank of England and British Treasury notes excluded, 254 ceased to be legal tender in Malta, 172 included, 253 Board of Commissioners of Currency/Currency Maltese lira Board,l72 quoted at a premium over sterling, 93 sterling balances in London, 172 Maltese pound British notes changed to Maltese lira, 258 repatriation of, 172 mechanics explained, 254 Central Bank of Malta notes movements in exchange rate with sole signature of Maltese official, 175 against major currencies, 263, 264 c10ckface two broad phases, 263 with new challenges, 266 minute-hand set at midnight, 182 number of currencies, 260 counterfeits reduced to three, 261 five-Malta-liri notes, 179 possible exchange rate policy options decimalization date, 91 in coins in proof and/or brilliant uncirculated a pre-EU Accession scenario, 266-67 versions, 94 rampant inflationary pressures and, 256 Decimal Currency Committee revaluation of Malta pound preliminary preparations for, 91 taking into account trade flows and sharply private individuals submit report on, 90 increased outlays on oil imports, 256 recommendations for, 91 revision, 253, 259 second series, 94 cushion against effects of imported inflation, 254 transition to decimal coinage, 174 protecting local economy against inflationary demonetization, 111, 177, 179, 181, 182 effects of rise of import costs, 255 demonetized notes not exchangeable at Central technical nature, 263 Bank of Malta, 176 Special Drawing Right (SDR) "sundry" currency notes, 175 included, 260 denominations, 172, 173, 175, 177, 181, 182 excluded, 261 Maltese currency issued strategy five Malta liri notes, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, of strengthening the lira, 165 179, 180, 182 Swiss franc Maltese lira/pound, 92, 172, 173, 175, 176 excluded, 261 at par and mutually exchangeable with British thrust of exchange rate policy sterling, 172 significantly modified, 259 notes in circulation, 18 1 trade weightings and, 253 outstanding balances, 226 adjusted, taking account of latest trade figures, percentage distribution, 228 253 small denomination notes wore out too quickly, extended to all balance of payments 171 transactions, 260 sundry wartime notes, 176 updated, 254 switches of currency denominations, 179 unchanged for some years, 258 temporary shortages of, 71 US dollar and, 261 ten shillings notes, 172, 175 replacing sterling as intervention currency and, ten-pound notes, 175, 177 253 two shilling notes, 175

326 coins/coinage: currency: Currency Board - coins/coinage: currency notes

two shillings and sixpence notes, 175 War Memorial, 175 designs watch-tower (gardjola), 177 alive persons not to be portrayed, 179 watermarks, 152 armorial bearings allegorical head Central Bank of Malta's, 175, 177, 180 Malta, 175 dove, 292 female head emblem of Malta, 176 symbolizing Malta in armour, 172 foliage, 172 welder at work, 179 freshwater crab (qabru), 177 five-shilling notes, 226 gantry crane in transhipment centre, 178 half-crown notes, 226 Grand Harbour, 179 issued hologram during World War II reflecting image of clockface with minute- due to shortage of metal, 226 hand set at midnight, 293 temporarily Hypogeum (Hal Saflieni), 175 Ordinance no. VIII (1914), 186, 187, 188, Industrial Estate (Mars a), 173 285 Malta Drydocks, 177 denominations Maltese flag, 293 five pounds, 286 } Maltese worker monument (Msida), 179 five shillings, 285 map of Maltese Islands, 176, 178 one pound, 286 aerial map, 293 ten pounds, 286 view of Marsa Industrial Estate, 177 ten shillings, 286 on a scroll with overprinted text in Maltese, Ordinance no . VIII (1914), Amendment 175 Ordinance 1918, 189,190 surrounding sea and, 182 five shillings, 286 Mdina,175 two shillings, 286 Mdina Gate, 180 under Mellieha Bay, 178 Central Bank of Malta Act 1967 Mgarr Harbour (Gozo), 173 fifth series, 1989, 179, 180, 181, 182 mosaic designs (Roman Villa, Mdina, 180 denominations municipal institutions in Malta and Gozo gliaxar liri, 293 (Banka Guratale, Mdina), 180 glioxrin lira, 293 national bird (il-merill), 177 liames liri, 292 national plant (widnet il-baliar), 177 zewg liri, 292 pictorial series, 173 enhanced versions, 292, 293 portraits with new security features, 293 Elizabeth II's portrait, 173 the only legal tender notes in circulation, marking visit to Malta (1954),172 182 president of the Republic of Malta, 292 first series, 1968, 174, 177, 202,203,204 sailing craft, 178, 292 denominations brigantin, 178 five pounds, 289 tartana, 179 one pound, 290 xambekk, 179 ten shillings, 290 xprunara, 178 withdrawal, 177 Sette Giugno wounded persons carried in during fourth series, 1986, 178, 179 National Assembly meeting, 180 gliaxar liri, 181, 292 spiral motif (neolithic Tarxien temple), 178 glioxrin lira, 181, 292 statue symbolizing Culture (Antonio Sciortino), liames liri, 292 177 zewg Liri, 29 1 swallowtail butterfly (jarfett tal-fejgel), 177 second series, 1973, 174, 175, 176 Torre dello Stendardo, 180 denominations Torre Mastra, 180 demonetized, 179 University's building (Tal-Qroqq, Msida), 177 gliaxar liri, 290 vignettes, 179,180, 292,293 liames liri, 290 Marsaxlokk harbour, 178 Lira, 290

327 CURRENCY IN MALT A

withdrawal, 177 view of the Grand Harbour, 289 third series,1979, 176, 177 one-shilling notes, 175, 226 denominations brought from UK, 171 demonetized, 179 new one-shilling notes issued, 171 names liri, 291 Paper Currency Ordinance (1939) gnaxar liri, 18 1, 291 and the issue of temporary paper currency, 240 lira, 181,291 Paper Currency Ordinance (1949), 231 Currency Notes Ordinance no. 1 (1949), 171, postage stamps and, 180 172, 173,196, 19~198,199,200,201 printed denominations at five pounds, 289 Malta Government Printing Press, 286 one pound, 288, 289 replaced by British coins at the end of World War ten shillings, 288, 289 IJ, 171 Paper Currency Ordinance no. XLVIII security features (September, 1939),191,192,193,194, enhanced, 175 195 special numbering, 182 denominations seignorage, 236 five shillings, 287 Sicilian currency, 10 one pound, 287 dollar/piastra one shilling, 287, 288 devaluated, 63 two shillings, 287 in Malta confided for exchange in Italy, 84 two shillings six-pence, 286 legal tender in the early years of British Rule devaluation, 248, 259 in Malta, 84 first devaluation of Maltese currency since the most useful to Malta's import trade, 61 setting up of Central Bank of Malta, 247 privately shipped to Italy, 84 in post-war period withdrawn, 63 American dollar, 240 no longer legal tender in Malta, 84 Maltese lira, 261 the only circulating medium in the early years sterling and Malta pound, 242, 244 of British Rule in Malta, 84 dominance special features to help blind distinguish of authenticity and denomination, 177 one Malta-lira note, 225 specifications, 178, 179 effective agreement temporary paper currency in Malta issued, 68 commercial banks and merchants on Sicilian ten-Malta-liri notes, 178, 179, 180, 182 dollars, 63 ten shillings notes, 174 external reserves to Maltese currency notes Industrial Estate (Mars a), 289 ratio of, 232 Mgarr Harbour (Gozo), 289 five shilling notes, 175 themes five-pound notes, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177 fisherman making fishing pots, 178 most popular denomination, 173, 176 Malta's neutrality and termination of military user friendly for the blind, 177 facilities for foreign powers, 176 Independence issue Neptune's statue, 175 twenty-fifth anniversary, 179 Senglea and Grand Harbour with Maltese boats introduction (dgnajjes), 175 of Ta' Xbiex Yacht Marina and Maltese fishing­ five-Malta-liri notes, 225 craft (luzzu), 175 lira instead of pound on notes, 178 woman holding rudder, symbolizing Malta, 293 ten-Malta-liri notes, 225, 227 twenty-Malta-liri notes, 178, 179, 181 local Government legalizes use of Sicilian dollar, . two-pound notes, 178, 179, 180, 182 62 user friendly for the blind, 177 local paper currency put on permanent basis, 172 two-shilling notes, 226 Millennium Series, 182, 293 uniformity in note circulation, 174 notaphilic purposes, 182 Decimal Currency Board, 91 one pound notes, 174, 176 Decimal Currency Committee (Malta), 90 user friendly for the blind, 177 Report, 90

328 coins/coinage: Decimal Currency Committee - coins/coinage: Note Security Fund

decline as the smallest decimal denomination, 91 in Halsbury Committee Report, 90 demand for cash for transaction purposes, 230 held by commercial banks rising steadily, 227 deposits, 150 hoarding, 230, 231 deterioration, 178 declines, 181 different kinds of, 174 Independence commemorated, 181 doves, 182 informal economy, 230 holding olive branch, 178 initial par value of Maltese currency and IMF, 245 symbolizing Malta's commitment to international international currency realignment peace, 180 Malta establishes central rates, 249 easing unchanged Malta pound' s premium on sterling, 249 in international monetary system inflationary pressures, 230 intense uncertainty and the Central Bank of Malta Elizabeth II Act (1967), 243 and international pressure on American dollar and Decimal Currency Act, 90 sterling and, 244, 245 emblem inter-war period of international monetary system to return to gold the Republic of Malta, 178, 291 standard, 237 United Nations, 180 twenty-Malta-liri notes, 225, 227 embossed dots, 177 lacemaking, 178 enhanced versions, 182,220,221,222,223 legends, 182 European Monetary Agreement, 242 less currency held by banks, 150 exchange control in Malta Malta Drydocks, 179 Exchange Control Act (1972), 251 Malta Mint using coin blanks procured from UK, 94 Exchange Control Ordinance (1959), 242 Malta pound foreign dealings suspended, 251 Central Bank temporarily stops buying and selling Maltese lira on the basis of trade-weighted basket non-sterling currencies vis-a-vis general of currencies, 93 public, 247 policy divided into one hundred cents, 91 overriding objective, 260 exchange rate determined on the basis of trade­ regime steering Maltese currency along middle weighted basket of seven currencies, 250 course, 265 floating in relation to other currencies on exhibition on history of, 132 international foreig n exchange markets, 247 external value linked at par to sterling, 236 major decimal unit in Malta, 90, 91 falls to all-time low in relation to US dollar, 258 "par value" removed, 257 foreign currency adopted and rated, 10 speculative pressures contained, 247 gold standard sterling and abandoned in World War 1,237,238 former's floating led to definite break of the adopted by major economies in the second half of fixed relationship between both units, 250 nineteenth century, 237 legislation releasing Malta pound from Britain first country to introduce gold standard, 80 automatic link with pound sterling, 245 European countries abandon link with, 240 parity formalized, 246 gold coins circulating as the basic unit of termination of parity between, 247 currency, 237 unit of currency in Malta, 70, 71 Napoleonic Wars and, 237 "measure of value/money of account", 10 origins, 236 medieval, 9-10, 30-33 return to in the inter-war period, 238 monetary systems silver standard and, 237 French, 237 sterling grossly overvalued in the inter-war period, German, 237 238 not part of stock of currency in circulation, 227 sterling-gold exchange standard, 237 Note Security Fund, 231 , 232 gratuity (1939), 172 to personnel who performed conversion of, 67 assets and liabilities transferred to Central Bank, half-cent 173, 174

329 CURRENCY IN MALTA

per capita holdings break from the gold standard and, 239 abnormally high, 230 withholding tax personal taxation on investment income, 231 reduction reduces hoarding, 231 World War I plastic cards, 230 sterling balances held by Sterling Area members pi urality of different currencies, 236 in Post-War period London,241 exchange rate of sterling (and Malta pound) World War II against American dollar, 24 1 first exchange controls, 241 Sterling Area members discriminate against non­ UK's gold and foreign exchange reserves and, 241 sterling area states, 242 See British Rule in Malta, Central Bank of Malta, sterling balances of Sterling Area members, 242 economic situation in Malta, foreign exchange public's confidence transactions, Newton, Isaac (Sir), Order of St in John local currency, 232 curule chair. See coinage/coins share of currency Cuschieri, Edgar, 169, 172, 173, 286, 287, 288, 289 in Cutajar, D., 303 total monetary"assets , 231 Cuzco,82 sharp rise Cyzicus, 24 in banks' cash holdings, 230 silver standard flexibility and, 237 slow-down in Cinkwina, 46 growth of currency relative to other forms of monetary assets, 230 sovereign attains international status, 80 D Spanish currency medium of payment to British troops, 74 Danish kroner. See "currency basket" formula sterling Davenport, J. S., 56, 297 devaluation crisis, 233 Davis; John (Major-General), 64, 66, 156 parity between Maltese lira and sterling ended, 93 de Gabriele, Henry C., 175, 178,290, 291,292 renewed confidence in, 235 de Homedes, Juan (Grand Master). See coinage/coins full convertibility of, 242 de Paule, Antoine (Grand Master), 36, 37, 56, 269, non-resident convertibility status and, 242 270,271 Sterling Area, 239 de Rohan (Grand Master), 41 , 44, 46, 50, 52, 67, 92, constituent countries to pursue simliar monetary 98,113,115,269,270, 271 policies, 239 See coinage/coins sterling-gold exchange, 238 Decimal Currency Act, Decimal Currency Board, stock of currency (2000), 227 Decimal Currency Committee (Malta), undisputed international reserve currency on decimalization. See coinage/coins, currency gold standard, 236 Decimum,7 sufficient liquidity del Monte, Pietrino/Pietro (Grand Master), 35, 37,44, ensured for the millennium bug, 230 48, 269, 270, 271. See coinage/coins token money in Zejtun denarius. See coinage/coins ill egal use of 69 Denaro, V(ictor) P ., 54, 56, 297, 303 total currency issued, 150 Denmark, 239, 262 total monetary assets Depasquale, Giuseppe Giorgio, 135 in Malta Depasquale, Vincent A. (Dr), xxi-ii, xxiii, by category, 229 120, 135 trends since the 1950s, 225 Depeyrot, E., 24, 298 Tripartite Monetary Agreement, 240 Depositario dell'Universita. See coinage/coins Wall Street Crisis designs. See currency

330 coins/coinage: per capita holdings - coins/coinage: ESCB

Despuig, Ramon (Grand Master), 39, 46, 109, 269, greater flexibility with regard to the role of 270,271 gold as component of reserves backing See coinage/coins currency stock, 235 Devlin, Stuart. See coinage/coins termination of formal statutory link between gold dgnajsa/dgnajjes (Maltese boat/s). See coinage/coins, and backing of currency, 235 currency decline in international role of gold as monetary Diacono, Edwin M ., 92 asset and, 235 diademes, didrachm. See coinage/coins inflationary pressures, 234 Dimech, Manwel. See numismatics: themes easying pressures, 235 dinar (His), dinar (lngranatah, Mi~r). See coinage/ sterling devaluation crisis coins agreement between governments of Malta and dinierldinieri, 35, 36, 38 UK, 234 Dinkili, Benedictus, 105 banks sell sterling assets to Central Bank, 234 Diocletian, 6 Central Bank's portfolio investment strategy, 234 dirham (Hamadhan), divinity. See coinage/coins UK Sterling Guarantee Agreement not renewed, dogs. See numismatics: themes 234 dollars, 61, 62, 63, 64, 74, 82, 84, 86, 154, 155, 156, See coinage/coins, currency 157,234,241,242,243,248,252,253 ECU. See European Currency Unit, numismatics See coinage/coins, currency Edward VII, 78, 80 l dolphins. See coinage/coins See coinage/coins Dolphins Fountain (the Mall, Floriana). See EEC, 249, 251 , 252, 253 numismatics: themes EEC'S basic numeraire, 251 Dominion Securities, 172 European Unit of Account and, 251 Doni Street, Rabat, 24 effigies. See coinage/coins doorknocker. See numismatics: themes Egypt, 41,62,239 doppia oncia, double-florin. See coinage/coins eight escudos, eight reales. See coinage/coins doubloons, 35,40, 61, 74, 82, 86 Einaudi, L., 10, 303 See coinage/coins Eire, 239 doves. See currency electronics industry. See Maltese economy ducat, ducatone/i, ducats, dupondius, Dutch coins. See Electrum, elephants. See coinage/coins coinage/coins Elizabeth II (queen), 172, 181,289 See coinage/coins, currency ElIul, Emanuel, 124, 153, 182, 292, 293 Ellul-Mercer, Gui?:. See numismatics: themes E emblem Republic of Malta, 94, 96, 98, 102, 122, 124, 132, eagles, ear of corn. See coinage/coins 133,134, 136, 137, 176,177,291 Earl of Halsbury, 90 emergency money. See coinage/coins eastern Mediterranean, 5 emirs. See Malta Eastern Roman Empire, 7 emperors. See Roman period See Byzantine Empire, Roman period Employers' Association, 91 Eatwell, J., 305 EMS. See currency, international monetary system ECB. See European Central Bank EMU. See Economic and Monetary Union "Economic and Monetary Union" (EMU), 262 England, 41, 60, 68, 154, 162, 165, 168, 288 economic situation in Malta, 174, 175 England, Richard (Prof.), 136 post-war period, 173 engravers. See coinage/coins Central Bank engravings gold bullion niello engravings, 8 building up its holdings, 234 See coinage/coins empowered to sell, 235 Enrico 'Pescatore', 9, 166, 167 minimum amount reduced, 235 Eracli us, 26 maintaining/recommending ratio between erba' rbajja'. See coinage/coins external reserves and its demand liabilities, ERM. See currency: "currency basket" formula 236 ERM II. See Exchange Rate Mechanism reserves ESCB. See European System of Central Banks

33 1 CURRENCY IN MALTA escudos. See coinage/coins Ferdinand II (Bourbon), 84 Eshmun,3 Ferdinand Ill, 84 Espeletta, Bernardo d' (Fra Don), 106 Ferdinand IV (Bourbon, 1799- I 805), 84 Estonia, 239 Ferdinand IV (Bourbon, 1816-25),84 EU. See European Union Ferdinand VII, 74 Euro Fernando II (king of Sicily). See coinage/coins, Malta adopted by EU member states, 262, 263, 265, 266, Ferrerio da Messerano, Giacinto, 9 267 festaureus (Antioch). See coinage/coins pan-European capital market and, 263 fifty cents, fifty new pence (seven sided), fifty new­ "Euroland" penny coins. See coinage/coins scepticism about structural reform and political filippi,58 uncertainties, 263 See coinage/coins Europe, 1, 10,36,41,42,60, 134, 150, 151,238,239, Finland, 239 240,249,250,251,252,253,255,256,261,262 Fiorini, Stanley, 104, 304 European Central Bank (ECB), 262 First Punic War (262-242 BC), 2 European Currency Unit (ECU), 255 First World Food Day. See numismatics European Economic Community. See EEC fish, fishermen, fishing pots, fishing-craft. See currency European Monetary. 1\greement. See currency five cent coin. See coinage/coins European Monetary Institute, 262 five francs (Belgian), 86 European Monetary System (EMS). See currency, five mils, five new pence 1968, five new-penny coins, international monetary system five pounds, five shillings note, five sterling note. "European System of Central Banks" (ESCB), 262 See coinage/coins, British Rule in Malta: paper "European Union" (EU), 262 currency evergreen plant. See coinage/coins flags. See currency, numismatics exchange, 62, 63, 117, 172, 232, 239, 242, 251, 253, flail, 3, 16 254,261,262 See coinage/coins See British Rule in Malta flame. See coinage/coins Exchange Rate Mechanism (ER M II), 262 Florence, 40, 1 11 explorers. See numismatics: themes florin coins, florinu. See coinage/coins exportation of corn, 34, 35 flowers See Maltese economy, Roman period III hand, 20 See currency fo lklore, 120 F See currency notes, numismatics: themes follis (Nicodemia). See coinage/coins famine. See Order of St John Fontani, Giovanna, 151 FAO, 131, 133 Fontani, Lorenzo, 151 farfett tal-fejgel (swallowtail butterfly). See currency Food and Agriculture Organization, 131 Farruge, Giuliano, 105 foodstuffs. See grain Farrugia, Charles, vii football. See numismatics: themes Farrugia, Filippo, 53, 92, 120 foreign coins in Malta. See coinage/coins Farrugia, Joseph, 120 foreign exchange transactions Farrugia, Remig, 92 World War II farthing, 63, 78 tighter controls during, 241 postage stamp (Malta), 164 foreign military facilities in Malta, 131 See coinage/coins See currency notes Fas,28 foreigners. See Maltese economy Fatimid Dynasty, 28 forgers. See coinage/coins See coinage/coins, Sicily fortifications, 36, 37, 107 Federal German Mint. See numismatics Fortress of Tripoli, 34 Federation of Industries, 91 See numismatics: themes Felice, Giovannni (Dr), 134 fountain, 92, 98, 136 females. See coinage/coins fourpence, 63, 76 Ferdinand I, 10 See coinage/coins

332 escudos - Gozo

France, 32,41,42,60, 82, 86,166,168,240,243, Garristen de Vires, Margaret, 304 247,248,263,264 Garzes, Martin (Grand Master). See coinage/coins Francesco Ellul & Bros. See British Rule in Malta Gastinet, Antoine (Captain), 151 Francica, A., 67 Gatt, Frederick, 65 Franklin Mint Corporation (Pennsylvania, USA), 94, Gatt, Guze, 304 124 Gatt, Luigi, 65, 66, 67, 304 Frederick II (Emperor of Swabia), 9, 30 General Retailers' and Traders' Union, 91 Frederick II (king of Sicily), Frederick IV, French genovine, 35, 58 coins. See coinage/coins See coinage/Coins French Franc Area. See currency George Cross, 92, 98,133, 171,172,288 French in Malta, 10,38,41,53 See British in Malta: World War n, coinage/coins, auberge,f 41 George VI uprising against the French, 180 George Ill, 78 Ball took over the defence of Malta in the name of See coinage/coins the King of the Two Sicilies, 62 George IV, 76, 78,80 blockade by the Maltese, 42 George V, 76, 78,80, 164,286 coins identical to those struck before French Rule, GeorgeVI, 76, 78,98, 133, 167, 171, 172,288,289 54 awarded George Cross to Malta, 92 } confiscations of gold and silverware, 42 Gera de Petri, Alfred, vii force loan to the new regime, 151 German coins. See coinage/coins French capitulation, 180 Germany, 32 master of the mint, 53 Geta permitted to take siege ingots after capitulation, inscription 60 dedicated to, 22 surrender to the British, 60 name and image See coinage/coins, emergency money, numismatics: removed from inscription, 22 themes, Order of St John See coinage/coins French louis d'or. See coinage/coins Giampaoli, Pietro, 122,277,278 fresh-water crab (qabru), 177 Gisco,2 See currency notes, numismatics: themes Glasgow, 18, 297 Friedberg, R., 32, 58, 74, 82, 84, 86, 298 goddesses. See coinage/coins frogs, 102 gold denominations, gold ingot. See coinage/coins, Fugger Family (Augsburg), xix emergency money Furse, E. H., 298 gold standard, 60,163,236,237,238,239,240 Furse, P.G.F., 304 See currency goldsmiths, 38 Gonzi, Michael (Archbishop of Malta), 121 Gouder, Tancred C. (Dr), vii, 304 G Government run down of military presence in Malta, 69, 70, 131, Gadoury, V., 86, 298 176,291 Galbraith, Kenneth, 239 See coinage/coins Galdes, Anthony P., 180,292,293 Government Budget, 232 Galea Bason, Noel, 94, 131 Government Gazette (Malta), 53, 131 set of coins for the Republic of San Marino, 131 Government Note Currency Fund. See British Rule in See coinage/coins Malta Galea, Alfons Maria. See numismatics: themes Government Printing Office, 169 galleons. See coinage/coins See British Rule in Malta galleys, 41,115, 134 Government Savings Bank, 234 convicts, 37 temporary closure, 82 See coinage/coins, numismatics See British Rule in Malta games. See numismatics Governor's Palace (Valletta), 169 Ganado, Albert (Dr), vii,f 40,1 151 Gozo gantry cranes, gardjola (watch-tower). See currency Archaeological Museum, 20 notes attacked and razed, 30

333 CURRENCY IN MALTA

autonomous municipal status, 3 hands. See coinage/coins, numismatics: themes See coinage/coins, numismatics: themes Hankey, Frederick (Sir), 117 grain hawkers, 68 Massa Frumentaria Hazard, H. W., 28, 298 imports grain and other foodstuffs, 150 head, headdresses, Helena, helmets. See coinage/ purchase from Egypt and the Black Sea, 20, 36, 61, coins 62,150,151 Hely-Hutchinson, Waiter (Sir), 64, 156, 157 See Order of St John Henry VI, 30 Grand Harbour, 32,41,42, 164, 175, 179,289 Heraclea, 24 view identical to that depicted on first farthing Heracles. See coinage/coins postage stamp of Malta, 164. Heraclius, 8 See currency: notes Hercules,3 Grand Masters, 9, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41 , 42, Hill, P. V., 22, 298 54, 56,66,67, 92,98,106,109,113, 115,149, historiographer, 5, 34 151,269,270,271 hoarding. See British Rule in Malta, coinage/coins grani,74 Hogg, Philip L. (Or), 70, 174,289,290 See coinage/coins Hohenstaufen rule, 30 Gray, P. H., 2 Holland Great Depression, 263 Dutch revolt against Spanish domination, 32 Great Siege Monument, 92 See coinage/coins Greece, 262 Holy Infirmary, 41 Greek city-states Holy Roman Emperor, 10 coinage, 1,2 Holy See, 106 legends 3, 16 Hompesch, Ferdinand von (Grand Master), 41, 42, 54, culture, 3 66,1 51 ,269,270,271 influence from Sicily, 3 loan to, 151 mints, 2 honeycomb. See coinage/coins philosophers, xxi Honorius, 7, 8 Sicily, 1 horses, 2, 12, 14 Southern Italy, 1, 2 See coinage/coins Greek Government, 60, 104, 117 Horsefield, J. Keith, 304 See coinage/coins House of Representatives (Malta), 70, 91 Grierson, P., 304 houses. See British Rule in Malta Grima, Joe, xxiii HSBC (Hong Kong & Shanghai Banking Corporation) groat (fourpence). See coinage/coins Bank Malta plc, 156 groceries, 69 hundred Malta liri gold coins. See numismatics "Group ofTen", 247, 248 Hungary, 32. See coinage/coins Guatemala, 74 Hunterian Museum (Glasgow), 18 Gudja,5 Guevara, Geronimo di (Fra Don), 106 Guiscard, Robert, 9, 10, 30 Gulf of Tunis, 1 GM Gulf War (1990), 1,260 Guynaud, Giuseppe, 38, 114 Ghajn Tuffieha, 180 gnaxar nabbiet, 36 See coinage/coins

H

Hahn, W., 26, 298 M half new penny, half-cinquina, half-crown, half-piastra, half-shekel, half-sovereigns. See coinage/coins nabba, nabbtejn u nofs, names liri tad-deheb, names Halsbury Committee Report. See currency skudi, Plbub . See coinage/coins Hamilcar,2 Hamrun, 169, 171

334 grain - karlin

I Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) launched, 254 sterling joined ERM of European Monetary System, Imperial Maria Theresa dollars, 61, 74, 86 260 See coinage/coins See currency incused beading. See coinage/coins International Year of Disabled Persons, International Independence of Malta (1964), 69,132,181,293 Year of the Child. See numismatics See coinage!Coins Ionian Islands, 82 India, 41,239 Iraq, 239, 248 rupees, 61, 86 irbiegni, 36, 46, 76 See coinage/coins Irish punt. See "currency basket" formula industrial production. See Maltese economy Ironside, Christopher, 88, 92 Industrial Technical College (Mars a), 12 Isabel of Castile, 10 inflation. See Maltese economy Isis,3 informal economy. See currency Italy, 1,7,8, 14,24,82,84, 168, 233,240,243,247, ingots 248,253,263 during French Rule, 55 coins, 61, 86 gold ingots South Italy, 7 with See coinage/coins, currency, Kingdom of the Two } coat of arms of Valletta, 54 Sicilies, Papal/Pontificial State, Sicily serial number, 54 Iulia Augusta (wife of Augustus), 20 silver ingot, 54 Iustinianus I, Iustinus 1. See coinage/coins See coinage/coins, emergency money ivories, 14 Ingranatah, 28 Inquisitor, 9 inscription in Arabic. See coinage/coins International Bank J for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD, World Jaime II (Aragon), 30 Bank), 241 Jaime of Aragon (king of Sicily). See coinage/coins international currency alignment James Bell & Co. Ltd. See British Rule in Malta: banks dollar devaluation, 248 Japanese yen. See currency: "currency basket" formula international currency markets Jenkins, G. K., 12,298 collapse of par value system (1971),246 Jerusalem, 32, 34, 306 international currency realignment Jesuits' emblem. See numismatics central rate, 248 jewellers, 64 par value, 248 Jews, 150 Smithsonian Agreement, 248 John Bull Press (Birkirkara), 171 speculative attack against pound sterling, 249 John Paul JI (pope) . See numismatics international economy Josef Scicluna et Fils. See British Rule in Malta: banks international inflationary pressures, 257 Julia Domna international exchange markets marmorial inscription dedicated to, 22 devaluation of the dollar, 251 See coinage/coins international financial markets Julius Caesar, 14 chaotic situations, 245 Julius Philippus, 22 Gold Pool comes to an end, 245 Juno, 3, 14 London Gold Pool and, 244 See Astarte international foreign exchange markets, 233, 247, 250, Jupiter. See coinage/coins 257,258,260,263 Justinianus I, 8 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 70, 241, 257, 260, 304 Justinus, 8 Malta becomes member, 245 members precluded from using gold as common denominator of the par value system, 257 international monetary system K EMS officially launched, 254 European Council establishes European Monetary kangu ta' Filfla (storm petrel). See numismatics: themes System (EMS), 253 karlin. See coinage/coins

335 CURRENCY IN MALT A

kelb tal-fenek (an ancient Maltese breed of dog). See levant, 82 numismatics: themes Lewis, R. B., 12,298 Kemp, Tom, 240 Libya,255 kerykeion,3. Liechtenstein, 134 See coinage/coins Lilybaeum (Mars ala), 2 Keynes, John Maynard, 241 Lima, 82 King's Own Malta Regiment of Militia. See British Limoges,58 Rule in Malta Lindgren, H. C., 18,299 Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, 62 Lintorn Simmons, John (Sir), 66, 158 See Sicily lions, liri tad-deheb. See coinage/coins kneeling. See coinage/coins Lisbon, 149 Knights, 8, 38, 39,41,60, 149 Iivournine, 35 See Order of St John lizards, 102 Krause, C. L., 26, 299 Local Loans (Registered Stock and Securities) Krause-Mishler, 44, 76, 82, 86, 299 Ordinance (December 1959),232 Kufic inscriptions, legends. See coinage/coins London, 61 , 62,64,66,67,69, 155, 156, 157, 158, 163,166,168,172,231,232,233,241, 242,244, 245,247,251,286 London County Council School of Photo-Engraving L and Lithography, 165 London Gold Pool. See international financial markets L'Isle Adam, Philippe de (Grand Master), 34, 35, 37, Loredan, Francesco, 58 106,269,270,271 louis d'or, 35, 58 lace. See numismatics: themes See coinage/coins ladies' belts, 64 Louis XVI, 58 Laertius, Diogenes, xxi Lucius Septimius Severus, 22 lampstand. See numismatics: themes Luttrell, Anthony T., 22, 299, 302, 304 lance. See coinage/coins Luxembourg franc. See "currency basket" formula Landour, C., 156 luzzu (fishing-craft) . See currency notes Lane, F. C., 303 lwig, 40, 44 Lane-Poole, S ., 299 lwig doppju, 40, 44 Lanz, Hubert (Dr), vii lwig ta' Malta, 44 Lara, Francesco Ludovico de, 34 See coinage/coins Lardea, Guglielmo, 32 lyre. See coinage/coins Lascaris Castellar, Jean-Paul (Grand Master), 36,44, 50,269,270,271 See coinage/coins Laspina, Joseph V., 92, 93, 175,290 M lateen sails. See numismatics: themes Latvia, 239 M laurel. See coinage/coins surmounted by a cross, 26 Lauro, Giacomo,f. 40 See coinage/coins Leaver, William F., 90 Maastricht Treaty (1992), 262 Lebrun, Gioacchino, 38, 43 Mac Donald, G ., 297 Lebrun, Giuseppe, ii, 38, 53 Macdonald, Malcolm, 165 design of a screw-press, ii Machin, Arnold, 88 Lebrun, Pio (Baron), ii machines. See coinage/coins Leeuwendaalder Mackenzie (superintendent of Public Works), 117 Overijssel, 56 Madrid, 58, 74 Utrecht, 56 Magistral Palace (Valletta), 37,f. 40,41,42,92,98, 115 legends. See coinage/coins Magna Graecia, 2 Leopold I, 86 See Greece Les Gavroches (Antonio Sciortino). See numismatics: Maitland, Thomas (Sir), 150 themes males. See coinage/coins lettering, letters. See coinage/coins Mallia-Milanes, Victor (Prof.), 149,304

336 kelb tal-fenek - Maltese islands: tourism: dramatic collapse

Malta coinage/coins Angevins, 10 Malta Museum,S Arab conquest, 8 Malta National Library, 34 Aragonese, 10 Malta's national bird (il-merill), national flower ceded (widnet il-banar). See currency notes, to numismatics: themes the Order of St John, 32, 34 Malta-EU negotiations, 266-67 construction Acquis Communitaire, 266 of adoption of Euro, replacing the Maltese lira as sole fort on Grand Harbour's promontory, 32 legal tender currency, 267 counts, 9, 30 prevailing circumstances in accession process in EU, county, 32 266 during Norman and Hohenstaufen rule, 30 Malta's maritime history silver coin sets. See enfeoffed to Manfredi Chiaramonte, 32 numismatics Frederick IV Maltese cross (eight-pointed), 92 visit to Malta, 32 Maltese economy Goths, 7 balance of payments, 259, 260 Hellenization of, 3 capital controls ) incorporated phasing out, 266 into commercial ship repairing, 69 Sicilian realm, 9, 10 domestic inflationary pressures, 258 marquisate of, 32 electronics industry's rapid expansion, 260 mortgaged exports to export-led manufacturing, 69 Don Gonsalvo de Monroi, 32 performance faltering, 259 Muslims, 9, 30 textiles and clothing, 257 Normans,30 formal development planning, 69 ports, 1, 151 globilization and, 266 pre-Roman name, 3 growth of, 260 prehistoric times, 1-2 import restrictions, 266 prosperity industrial production, 257 in inflationary pressures, 259 Roman Malta,S international oil prices and, 260 Republic liberalisation policies, 266 within manufacturing industry the Commonwealth, 94 growth,260 royal charter manufacturing sectors, 259 authorizing Maltese to vindicate rights even by overheated economy, 259 force of arms, 32 price stability, 259 Sicily and, 10, 30, 32 prices Sicilian Crown and, 30, 32 and wage freeze, 258 Swabians in, 10 problems trading with Muslims in Sicily and North Africa, 8 restructuring, 70 Turkish incursions, 32 productive sectors Vandals, 7 undergoing thorough restructuring, 266 See Angevins, coinage/coins, Greece, Order of St radical structural changes in, 68, 69, 70, 154,247, John, Roman Period, Sicily 257,260,266 Malta (newspaper), 94, 95, 100 signs Malta Chamber of Commerce, 91 of Malta Development Corporation, 69 modest recovery, 258 Malta Drydocks. See currency notes slow-down Malta Government Gazette, 53, 131 in See MGG economic activity, 257 Malta Government Stocks, 232 tourism, 69, 257, 259, 260 Malta grain (nabba), Malta lira, Malta Mint. See dramatic collapse in UK market, 258

337 CURRENCY IN MALT A

unemployment, 258 Messina, 9, 30, 32, 34, 35, 37, 84, 106 See currency metal shortage. See currency Maltese islands metallist reformers. See coinage/coins, currency ports, 1,2, 151 Mexico, 62, 73, 74,82,83,86 See coinage/coins, currency, Malta, numismatics Mexican dollars, 61 Maltese lampstand. See numismatics: themes See currency Maltese National Assembly, 62 MGG, 12,20,22, 76,78, 80,82, 84, 86, 88, 118, 119 Maltese rock-centaury. See numismatics: themes Mgarr Harbour (Gozo), 173 Maltese tombs. See coinage/coins Micallef, Luciano, 131 Maltese worker monument (Msida). See currency notes Middle East, 80 Mamo, Anthony (Sir, Governor General, President of Mid-Med Bank, 156,303,306 Malta),121 Mifsud, Alfredo, 104,304 Manelli, Antonio, 34 Milan, 58, 151 Manfred (last Swabian king) . See coinage/coins, See coinage/coins numismatics: themes Mildenberg, L., 297 marble Miles, G. C., 28, 299 inscriptions, 20 Milgade, M., 305 marmoreal, 22 .. miliarense. See coinage/coins 'I portrait head, 20 millennium bug. See currency Marcus Ulpius Nerva Traianus, 20 Mini, Adolfo, 4, 304 Margaritone of Brindisi (Admiral of the Fleet), 30 Ministry of Finance, Customs and Ports (Malta), 70 Maria and Martin. See coinage/coins Mint Street (Valletta),f. 40, 41 Marrajeni, Dino (Dott., ambassador of the Sovereign minting, 2, 6, 24, 40 Military Order of Malta), 120 dies, 4, 5, 34, 38, 40,f. 52, 70, 94, 106, 112, 119, Marsa, 12,22,26,173,177,289 120, 122, 131 See currency notes belonging to forger 52 Marsala. See Lilybaeum mint of the Order of St John, 53 Marsaxlokk Bay, 169 design of a screw-press, ii Martin of Aragon, 32 drawing of tools and machinery used at, 53 Massa Frumentaria. See Order of St John mintmaster/master of the mint, ii, 34, 37, 38,f 40 Massa, Pietro, 38, 150,151 punches, 38,f 52 Matthias (of Hungary), 56 belonging to forger 52 Mattingly, H., 296, 300 See coinage/coins See BMC CRE, RIC Mishler, C., 299 Mayr, Albert, 16, 304 Mi~r, 28 MBB, 26, 80, 84, 86 Mizzi, Enrico (Dr), 166, 167 Mdina, 8,9,20, 22,24,28, 104, 123, 175, 180 Mladek, J. V., 70 Mdina Cathedral MNA, 76, 86, 116, 117 Archive, 104 mnara (Maltese lampstand), 92, 124 Authorities, 8 See numismatics: themes financing the rebuilding of, 8 Mocatta & Goldsmid (Messrs), 67 square in front of, 8 Moesia, 7 See currency: notes, numismatics: themes Moncada, Guglielmo Raimondo, 32 medals Monroi, Gonsalvo de, 32, 180 bronze, 5 Montalto, John, 305 gold, 5,37,67, 122, 132, 135,305 Montanaro, G., 67 silver, 5 Monte di Pieta e Redenzione, 42, 54 See coinage/coins, currency, numismatics See Order of St John medieval Europe Monte di Sant'Anna (di Pieta), 9 commercial and financial transactions, 10 Mqabba, 12 payment in coins/goods, 10 Msida. See currency notes Mediterranean, 1,2,4, 5, 7, 14, 41 , 61, 102, 168 Mtarfa, 8, 20 Melkart, 3 Mui)ammad. See coinage/coins merchants. See British Rule in Malta Munich Crisis. See British Rule in Malta: World War II Merchants Street (Valletta). See Strada San Giacomo Museum of Fine Arts (Vallettta),f 150

338 Maltese islands: ports - numismatic: designs: ornamental Maltese doorknockers

Muslim Malta nude warriors. See coinage/coins annual tribute, 30 numismatics See coinage/coins, Malta . coins myrtle. See coinage/coins cupro-nickel Malta lira, 131, 134 two ECU, 134 designs N Central Bank new annexe, 134 portico and facade of building, 132 Nachf, Busso Peus (Dr), vii twentieth anniversary, 132 Naples, 30, 32, 39, 40, 84 twenty-fifth anniversary, J 34 Napoleon I (emperor), 86 computer, 136 napoleons (French gold 20 franc pieces). See coinage/ Decade for Women, 132 coins dogs, 124 National Archives, Rabat, xxiii, 104 doorknocker, 124 National Bank of Malta. See British Rule in Malta: emblem of Malta, 131, 132, 133, 134, 136, 137 banks European Economic Community-Malta ) national bird. See coinage/coins Association Agreement's twentieth National Insurance Fund (Malta), 234 anniversary of signing, 133 National Library of Malta (Valletta), 5, 34, 38, 104 First World Fisheries Conference, 131 National Museum of Archaeology (Valletta), 2, 3, 132 First World Food Day, 131 numismatic collection, 2, 7, 10, 132 flags national plant. See coinage/coins European Community, 133 NAV,105 Malta, 133 See Notarial Archives (Valletta) Fort Manoel Gate, 124 naval battle. See numismatics games Naxxar,7 qattus (cat), 133 Neapolitan troops, 42 George Cross award to Malta, 133 Neptune's statute. See numismatics: themes Guze Ellul-Mercer's portrait, 124 nestlings, 102 historical medal, 137 Netherlands, 240, 243, 247, 248, 261, 262 International Year of Child, 131 Newfoundland, 239 International Year of Disabled Persons, 13 I Newman, P., 305 Jesuits' emblem on coin, 134 Newton, Isaac (Sir) John Paul II's visit to Malta, 133 as master of the mint established the weight for kangu ta' Filfla (storm petrel), 124 pound sterling in gold, 237 kelb tal-fenek (ancient Maltese breed of dog), 124 Nicholas Il (Pope), 9 lampstands, 124 nickel-brass piece. See coinage/coins last coin produced by Malta Mint, 134 Nicodemia, 24, 26 legends, 136, 137 Nicolas, Gaetano, 38, 109, 114 Les Gavroches (Antonio Sciortino), 124 Nicoloso,9 Malta niello. See engravings admission to the United Nations, 136 Nike. See coins historical role in defending Christian Europe, NLM,f 40,56,58,74,84,106,107, 108, 109, 110, 134 111,112,113,114,115 Independence nobleman, 5,151 twenty-fifth anniversary, 132 nofs bicca, nofs Cinkwina, nofs lwig, nofs patakka, nofs Maritime History sets, 131 , 140 uqija. See coinage/coins Mattia Preti' s, 13 7 North Africa, 1,7,8,298 mnara (Maltese lampstand), 124 trading posts, 1 naval battle between Order of St John 's and Norway, 239, 255 Ottoman Empire's galleys, 134 Notarial Archives (Valletta), 104 Neptune's statue in Presidential Palace See NAV (Valletta), 123 Note Security Fund (1939). See currency ornamental Maltese doorknocker, 124

339 CURRENCY IN MALTA

Preziosi, Luigi (Sir), 124 Regal coins, 5 pyramid, 136 College of Arms (UK), 132 Romano-Maltese commemorative issues, 138, 139, 141, 142, 143, coins depicted on coin, 137 144,145,146,147,148 struck in Gozo, 124 consultant, 120 Save the Children Fund's seventieth anniversary designers, 131 five Malta liri coin, 133 Malta Mint, 131, 135 schooners, 135 Central Bank responsible for its running, 132 ships, 201 denominated in Maltese liri and ECU, 134 storm petrel, 124 issued in three standards, 131 termination of foreign military facilities in medals minted at, 135 Malta, 131 oblong shape and rounded corners, 137 UNICEF's fiftieth anniversary, 136 produced with Federal German Mints's United Nations Organization's fiftieth collaboration, 134 anniversary, 136 operations University of Malta phased out, 135 coat of arms, 134 rationalised on coins and medals, 132 quartercentenary of the foundation of, 81 programme fineness sponsored by United Nations Centre for Social gold coins, 137 Development and Humanitarian Affairs, silver coins, 137 132 gold transferred to new premises at Pieta, 131, 132 hundred Malta liri gold coins, 131 , 132 medals sets commemorative silver medal on the inauguration fifth series, 1976,129 of Malta Mint,f 120 first series, 1972, 125 designers, 131 fourth series, 1975,128 minted at Malta Mint, 135 second series, 1973, 126 private and public organizations and, 122 sixth series, 1977, 130 piedfort versions, 131 third series, 1974,127 profits twenty-five Malta liri, 133 donated to UNICEF, 136 programme Royal Mint international coin programme, 131, 133, 136 coins struck at the, 134 sales themes donated to local children's entities, 136 armorial bearings sets Malta, 123, 124, 137 fifth series, 1976, 129 Central Bank, 132, 134, 137 first series, 1972, 125 Auberge de Castille, 123 fourth series, 1975, 128 Centennial Olympic Games (Atlanta, USA), 136 second series, 1973, 126 Central Bank's establishment sixth series, 1977,130 thirtieth anniversary, 136 third series, 1974, 12 7 child cuddling dog, 136 two Malta liri, 131, 132 Cottonera Gate, 123 silver coins Dolphins Fountain (the Mall, Floriana), 123 five Malta Iiri, 131, 133, 134, 135, 137 first Romano-Maltese coin, 123 ten ECU silver coins, 134 football - World Cup, 134 Malta lira silver coins, 79 Fort St Angelo, 123 collections, 2, 5, 6, 8, 10, 28 George Cross award to Malta, 133 armorial ensigns (1964), 131 Gozo boat with lateen sails, 123 autonomous coins, 5 hand Consular coins, 5 holding torch with map of Maltese islands in the Imperial coins, 5 background, 74 interest of, 6 Hagar Qim temples, 92, 98 pillaging of, 5 Maltese banking system, 136 Public Library (Valletta), 8 Maltese falcon, 123

340 1 I numismatic: designs: Preziosi - Pace, Anthony (Dr) Maltese revolt against the French in deplete state, 115 two hundredth anniversary of, 137 gold denominations, 44 Maltese stone charcoal stove, 123 grain Mdina Gate, 123 importation of, 36 merill (Malta's national bird), 123 Grand Masters, 9, 37, 39, 40, 41 ornamental stone balcony, 123 Great Siege portraits financial difficulties following, 36 Giovanni Francesco Abela's, 123 library,S Manwel Dimech's, 123 Massa Frumentaria Alfons Maria Galea's, 123 administers Universita di Grani, 150 Temi Zammit's, 123 periodically raised loans, 150 qabru (Maltese fresh- water crab), 123 melted foreign coins, 36 ship and explorer, 135 military and naval role, 41 St Agatha's Tower (Qammieh), 123 minting, 34, 106 third millenium of Christian calendar, 137 machinery removed,! 41 UNICEF logo, 136 master of the mint, 37, 38,! 41, 53 watchtower, 123 money-lending, 149, 150, 151 water polo game, 136 Monte di Pieta/Sant'Anna, 150 } widnet i/-banar (national plant), 123 closed down during French Rule, 150 windmills, 124 Monte di Redenzione Xarolla windmill (Zurrieq), 124 ransoming Maltese slaves in Muslim captivity, See coinage/coins 150 nobility involved in banking/money-lending, 151 pawning, 150 o property abroad, 36 public projects, 36 Odovakar (king of Italy), 7, 26 responsions, 36 granted title of patrician, 26 rights Old Theatre Street (Valletta),! 40 coining money denied by Charles V, 34 oncia, 38, 61 sale of machinery See coinage/coins to Greek Government, 104 oncia d'argento, 38 silverware ophthalmic surgeon, 124 melted and converted into specie, 115 Order of St John,S, 32, 34-41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 47, 49, specie,! 150 50,51,52,53,56,58,60,61,64,65,66,67,74, Treasury (Valletta), 36,! 40, 41, 149,! 150,! 15] 84,98, 104, 106,10~ 108,109,111,112,113, Turkish incursions, 36 114,115, 117, 134, 149-50, 151, 153 works banks Floriana lines resumed, 37 services, 149, 150, 151 See British Rule in Malta, coinage/coins, currency, set up, 151 minting, Sovereign Military Order of Malta building of Valletta, 36 Osiris, See coinage/coins bullion,! 150 Ostrogoths, 7, 26, 301 Cancelleria (Chancery),! 150 See coinage/Coins coins Ottoman Empire. See numismatics reissue causes hardship and difficulties, 36 Overijssel, 56 Council of, 106, 107, 115 Overseas Sterling Area, 249, 251 downfall,41 end of, 251 employment oxen, [05 for the mostly poor Maltese labour force, 36 famine, 36 fiduciary copper coins, 36 p financial advisor to Grand Master, 151 funds Pace, Anthony (Dr), vii

341 CURRENCY IN MALTA

Pace, John/I., 169,286,287 Plasket, Richard (Sir), 116 Pagani, A., 84,86,300 plastic money, 227 Palermo, 4, 8, 9, 30, 40, 84, 104 Poland, 166,240 Palestine, 163 Popayan, 74 palm tree. See coinage/coins popes, 8, 9, 133 Paoli, Zanobio, 40, 104, Ill, 112, 113,305 Portelli, S.F., 305 Papal Bull (1530), 34 Portugal, 239 Papal coins. See coinage/coins See coinage/coins Paris, 86, 247 postage stamps. See British Rule in Malta, Grand patakka. See coinage/coins Harbour patrician. See Odovakar Potosi,82 pawning Poussielgues, Antonio, 149 Monte di Pieta Pozzo,Bartolomeo, 305 re-established in the early days of British Rule, 150 prehistoric times See Order of St John bartering, 1 pecunia, 9, 10, 104 Preti, Mattia, 137 See currency Preziosi, Luigi. See numismatics: themes pecunia Gaudisij, pecunia Matte. See currency price stability, 250, 259, 260, 266 Pedro IV (Aragon), 30 priest's hat, ritual cap. See coinage/coins pellets. See coinage/coins printing presses. See British in Malta Pennington, James, 305 Priory of Champagne, 37 Peregrino, Giacomo de, 32 private museums, 6 Perellos y Roccaful, Ramon (Grand Master), 44, 50, private speculators. See currency 66,269,270,271 Procida, Giovanni da, 30 See coinage/coins Procopius, 7 Pereyra, Emmanuel (Ball), 113 Procurators of the Parish Church CZejtun), 69 Persephone,2, 12 produce See coinage/coins purchased from North Africa, Syria and Sicily, 86 Peru, 62, 82 profile busts. See coinage/coins pezza,38 Progress Press (Valletta), 171 See coinage!Coins Proserpine, 20 Philip (Duke of Edinburgh), 181 Provident Bank for Savings. See British Rule in Malta Philip II (of Spain), 58 Provost, Jan, 37 Philip V, 74 Provost, Leoni/Michele, 37, 38 Phocas, 8, 26 Provost, Simon, 37, 38 See coinage/coins prow of galley. See coinage/coins Phoenician traders Public Library (Valletta). See numismatic collections arrival, I Publius Licinus Egnatius Valerianus Gallienus, 22 Pian ta, Michele, 38 Pullicino, Philip (Sir), 166 piastras, 35, 61, 84 Punic See coinage!Coins legends, 3 Piazza San Francesco (Rabat), 22 Second Punic War, 2, 5,14 Piazza Tesoreria (Republic Square), 5,/ 41 See coinage/coins piccioli, pierreale (Messina). See coinage/coins pyramid. See numismatics Pieti!,132 1 Pignatelli, Ettore, 34 Pigot, Henry, 60 pillar Q over urn, 3 Pinto, Emmanuel (Grand Master), 38, 39,40,41,43, qabru (Maltese freshwater crab). See currency notes 44,46,50,67,134,149,151,269,270,271 Qlejgha (Bingemma), 20 See coinage/coins quadrans, quadrigatus, quartered arms. See coinage/ Pisani, Salvatore L., 28, 305 coins pittings. See coinage/coins quarter-siliqua, 26 plagues. See British Rule in Malta quinarius, quincunx. See coinage/coins, Roman Malta

342 Pace, John/J. - Saliba, Rene G.

R triens, 4 conquest of Malta, 2, 5 Rabat, Gozo, 5, 12,22,180 annexation of Malta and Gozo, 4 Rabat Museum of Roman Antiquities, 22 culture, 3 rabbits, 102 curule chair, 4 Radio Deutschlandsender, 168 Empire, 3, 7, 20 rams. See coinage/coins break-up of, 7 Ransijat, Bosredon de (Chev.), 149 division of, 7 Ras ir-Raheb (Bahrija), 12 emperors, 6, 7, 20, 22 rationing. See coinage/coins freedman of, 20 Ratto, R., 26, 300 procurators Raymond, W., 82, 300 Malta' s, 20 rbieglii, reales. See coinage/coins Republican period, 6 Reece, Richard, 305 Romanization of Malta, 4 Refalo, Michelangelo (Sir), 163 self-governing municipality, 3, 180 religious convictions, 3 senate, 2, 14 Republic Square (Valletta), 5 control of minting, 6 Republic Street (Valletta),f 40 Sicilian municipia, 2 } Restelli, F., 44, 46, 48, 50, 54, 300 South Italy, 14 retai I trade textile industry, 14 discontent and disturbances in, 82 town house reverse designs. See coinage/coins outside Mdina, 20 Rhegium (Bruttium), 12 women's dresses, 14 Rhodes, 34 See coinage/coins, currency notes, Eastern Roman RIC,20,22,24 Empire, numismatics: themes, Rome See Mattingly, H. Rome, 2,3,20,24,26,35, 37, 106, 120, 122, 168,247 Rimersma, J. C., 303 See Eastern Roman Empire, Roman Malta Rio de la Plata/Rio-Plata, 62, 82 Rosnel, Antonio, 38 Rioja, 82 Royal Engineers. See British Rule in Malta Ripolles, P., 295 Royal Mint (UK), 61, 69, 71, 72, 80, 94, 95, 98,134, See ABR 136, 163 ritual stand. See coinage/coins Royal Mint (Australia), 80 Rizzo, E., 12,300 Royal Mint (Llantrisant, UK), 92, 94 Robertson, William (Sir), 164 Royal Navy, Royal Reserves. See British Rule in Malta rodents, 102 RSC,20 Roger (Count) See Sear, D. attacked Maltese islands, 9, 30 Rudolph II, 56 devastation of Gozo, 9 Rue de la Monnaie (Valletta),f 40 Roger II (king of Sicily), 9 Rundle, Leslie (Sir), 160 See coinage/coins Russia, 41 Roman Malta 3, 4, 5 Russo, R., 297 Adriatic, 14 RWMD, 12,20,22,24 assembly, 3, 14 coinage 5 as, 8 Imperial, 21 s issuing local coinage, 3 quadrans,4 Sacra Infermeria, 36, 115 quincunx,4 sacrifice Republican, 12 sacrificial cap, 3 scarcity of metal sacrificial tripod, 3, 18 for sacristans, 68 minting,S sailing-craft, sails. See currency notes, numismatics: semis, 4 themes sextans,5 Saliba, Rene G., xxiii

343 CURRENCY IN MALTA

saluto/carlino (Naples). See coinage/coins dollar, 61, 62, 63, 84, 86,154,155 Salviati, Bernardo (Fra), 35, 37, 106 gold coinage, 8 Sambon, G., 30, 32, 300 half-dollars, 84 Sammut, J. c., xix, xxi, xxii, 18,44,46,48,50, 54,74, mintmaster of Messina, 34 76,82,84,175,290,300,305 quarter-dollars, 84 Sammut, Joseph H., 175,290 right to mint own coinage, 2 Sant, M. A., 54, 56, 58, 74, 301 conquest Santiago, 82 by Saqqajja Hill (Rabat-Malta), 8 Vandals and Ostrogoths, 7 Save the Children Fund. See numismatics counts, 9, 10 sceptre, 3 donated to Robert Guiscard, 9 See coinage/coins Fatimids,8 schooners. See numismatics Frederick n, 30 Sciacca,4 invasion Scic1una, Mario, iv of Sciortino, Adolfo, 65, 66, 67 Messina, 30 Sciortino, Antonio, 92, 97, 98, 124, 177 kings, 10 scripulum. See coinage/coins Malta screw-press. See minting perpetually annexed to, 2,180 scrollwork. See British Rule in Malta: currency Roman province, 2 scudo. See coinage/coins See coinage/coins, currency, Kingdom of the Two SDR (Special Drawing Right). See currency Sicilies, Malta Seaby, P., 76, 78, 80, 301 Sijilmasa, 28 Sear, David R., 300, 305 siliqua, silver. See coinage/coins, numismatics See RSC silversmiths, 38, 39, 64 seignorage. See currency Simmons, John Lintorn (Sir), 66, 86, 155, 157, Seltman, C., 16, 18,301,305 159 semis, semissis. See Roman Malta: coinage simpulum, 14,20 Senglea, 37, 135, 175 See coinage/coins Septimius Severus. See coinage/coins sitt nabbiet, sitt irbajja', sittax-il tari, six-grain ears, servicemen, 71 sixpence, six-rayed comet, skud. See coinage/ sestertius. See Roman Malta: coinage coms Sette Giugno Riots (Valletta). See currency: notes slave wars (Sicily), 5 sextans. See Roman Malta: coinage See Order of St John Shepherd, D . A., 173,288,289 Smithsonian Institute (Washington DC), 248 shields. See coinage/coins Smitsonian Agreement shillings. See coinage/coins breakdown of, 252 ships, 3, 72, 131 SNG ANS, 14 See numismatics: themes SNG Cop., 12 shops, 69 SNG Lloyd, 12 Siam, 239 Social War (Italy), 5 Sicily, 1,2,3,4,5,7,8,9, 10, 12, 14,30,32,35,37, Society of Jesus,S 39,68,82,84,86,108,149 sold, soldiers. See coinage!Coins Aghlabids, 8 Soler, Richard, 173, 289 capture solidus, Sotheby, Wilkinson and Hodge. See coinage/ of coms Messina, 9 South American Republics. See coinage/coins Palermo, 9, 30 South Italy. See Italy Christians Southern Europe. See British Rule in Malta non-Arabic speaking, 8 Sovereign Military Order of Malta (Rome), 94, 120 Cicero as Quaestor, 14 See Order of St John coinage sovereigns. See coinage/coins dinars Spahr, R., 30, 32, 84, 301 Islamic, 8 Spain, 10, 34, 58, 72, 86 dirhams,8 See coinage/coins

344 saluto/carlino - Trebonianus Gallus

spears, Spes. See coinage/coins T Spink & Son Group of Companies, 133 Spink & Son Ltd. (London), 122 Ta' Xbiex Yacht Marina. See currency notes spiral motif (neolithic Tarxien temple). See currency talers (Vienna), 86 notes See coinage/coins spirits. See British Rule in Malta Tancred de Hauteville, 30 Spiteri, Lino, 175, 176,290,291 Tanit. See Astarte, coinage/Coins sports. See numismatics: themes tankers, 72 sprinkler. See coinage/coins Taras. See coinage/coins St Agatha's Tower (Qammieh). See numismatics: Tarentum (Calabria), 14 themes tarL See coinage/coins St Calcedonius Square (Floriana),f 150 tartana . See currency notes St Elmo (fort), 32 taxation, 181 St George's Church (Rabat-Gozo), 5 temples \ St George's Square (Valletta), 181 Juno 's,14 I St James Counterguard (Valletta), xxii, 136 Proserpine's,20 I St John 's Church (Valletta), 137 See coinage/coins St Joseph Institute (Ham run), 169 tetlus, tetradrachm. See coinage/coins ) Sta Margherita Hill, 37 textiles. See Roman period, Maltese economy standards of living. See coinage/coins Thant, U ., 136 Stanhope, Edward (Secretary of State for Colonies), Theodemir, 7 64 Theodoric, 7, 26 star, stater. See coinage/coins Theodosius, 7, 8, 24 statues. See currency notes thermal complex (Ghajn Tuffieha). See currency notes steel plates. See British Rule in Malta: banking Thessalonika (Greece), 24 sterling. See currency Third Republic (France), 86 stone altar, 92, 98 third-farthing, 63, 78 . See coinage/coins See coinage/coins stone balcony. See numismatics: themes Thomas De La Rue & Co. Ltd (London), 164, 173, Stopler, Wolfgang F. (Prof.), 70 175,178,286,288,289, 291,293 Strada del Salvatore (Old Theatre Street, Valletta), Thos. C. Smith & Co, 156 f. 40 threepence, three-penny pieces. See coinage/coins Strada San Giacomo (Merchants Street, Valletta), Thurston Holland, Henry (Sir), 66 6 Tiberius II, 8 Strada San Giorgio (Republic Street, Valletta), Tiberius Sempronius Longus, 2,14 f. 40 tliet liabbiet, tliet irbajja', tmien irbajja'. See coinage/ Strada San Sebastiano (Valletta), 38,1 40 coins f. 41 Toledo, Philip H., 92 street hawkers, 68 tools . See coinage/coins Strickland, Gerald (Lord) Torino,86 prepares draft ordinance for the issue of paper Torrens, Henry D'Oyly (Sir), 157 currency by private individuals or Corporations, Torri Gawhar (Gudja), 5 157 Tortell, Victor E., vii See British Rule in Malta, currency tourism, 250 strikes, 72 tourists, 71, 88, 178 Suez Canal. See British Rule in Malta See Maltese economy Swabia,9 Tournai (Belgium), 42 See Malta trade swallowtail butterfly (jarfett tal-fejgel). See currency import trade financing, 63 notes, numismatics: themes See coinage/coins, currency Sweden, 239, 255, 262 tra yellers, 250 Switzerland, 134,240,243, 247 treasure-troves. See coinage/coins Sydenham, E. A., 14,301 Treaty of Amiens (1802), 60 Syracuse (Sicily), 12 Treaty of Paris (1814),60,152 Syria, 68, 86 Trebonianus Gallus, 22

345 CURRENCY IN MALTA

Trigo, J., 297 Vandalic coins. See coinage/coins trionfi. See coinage/coins Vasconcellos, Luis Mendes de (Grand Master), 106, Tripartite Monetary Agreement. See currency 269,270,271 Tripoli, 68, 86 vases. See coinage/coins Triq Zekka (Old Mint Street, Valletta),f. 40,f 41 Vassallo, Francis J., 182, 292, 293 Troisi, Carlo, 8, 38 Vatican Troisi, Pietro Paolo, 38, 110 intervention in contention on ownership of hoard, 8 Tunis, 68, 86 Vaubois (General), 60 Tunisia, 1 Vella, Ganni, 180 Turkey, 24 Vella, Tom, 162, 180 See Order of St John Venerable Council of the Order of St John. See Order Turnbull Junior & Somerville. See British Rule in of St John Malta: banks Venice Venetian Consuls, 149 See coinage/coins Ventimiglia, Guido, 32 u Verdalle, Hugues de Loubenx (Grand Master), 50, 134, 269,270,271 Umayyad Dynasty, 28 See coinage/coins See coinage/coins Verres, Caius, 14 uncia. See coinage/coins plundered temple of Juno, 14 UNICEF, 131, 136 Vertot, Rene de (Abbe), 34, 35, 306 United Nations, 70, 131, 132, 135, 136, 180,241 Victoria, 76, 78, 80, 86 United Nations Mission, 70 victoriatus, Victory. See coinage/coins United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference Vienna, 86, 301 (Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, USA), 241 vignettes. See currency notes See currency notes, numismatics Vilhena, Antonio Manoel de (Grand Master), 38, 39, Universita dei Grani. See Order of St John 44,46,50,269,270,271 Universitas, 10 See coinage/coins University of Malta. See currency notes, numismatics village grocers, 68 uqija. See coinage/coins vine leaves, Virgin Mary, Virtus. See coinage/coins urn, 37 Vittorio Emanuele Ill, 297 See pillar Vittorio Emmanuele II, 86 USA, 233, 237, 239, 240, 241 Vittoriosa, 37 usury, 150 Voegtli, H., 297 Utrecht, 56

v w

Vajringa Street (Rabat-Gozo) . See coinage/coins wage and price freeze. See Maltese economy Valcambi SA (Switzerland), 132 Walker, Alan (Dr), viii, xxiii Valentini, Roberto, 34, 306 Wall Street Crisis, War Memorial. See currency Valentinianus IJ, 8, 24 Warsaw, 149 See coinage/coins Washington DC, 248 Valletta, 2, 5, 6, 8, 10,28,36,37, 38,f. 40,f. 41,42, watch-tower (gardjo/a) . See currency notes, 43, 60, 64, 65, 97, 98, 104, 107, 111, 123, 132, numismatics: themes l3~14~ 15~ 15~ 15~ 16~ 171, 17~ 17~ 181 water polo. See numismatics bird's-eye view of,f. 40 water-colours, 180 expenses for the building fortifications outside the welders. See currency notes walls of, 107 West Germany, 233, 243, 247, 248 See coinage/coins, currency, ingots Western Mediterranean, 14 Vallette, Jean de (la) (Grand Master), 36, 37, 44, 48, Wettinger, Godfrey (Prof.), vii, 22, 104,301,306 50,305 wheat, 105 r See coinage/coins White, Harry Dexter, 90, 241 I 1 346 Trigo, J. - zekkin

widnet il-banar (Malta's national plant). See currency See coinage/coins notes, numismatics: themes xprunara. See currency notes Wignacourt, Alof(ius) de (Grand Master), 50, 56, 106, Xuereb, Paul, 121 269,270,271 See coinage/coins wigs. See coinage/coins William IV, 78 Z See coinage/coins windmills. See numismatics: themes Zacatecas mint (Mexico), 82 women Zammit, Temi/Themistocles (Sir), 5, 9, 12, 14,20,22, disadvantaged women 123,301 10 See numismatics: themes developing countries, 132 zecchini, 9, 35, 38, 39, 40, 41, 44, 58 See numismatics, Roman period See coinage/coins Wood, Hadrian, 288 Zeininger de Borja, P.C., 306 World Bank, 241 Zeno (emperor), 7 World War I Odovakar's coins struck in the name of, 24, 26 gold coins withdrawn from circulation in England, See coinage/coins ) 162 Zondadari, Marcantonio (Grand Master), 66 See British Rule in Malta World War II, 92,133,162,164,165,167,171,226, 228,238,240,241,243,263 See British Rule in Malta wreaths. See coinage/coins Wroth, W., 301 zewg irbajja " zewg Uri tad-deheb, zewg skudi. See coinage/coins Zurrieq, 124 x xambekk. See currency notes Z Xarolla windmill (Zurrieq). See numismatics: themes Ximenez de Texada, Francisco (Grand Master), 40, 44, 46,269,270,271 zekkin. See coinage/coins

347