FDRE MINISTRY OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT, HOUSING AND CONSTRUCTION

Public Disclosure Authorized URBAN FOOD SECURITY AND JOB CREATION AGENCY

Public Disclosure Authorized

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (ESMF) for URBAN SAFETY NET AND JOBS PROJECT (USNJP)

Public Disclosure Authorized

Public Disclosure Authorized

Addis Ababa, August 2020

ESMF of Urban Safety Net and Jobs Project

Table of Content

ACRONYMS ...... 5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 7 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ...... 16

1.1 PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES OF THE ESMF ...... 17 1.2 METHODOLOGY ...... 17 CHAPTER TWO: DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ...... 20

2.1 BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE OF THE USNJP PROJECT ...... 20 2.2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...... 20 2.2.1 LIPW Subproject selection criteria and exclusions ...... 30 2.2.2 USNJP Project Target Cities ...... 30 2.3 ORGANIZATIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES FOR USNJP IMPLEMENTATION...... 31 2.3.1 Federal Government level ...... 31 2.3.2 Regional Government Levels ...... 32 2.3.3 Urban Local Governments level (Cities) ...... 33 CHAPTER THREE: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL CONTEXT AND BASELINE CONDITIONS OF PARTICIPATING CITIES ...... 34

3.1 OVERVIEW OF BIOPHYSICAL BASELINE ...... 34 3.2 OVERVIEW OF SOCIAL BASELINE ON SAMPLE CITIES ...... 37 CHAPTER FOUR: RELEVANT POLICY, LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT ...... 40

4.1. INSTITUTIONAL ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT ...... 41 4.1.1 The Environment, Forest and Climate Change Commission (EFCCC) ...... 41 4.1.2 Regional Environment Protection Forest and Climate Change Authority (REPFCCA) ...... 42 4.1.3 Zonal and Woreda level Environment, Forest, Land Utilization, and Climate Change Offices 44 4.1.4 Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs/Regional Labor and Social Affairs Bureaus ...... 45 4.1.5 Ministry of Women, Children and Youth Affairs (MoWCYA) /Regional Women, Children and Youth Bureaus ...... 46 4.2 WORLD BANK ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL STANDARDS ...... 46 4.3 RELEVANT EHS GUIDELINES (WORLD BANK GROUP) FOR USNJP SUBPROJECTS ...... 50 4.3.1 EHS General Guideline Section 4.0 on Construction and Decommissioning...... 50 4.3.2 EHS Guideline for Waste Management Facilities ...... 50 4.3.3 EHS Guidelines for Mammalian Livestock and Poultry Production ...... 50 CHAPTER FIVE: POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL RISKS AND BENEFITS ...... 57

5.1 UNSJP SUBPROJECT BENEFICIAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS ...... 57 5.2 USNJP SUBPROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL RISKS ...... 58 5.2.1 Solid Waste Management Subprojects ...... 58 5.2.2 Impacts of Small Community Infrastructure, Greenery and Watershed Development Subprojects ...... 59 5.2.3 Urban Agriculture subprojects ...... 61 5.2.4 Occupational Health and Safety risks in Labor Intensive Public Works ...... 63 5.2.5 The Apprenticeship Program Subcomponent ...... 65

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5.2.6 Strengthening employment and intermediation services (One stop shops) ...... 66 5.2.7 Other related environmental risks with all subprojects ...... 66 5.3 ADVERSE SOCIAL IMPACTS ...... 68 5.3.2. Gender Based Violence (GBV) ...... 69 5.3.2 Recommendations for tackling GVB Risks ...... 69 CHAPTER SIX: ESMF PROCESSES AND IMPLEMENTATION...... 81

6.1 RESPONSIBILITIES IN THE ESMF IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS ...... 81 6.2 OVERVIEW OF SUBPROJECT CATEGORIZATION AND THE ESMF PROCESSES ...... 82 6.3 PROCESS AND PROCEDURES OF THE ESMF ...... 84 Step 1: Scoping/Screening ...... 85 Step 2: Schedule II Subprojects (partial ESIA preparation) ...... 86 Step 3A: Review and Decision ...... 87 Step 3B: Disclosure ...... 87 Step 4: Implementation & Supervision ...... 88 Step 5: Environmental and Social Safeguards Compliance Reports ...... 89 Step 6: Annual Reviews ...... 89 6.3.1 Sub-Projects requiring a Special Procedure and Guidelines ...... 91 6.4 GRIEVANCE REDRESSING MECHANISM ...... 92 6.4.1 Institutional Setup of the GRM for USNJP ...... 92 6.4.2 Grievance Redress Procedure ...... 93 6.5 KEY ACTIVITIES IN THE GRIEVANCE REDRESS PROCESS ...... 94 6.5.1 Complaints Uptake ...... 95 6.5.2 Case Assessment and Analysis ...... 95 6.5.3 Case Resolution and Closure ...... 95 6.5.4 GRM Registry and Reporting ...... 95 CHAPTER SEVEN: TRAINING AND CAPACITY BUILDING...... 96

7.1 INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY ASSESSMENT ...... 96 7.1.1 Issues related to capacities and practical experiences of Regional and City level USNJP Implementing Agencies on Environmental and social management...... 96 7.1.2 Issues related to capacities and practical experiences of Regional, Zonal and City level EPAs 99 7.2 TRAINING REQUIREMENTS ...... 99 7.2.1 Proposed Environmental Management Topics ...... 101 7.3 TECHNICAL AND FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE ...... 102 7.4 APPOINTING ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SPECIALIST TO UFSJCA ...... 103 CHAPTER EIGHT: MONITORING OF ESMF IMPLEMENTATION ...... 103 ANNEX A: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SCOPING/SCREENING FORM...... 107 ANNEX B: TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR EIA...... 111 ANNEX C: FORMAT OF AN ANNUAL AND QUARETRLY ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT ...... 113 ANNEX D: GUIDELINE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 114 ANNEX E: OHS ACCIDENT/INCIDENT RECODING, REPORTING AND RESPONDING GUIDELINE IN UPSNP/ USNJP FINANCED PUBLIC WORKS ...... 116 ANNEX F: SUMMARIZED REPORT OF CONSULTATIONS ...... 122

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ANNEX G: GUIDANCE FOR SUBPROJECT RISK CATEGORIZATION ...... 146 ANNEX H: NATIOAL EIA PROCEDURAL GUIDELINE FOR SCHEDULE OF ACTIVITIES: ... 149

List of Tables

Table 1: List of suggested sub-projects for Labor Intensive Public Works under UPSNP Table 2: Summary of major environmental characters and sensitivities Table 3: List of the different regional implementing agency organizations Table 4: Relevant EFCCC (MoEFCC) and other guidelines and standards Table 5: Summary of Existing Institutions and Critical Legislations for Environmental and Social Management at Regional Level. Table 6: World Bank – Applicable Environmental and Social Standards Table 7: Comparison of World Bank ESF (ESS 1-10) with Ethiopian Legal and Policy Frameworks Table 8: Indicative Environmental and Social Management Plan Table 9(a)-9(c): Additional Mitigation and Monitoring Options Table 10: Outline of Roles and Responsibilities for the ESMF. Table 11: Implementing Agencies for component 1 and 2 Table 12: Training Requirements for Various Groups of Participants Table 13: Proposed Budget for Implementation of the UPSNP ESMF Table 14: ESMP preparation template form

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ACRONYMS

ARAP Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan BIUD/BTUD/BUDC Bureaus of Industry and Urban Development/, Trade and Urban Development/Urban Development and Construction BOD Biological Oxygen Demand BoFED Bureau of Finance and Economic Development BoLSA Bureau of Labor and Social Affairs BoMSED Bureau of Micro and Small Enterprises Development BWYC Bureau of Women Youth and Children CEDAW Convention on Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women CHMP Cultural Heritage Management Plan COD Chemical Oxygen Demand DEVAW Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women. EFCCC Environment Forest and Climate Change Commission EHSG Environmental Health and Safety Guideline (World Bank Group). ESF Environmental and Social Framework ESMP Environmental Management Plan ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ES Environmental and Social ESS Environmental and Social Standards ESRS Environmental and Social Review Summary ESCP Environmental and Social Commitment Plan ERA Ethiopian Roads Authority ESMF Environmental and Social Management Framework ETB Ethiopian Birr FEMSEDA Federal Micro and Small Enterprises Development Agency GA Gender Analysis GAP Gender Action Plan GBV Gender Based Violence GoE Government of Ethiopia GIIP Good International Industry Practice GM Gender Mainstreaming GRB Gender Responsive Budgeting GRMC Grievance Redress Management Committee GRM Grievance Redress Mechanism IDA International Development Association LMP Labor Management Procedure LIPW Labor Intensive Public Works MIS Management Information System MOLSA Ministry of Labor and Social Affair MOWCYA Ministry of Women, Children and Youth Affair MSW Municipal Solid Waste MUDHCo Ministry of Urban Development, Housing and Construction MOFED Ministry of Finance and Economic Development NCB National Coordination Board NSC National Steering Committee O&M Operation and Maintenance OHS Occupational Health and Safety OM Operational Manual PAPs Project Affected Persons

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PCU Project Coordination Unit PDO Project Development Objective PDS Permanent Direct Support PFU Project Focal Unit PMCC Project Management and Coordination Committee PMT Proxy Means Test RAP Resettlement Action Plan REPA Regional Environmental Protection Authority RPF Resettlement Policy Framework SH Sexual Harassment SAE Sexual Abuse and Exploitation SEP Stakeholder Engagement Plan SNCC Safety Net Coordination Committee TCC Technical Coordination Committee TOR Terms of Reference TSS Total Suspended Solids TVET Technical and Vocational Education Training UFSJCA Urban Food Security and Job Creation Agency UIIDP Urban Institutional and Infrastructure Development Program ULGs Urban Local Governments ULGDP Urban Local Government Development Project USNJP Urban Productive Safety Net and Jobs Project UPSNP Urban Productive Safety Net Project USD United States Dollar NGO Non-Governmental organization VIP Ventilated improved pit latrine

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

I. Introduction and Background

Since 2016/2017 the GoE with the support of the World Bank has been implementing Urban Productive SafetyNet’s Project (UPSNP) in eleven selected cities with the goal of alleviating poverty and unemployment in urban communities. Building on the success of the implementation of UPSNP, the GoE desires to scale up and expand the urban productive safety net support and services for poor households, vulnerable and destitute social groups targeting 44 to 83 cities found across all regions under the USNJP. In similarity with UPSNP, the objective of the USNJP is to support and lift up poor urban households and individuals from absolute poverty to self-sufficiency through a variety of interventions reflected through the main project components. The USNJP program will be funded by the IBRD/IDA with an amount in the order of 500 million USD.

This ESMF is prepared to serve as a framework to examine the environmental and social impacts of the USNJP subprojects to be implemented across all cities participating in the program. The overall objective and purpose are to establish clear procedures and methodologies for the environmental and social assessment, review, approval and implementation of sub-projects to be financed under the USNJP by establishing a unified process that meets the National environmental requirements and World Bank ESF ESSs applicable for addressing environmental and social risks of USNJP subprojects.

Methodologies which were used while preparing of the ESMF include stakeholder and community consultations, field assessment and observation in different regions and cities as well as desktop review of various documents. The ESMF preparation has also taken into consideration its predecessor (i.e. UPSNP ESMF) as benchmark and has been enriched through a process of consultation with program implementing offices, stakeholders and beneficiary communities found in the previously participating and newly joining cities/towns. II. DESCRIPTION of the PROJECT

To address the challenges of urban poverty and unemployment, particularly during Ethiopia’s Covid- 19 recovery phase, the proposed USNJP will expand the urban safety net to more cities, focusing on livelihoods and labor market integration particularly of youth, as well as protecting the most vulnerable populations such as elderly and disabled, homeless as well as refugees and host communities. The GoE has decided to expand the urban safety net to 83 cities in the next five years. The ongoing project (UPSNP) has been implemented in the eleven cities accounts for 30 percent of the total urban population.. Thus, one of the aims of the proposed USNJP is to expand the safety net model to a larger number of cities to increase coverage of the urban poor. Moreover, the government wants to introduce a new component which aims to foster urban youth employment. The Project would have the following four components:

Component 1: Expand the Urban Productive Safety Net to Improve the Urban Environment

This component was under implementation during the UPSNP. It would continue to provide labor intensive public work opportunities for selected urban poor in the USNJP participating cities, assist in business development, and provide livelihood grants for beneficiary households. Component 1 would expand from presently 11 cities to between 44 and 83 cities taking into consideration city- level poverty and unemployment rates, administrative capacity and regional equity. The five thematic areas for the types of labor-intensive public works will continue to be identical with those applied under the UPSNP. This component will support the implementation of refugees’ rights outlined in the 2019 Refugee Proclamation and contributes to the operationalization of CRRF.. The refugee integration activities will be piloted in Jijiga and would be carefully rolled out in different regions, based on the outcome of the pilot from Somali region prioritizing camps near cities that will be part

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ESMF of Urban Safety Net and Jobs Project of USNJP (for example Sherkole, near Assosa) based on local consensus, and adhering to international protection standards as well as social and environmental standards. Component 2: Foster Urban Youth Employment This component is a new addition to the project which will be pilot tested under the USNJP. Component 2 will aim to connect unemployed youth to jobs by alleviating key constraints to successful job search and providing youth with a first work experience. It would expand the supply of labor market job search services in 12 to 15 largest cities. This component consists of two main sub-components which are (i) to provide a first work experience for less educated urban youth; and (ii) to strengthen employment and intermediation services. IDPs are eligible to become apprentices subject to the same conditions as other beneficiaries. Component 3: Strengthen Social Services for the Urban Poor and Destitute Component 3 would focus on strengthening the urban social assistance by expanding direct income support to between 44 and 83 cities as well as providing reintegration services for homeless [including the internally displaced], in a smaller number of selected cities. The component would continue support to current Permanent Direct Support (PDS) beneficiaries covered under UPSNP [, and would support eligible IDPs, under certain conditions]. Component 3 would also strengthen MoLSA’s capacity to deliver essential social protection services.

Component4: Institutional Strengthening, Project Management and Monitoring and Evaluation This component would support the development and strengthening of program systems, both at the UFSJCA and at MoLSA. It would strengthen and support key processes such as targeting, enrolment, payments, citizen engagement, as well as monitoring of the project elements. The USNJP will also support the gradual transition from the current paper-based MIS to a more technology/web-based MIS. The MIS will be expanded to add the youth Employment component and to strengthen the IT systems of One Stop Shops. Moreover, the project would support the digitization of the urban safety net and jobs program.

Organizational Responsibilities for USNJP Implementation The implementation of the program will be fully streamlined into the existing government structure at the Federal, Regional, city and local levels. The overall coordination and management of the USNJP will continue to be the responsibility of the UFSJCA under MoUDHC. The MoUDHC will be the lead institution responsible for the project’s overall coordination, M&E, and reporting of the project. The UFSJCA will furthermore oversee the fiduciary and safeguards aspects of component 1 and 2. The MoLSA will be in charge of implementing component 3, including fiduciary and safeguards, as well as linkages with social services (health, education etc). There will be collaboration by the UFSJCA with private sector associations during implementation of component 2 (Youth employment).

A National Steering Committee to be chaired by the Minister of Urban Development and co-chaired by MoLSA will be established. A Project Management and Coordination Committee (PMCC), which will report to the National Steering Committee, will follow up on regular project management and coordination issues. The overall regular management and coordination of the project will be supported by the PCU reporting to UFSJCA. To ensure regular technical support and guidance for project implementation, a Joint Technical Coordination Committee (TCC) for each component will be established. III. Environmental and Social context and baseline conditions of Participating Cities

Ethiopia is located between 3º and 15ºN latitude and 33º and 48ºE longitude and covers a land surface (including water bodies) area of 1,127,127 km². The country is currently divided into nine regional states and two city administrations. It is a country of great geographical and climatic diversity, which has given rise to many and varied ecological systems. There are three broad climatic zones in the

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ESMF of Urban Safety Net and Jobs Project country that depends on altitudes. These are kola, Weyna Dega and Dega climatic zones. The Kolla (or hot zone) is found below an altitude of 1,500 masl, the Weyna Dega zone is between 1500 -2400 masl and the Dega or highlands is 2500 and above masl. Based on the broader classification of climatic zones, the 44 to 83 USNJP participating cities are found distributed in the Dega, Wyna dega, Kolla and in Bereha (extreme kola) climatic zones. The USNJP participating cities are also found distributed within the twelve river basins found in the country.

Urban environments in Ethiopia are usually dominated by built up areas which naturally covers the largest expanse of its land surface. As a result, the vegetation cover in most Ethiopian cities is dominated by eucalyptus mixed with some indigenous species and ornamental trees. An exception to this is the vegetation cover encircling few cities such as Arbaminch, Assosa, Gambella, Humera and Semera-logiya towns where the natural vegetation representative of their respective ecosystems is still found intact in and immediately outside of the towns.

The ambient air quality of cities in Ethiopia is not regularly monitored. Recent developments indicate that efforts to monitor air quality by establishing monitoring station has started in few major cities such as Addis Ababa, Adama and Hawassa. Real time air quality monitoring is carried with two stations by the US Embassy in Addis Ababa as well as by the City Environment Protection Authority. IV. Relevant Policy, Legal and Institutional Framework of Environmental and Social Management

The Government of Ethiopia (GoE) has enacted the necessary legal frameworks for environmental and social management and institutions to support its implementation and enforcement. The primary legislations that support environmental and social management in Ethiopia are the FDRE Constitution, Environmental Policy of Ethiopia, Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation No. 299/2002, Solid Waste Management Proclamation No. 513/2007; Research and Conservation of Cultural Heritage Proclamation No. 209/2000; the Labor Proclamation No. 1156/2019, Proclamation no.1161/2019 on Expropriation of Land for Public Purposes, Environmental Impact Assessment Procedural Guideline (2003); Environmental and Social Management Plan Preparation Guideline (2004); National Social Protection Policy; National Policy on Ethiopian Women; and other Laws, Strategies, Refugee Proclamation(Proclamation 1110/2019), Comprehensive Refugee Response Framework (CRRF) -2016 and Guidelines Enforcing Special Support for Developing Regions and Vulnerable Groups.

Review of the World Bank ESF and relevant Environmental and Social Standards (ESSs), as well as the EHS guidelines was also carried. Accordingly, it was noted that ESS 1, 2, 3, 4, 8 and 10 were potentially applicable to the USNJP subprojects. In addition, the following EHS guideline appeared to be most relevant to the USNJP subprojects;

- EHS General Guideline - EHS Guideline for Waste Management Facilities - EHS Guideline for Mammalian Livestock Production - EHS Guideline for Poultry Production

V. Potential environmental and social risks and benefits

USNJP Subproject Beneficial Environmental and Social Impacts:

The USNJP has the potential to provide significant social benefits, and to deliver environmental benefits. It was observed that the overall impact of the USNP implementation has been very good in terms of positively influencing the life of beneficiaries through developing working culture, improving household daily consumption, encouraging saving and building new social relationship and strengthening social networks. The non-conditional direct support improved the living conditions

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ESMF of Urban Safety Net and Jobs Project of elder people, persons with physical disability and chronic illnesses and urban destitute. The other positive social impact of the USNP was the provision of livelihood support trainings to beneficiaries, which include business development and entrepreneurship, financial literacy and life skills trainings.

The solid waste and urban sanitation subprojects contributed positively in improving cleanliness of city roads and streets reduced illegal trash dumping sites, reclaimed and developed vacant urban lands into neighbourhood green areas and recreational facilities. The small watershed management infrastructure works also improved the safety condition of neighbourhoods that were prone to rainwater flooding and landslides during rainy season and resulted in improving the environmental health conditions of participating cities.

USNJP Subproject Environmental and Social risks:

The environmental and social impacts/risks of the subproject under the five thematic areas (Urban Greening, Waste Management, Small Community Infrastructures, and Watershed management and hazard prevention) are generally observed to have moderate and localized adverse risks/impacts.

Risks/Impacts of Solid waste Management: Adverse environmental and social risks that would arise during waste collection and transport operations may involve that accumulated waste may attract disease vectors, contribute to clogging of drainage and sewerage networks, make waste readily accessible to neighbourhood animals and birds, and pollute waterways which becomes a source of adverse environmental and public health risks/impacts. The newly joining towns/cities will tend to face similar challenges in the future as many of the UPSNP cities/towns have deficiencies in providing well equipped transfer stations and skip loader trucks that match the demands in the future. Being “associated facilities” to the solid waste collection subprojects, transfer stations and landfill disposal sites are mostly not well equipped in the cities.

Solid waste management activities of this Project may involve risks to the worker directly involved and to the nearby resident. The health risks from waste are caused by the nature of raw waste, its composition (e.g., toxic, allergenic and infectious substances), and its components (e.g., gases, dusts, leachates, sharps). There are also risks associated with the handling of waste e.g., working in traffic, shoveling, lifting, accidents) and with the disposal of wastes (e.g., odor, noise, stability of waste piles, air and water emissions, explosions, fires). Some of the more commonly reported occupational health and injury issues in solid waste management include back and joint injuries from lifting heavy waste-filled containers and driving heavy landfill and loading equipment; respiratory illness from ingesting particulates, bio-aerosols, and volatile organics during waste collection, and from working in smoky and dusty conditions at open dumps; infections from direct contact with contaminated material, dog and rodent bites; headaches and nausea from anoxic conditions where disposal sites have high methane, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide concentrations etc. The open burning of waste can have serious consequences on the health of people as burning of household waste cab exposure to fine particles, dioxins, volatile organic compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, and polychlorinated biphenyls, which have been linked to heart disease, cancer, skin diseases, asthma, and respiratory illnesses.

Risks/Impacts of Small Community Infrastructure and Watershed Development Subprojects: Soil erosion may be caused by exposure of soil surfaces to rain and wind during site clearing, earth moving, and excavation activities. During Public work activities, noise and vibration may also be caused by the operation of concrete mixers and the transportation of equipment materials and people. Construction activities may generate emission of fugitive dust caused by a combination of on-site excavation and movement of earth materials and exposure of bare soil and soil piles to wind. Recommended soil erosion approaches include, reducing or preventing erosion by scheduling to avoid heavy rainfall periods to the extent practical, contouring and minimizing length and steepness of slopes, re-vegetating areas promptly, designing channels and ditches for post-construction flows.

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• Planning activities in consultation with local communities so that activities with the greatest potential to generate noise are planned during periods of the day that will result in least disturbance • Dust suppression techniques such as applying water should be implemented

Mismanagement and lack of maintenance of community toilets during operation can result in leakage and overflow of sewage that contaminate the surrounding areas and affect the community. The risk of foul odor release, soil and water pollution, as well as prevalence of appalling aesthetics in the area may also arise due to lack of maintenance and mismanagement of community toilets. In order to address these risks, there is a need to devise a mechanism by which the beneficiary community can properly manage the community toilets on daily basis including emptying the septic tanks with vacuum trucks when full and to conduct maintenance works on the toilets.

There should be a precautionary approach during plantation activities for urban greenery and riverside development subprojects so that unintended risks on local biodiversity could be avoided. Certain species can turn invasive by disturbing the balance between indigenous and alien species. In order to avoid such risks, there will be a need to consult the National Biodiversity Institute and/or carry rapid assessment to ensure its appropriateness and suitability to the local ecosystem before introducing/planting new exotic species.

Risks/Impacts of Urban Agriculture subprojects: Family based small scale animal fattening, poultry production, dairy production, etc. have the potential risk of creating localized impacts on city neighbourhoods due to foul odour and waste releases that may pollute nearby surface waters. Environmental issues in livestock (including goat and sheep) production primarily include waste management, wastewater and air emissions. Livestock operations (including goat and sheep) most commonly generate non-point source effluents due to runoff from feed (including silage) storage, livestock housing, feeding, and watering, and areas of land application of manure. In either case, effluents have the potential to contaminate surface water and groundwater with nutrients, ammonia, sediment, pesticides, and pathogens. Ammonia gas and other sources of odor are generated primarily during denitrification of manure. The following management techniques are recommended to reduce the impacts of water runoff from livestock operations: • Implement buffer zones to surface water bodies, avoiding land spreading of manure within these areas; • Reduce water use and spills from animal watering by preventing overflow of watering devices • Consider the siting of new facilities taking into account distances to neighbors and the propagation of odors; • Consider composting of manure to reduce odor emissions;

Occupational Health and Safety risks in LIPWs: Consultations carried with stakeholders and beneficiaries has revealed that community workers participating in LIPWs has been exposed to various occupational accidents and health risks due to low level of awareness on safety precautions and lack of personal protective equipment (PPEs). The occupational accidents and health risks encountered involve major and minor injuries (e.g: cuts, broken legs, et.c) and sicknesses such as typhoid fever. The OHS risks that could be commonly encountered during LIPWs includes over- exertion, slips and falls, work in heights, struck by objects, confined spaces and excavations. Solid waste workers are particularly prone to traffic accidents, contact with sharps, chemical burns, infectious agents, slides from unstable disposal piles, cave-ins of disposal site surfaces, fires, explosions, smoke, dusts, and bioaerosols which can lead to injuries to eyes, ears, and respiratory systems. Recommended OHS risk prevention and avoidance options include:

• Training of workers in lifting and materials handling techniques in public work subprojects

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• Training and use of temporary fall prevention devices • Providing safe means of access and egress from excavations, • Design waste collection routes to minimize crossing traffic • Provide and require use of suitable personal protective clothing and equipment; • Provide worker immunization and health monitoring (e.g. for Hepatitis B and tetanus); • Provide prompt medical attention for cuts and bruises.

In addition, as preventive approach, there is a need to provide general OHS orientation/ training at the start of PWs to all new to LIPW community workers to ensure they are apprised of the basic site rules of work at/on the site and of personal protection and preventing injury to fellow employees.

Anticipated risks/impacts associated with apprenticeship program subcomponent: The sub- component aiming to support in providing first work experience (apprenticeship) for the job-less urban youth could be anticipated to offer an office based and vocational fields of work. In both options, the likelihood of creating additional pressure on the existing environmental and social impacts generated by the various public and private sector establishments offering the apprenticeships to the job-less youth is anticipated to be minimum. However, if a given establishment is offering apprenticeship positions amounting to greater than 50% of its workforce, especially for vocational apprenticeship positions, it may become appropriate to carry E&S screening to determine the incremental environmental and social impacts that may arise as a result of the apprenticeship activities.

Anticipated risks/impacts associated with strengthening employment and intermediation services (One stop shops): The sub-component focused on strengthening the employment and intermediation services through the one stop shops of the agencies and the establishment of job centres as a single- window of service delivery for all job seekers is anticipated to have limited environmental and social impacts due to disposal of electronic wastes (mainly abandoned computer, printing and copying facilities). It is anticipated that there will be extensive installation, use and disposal of electronic equipment that may entail the release of electronic wastes into the environment in the long run. Thus, there will be a need to carry E&S screening and develop electronic waste management guidelines for such activities to minimize and avoid any environmental and social risks that may arise in due course.

Adverse Social Risks/Impacts: Elderly and disabled individuals with mobility challenges, poor women with dependent children, persons living with HIV/AIDS and chronic illnesses are often the most vulnerable members of society because of their limited access to information due to social, cultural and structural barriers within the communities. Therefore, there is a continued need to reach out these vulnerable groups by transcending the social, cultural and structural barriers to avoid the risk of exclusion.

Participants from the new candidate cities/towns expressed their concern about the targeting process risks and reflected their opinion on the need to make the process transparent, free of bias and discrimination. However, based on review of the targeting manual and information obtained from consultation of active beneficiaries of the UPSN project in two project implementation cities, the beneficiary targeting methods and procedures were reported to be fair, transparent, acceptable and non-exclusionary. Therefore, the risk in targeting process appears to be low due to the application of the beneficiary targeting methods and procedures of the project. Given the nature and characteristics of the LIPWs, the subproject activities of the parent project were undertaken on vacant public lands. Thus, the risk of involuntary resettlement to occur through PW subprojects is anticipated to be minimal. However, in the event that such impacts occur a Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) document is being updated for the USNJP. Risks with integration of refugees to host community: the inclusion of refugees in the public work and livlihood activiteis may pose particular risks. These risks relate to the potential perception by host communities that refugees are receiving advantages that should go to Ethiopian citizens.

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However, the rapid social risk assesment condcuted in Jijiga town and Kabria refugee camp showed that the risk of tention between refegure and host communities is very low. This is mainly because the two communites speak the same language and share common religion and culture. Refugees are interact well and successfully blend with the host community through economic interactions, intermarriage and other social activities. Nonetheless, to foster social cohesion public-work teams will be mixed; platforms for joint refugee-host decision-making on shared community interests, trainings (e.g. on essential family practices) and social events for community development will be supported under the project. Further, through an accompanying Bank-executed trust fund (Forced Displacement Trust Fund TF0B2352, P151712), a set of preparatory and accompanying studies will aim at a thoroughly grounded understanding of the social, economic and environmental dynamics of displacement in the area, as well as inform communications.

Risks of Gender Based Violence (GBV): Overall, at macro level there are laws and procedures on gender and GBV/SEA, however, there is limited awareness and knowledge at the project level. The Gender expert position for the PCU was vacant for so long time and hence no follow-up on implementing gender activities including GBV and SAE. While the project has a GRM to deal with issues related with the project, it is not suitable for GBV related issues and no proper training was provided to the committee members responsible for dealing with the issue There was no GBV referral procedure to provide support for survivors and service mapping was not conducted. A gender-based violence risk assessment has been conducted, and the key findings of the assessment and the GBV action plan has been annexed to this ESMF. VI. ESMF Processes and Implementation

The ESMF is designed to support the application of World Bank Environmental and Social Standards in combination with the Ethiopian legislation on environmental impact assessment to USNJP. The ESMF process sets out the principles, rules, guidelines and procedures to assess the environmental and social risks and impacts of the USNJP subprojects. The ESMF requires that all relevant USNJP subprojects i.e. the LIPW component (Component I), the apprentice-subcomponent including screening of partner SMEs (Component II), and the sub-component to support One-Stop-Shops (Component II) be screened for social and environmental impacts.

The primary responsibility to conduct the environmental and social screening of sub-projects rests on the project focal units (PFUs) to be established under the UFSJC offices or its parallel offices (e.g.: Enterprise Development offices) of the Cities responsible for implementing the USNJP sub- projects. The project beneficiary Cities will establish a USNJP Project Focal Unit (PFU) under the Mayor office which will constitute, among others, a focal person for environment and social safeguards. As the numbers of USNJ project beneficiary cities are expanding, it will be important to establish a Regional level PCU that provides a backup support, coordination and supervision activities.

The environmental and social risk rating of USNJP has been classified as Substantial and hence the client will be required to undertake the appropriate environmental and social assessment of subprojects in accordance with the national law and the requirements of the ESSs that deemed relevant to the sub-projects. It should be noted that the relevant ESSs that are likely to be triggered by the USNJP are broadly assessed and outlined in Table 6 of this ESMF and will need to be customized and applied for each sub-project.

Accordingly, the ESMF process will follow two stages. Initially, a scoping/screening of subprojects will be carried to categorize it into one of high, substantial, moderate or low risk. Once the subprojects are scoped/screened and confirmed to fall on or under substantial risk category, then further categorization will be carried by applying the national screening system to identify the schedule of activities into which the subproject will fall (Schedule I, II &III). The important national

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ESMF of Urban Safety Net and Jobs Project guidelines that define the categorization of subprojects into various schedules are the EIA Procedural Guideline issued by the Federal EFCCC in November 2003. The full list of the scheduled subprojects of the ESIA guideline is provided in Annex- H. The client will ensure that the environmental and social assessment takes into account in an appropriate manner all issues relevant to the project, including: (a) Ethiopia’s applicable policy framework, national laws and regulations, and institutional capabilities relating to environment and social issues; obligations of the country directly applicable to the project under relevant international treaties and agreements; (b) applicable requirements under the ESSs; and (c) the EHSGs, and other relevant Good International Industry Practice (GIIP).

Institutional Setup of the GRM for USNJP: Typical grievances that are anticipated from the implementation of USNJP program subprojects include claims and complaints about targeting and selection of project beneficiaries, lack of transparency on cash transfers and payments, poor service delivery including delays, unfair treatment by program staff and discrimination based on sex or other physical and health conditions.

The GRM procedures for the USNJP provides for negotiation and agreement by consensus between the project and affected persons as the first avenue to resolve issues and grievances expressed by the affected persons. If the complaint not resolved, project affected person shall be advised to present complaint to the formal Grievance Redress and Management Committee (GRMC), which operates at the Woreda/kebele Level. If project affected person is satisfied with the resolution, the case will be closed. If not, the case shall be referred to the City level grievance redress and management committee (CGRMC). In events where the grievance not resolved at the city level, then affected party shall be advised to take the cases to the regular court for final decision. Project affected parties shall also be informed about the existing legal and formal mechanisms and be allowed to make use of them when and wherever they find it necessary.

The GRM process for USNJP will consist of five key activities, which will be performed in managing the grievances for the project. These key activities include complaint uptake, complaint assessment and analysis, resolution and closure, grievance registry, as well as GRM Monitoring and Evaluation. Detailed Grievance Management Operational Procedure is annexed with this ESMF.

VII. Training and Capacity Building The current practices and experiences of the potential USNJP LIPWs implementing agencies at regional and city level are generally weak. The bureaus/Agencies at regional level, except for few cities, do not have focal persons for safeguards management and coordination. They appear to be less versatile to the safeguard instruments and associated procedures. As the numbers of cities joining the USNJP are expanding in each region, it is important for the regional implementing agencies to provide a backup and coordination support in safeguards management to the participating cities. For these to happen a dependable capacity on safeguards management needs to be developed within the regional PCU. As the number of cities joining the USNJP is increasing in number and UIIDP environment focal persons seem to have enough workload to handle, it appears necessary to assign E&S experts both at regional PCU and city level PCU to responsibly handle the safeguards management of the USNJP subprojects. Devising a financial mechanism to incentivize appropriate environmental and social safeguard focal persons to work on fulltime basis on the USNJP project will be necessary.

The role of the environmental regulatory agencies in implementing the USNJP ESMF and RPF is unavoidably important. Many Cities and towns, including those newly joining and participating in the USNP, have already city, woreda or zonal level environment protection offices. Therefore, it is necessary that a sound understanding, and dependable level of capacity exists in these institutions that would enable the implementation of the present ESMF, RPF and GBV and Gender Action Plan,

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Labor Management Procedure and Stakeholders Engagement Plan which have been prepared for the project.

One of the capacity building areas sought for by the Cities and different stakeholders involved in the implementation of the USNJP subprojects is the provision of training. The training to be offered will address different target groups which will have a role in implementing the ESMF and RPF and other documents at various levels. These include the high level project coordination and management groups, (such as members of steering committees, Mayors and other decision makers), sector offices and the technical committees for each sub component (e.g. BoLSA, Beautification and Sanitation offices, Urban Agriculture offices, Health and Education offices, Urban Infrastructure offices, Urban food Security and Job Creation offices, Jobs Creation Commission, Private Sector Associations such as Chamber of Commerce, regional and city level PCU members), the beneficiary community, and the REPAs. The training is necessary for both the newly joining cities and previous UPSNP cities as well as to the lead implementing agency at regional level.

VIII. MONITORING of IMPLEMENTATION the ESMF

Monitoring the compliance of USNJP subproject implementation with the mitigation measures will be carried out by the environment and social expert of the city PFU. The implementation of the recommended mitigating measures will also be monitored by the Regional and/or Zonal EPFCCA and USNJP M&E system. A quarterly, biannual and annual environmental report must be submitted to the regional UFSJCA or its parallel by each city and consolidated by the Agency as regional reports for submission to the Regional EPFCCA, Federal UFSJCA and the World Bank. Annual internal performance audit report on ESMF and RPF implementation will be prepared by the Federal UFSJCA PCU Environmental and Social Specialist and delivered to Federal EFCCC and the World Bank. In addition, any “Substantial or Higher Risk” subproject financed by USNJP that has been subject to an ESIA study (or RAP etc) will also be required to produce an annual performance audit report, for delivery to REPA and the World Bank. ESMF implementation will also be supported by conducting annual environmental and social performance audit that will be carried out by a third party. This will be conducted as part of the Federal UFSJCA annual performance audit of the USNJ project. The external independent safeguards performance audit team will report to the UFSJCA and the World Bank.

Proposed implementation budge: The total estimated costs for mainstreaming environment into the USNP LIPW component are USD 6,561,000. These costs will be funded from USNJ project. The USNJP Environmental and Social Specialist will report on USNJP ESMF expenditure. Costs related to the required mitigation measures for USNJP subprojects are not set out in the budgets presented here. These will be assessed and internalized by beneficiary cities as part of the overall USNJP subproject cost.

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CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

The Government of Ethiopia with the support of the World Bank has been implementing Urban Productive Safety Net (UPSNP) project with the goal of alleviating poverty and uneployment in urban communities. Major project components and intervention strategies of the UPSNP were Conditional Cash Transfer for able-bodied poor households for participation in LIPW, Unconditional Cash Transfer for poor persons/and households who are unable to perform work due to old age, chronic illness, physical or mental disability, Livelihood Services to facilitate graduation from the program and Institutional Strengthening and Project Management support.

Implementation of the UPSNP started in 2016/2017, with a plan of reaching 604,000 beneficiaries (the poorest 12 percent and about 55 percent of people living below the poverty line) through a gradual roll-out plan in a five-year period (2016/17 – 2020/21) in 11 cities. The participating cities were selected taking into consideration city-level poverty numbers, unemployment rates, administrative capacity and regional equity1. As of July 2019, a cumulative total of 448,885 beneficiaries, of which 68% were women and about 16 % (70,542) permanent and temporary direct support beneficiaries received vital services and badly needed assistances2, in the 11 UPSNP implementation cities, registering an overall performance rate of over 72 % in two years.

Building on the success of the implementation of UPSNP, preparation is underway to scale up and expand the urban productive safety net support and services for poor households, vulnerable and destitute social groups targeting cities/town across all regions under the Ethiopian Urban Safety Net and Jobs Project (USNJP). The objective of the project is to support and lift up poor urban households and individuals from absolute poverty to self-sufficiency through a variety of interventions consisting of the main project components focused on cash for work programs, permanent direct assistance, livelihood support through skills training, and provision of seed money in the form of livelihood grant. In addition to these previously existing components, the USNJP has included a new component focused on youth employment and intermediation services designed to assist in bridging the gap between the labor market and unemployed youth through facilitation for apprenticeship and experience sharing, soft skills training and counseling, as well as through strengthening the one stop shops to provide and support job matching services. The USNJP project will be funded by the IBRD/IDA with an amount in the order of 500 million USD.

This document provides an Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for the USNJP. The main objective of the ESMF is to establish a unified process that meets the National Environmental requirements and World Bank ESF principles applicable for addressing environmental and social risks of USNJP subprojects. The ESMF sets out the principles, rules, guidelines and procedures to assess the environmental and social risks and impacts of the USNJP. Its purpose is to provide general guidance to program implementers found in the participating cities on the implementation of environmental and social standard requirements and associated procedures that should be accomplished prior to the commencement of the USNJP sub-projects on the ground. It provides procedures through which relevant USNJP sub-projects to be implemented by the participating cities are required to get through, in order to fulfill the applicable National and World Bank ESS requirements.

The ESMF document preparation involved carrying out field assessment and observation in different regions and cities/towns as well as desktop review of various documents. The ESMF preparation has taken into consideration its predecessor (i.e. UPSNP ESMF) as benchmark and is enriched through

1 UPSNP implementation cities are Adama ( Oromia Region ), Semera/logia ( Afar Region), Assossa ( Benishangul–Gumuz Region), Gamebella city (Gambella Region), Harar (Hareri Region), Hawassa (Southern Region), Jigjiga ( Somalia Region ), Mekele ( Tigray Region), Dessie Town ( Amhara Region) and Addis Ababa and Diredawa Administrative Cities. 2 Progress on the Project Implementation Performance (2016-2019) , UFSJCA UFSJCA -MUDHCo Page 16

ESMF of Urban Safety Net and Jobs Project a process of consultation with program implementing offices, stakeholders and beneficiary communities found in the previously participating and newly joining cities/towns. The ESMF contains measures and plans to reduce, mitigate and/or offset adverse risks and impacts and information on the agencies responsible for addressing project risks and impacts. The ESMF also consists of the country’s policy, legal and institutional framework including its national, regional, and sectoral implementing institutions and associated implementation capacity relevant to the environmental and social risks and impacts of the project.

Whereas a brief outline of the purpose, objectives and methodologies of the USNJP ESMF are described in chapter one, description of the USNJP and its components are outlined in Chapter two. The next chapter (Chap.3) broadly sets the environmental and social baseline description of the participating cities which is followed by review of applicable policies, legislations and World Bank ESS in chapter four. Whereas the environmental and social beneficial and adverse risks of the USNJP subproject are presented in chapter five, the essential procedures and process of the ESMF Implementation are presented in chapter six. The subsequent chapters also outline capacity building and training, Environmental monitoring as well as budget for ESMF implementation.

1.1 PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES OF THE ESMF This ESMF is prepared and updated to serve as a framework to examine the environmental and social impacts of the USNJP sub projects to be implemented across all cities participating in the program. The ESMF establishes a unified process for addressing all environmental and social standard requirements on subprojects from preparation, through review and approval, to implementation. The specific sites of the sub-projects to be implemented under the components of the USNJP are not identified at this stage and its potential impacts cannot be fully determined until such details as specific location, size and activities of the sub-projects are determined. Thus, the ESMF outlines the principles and procedures to be followed to screen the sub projects against any potential environmental and social impacts at specific site and city level. The ESMF document also provide guidance in designing appropriate measures and plans to reduce, mitigate and/or offset adverse impacts and enhance positive outcomes. The overall objective and purpose of the USNJP ESMF can be summarized as follows.

• To establish a unified process that meets the National Environmental requirements and World Bank ESF principles applicable for addressing environmental and social risks of USNJP subprojects • To establish clear procedures and methodologies for the environmental and social assessment, review, approval and implementation of sub-projects to be financed under the USNJP; • To specify appropriate roles and responsibilities, and outline the necessary reporting procedures, for managing and monitoring environmental and social concerns related to USNJP sub projects; • To determine the training, capacity building and technical assistance needed to successfully implement the provisions of the ESMF; and • To provide practical information resources for implementing the ESMF. The ESMF is complemented by an RPF that establishes the Project resettlement and compensation principles and implementation arrangements.

1.2 METHODOLOGY

The methodology adopted for updating the USNJP ESMF includes the conventional methods, which are briefly discussed below. a. Review of relevant legislations, policies and other documents

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The ESMF updating process involved conducting review of the existing national legislations, policies, guidelines and institutional arrangements to ensure incorporation of updates. The new ESF of the World Bank (2017) was reviewed and applied for updating of the current ESMF. The Environmental and Social Standards of the ESF set out the requirements for Borrowers relating to the identification and assessment of environmental and social risks and impacts associated with projects supported by the Bank through Investment Project Financing. Moreover, various related documents such as UPSNP implementation progress reports as well as sample sub project E&S screening reports were consulted in the review process. In particular the UPSNP ESMF, which addresses subprojects that are identical in type and nature with the USNJP LIPW subprojects, was taken as a starting ground for updating the present ESMF. b. Consultation and field Observations As part of the ESMF updating process consultations with stakeholders involved in project implementation and regulatory functions, community representatives including potential project beneficiaries, and other stakeholders from the academia and private sector were conducted in eight sample cities between October 10, 2019 and November 7, 2019. The consulted cities include Bahirdar, Jimma, Arbaminch, Adigrat and Shashemene from the newly joining and Dessie, Jigjiga and Addis Ababa representing the existing beneficiary cities under UPSNP. During the visit to these cities, field observations were also made to characterize the basic features of the participating cities in terms of the baseline environmental and social conditions.

The consultations were focused on providing information and receiving the concerns and opinions of the participants regarding the overall USNJP program objectives, its main components and in particular the LIPWs subcomponent for which the ESMF was prepared and updated. A presentation of the project components including LIPW subproject types and the associated draft ESMF procedures were made to the consultation participants and discussions were conducted to identify existing practices, strengths, weaknesses, institutional capacity gaps and other constraints to implement the procedures. Interviews were also conducted with the agencies involved in carrying regulatory functions during implementation of the USNJP ESMF procedures.

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Fig 1: Photo plate showing Stakeholder and community consultations carried in the cities/towns

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CHAPTER TWO: DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT

2.1 BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE OF THE USNJP PROJECT The UPSNP has been developed in Ethiopia in 2016/2017 and it was being implemented for three consecutive years as pilot program in eleven regional capital cities including Diredawa and Addis Ababa. The project was designed to address urban poverty by focusing on economic integration and helping selected households stabilize their income over three years. It aims to provide access to effective safety nets and livelihood services for the poor in the selected urban areas. Recent Mid Term Review showed that the UPSNP is effective at doing what it is designed to do. It has successfully improved the income of targeted poor households and established urban safety net mechanisms (PDO), as envisioned under the original project design. It was also noted that the UPSNP has the potential to do more for job creation in cities.

The bulk of the urban poor in Ethiopia do not only live in the capital or other major cities but also in the medium and small sized secondary cities. These medium and small-sized cities are currently not covered by any safety net. The ongoing UPSNP in the eleven cities accounts for 30 percent of the total urban population. As a result, the GoE desires to scale up the UPSNP horizontally and vertically and work towards a national social protection system. The GoE is keen to scale up the public works and livelihood component to the secondary cities. Thus, one of the aims of the proposed USNJP is to expand the safety net model to a larger number of cities to increase coverage of the urban poor. Moreover, given the job creation mandate of the Urban Agency (i.e. Job Creation and Food Security Agency), there are also desires to add a dedicated component for Youth employment which would build on public-private partnerships under the new USNJP.

2.2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

The USNJP is designed to address urban poverty. It will support the GoE in improving the incomes of selected urban poor and the labor market inclusion of disadvantaged urban youth. To address the challenges of urban poverty and youth unemployment, the USNJP would expand the existing safety net model (public works, direct income support, and services to the destitute) to a larger number of cities and add a component to provide young men and women with opportunities to enter the labor market. To this end, the proposed Project would have four components:

Component 1: Expand the Urban Productive Safety Net to Improve the Urban Environment (total US$ 469 million equivalent, of which IDA $322 million equivalent)

Building on the experience of the UPSNP, this component would provide labor intensive public work opportunities for selected urban poor in selected cities, assist in business development, and provide livelihood grants for beneficiary households. The public works beneficiaries would include poor urban households with able-bodied labor that are selected using a combination of community- based pre-selection and the application of a Proxy Means Test (PMT). Under the UPSNP, primarily female headed households from poor neighborhoods have been selected. The average age of the household head is 48 years. Selected beneficiaries would participate in the program for three years during which they get income support through public works during 12 months of each year, but in a decreasing manner to ensure they have time to develop their livelihood activities. The maximum monthly support for a family of four (or more) would be about US$ 50 for approximately 20 hours of work each week. Cash payments will be made monthly through the banking system.

Public works will be identified and planned by city governments through a participatory process involving local communities. They would encompass 5 areas (i) urban greenery and beautification, (ii) Urban integrated solid waste management, (iii) urban integrated watershed management , (iv)Social infrastructure services (as part of a larger plan such as the riverside initiative in Addis Ababa), and (v) creating conducive environment/conditions for urban agriculture. The activities

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would be planned for three years and implemented on a rolling basis. Work site management and coordination will be provided by the Agency’s woreda/kebele offices. Procurement of necessary goods and material will be carried out at the city level. The daily wage rate is determined taking into account the market wage rate for similar or comparable unskilled labor. Based on an analysis of the 2019 Urban Employment and Unemployment Survey (UEUS), a daily rate of around US$ 3 seems appropriate.

Adapting to and mitigating climate change through the urban Productive Safety Net Program. On the one hand, the cash for work program would enable beneficiaries to adapt to the negative effects caused by climate change in the participating cities (flooding, drought etc.) through the provision of regular cash transfers to urban vulnerable populations. On the other hand, the public works would mitigate some of the climate change effects (e.g. /land degradation/flooding) through watershed management activities including intensive reforestation in urban areas, and through urban greenery and waste management activities. The project would make a continuous and substantial contribution to the 1 Billion Tree initiative in participating cities which Ethiopia’s Prime Minister and the World Bank recently announced. The cash for work activities would be complemented by a set of life and financial skills training sessions and counselling for the beneficiaries to support their families’ overall well-being. These monthly sessions would provide financial literacy skills and information on essential family practices, reproductive health, parenting, gender-related topics including gender- based violence (GBV), and availability of referral services.

The promotion of gender equality and early childhood development (ECD) would be implemented jointly by the Urban Agency and MoLSA. Possible ways of promoting women’s empowerment in the public works program will be piloted based on international and local evidence. More than 60 percent of UPSNP beneficiaries are women. Provisions such as light work in the public works and the right to get unconditional transfers during pregnancy for six months before delivery and for one year postpartum will continue. Additional measures to promote women’s economic empowerment, including for women with young children, will be designed and tested in collaboration with the Gender Innovation Lab. Mobile childcare for children ages 1 to 5 at public workplaces - designed and tested in the current program - will be expanded. The childcare would be organized and provided by participating mothers with training and guidance from a consulting firm, and it would focus on a fun, safe and stimulating environment for children during parents’ working hours. The importance of parenting and early stimulation for young children will be communicated to all public work participants during regular training sessions. Behavioral nudges to promote gender equality and ECD will be explored and tested as part of the project.

Business development and livelihood grants. Building on the experience of the USPNP, the proposed project would provide each participating household the opportunity to access a livelihood grant of US$ 500 after developing a business plan with support from local offices and One Stop Shops. The support for developing a business plan would start during the second year of participation in the public works, and the livelihood grant would then be disbursed to the households at the end of the second year so that business activities can be carried out during the third year when cash for work activities will be tapered off, hence using a variation of the well-known and evaluated BRAC model for graduation. The livelihood support will also include financial literacy and soft skills development. The training will encompass how to open a bank account, planning, budgeting and saving, attitude and expectations at work, and business and workplace readiness. Financial literacy training will be provided to all public works beneficiaries as part of their co-responsibility for safety net transfers. The project would finance the development of new or adaptation of the existing materials. In addition, guidance and counseling would be offered to provide beneficiaries with information on viable entrepreneurship opportunities and the availability of jobs.

Integration of refugees. The project will foster social cohesion and sustainable integration of host and refugee communities through shared activities and communication. , the project will help the

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ESMF of Urban Safety Net and Jobs Project government’s steps to integrate refugees into the safety net programs and extend livelihood opportunities outside refugee camps. Several project features aim at fostering social cohesion among the hosts and refugees to ensure that both fully understand the scope and the purpose of the interventions, are (and feel) fairly treated and can work and live together. To foster social cohesion public-work teams will be mixed; platforms for joint refugee-host decision-making on shared community interests, trainings (e.g. on essential family practices) and social events for community development will be supported under the project. For fairness and sustainability, there will be some form of reduction of camp-based benefits received by refugees participating in the program and there will be a clear, joint communications strategy and activities between implementing agency and partners to ensure that both refugees and host, whether beneficiaries or not, are informed about the project’s scope, objectives and modalities, and that the expected social-cohesion impacts of joint refugee-host work is maximized. Through an accompanying Bank-executed trust fund (Forced Displacement Trust Fund TF0B2352, P151712), a set of preparatory and accompanying studies will aim at a thoroughly grounded understanding of the social, economic and environmental dynamics of displacement in the area, as well as inform communications. Besides establishing a baseline for the project’s impact evaluation, the accompanying research plan is structured around 4 themes: refugee and host communities’ intentions and aspirations, refugee protection mechanisms, promoting integration and social cohesion through tailor made communications, and accompanying measures. The Bank will leverage synergies with existing Bank projects that focus on refugees, such as the Economic Opportunities Project (P163829) especially in cross-cutting areas, such as refugee protection outside of camps, and implementation of refugees’ legal rights of residence and employment. Project implementation will continue to benefit from experience-sharing with similar Bank-sponsored projects including in Chad, Cameroon and Burkina Faso, as well as more broadly through the UNHCR knowledge base of refugee graduation programs worldwide.

Table 1: List of suggested sub-projects for Labor Intensive Public Works under USNPJ

Sub project category Detailed infrastructure/service sub-project types included under LIPWs menu Small Community - Maintenance and rehabilitation of existing internal roads Infrastructures - Community Public toilets/ventilated improved pit latrines. - Maintenance of road drainages, etc. - Maintenance of community drainage canals, Solid Waste Management - Primary collection of solid waste (Urban Sanitation) - Waste sorting, recovery& recycling - Waste hauling for disposal at landfills Watershed management - Riverbanks development and conservation and disaster prevention - Conservation of flood catchment - Conservation of gullies and degraded land Urban Green Infrastructure - Urban parks and greenery development projects, - Street side and median greening - Nurseries for beautification. Urban agricultural activities - Food products (root crops, vegetables, mushrooms, fruits) - Domestic animals for livelihood grant activities (poultry, goats, sheep, cattle and fish, etc.) - Perishable and relatively high-valued vegetables and animal products and by-products.

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Component 2: Foster Urban Youth Employment (total US$ 105 million equivalent, of which IDA $70 million equivalent)

This component supports key elements of Ethiopia’s National Plan for Job Creation. In particular, the component will foster the development of human capital (2.1) and strengthen labor market intermediation (2.2). The project seeks to inform JCC’s program on the school-to-work transition, as well as support the piloting of strengthened public employment services in line with the JCC’s vision. Through active involvement of the JCC in both subcomponents, the project will closely follow the roadmap envisioned under the National Plan, actively enhancing the institutionalization of the project into wider systemic changes. The proposed interventions are based on rigorous research on the urban labor market in Ethiopia and in line with international best practices.3 Beyond component 2, the project will also contribute (under component 1) to improve the inclusiveness of the labor market by providing targeted services to populations currently excluded from the labor market.

Subcomponent 2.1: Provide a first work experience for less educated urban youth (US$ 95 million equivalent)

This component seeks to address key obstacles to labor market integration for young, less educated adults. Job seekers are typically anonymous to potential employers, with little work experience and no effective way of signaling their ability (Abebe et al, 2017). As a result, many youth face difficulties signaling their ability and potential to future employers. This signaling problem is further complicated by the fragmented nature of information about vacancies and the high cost of job search. To improve the youth’s signaling ability, the project will provide unemployed youth with some basic life and digital skills, a first work experience through an apprenticeship as well as job search training. The subcomponent targets young women and men aged 18-25 who have a secondary education or less, and who are neither working nor studying. This demographic group is the main target group, as they are particularly affected by these labor market challenges.

The Urban Job Creation and Food Security Agency will partner with the private sector to offer a first work experience in the form of six-month apprenticeships to less-educated young adults in 10-15 cities in Ethiopia. Cities have been selected based on the presence of a sufficiently large private sector and private-sector umbrella organizations that can support the placement and monitoring of apprenticeships. Through apprenticeships, youth are expected to learn valuable soft and technical or occupation-related skills. The apprenticeship combined with soft skill training, basic digital literacy training and the provision of a certificate at the end of the program are designed to substantially improve labor market prospects and signaling ability of the young beneficiaries. Research in this specific context points to the potential of this type of intervention: Evaluating an apprenticeship experiment in Addis Ababa, Abebe et al (2019) find that treated individuals were more likely to have permanent wage employment and higher wage earnings six and 12 months after the apprenticeships.4

The youth employment program will include the following elements:

i. Recruitment and selection of apprentices. Following an elaborate promotion campaign, job seekers will be invited to register themselves at the OSSCs. They will provide basic demographic information, as well as additional information that will be needed to match them with the right firm for the interview stage. ii. Recruitment and selection of firms. Based on advertisements and public information campaigns, firms will be invited to participate in the program by providing apprenticeships.

3 Integration: A New Approach to Youth Employment Programs, General Guidelines for Project Teams, World Bank 2018. 4 The target group and implementation were different in the experiment, as it focused on university-educated youth and short (one month) apprenticeships. UFSJCA -MUDHCo Page 23

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The interested firms would be registered by the Private Sector Association and screened for their suitability for offering apprenticeships, including under Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) as well as Gender Based Violence (GBV) aspects. Prior to starting the apprenticeships, the UJCFSA in collaboration with the Private Sector Association would host orientation sessions to ensure proper understanding of firms of their roles and responsibilities. The firm will also need to design a work and training plan for the apprenticeship and assign a mentor to guide and support the apprentice in settling in the firm and conducting his/her assigned tasks. iii. Life skills training. This training would be provided by third parties based on a harmonized curriculum to guide potential beneficiaries in workplace behaviors, preparation of CVs and cover letters, job interviews, jobs counselling, managing their lives and increase the beneficiaries’ growth mindset, by teaching them soft skills such as persistence, self-starting behavior and proactivity. Considering the fact that labor market information asymmetries are particularly prevalent for women, separate sessions will be held for female beneficiaries that will provide them with information on male-dominated sectors. Such cross-over interventions have shown to be successful in significantly improving the earnings of women.5 iv. Information and Communication Training (ICT) for women. Women will also be able to apply to a complementary ICT training, to be taken prior to the apprenticeship, which will include information on earnings in male-dominated sectors like ICT, as well as a mentorship program with male role models. Gender-based occupational segregation – where women are concentrated in low-paid or low-profit sectors – is a core determinant of the gender wage gap worldwide. v. Apprenticeships. These apprenticeships will be offered by private and public sector firms (MSMEs and large firms) and identified and coordinated by Private Sector Associations as intermediaries between the apprentices and the firms. A work and training plan will be required for each apprenticeship which will be supervised by a firm mentor. The firm mentor will play an important role in guiding apprentices and providing on-the-job training. Apprenticeships will be arranged for approximately six months. Apprentices that finalize their apprenticeship would receive an official Certificate of Completion, in adherence to the relevant sections of Ethiopia’s Labor Proclamation.6 vi. Stipends for apprentices. To ensure that apprentices can successfully finalize the apprenticeship, they will receive a monthly stipend to cover the costs for local transport and one meal per day. Stipends will be terminated if monthly attendance falls below 80 percent of official working days. The stipend will be transferred to the beneficiaries’ bank account through the formal banking system. The value of the stipend is determined based on the national poverty line and market wages for workers with similar characteristics and is set at 60 ETB per working day. The value of the stipend will be reviewed annually based on prevailing inflation rates. The stipend will be paid starting from the life skills training and continue for three months after the end of the apprenticeship to cover the cost of job search.7 vii. Digital skills training. Activities will prioritize building basic digital skills for low-skilled youth with less than high-school level education. Recognizing the potential for diverse jobs in the emerging digital economy, the program will also prepare medium-skilled youth for digital jobs through online freelancing and digital entrepreneurship. The digital skills training will commence in the middle of the apprenticeship, to provide apprentices an incentive to continue.

5 Alibhai, Salman; Buehren, Niklas; Papineni, Sreelakshmi; Pierotti, Rachael Susan. 2017. Crossovers: female entrepreneurs who enter male sectors -- evidence from Ethiopia. Policy Research working paper; no. WPS 8065. Washington, D.C.: World Bank Group. 6 Federal Negarit Gazeta of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Proclamation No 1156/2019. 7 The cost of jobs search in urban Ethiopia is high, and transport subsidies has been shown to increase the intensity of job search and the probability of having formal wage employment, at least in the short term (Abebe et al., 2018). UFSJCA -MUDHCo Page 24

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viii. Peer meetings. During their apprenticeship, the apprentices will have access to counselling services and group activities. These activities will take different forms, such as culture, sports and music, and are expected to strengthen peer group formation, with successful apprentices being able to serve as role models to younger apprentices. ix. Job search training. Successful apprentices will receive training for labor market insertion for wage employment after completion of the apprenticeship. This short training will be a refresher of the job search component of the life skills training and, combined with the stipend, is expected to improve the ability of beneficiaries to find a job after they finish their apprenticeship. In order to ensure sufficient job seekers and firms will register, a communication campaign will be central to the program. A qualified communications service provider will be hired to develop a strong branding for the program. It will be of paramount importance to ensure for the success of the program that enough job seekers and firms register. In addition, the main aim of the communication campaign will be to manage expectations and signal to potential beneficiaries that this program is aimed at skills development rather than providing them with a permanent job. While the latter is the final goal of the program, it needs to be clearly communicated to beneficiaries that this program is a pathway towards that goal. A key challenge will be the selection of qualified beneficiaries. In terms of beneficiary criteria, the project will primarily target youth aged 18-25 with secondary education or less. The selection of beneficiaries will follow a multi-phased approach: i. Communication campaign. As described above, the main goal of this communication campaign is to reach out to unemployed youth with the right motivational mix. ii. Open registration of through an online platform. Job seekers will be able to access this online platform through tablets at OSSCs. Existing OSSCs at the woreda level will provide guidance to youth on the application. iii. Initial screening. This screening process will possibly be automated on the basis of pre- established criteria (such as proximity, sectoral interests and psychometrics), as the number of applicants is expected to be in the hundreds of thousands. iv. First-round interview (i.e. interview fair). In order to allow for as many interactions between job seekers and firms, the first round of interviews will constitute an interview fair. Both job seekers and firms will be given interview partner suggestions and will provide a ranking after the interview has concluded. v. Life skills training. At this stage, all pre-selected job seekers will be provided with the life skills training. vi. Second-round interview (i.e. interview at firm location). With improved interview skills, job seekers will have their second-round interview at the firm. It is important for the job seeker to have an interview at the firm premises to understand the daily commute and other job realities. vii. Final selection. The final selection of apprentices will be carried out by firms based on the second-round interview. In order to ensure full ownership of the apprenticeship by firms, the final decision where apprentices will be placed will solely be made by individual firms. Innovative tools can help improve the matching process by identifying the personal traits and skills that job seekers have and firms are looking for. On the supply side, digital surveys and games based on research from psychology and economics can help screen and profile youth, providing innovative data on individual skills. On the demand side, digital surveys about the contents of the tasks planned for the apprentices can be similarly informative about what types of skills are required by firms. A tool can then be developed to automatically output the top matches between specific job seekers and specific apprenticeships. A World Bank team that has been piloting such a tool in South Africa will also support the piloting and possible rollout of a matching tool for this project. Special emphasis will be put on ensuring gender equity, with having at least 50 percent female beneficiaries as an explicit target. Young women with children face additional constraints in transitioning into work given the patchy availability and high cost of childcare. According to the 2016 Demographic and Health Survey, 27 percent of women between the ages of 18 and 25 in urban Ethiopia have one or several children. To allow these young women to take part in the apprenticeships, the project will

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ESMF of Urban Safety Net and Jobs Project explore the provision of additional financial support to partly cover the cost of childcare during the trainings and apprenticeships. In addition, trainings will be tailored specifically to women.

A business plan competition will be organized for firms that have successfully hosted apprentices. To build on the relationship with the private sector associations, to incentivize firm’s participation and to support the growth of job intensive MSMEs, the component will also include a business competition for firms that successfully provide apprenticeships. The competition will be organized by the UJCFSA in collaboration with private sector representatives and associations and provide selected firms with business grants. Firms will be selected based on their successful provision of apprenticeships, their capacity to create new jobs, and the multiplier effect of the investment. Details of the business plan competition will build on national and international experience and will be included in the component’s operational manual. Before scaling up to 100,000 job seekers across the country, the UJCFSA will pilot the youth employment under the UPSNP. The pilot will be organized in Addis Ababa and 400 youth will be matched with an apprenticeship. The aim of the pilot is to further crystalize the design of the intervention, test the intervention in two woredas in Kirkos sub- city, and evaluate and learn from its implementation. The lessons from this pilot will be used to scale up the intervention under USNJP. The scale-up will follow a phased design. In the first year, the apprenticeship program will only be run in Addis Ababa. Following a rigorous evaluation of the Addis Ababa program, additional cities will be gradually added to the program in the following years, starting with cities that have been successfully implementing other components of this project.

Subcomponent 2.2: Strengthen Employment and Intermediation Services (US$ 10 million equivalent)

The current ecosystem for employment and intermediation services in Ethiopia is weak, with few viable public and private options for job seekers to seek such services. While mandated to provide employment services, One Stop Service Centers (OSSCs) under the UJCFSA have high turnover, low implementation capacity and, as a result, have failed to link significant number of youth with employers. In addition, a limited number of private employment and intermediation service providers exist currently in Ethiopia. The existing private sector employment services are mostly focused on university graduates and geographically concentrated in Addis Ababa, with a limited number of youth being matched to permanent wage employment. In line with the National Plan for Job Creation, the Jobs Creation Commission (JCC) has developed a new vision for Public Employment Services (PES) to address this gap. The new PES will build on the existing infrastructure, including OSSCs, Public Employment Service Offices (PESOs) and Youth Centers. While OSSCs face major capacity constraints, they are the most viable outlets to test new models of PES as they are the strongest local structures available to register job seekers. JCC will test several models that consider different contexts, such as city size and urban/rural differences. The mandate of these OSSCs is expected to be increased to include job matching services, self-employment, wage employment, and referral to skill development services. This component will support this new PES vision in three distinct ways, in particular through: Policy development; Establishment of the system of Public Employment Services: i. Pilot of 15 Jobs Centers and 3 Cluster Centers; ii. Pilot an information system related to services offered for the Job Centers, facilitating the delivery of services and job matching; iii. Institutional development and capacity building; Support for the development of complementary private employment services.

In preparation of the implementation of the new PES system, the component will contribute to the policy development of PES. Given that the information about the existing infrastructure of OSSCs, PESOs and Youth Centers is fragmented, and no mapping has been carried out, an assessment of the existing infrastructure is a necessity for further developing the new PES system. This will inform the implementation roadmap of the new Job Centers, including where these Job Centers will be geographically located. In addition, support will be provided towards defining a legal framework that will guide the new PES. As alignment among different stakeholders during the formulation, testing UFSJCA -MUDHCo Page 26

ESMF of Urban Safety Net and Jobs Project and implementation of this new PES framework will of paramount importance towards successful implementation, the project will support a series of consultations with different stakeholders within federal government, regional offices, development partners, and private service providers.

At the same time, the project will support JCC in piloting 15 Jobs Centers and 3 Cluster Centers to lay the foundation for the new PES system. Building effective public employment services in Ethiopia will include building Job Centers as a single window for all job seekers and building the right set of institutional arrangements. These structures and institutional arrangements will be built to ensure effective performance-based management, monitoring, and alignment of services with the labor market’s needs. The support under this component will be provided through significant investments in infrastructure upgrading of an initial 15 Jobs Centers and 3 Clusters. These Jobs Centers and Clusters will be set up in the first year as a pilot to test different models of service delivery, reporting lines, and monitoring. The Job Centers and Clusters will be accompanied by the development of an information system which will facilitate registration of jobseekers and employment opportunities by firms but will also link jobseekers and firms to services offered in and outside the Job Centers.

In addition to the physical structures, the component will support institutional development and capacity building during the inception phase along with the pilot. To build the capacity of PES staff, service-delivery training will be offered in the first year of the establishment of the Job Centers. In addition, technical support will be provided through financing the project management of the pilot. As part of this, a rigorous evaluation will be concluded that highlights strengths and weaknesses of different models, and takes appropriate lessons learnt prior to a nation-wide scaleup. Information and communication campaigns will be carried out to raise the awareness of jobseekers and employers on the existence of PES, and employment services in general, and to encourage them to use these services. In addition to supporting the strengthening of PES, the component will support the nascent private sector in employment and intermediation services. The subcomponent will seek to strengthen existing private providers, possibly through financing, technical assistance and capacity building. It will explore the possibility of supporting startups that offer innovative solutions to the challenges in labor market intermediation in Ethiopia, learning from international experience. Similar to the support to the public sector, IT-based solutions will be promoted among these actors. The Jobs Creation Commission will be the main implementing agency of this subcomponent. As the OSSCs that will be upgraded fall under the mandate of the UJCFSA, JCC will closely work together with UJCFSA to ensure coordinated implementation. In addition, JCC will continue to closely engage MoLSA during the inception, piloting and roll-out of the new vision of PES as MoLSA is an important stakeholder in this process.

Component 3: Strengthen Social Assistance and Services for the Urban Poor and Destitute (total US$ 118 million equivalent, of which IDA $78 million equivalent)

This component would strengthen the Ministry of Labor and Social Affair’s (MoLSA) capacity to deliver essential social protection services. Although MoLSA is constitutionally mandated to coordinate and implement social protection policies and programs, the ministry has traditionally been constrained by capacity limitations. As a result, the social assistance components of both the rural and urban safety net programs are led and managed by the respective line ministries (Ministry of Urban Development and Construction, and the Ministry of Agriculture). Under the UPSNP, MoLSA has progressively taken on a more important role and this component would build on this momentum and further enhance MoLSA’s capacity to manage (i) the expansion of Permanent Direct Support (PDS) to labor constrained selected urban poor (elderly, disabled, orphans etc.) in project cities, and (ii) services for the homeless with the objective of their reintegration in the existing 11 cities.

Sub-component 3.1 Expanding Social Assistance for elderly and disabled (PDS).

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PDS beneficiaries are carried over with a recertification process. The first phase of UPSNP has been providing support for 93,120 PDS beneficiaries in the 11 UPSNP cities that will be recertified to be able to continue receiving monthly cash transfers under the current project. A strict recertification process will be carried out to ensure that the poorest households without ability to work are targeted and inclusion errors are as minimal as possible. A recertification committee will be established or revitalized (where there are already targeting committees) and will be trained on the processes. In addition, the PDS component will be scaled up to new cities constituting 16 percent of the total beneficiaries in the new cities. Beneficiaries of this component will receive a combination of cash and service linkage assistance. A cash payment equivalent of up to $12 per person per month, will be made to the individual bank accounts of beneficiaries. The cash amount will be revised annually to adjust for inflation and cost of living. A maximum of 4 person per household would be assisted by the project. Cities will work towards improving the social worker staffing situation, through hiring additional social workers to enable case management and social service linkages. MoLSA and BoLSAs will receive 16 percent of administration budget (of component 1 and 3) and a mechanism will be devised to ensure that a share of this budget reaches the woreda offices and social workers at the ground level.

Sub-component 3.2 Service for the homeless and Urban Destitute (UD).

According to a recent study there are about 85,468 citizens that live in streets. While various family and economic situations force people into the street, the extent of people living in the street is increasing fast in recent years due to factors such as the increasing internal displacement due to ethnic and political conflict in the country, a desperate move of the youth from rural to urban and urban to urban in search of job and better life, when not successful leaves people in the street. The project will strengthen the capacity of MoLSA to deliver essential social protection services. Through wide range of technical and financial support, the project will build MoLSA’s capacity to deliver essential social protection services. In close coordination with Ministry of Urban Development and Construction, Job Creation and Food Security Agency, the component supports MoLSA to play a more important role and further enhance MoLSA’s capacity to manage (i) the expansion of Permanent Direct Support (PDS) to labor constrained selected urban poor (elderly, disabled, orphans etc.) in project cities, and (ii) services for the homeless with the objective of their rehabilitation and reintegration in to the community in the selected cities. This sub-component will assist 22,000 homeless and people living in the street towards their social, economic and educational reintegration. The UD subcomponent will assist 22,000 homeless and people living in the street towards their social, economic and educational reintegration. The four categories to be supported by the program are: Category 1: Homeless women and children: there are women/mothers in the street with one or more children (boys or girls). Category 2: Unaccompanied children between the age of 4-18 years (boys and girls); Category 3: Homeless youth and adults between the age of 19-59 years (male and female); and 4: Elderly 60+ years of age with no support from relatives, government or non-government organizations.

The project targets 11 to approximately 15? cities focusing on cities with higher numbers of homeless or feeder locations. The distribution of destitute population in the different cities are wide apart. Some regions have high concentration of destitute while others have little. A recent scoping study indicates that 81.2 percent of the study population migrated to the big cities they are found to be living in. 62.2 percent of homeless urban destitute also reported that they came from rural areas, while only 37.8 percent stated that they originated from urban areas. In overall terms, the study reveals that the large group of homeless destitute came from such regions such as Amhara region, which accounts for (36 percent) followed by Oromia (27 percent), and then SNNPR, which account for about 20 percent. Hence, in this project cycle, the selection of new cities would be carried out with a focus on feeder cities of these regions from where high migration originates. In terms of intervention, Emphasis would be given to monitor and evaluated the effectiveness and sustainability of the services particularly the rehabilitation, reintegration/ reunification services. Norms and

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ESMF of Urban Safety Net and Jobs Project standards of service delivery: As the beneficiaries of this component are not homogenous, the service requirements of each would be also different. A range of norms and services standards will be developed by the MoLSA to guide the work of the service providers (NGOs), such as on shelter, clothing, food, psychosocial support, reintegration/ family reunification support, livelihoods support etc. A live operational guideline will also be developed to guide the implementation of the project which would illustrate who is responsible for what and the type of institutional coordination required to be in place. A tracer study will be conducted with the objective of measuring the extent to which children in street situations taking part in the intervention achieve said desirable outcomes. The services would be provided through the recruitment of NGOs. NGOs that fulfill a set of criteria to provide the service will be contracted by MoLSA. MolSA will also contract a management firm to assist in the planning, implementation Monitoring and evaluation, contract management and system development of UD service provision. It would also support a stronger collaboration between ministries, umbrella charity organizations particularly those working on vulnerable children and other destitute. UNICEF will be an active partner in this component and would contribute via hiring of technical assistance to the ministry and to the development of MIS standards and guidelines etc.,

Component 4: Institutional Strengthening, Project Management and Monitoring and Evaluation (total US$ 46 million equivalent, of which IDA $30 million equivalent)

This component would support the development and strengthening of program systems, at UFSJCA, JCC and at MoLSA. It would strengthen and support key processes such as targeting, enrolment, payments, citizen engagement, as well as monitoring of the project elements. It will focus on capacity building and institutional collaboration (human resources, training, administrative and technical capacity) and strengthen program management supported by a project coordination unit (PCU) that would include technical and fiduciary staff in support of both the Agency and the MoLSA.

City roll out plan and institutional strengthening. The GoE plans to expand the Productive Safety Net program (component 1) from presently 11 cities to 83 large secondary cities. The actual number of cities that can be included will depend on the institutional capacity and financing. The Bank team proposes to follow the Urban Local Government Development Project (ULGDP) 8project approach, with a first roll out from 11 to approx. 45 cities in the second phase. The roll out to new cities would be gradual and clear indicators would be established to assess cities’ readiness to join the program including their human resources, their fiduciary capacity and woreda level staffing. To this end, the UPSNP would use some funds to start capacity building (both human resources and equipment) of the potential first wave of cities to join the proposed project – apart from the 11 existing cities which would continue. To be able to manage multiple cities in highly populated regions (such as Amhara, Oromia, and SNNPR), the UFSJCA would establish regional hubs in each of the regions. These regional hubs, supported by a small regional PCU with key technical and fiduciary specialists, would support the city administrations in the implementation of the project. A joined-up approach with other WB projects, such as the Urban Institutional and Infrastructure Development Program (UIIDP) will be sought in addressing institutional constraints at city-level. The UIIDP project has already expanded to 117 cities (most overlap with the UPSNP cities). City level management arrangements would benefit from lessons from such projects. Arrangements will ensure that there are no duplication of efforts and efficiency is promoted both for the Bank and the client. Arrangements would take into consideration that there is variation in capacity and institutional set up among the various regions and cities.

Management Information System (MIS). The proposed project will support the gradual transition from the current paper-based MIS to a more technology/ web-based MIS. The MIS will be expanded to add the youth employment component and to strengthen the IT systems of One Stop Shops. There will be a dedicated MIS in MoLSA to manage the DS and destitute programs. The latter will serve

8 The ULGDP evolved in its fourth phase into the UIIDP, mentioned below. UFSJCA -MUDHCo Page 29

ESMF of Urban Safety Net and Jobs Project both the rural PSNP and urban PSNP needs and feed into the objective of strengthening the oversight, coordination and implementation capacity of MoLSA. Enhance the use of technology at the central, regional and local levels. The project would support the digitization of the urban safety net program. Key processes like targeting, enrolment, monitoring of work requirements and appeals/grievances can be implemented at the local level through mobile apps in most participating cities. The possibility of using mobile apps by one stop shop staff to provide standardized mentoring and coaching to the livelihood’s beneficiary will be explored. Apps that would reduce the workload of Social workers would be also explored especially those that help to locate available services in an area, on spot beneficiary data registry/ update, etc. With the establishment of a unifying central MIS, it will be possible to gradually move toward IT based program management at the local level, particularly as it relates to component 1. The mobile apps would be linked to the web-based MIS and would enable bi-directional flow of information. This would first be piloted in some woreda before being fully scaled up across project cities. Citizen engagement and social accountability. Building on the experience of the UPSNP, the proposed project would include support for citizen’s engagement in targeting, selection of public works, appeals and grievance processes, and financial transparency. Advice would be provided to the Urban Agency by the ESAP project which works to establish social accountability systems at the woreda and regional levels.

2.2.1 LIPW Subproject selection criteria and exclusions

Subprojects to be selected are also required to meet the following criteria:

➢ Labor intensity: Subprojects activities must be labor-intensive and use simple tools as much as possible. ➢ Communal benefits: The subprojects must benefit the community as whole or groups of households within a given area. ➢ Community acceptance: The subprojects must be accepted and approved by the community. They should have active community support and commitment. ➢ Feasibility and sustainability: The subprojects must be feasible technically, socially and economically. They should be simple and manageable in implementation and also in on- going maintenance in order to be sustainable. ➢ Productive: The subprojects should create durable community assets which should contribute to the ULG development and to the reduction of poverty. ➢ Gender sensitivity: Priority should be given to subprojects that are assigned to enable women to participate and which contribute to reducing women’s regular work burden and increase access to productive assets. However, any subprojects that have the potential to pose higher risks are ineligible and will be excluded. Therefore, in addition to screening for significant negative impacts, the following will be ineligible for financing under the USNJP:

➢ Subprojects in locations that are ecologically sensitive such as forests, wetlands, and other unique habitats ➢ Subprojects located within a recognized Cultural heritage site, or World heritage sites ➢ Subprojects that involve the significant conversion or degradation of critical natural habitats; ➢ Subprojects that can cause adverse impact on the labors, the community and refugees

The anticipated environmental risks of the project activities are rated moderate whereas the anticipated social risks are rated as substantial.

2.2.2 USNJP Project Target Cities The number of cities that are going to participate in the USNJP would be expanding. The USNJP plans to expand the implementation of Component 1 and 3 from the present 11 cities/towns to

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ESMF of Urban Safety Net and Jobs Project between 44 and 83 cities/towns by taking into consideration city-level poverty and unemployment rates, administrative capacity and regional equity. Component 2 which is focused on providing a first work experience for disadvantaged urban youth is planned to be pilot tested in 12 to 15 largest cities.

2.3 ORGANIZATIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES FOR USNJP IMPLEMENTATION The institutional arrangement for Urban Productive Safety Net will be framed within the overall arrangement set in the Urban Productive Safety Net Strategy of the Government. The implementation of the program will be fully streamlined into the existing government structure at the Federal, Regional, city and local levels. Overall, the implementation and coordination mechanisms established under the UPSNP have proven to be effective and sufficient to ensure the successful implementation of the project. What’s new is that for component 2 (Youth employment) there will be collaboration by the Urban Food Security and Jobs Creation Agency (UFSJCA) with private sector associations such as Addis Ababa’s Chamber of Commerce and collaboration with the Jobs Creation Commission and for refugee integration there will be collaboration by UFSJCA and Administration for refugee and returnee Affairs (ARRA) . Component 3 will be implemented by MoLSA which will have a status as implementation agency under the project.

2.3.1 Federal Government level

The overall coordination and management of the USNJP will continue to be the responsibility of the UFSJCA under MoUDHC. The MoUDHC will be the lead institution responsible for the project’s overall coordination, M&E, and reporting of the project. The UFSJCA will furthermore oversee the fiduciary and safeguards aspects of component 1 and 2. The MoLSA will be implementing component 3, including fiduciary and safeguards, as well as linkages with social services (health, education etc.). The MoFEC will also have an important role in providing overall guidance, mobilizing, managing and allocating resources. The decentralized parallel structures of these ministries will shoulder implementation responsibilities at the regional and local urban government levels.

A National Steering Committee to be chaired by the Minister of Urban Development and co-chaired by the MoLSA will be established. Members will include the MUDHCo, MoLSA, MoFEC, UFSJCA, the Ministry of Women and Children (MoWC), Regions and Development Partners (WB), and others, including private sector associations (particularly for component 2). The steering committee will meet once every quarter and its roles will include, but not be limited to, providing strategic guidance in project implementation, approving annual plans and budgets; ensure GoE funding and high-level inter-agency coordination and collaboration. The PCU will serve as a secretariat. A Project Management and Coordination Committee (PMCC), which will report to the National Steering Committee, will follow up on regular project management and coordination issues. It will also be responsible for coordinating selected technical committees (e.g. Gender and Social Development, youth employment, etc.). The PMCC will be chaired by the director general of the UFSJCA and co-chaired by the director of the MoLSA. The PMCC will meet on a monthly basis. Members will include the MoUDC, MoLSA, UFS&JCA, MoWC, and MoFEC.

A Project Coordination Unit (PCU) at Federal level is available with specialists in numerous technical and fiduciary fields, to support the overall management and coordination of the project, reporting to the UFSJCA under the guidance of the MoUDHC. The overall regular management and coordination of the project will be supported by the PCU reporting to UFSJCA. The PCU will be staffed with appropriate technical and management staff. The PCU will facilitate institutional capacity and system development activities, M&E, regular reporting, Financial Management, Procurement, and Safeguard issues. MoUDHC/UFSJCA, MoLSA and MoFEC will assign staff to constitute the respective subunits that will closely support the coordination of project activities in both institutions.

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To ensure regular technical support and guidance for project implementation, a Joint Technical Coordination Committee (TCC) for each component will be established. In this regard, UFSJCA will coordinate Public Work activities. For livelihoods component, UFSJCA in close collaboration with MoLSA will play an overall coordination role. MoLSA will be responsible for Direct Support and linking safety net system with social protection policy and strategy, in consultation with MUDHCo. Fig 2: Showing Institutional Responsibilities for Project Management at National Level.

USNJP National Steering Committee

Chair: MUDHCo

Co Chair: MoLSA& JCC

Project Management and Coordination Committee (PMCC)

Chair: UFSJCA

Co-Chair: SWDD of MoLSA & JCC

Secretary: PCU

Project Coordination Unit

(PCU)

Safeguard, M&E, Financial Management, Procurement, Capacity building.

Technical Committee 1: Technical Committee 2: Technical Committee 3:

Safety Net Systems & Public Works & Apprenticeship Transfers. Livelihoods Chair: JCC Chair: MOLSA Chair: UFSJCA Co-chair MoLSA

2.3.2 Regional Government Levels

At the regional and city levels, the regional and woreda-level bureaus or offices of the Urban Food Security and Jobs Creation Agency, the Bureaus of Labor and Social Affairs and the city administrations will be responsible for the actual implementation of the project. The institutional standing of the main implementing agency for the USNJP appears to exist in the regional states in

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ESMF of Urban Safety Net and Jobs Project different forms. In Somali region and Addis Ababa City Administration the implementing agencies follows more or less the same pattern as the Federal Urban Job Creation and Food Security Agency. In the other regions and cities, the potential implementing agencies vary in name and structure. The following table summarizes the observed potential implementing agencies at regional and city level.

Table 3: List of the different regional implementing agency organizations Region Name of the Regional City/town level Implementing Agency Implementing agency

1. Addis Ababa City Addis Ababa Job Creation Addis Ababa Job Creation and Administration and Food Security Agency Food Security Agency

2. Somali Region Somali Region Food Food Security and Job Security and Job Creation Creation Office Agency

3. Amhara Region Technical, Vocational and Technical, Vocational and Enterprise Development Enterprise Development Bureau. Office.

4 Oromia Region Urban Development and Sanitation and Housing Bureau. Beautification Office.

5 SNNPR Enterprise and Industry Enterprise Development Development Agency Office

Similar to the arrangements at Federal level, the USNJP will involve the parallel institutions at regional level (indicated above table) in the coordination of the project and support the cities involved in the implementation of the project. The Regional Cabinet will approve the USNJP overall plans and budgets. Head of the Regional Agency of Food Security and jobs Creation or its parallel will oversee the implementation of the program in coordination with BoLSA. The Head of Regional Agency of Food Security and Jobs Creation or its parallel will be responsible for the management of USNJP and chairs the Regional Project Management and Coordination Committee (RPMCC), to which three Technical Committees report (Safety Net systems and Transfer, Public Works and Livelihoods, Apprenticeship). Similar to that of Federal level, members of the Regional Technical Committee and Regional Coordination Committee will be Heads (or their delegates) of relevant Core processes from Bureaus and Agencies involved in the Program (BUD, LSA, UFSJCA, BWCYA and BoFED).

The key partners at the regional level will appoint USNJP Focal Points and have to oversee and provide technical support to cities together with the respective Federal Government Bodies. As the USNJP is planning to expand the implementation of the project between 43 - 83 towns (which will be decided later), there will be a need to establish PCU in those regions having more than one participating cities/towns.

2.3.3 Urban Local Governments level (Cities)

At City level, Mayor of the City Administration or his delegate will oversee the implementation of the project and will chair the city level Urban Safety Net Coordination Committee (SNCC), with Co- Chair by LSA Office Head. The City Mayor or his delegate in Coordination with BoLSA will be responsible for the overall management of USNJP. The members of the SNCC will include the heads of relevant Bureaus/Offices involved in the Program (BoFED, BoLSA, BoMSED/Food Security/, BoWCYA, and Office of the City Manager, and others as appropriate). Under the PCC, three

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ESMF of Urban Safety Net and Jobs Project technical committees will be established to lead on the implementation of different components (Safety Net systems and transfers, Public Works and Livelihoods, and Apprenticeship). A focal unit will be established under City Mayor office to coordinate the implementation of the project. The staff of the unit will be from both regular government staff to be supported by contractual staff hired by the project. The Federal and Regional Project Coordination Unit will provide the necessary technical and managerial support to the city level Project Focal Unit.

The Project Focal Unit (PFU) will coordinate and provide technical support to Kebeles in the implementation of the program. The City Council/Cabinet will approve the project annual plan and budget. Similar technical committees will also be operational at the district level (Safety Net systems and transfer, Public works and Livelihoods, and Apprenticeship).The three Technical Committees should report to the SNCC.

At the Kebele level, the Kebele cabinet will present and the Kebele Council will approve the list of beneficiaries of the USNPJ and related plans for the program. The Kebele Chair will oversee the implementation of the project and a Task Force which will include representatives from the community and development committees will be established to facilitate planning, community participation and targeting process. Technical focal staff will be assigned to provide technical support in the implementation of different components of the project.

As Addis Ababa is the largest Urban City Government, and directly reports to the Federal Government, its institutional arrangements have to be seen at three levels: City Government Level, Sub-City Level, and Woreda level. A focal unit is established under the Urban Job Creation and Food Security Agency to coordinate the implementation of the project. The staff of the unit will be from both regular government staff to be supported by contractual staff to be hired by the project. The Federal Project Coordination Unit will provide the necessary technical and managerial support to the city level project Focal Unit.

Coordination with other projects and programs: The proposed Project needs to work in a cross- sectoral way as it provides a springboard for social and economic inclusion, and supports important environmental and climate change related activities such as watershed management and flood protection, as well as urban greenery, agriculture, sanitation etc. The project will therefore promote strong linkages and coordination with other human development services (e.g. community based health insurance and health waivers, school materials for beneficiary children, mobile child care etc.), with the rural PSNP to build an integrated social assistance system for the Direct Income Support program at MoLSA, with the ULGDP and UIIDP for coordinated planning process, for sharing of human resources (e.g. support for procurement), and related to capacity-building activities. Finally, the project will continue to coordinate with the ESAP project on social accountability elements in urban areas

CHAPTER THREE: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL CONTEXT AND BASELINE CONDITIONS OF PARTICIPATING CITIES

Ethiopia is located between 3º and 15ºN latitude and 33º and 48ºE longitude and covers a land surface (including water bodies) area of 1,127,127 km². The country is currently divided into nine regional states and two city administrations. It is a country of great geographical and climatic diversity, which has given rise to many and varied ecological systems.

3.1 OVERVIEW OF BIOPHYSICAL BASELINE

The rainfall pattern in Ethiopia is influenced by two rain-bearing wind systems, one bringing the monsoonal wind systems from the South Atlantic and the Indian Ocean and the winds from the

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Arabian Sea. The two wind systems alternate, causing different rainfall regimes in different parts of the country.

There are three broad climatic zones in the country that depends on altitudes. These are kola, Weyna Dega and Dega climatic zones. The Kolla (or hot zone) is found below an altitude of 1,500 masl, the Weyna Dega zone is between 1500 -2400 masl and the Dega or highlands is 2500 and above masl. The mean annual temperature ranges from 10-16 ºC in the Dega zone, 16-29ºC in the Weyna Dega and 23-33ºC in the Kolla zone. The mean annual rainfall in the highlands is about 500 -2000 mm and 300 -700mm for the Weyna Dega zone (Berhane, Y., 2006). The 44 to 83 cities/towns which are going to participate in USNJP are selected regional, zonal and woreda capital cities found dispersed in all the nine regions and two city administrations of Ethiopia. Based on the broader classification of climatic zones, the USNJP participating cities are found distributed in the Dega, Weyna dega, Kolla and in Bereha (extreme kola) climatic zones.

The USNJP participating cities are also found distributed within the twelve river basins found in the country, which form four major drainage systems. These are: ◼ The Nile basin (including Abbay or Blue Nile, Baro-Akobo, Setit-Tekeze/Atbara and Mereb) covers 33 percent of the country and drains the northern and central parts westwards; ◼ The Rift Valley (including Awash, Denakil, Omo-Gibe and Central Lakes) covers 28 percent of the country; ◼ The Shebelle-Juba basin (including Wabi-Shebelle and Genale-Dawa) covers 33 percent of the country and drains the south eastern mountains towards Somalia and the Indian Ocean; ◼ The North-East Coast (including the Ogaden and Gulf of Aden basins) covers 6 percent of the country. Whereas some of the cities/towns are situated on the upstream side and faraway from the main river courses of their respective river basin, others are situated very close. Cities like Addis Ababa, Adama, Bishoftu and Mekelle are found far upstream of the Awash and Tekeze River basins respectively and are drained by small tributaries such as the Akaki Rivers in the case of Addis Ababa. Other cities such as Dessie, Kombolcha and Woldiya are also situated upstream of the Awash basin and are drained by its major tributary rivers (i.e. Borkena and Mile Rivers). On the other hand, whereas cities like Bahirdar, Gondar, Assosa and Gambella are found within the Blue Nile and Baro Akobo River Basins not far from its main tributaries, other cities/towns like Batu (Ziway), Awassa and Arbaminch are situated within the Rift valley lakes basins close to the lakes respectively. Bahirdar City is situated adjacent to Lake Tana and it is crossed by the river mouth of the main Blue Nile River which starts from Lake Tana itself. Similarly, Gambella city is crossed by Baro River which is one of the main rivers of the Baro-Akobo basin. The Bishoftu, Hawassa, Ziway and Abaya lakes, which are among the important lakes in the rift valley basin, are situated adjacent to Bishoftu, Hawassa, Batu and Arbaminch city/town respectively. Deteriorating water quality in some rivers, such as those draining Addis Ababa city, Dessie, and Kombolcha has long been a concern for the resident community and all those involved in its conservation. Cities situated close to main rivers and lakes of the river basins may need to pay attention to mitigate the potential incremental impact of sub-projects to water pollution.

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Map 1: Showing some USNJP cities versus major water bodies, national parks &World Heritage sites

Urban environments in Ethiopia are usually dominated by built up areas which naturally covers the largest expanse of its land surface. This is because of the deforestation driven by urban expansion that was carried out for several decades coupled by weak interventions made to develop and conserve city parks and greeneries. As a result, the vegetation cover in most Ethiopian cities is dominated by eucalyptus mixed with some indigenous species and ornamental trees. An exception to this is the vegetation cover encircling few cities such as Arbaminch, Assosa, Gambella, Humera and Semera- logiya towns where the natural vegetation representative of their respective ecosystems is still found intact in and immediately outside of the towns. Thus, even though the sub-projects may not be anticipated to affect any natural habitats which do not exist within the urban boundaries of the participating cities, it will be important to pay more attention to the impact of some sub-projects on deforestation particularly in those few ULGs encircled by National Park such as Arbaminch and by natural forests such as Gambela, Assosa and Humera.

The ambient air quality of cities in Ethiopia is not regularly monitored. Recent developments indicate that efforts to monitor air quality by establishing monitoring station has started in few major cities such as Addis Ababa, Adama and Hawassa. Real time air quality monitoring is carried with two stations by the US Embassy in Addis Ababa (including the station at International Community School) as well as by the City Environment Protection Authority (station within their office compound). Data from the US Embassy Stations shows that the P.M 2.5 levels for the last 19 months (May 2018 – Nov. 2019) largely falls within good to moderate levels and only in very few occasions fall in the unhealthy for sensitive groups level (Source: Addis Ababa US Embassy AQI website).The Air quality monitoring stations in Adama and Hawassa are run by the National Metrology Agency and online data for public use is unavailable. Dust re-suspension is one of the major causes of air quality problems not only in Addis Ababa but also in many of the Zonal and Woreda capital cities/towns that are joining the USNJP. As a matter of fact, dust problem is more pronounced than

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ESMF of Urban Safety Net and Jobs Project other sources of air pollution in many of these cities/towns. Thus component-1 sub-projects working in the area of cobblestone road construction will positively contribute to the betterment of air quality problems related to dust in the participating cities.

Table 2: Summary of major environmental characters and sensitivities No. Environmental Character Environmental sensitivity

1 Cities found close to main surface water Water pollution as a result of increase in waste bodies (e.g. Arbaminch, Batu, Bishoftu, releases from urban settlement and associated Bahirdar, Hawassa, Gambella etc. ) activities.

2 Cities found in all climatic zones. Environmental pollution /contamination arising from poor management of solid and liquid waste, deforestation and land degradation driven by poverty and urban expansion.

3 Cities found in Dega and Woyna Dega Increased storm water formation as a result of where rainfall is comparatively high reduced absorption of ground surface covered by roads, buildings & compaction, flood disasters complemented by forest and land degradation.

4 Cities encircled by natural Deforestation and enhanced vegetation clearing vegetation/forest (e.g: Gambella, Assosa) for urban infrastructure expansion.

5 Cities hosting Historical and World Historical and heritage sites recognized at various Heritage sites (e.g: Gondar, Jimma, Axum, levels may be exposed to construction risks. Harar, Bahirdar, Mekelle)

3.2 OVERVIEW OF SOCIAL BASELINE ON SAMPLE CITIES

Addis Ababa - is the capital of the Federal Government of Ethiopia. According to CSA 2012 population projection, the total official population of Addis Ababa is 3,384,569, representing over 30 % of the urban population in Ethiopia. With its highly diversified ethnic representation, the city serves as the political, social and cultural centre of the country. It is also home for the African Union Head Quarter and the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UN-ECA). About 120 foreign embassies, consulates and substantial number of international aid organizations with established residences also situated in the City. Because of the presence of AU, ECA and large concentration of international diplomatic offices, Addis Ababa enjoys from hosting major international diplomatic meetings, workshops and conferences and attracts large number of business travelers and luxury tourists from the North America, the Middle East and Europe.

Addis Ababa is a chartered city accountable for the Federal Government. The city government is managed by a Mayor and a City Council, which is elected every five years. Sector bureaus, offices, agencies and authorities are established at a level of the City Government with duties and responsibilities of implementing infrastructural development, promote investment, provide economic and social services and perform other regulatory facilities. Currently, Addis Ababa is divided into ten sub-cities and 116 woredas. The woredas are further divided into 842 sub-woredas, 3,003 ketenas and 9,009 blocks. According to the 2018 Employment and Unemployment Survey report of CSA, the unemployment rate of Addis Ababa is 20.2 % for all age groups (14.1 % male and 26.3 % female).

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Shashemene City - is in west Arsi Zone of Oromia region, at a distance of about 250km from Addis Ababa. It has an estimated population of 276,7009 , of which 54 % are women. There are 11,473 registered businesses concentrated on wholesale and retail of agricultural products, hotel and hospitality services, finance and banking, private health and educational and small-scale manufacturing including grain mill, edible oil processing, furniture production, coffee huller and bakery. About 1698 micro and small businesses (MSE) are also engaged in urban agriculture (dairy production, cattle fattening, poultry, and others) and small-scale manufacturing and construction services generating Employment opportunity for a total of 11,401 (6,833 male and 4,568 female) city residents10. The city is a major transportation hub connecting Hawassa, Wolaita Sodo, Arbaminch and Addis Ababa. There are eight Kebele administrations, of which three are predominantly commercial districts.

Shashemene is one of the first 18 beneficiary cities from ULGDP, which aimed at providing technical and financial support to improve performances in capital investment planning, financial management, operation and maintenance public infrastructure and services. The ULGDP is established under the office of the City Manager having five focal persons including Monitoring and Evaluation and Social Safeguard Experts.

Jimma City: It is one of the major the zonal urban centers of Oromia region, located some 352 km away southwest of Addis Ababa. It has an estimated population of 165,65711, of which 82,357 female and 83,300 males, residing in 17 kebeles.

Jimma is one of the beneficiary cities of ULGDP I and II. The city ULGDP program is under the office of the City Manager having a coordinator and focal persons for management of Environmental and Social Safeguards, Financial Management, Procurement and M&E. Major infrastructure construction undertaken by the ULGDP grants are landfill development, gravel and compacted earth road construction, cobblestone paving, drainage construction and neighborhood sanitation facility and urban greenery. Organized micro and small enterprises are engaged in collection and transporting of solid waste from residential houses to neighborhood dumping containers and transfer stations. According to Employment and Unemployment Survey Report of CSA (2018), the unemployment rate of Jimma city is estimated to be 20.5 % for all age groups (13.1 % male and 28.9% female).

Arbaminch: It is the capital of Gamu Zone of SNNPR. It is located some 275 km and 454 km south of the regional capital Hawassa and Addis Ababa respectively. Based on CSA census projection (2016), the population of the city is estimated to be 120,000, of which 52 % female and 48 % male. Daily flights of the Ethiopian Airlines connect Arbaminch with Addis Ababa and Jinka, the other major tourist destination site in SNNPR. The city has 11 local Kebele administrations organized and structured under four sub city administrations.

The local economy and Employment is comprised of urban agriculture, trade and commerce, small- scale manufacturing and service and tourism. Production and marketing of cash crops, such as coffee and fruits and vegetables (apple, mango and avocado) dominate agriculture sector economic activities. There are 4027 registered businesses concentrated on wholesale and retail trading of food grains, cattle and animal products and clothing, hotels and restaurant, private health care facilities, insurance and banking, communications and information technology services and freight and public transportation and manufacturing products. The manufacturing activities are concerned with either primary or processed food production, flourmill and edible oil processing, handcraft and textile. In 2016/17, the city and its surrounding sites attracted a total of 112,272 domestic and 49,030

9 City of Shashemene Three Year Rolling Capital Investment Plan for the Period of 2012-2014 Ethiopian Calendar (September 2019)

10 Shashemene City Administration Physical and Socioeconomic Profile (2008-2009 Ethiopia Calendar. 11 Shashemene City Administration Physical and Socioeconomic Profile (2008-2009 Ethiopia Calendar. UFSJCA -MUDHCo Page 38

ESMF of Urban Safety Net and Jobs Project international tourists. Income and Employment in the tourism sector dispersed in hospitality services (hotels and restaurants), handcraft, and transport as well as in the informal sector.

Arbaminch is one of the beneficiary cities of ULGDP I and II. The city’s ULGDP program is under the office of the City Manager having a coordinator and focal persons for management of Environmental and Social Safeguards, Financial Management, Procurement and M&E. Major infrastructure construction undertaken by the ULGDP grants are gravel and compacted earth road construction, cobblestone paving, drainage construction and neighborhood scale sanitation facility and urban greenery. Organized micro and small enterprises are engaged in collection and transporting of solid waste from residential houses to neighborhood dumping containers and transfer stations

Bahirdar - is the capital of Amhara National Regional State and seat of the Bahir Dar Zuria Woreda Administration. The city is located at a distance of 567 Km from Addis Ababa. According to the 2018 census projection prepared by Bureau of Finance and Economic Development, the city has a population of 312,403, of which 145,579 male and 166,831 female. As one of fasting growing urban cities, the annual population growth rate is estimated at 4.2%.

There are 26 local kebele administrations organized and structured under 6 sub city administrations. The local economy and Employment is comprised of trade and commerce, small-scale manufacturing and service and tourism. Trading is concentrated on wholesale and retail of food grains, cattle, animal products and clothing and manufacturing products. The manufacturing activities are concerned with either primary or processed food production, flourmill and edible oil processing, plastic and pipes production and textile. Service sector economic activities concentrate on hotels and restaurant business, private health care facilities, insurance and banking, communications and information technology services and freight and public transportation. Due to the presence of Blue Nile Fall and the various monasteries located on Lake Tana, the city is one of the major tourist destination sites of the northern regions. In 2018, the city attracted 322,305 domestic and 27,203 international visitors. Income and employment in the tourism sector is dispersed in hospitality services (hotels and restaurants), handcraft, transport as well as water transport services on Lake Tana. As one of the beneficiaries of the ULGDP I and II, the ULGDP program is established under the office of the City Manager having five focal persons including M&E, Financial Management and Environmental and Social Safeguards.

Due to rapid urbanization, high rate of urban population growth and limited private sector investment on manufacturing activities, the city is challenged by chronic poverty and high rate of unemployment. Currently, the city has registered unemployment rate of 19 % for all age group (11.3 % male and 26% female).

Dessie City – It is the capital of South Wollo Administrative Zone of Amhara region. It is located northeast section of the country, 400km away from Addis Ababa. The city has an estimated population of 294,353. The population resides in 18 urban and eight rural kebeles structured under five sub-cities.

The local economy and Employment are comprised of trade and commerce, small-scale manufacturing and service sector economic activities. Trading is concentrated on wholesale and retail of food grains, cattle, animal products and clothing and manufacturing products. The manufacturing activities are concerned with either primary or processed food production including bottled water and soft drink bottling, bakery, flourmill and edible oil processing, plastic and pipes, soap and detergent production, furniture shops and textile. Service sector economic activities concentrate on hotels and restaurant business, private health care facilities, insurance and banking and freight and public transportation services. As one of the beneficiary cities of ULGDP I and II, the city’s ULGDP program is under the office of the City Manager having a coordinator and focal persons for Financial Management, Procurement, M&E and Environmental and Social Safeguards. Dessie is also one of the first participating cities for implementation of UPSNP. According to the 2018 Employment and

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Unemployment Survey report of CSA, the unemployment rate of Dessie is 22.4% for all age groups (11.6 % male and 23.5 % female).

Jigjiga City - is the capital of the Somali Regional State. It is Located approximately 80 km east of Harar and 60 km west of the border of Ethiopia – Somalia. The city has an estimated population of 57,146 people. The city administration consists of the Mayor, who leads the executive branch, and the City Council, which enacts city regulations. Sector offices include Education, Health, Trade, Transport an Investment, Finance and Economic Development, Women & Children, Youth & Sports, Urban Agriculture, MSE, Job Creation and Food Security and City Beautification & Sanitation.

Like other Ethiopian cities, the local economy is dominated by small scale trading of industrial and agricultural products, clothing stores, construction material supply shops. The service sector economic activities are dominated by hotel, restaurant, and café businesses, private health care service providers and banking and financial institutions. There are also many established street vendors selling food items. In the morning, the major street is full of skilled laborers trying to get to many project sites for work. The city has a vibrant urban transit system dominated by tri wheel cycles (Bajaj) and other means of transportation.

As one of the beneficiary cities of ULGDP II, the city’s ULGDP program is under the office of the City Manager having a coordinator and focal persons for Financial Management, Procurement, M&E and Environmental and Social Safeguards.

According to the 2018 Employment and Unemployment Survey report of CSA, the unemployment rate of Jigjiga is 20.0 % for all age groups (10.3 % male and 32.0 % female).

The city government of all the visited ULGs is managed by a Mayor-Council model, the mayor having significant political, administrative and budgetary authority and a municipal service office with appointed manager responsible for management, provision and delivery of core infrastructure services.

CHAPTER FOUR: RELEVANT POLICY, LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT

This section discusses relevant national and regional environmental and social Policies, Strategies and Legislation applicable to USNJP that needs to be considered during project implementation. These include:

The constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia

• It had been issued in August 1995 and there are applicable Articles (40, 41, 42, 43, 44 and 92) • Regional states also have their respective constitutions.

Applicable Polices, Proclamations, Regulations and Procedural Guidelines forming the National Environmental and Social Management System

• Environment Policy of Ethiopia • Climate Resilient Green Economy • National Social Protection Policy (NSPP) • Food Security Strategy • Ethiopian Cities Sustainable Prosperity Initiative (ECPI) • FDRE National Occupational Safety and Health Policy and Strategy

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• Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation (Proclamation No. 299/2002) • Environmental Pollution Control Proclamation (Proclamation No. 300/2002) • Solid Waste Proclamation (Proclamation 513/2007) • Water Resources Management Proclamation (197/2000) • The Labor Law - Proclamations 1156/2019 • National Policies, Regulations, and Guidelines for Social Impact Assessment and Management • The National Policy on Ethiopian Women (1993) • Gender mainstreaming strategy and guideline (2010) • The Development and Change Package (2007) • Proclamation No 1161/2019: Expropriation of landholding for Public Purposes, Payment of compensation and Resettlement of Displaced People • Regulation No 135/2007: Council of Minister Regulation • Proclamations on Persons with Disability and Vulnerable groups • Building Proclamation No. 624/2009 and Regulation243/2011 • Applicable International Conventions Endorsed by Ethiopia • Comprehensive Refugee Response Framework (CRRF)2016 • The GOE Refugee Proclamation ( Proclamation 1110/2019)

4.1. INSTITUTIONAL ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT

The discussions hereunder summarize the roles and responsibilities of institutions involved in environment and social management in Ethiopia. Identification of institutional roles and responsibilities considers potential environmental and social implications of supported activities of the USNJP.

4.1.1 The Environment, Forest and Climate Change Commission (EFCCC) As per proclamation 916/2015, the former Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) is bestowed among others with the powers and duties listed below. Despite its devolvement from the level of Ministry headed by a Minister to a Commission headed by a Commissioner during the recent restructuring of the GoE introduced by the incumbent Prime Minister in 2018, the powers and duties of the former MoEFCC remains the same and it is made to be directly accountable to the Prime Minister. The powers and duties include:

• Coordinate activities to ensure that the environmental objectives provided under the Constitution and the basic principles set out in the Environmental Policy of the Country are realized; • Establish a system for evaluating and decision making, in accordance with the Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation, the impacts of implementation of investment programs and projects on environment prior to approvals of their implementation by the concerned sectoral licensing organ or the concerned regional organ; • Coordinate actions on soliciting the resources required for building a climate resilient green economy in all sectors and at all Regional levels; as well as provide capacity building support and advisory services; • Establish an environmental information system that promotes efficiency in environmental data collection, management and use; • Enforcing and ensuring compliance to the ESIA proclamation which currently is being implemented through delegated authority provided to sector ministries;

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• Reviewing ESIAs and monitoring the implementation of ESIA recommendations which is also in part being implemented through delegated authority provided to sector ministries; • Regulating environmental compliance and developing legal instruments that ensure the protection of the environment; • Ensuring that environmental concerns are mainstreamed into sector activities; and

• Coordinating, advising, assessing, monitoring and reporting on environment-related aspects and activities Sector environment units: The other environmental organs stipulated in the Environmental Protection Organs Establishment Proclamation (295/2002) are ‘Sector Environmental Units’ which have been established in some of the line Ministries. These Sector Environment Units have the responsibility of coordinating and implementing activities in line with environmental protection laws and requirements (Article 14, Proclamation 295/2002). Article 13 of the ESIA Proclamation 299/2002 requires that public instruments undertake ESIA. To this end, Sector Environmental Units play an important role in ensuring that ESIA is carried out on projects initiated by their respective sector institution. However, capacity of these units is limited. Delegated authority: The EFCCC has delegated its authority to sector institutions to ensure implementation of ESIA laws and requirements in their sector and to undertake ESIA reviews. For instance, the Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Industry, Mining as well as Water, Energy and Irrigation are responsible for ensuring that an ESIA is undertaken on their sectoral projects and to review the ESIA. This delegation has been communicated to the sector ministries through an official letter sent by the former MoEFCC (i.e. EFCCC).

4.1.2 Regional Environment Protection Forest and Climate Change Authority (REPFCCA) At regional level, there are environmental bureaus to implement environment management systems within their respective jurisdictions. Proclamation 295/2002 requires regional states to establish or designate their own regional environmental agencies. The regional environmental agencies are responsible for coordination, formulation, implementation, review and revision of regional conservation strategies as well as environmental protection, regulation and monitoring. Relating to ESIA specifically, Proclamation 299/2002 gives regional environmental agencies the responsibility to evaluate ESIA reports of projects that are licensed, executed or supervised by regional states and that are not likely to generate inter-regional impacts. Regional environmental agencies are also responsible for monitoring, auditing and regulating implementation of such projects. The institutional standing of regional environmental agencies varies among regions. In many of the regions, they are established as separate institutions in the form of Environment, Forest and Climate Change Authorities (e.g., SNNPR, Oromia, Amhara, and Gambella regions) while in others they are joined with Land use administration and utilization agencies as EPLAUA (e.g. Tigray and Benshangul).

4.1.3. Comprehensive Refugee Response Framework (CRRF)

The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) unanimously adopted the New York Declaration for Refugees and Migrants in 2016, reaffirming the importance of international refugee rights and committing to strengthen protection and support for people on the move. The Declaration called upon the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) to develop a Comprehensive Refugee Response Framework (CRRF), with key objectives of easing pressure on host countries, enhance refugee self-reliance, expand access to third-

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ESMF of Urban Safety Net and Jobs Project country solutions and support conditions in countries of origin for return in safety and dignity. As one of the major refugee hosting country in Africa, Ethiopia endorsed the UN Declaration for Refugees and Migrants, signed the CRRF and developed country specific Refugee Response Plan (RRP) to facilitate local integration of 13,000 refugees who have lived in Ethiopia for more than 20 years. The Country Refugee Response plan allows integration of refugees in the national educational system (including adult literacy and Technical Vocational Education and Training (TVET)).and allows promotion of self-reliance and livelihoods through skills development, job matching and private sector participation so that refugees can engage in self- and wage employment opportunities in such diverse areas as agriculture, livestock and small and medium enterprise

4.1.4. The GOE Refugee Proclamation ( Proclamation 1110/2019)

The new Refugee Proclamation issued on the 27th of February, 2019 entitles all recognized refugees to obtain a resident permit renewable every five year and to be treated in the same circumstances as Ethiopian nationals with respect to registration and issuance of vital events, access to health and all levels of education services including pre-primary, primary, secondary, technical and vocational training and higher education and the right of free movement and freedom to choose residency place within the country. With regard to economic integration, the proclamation allows refugees to engage in agriculture, industry, commerce and micro enterprise individually or as a group or in wage earning employment, access and use of agricultural and irrigable lands subject to payment of lease payment for a period of seven years (7), pay the same taxes as nationals. The proclamation also recognizes refugee rights to form non-political and nonprofit associations with the same circumstances accorded to foreign nationals and entitles vulnerable refugees, such as women, children, and persons with special needs, to enjoy the rights and protections enshrined under relevant laws including protection from gender based violence12,

Table 5: Summary of Existing Institutions and Critical Legislations for Environmental and Social Management at Regional Level.

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Region Responsible ESIA Other Environmental Key Regional Regulations Management Environment enacted at Legislations/guidelines Remarks Bureau/Agency regional level Pollution Solid Regional Control Waste guideline Managem for ent ESIA Oromia Oromia Yes Yes No No -It has zonal and EFCCA woreda level Environment Offices Tigray Tigray EPLAUA Yes Yes Yes Draft -Apply Federal ESIA procedural guideline - Has woreda level Environment Offices Amhara Amhara Yes Yes No Yes -ESIA guideline EFWPPDA Directive 01/2010 - It has zonal and woreda level Environment Offices SNNPR SNNPR No No No No -Apply Federal ESIA EFCCA (Draft level) (Draft law & guideline. level) - It has zonal and woreda level Environment Offices Benishan Benshangul No No No No -Apply Federal ESIA gul Gumuz EPLAIB (Draft level) law & guideline Gumuz -It has zonal and woreda level Environment Offices

Gambell Gambella EPFCC No No No No -Apply Federal ESIA a (Draft level) law & guideline. -It has no zonal and woreda level Environment Offices

Afar Afar EPRLUA Yes Yes No No Apply Federal ESIA procedural guideline

Somali Somali EFCCB Yes Yes Yes Yes

4.1.3 Zonal and Woreda level Environment, Forest, Land Utilization, and Climate Change Offices The ESMF team identified that institutional structures for environmental management in the regions for the current USNJP at zonal, woreda and city level are varied from region to region. Whereas the Environment Authorities of SNNPR, Oromia, Amhara, Tigray, Afar and Benshangul Regions have parallel offices at woreda level, the Gambella Region lacks parallel offices at the same level. However, the Gambella regional environment bureau has delegated the Natural Resource Conservation section in the woreda office of Agriculture to carry environmental management related activities on its behalf. Many of the regional environment authorities have zonal environment offices except for Tigray Gambella and Afar regions. Tigray region has deployed two of its staff in its southern and north western zone administrations to serve as zonal environment focal persons.

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It should be noted that all the regional, zonal and woreda level environment offices are located in the capital cities of the respective zone and woreda cities/towns. However, there are some cities and towns which have their own city level environmental protection offices. For example, in Amhara Region, EFWPDA has branch offices in three major cities of the region (i.e. Bahirdar, Gondar, and Dessie) which are categorized as metropolitan cities by the region’s bureau for industry and urban development. Moreover, in Oromia regional state, eighteen selected ULGs with potential growing economic activities are made to have their own Environment Protection Forest and Climate Change (EPFCC) Offices with a Zonal office status. In SNNPR, the capital city Hawassa has its own environment protection office.

Except in Amhara region, the roles and responsibilities of the woreda level environmental organs are almost identical. Their main areas of responsibility fall in carrying environmental performance monitoring and follow up of development projects for which ESMPs and screening reports are approved and the review and approval of Schedule III (category C) environmental and social screening reports. In Amhara region, the Authority has prepared and transmitted a list of the type of projects that can be reviewed and approved at woreda and zone levels. The SNNPR environment authority has generally given the mandate to review and approve all types of projects (Schedule I to III) at its zonal level offices, but it allows them to seek assistance of the regional head office when faced with challenging ESIA reviews. Among others, the responsibilities of zonal and woreda level Environmental organs include: • Enforcing and ensuring compliance to the ESIA proclamation which currently is being implemented • Reviewing ESIAs and monitoring the implementation of ESMP recommendations; • Regulating environmental compliance that ensure the protection of the environment; • Ensuring that environmental concerns are mainstreamed into sector activities; and • Coordinating, advising, assessing, monitoring and reporting on environment-related aspects and activities The existing capacity and staffing at woreda environment office level is very limited and requires further support for capacity development. As per their organizational structure, the woreda environment offices in Oromia region are supposed to be staffed with more than 20 experts representing the highest staffed woreda level environment offices in the Country. But in practice, the Woreda environment offices across the other regions are largely found to be staffed with 2 to 5 employees including in the Oromia region.

4.1.4 Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs/Regional Labor and Social Affairs Bureaus

The Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs (MoLSA) is responsible to ensure industrial peace, maintain employee’s health and safety at workplace, improve working condition and environment, promote efficient and equitable eemployment services; and maintain developmental social welfare of citizens. Implementing Occupational Safety & Health, Public Safety and Social welfare protection activities, prevention of child labor are also among the mandates, roles and responsibilities of their Ministry. Overall the ministry shall have the following powers and duties to: • With a view to ensuring the maintenance of industrial peace(a) Encourage and support workers and employers to exercise their rights to organize and collective bargaining;(b)Encourage the practice of participating in bilateral forums between workers and employers and tri-partite forums including the government; and (c) Establish efficient labor dispute settlement mechanisms; • Issue and follow up the implementation of occupational health and safety standards • Create conducive conditions for the provision of efficient and equitable eemployment services; determine conditions for the issuance of work permit to foreigners, issue such permits and incorporation with the relevance bodies, supervise compliance there with; regulate the provision of foreigners eemployment service to Ethiopians;

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• Undertake studies on manpower employed in the formal and informal sectors, unemployed manpower and occupational classifications in the country collect, compile and employers’ unions established at national level; • Register workers’ and employers’ unions established at national level; • Register workers’ unions and collective agreement relating to federal public enterprise situated in cities accountable to the federal government, and carry out labor inspection services in such enterprise; provide conciliation services to amicably settle labor disputes arising between employers and employees; • In corporation with the concerned stakeholders, undertake and facilitate the implementation of studies on ensuring and improving social well-being of citizens in particular on; (a)The creation of enabling condition for persons with disabilities to benefit from equal opportunities and full participation; (b)The provision of care to the elderly and the encouragement of their participation and (c)The prevention of social problems and provision of rehabilitation services to the affected.

Regional governments have established bureau/agency responsible to implement the national vision and set mission of the Ministry. Woreda and town administrations have offices whose responsibility is investigation and supervision of establishment (manufacturing plants) to ensure that all stakeholders are adhering to Proclamation 377/2003. Ensuring rights and interest of persons with disabilities and the elderly is included in policies and laws of federal and regional governments and are mainly the duty of the Ministry. By the same token even though the implementation of the National Social Protection strategy is a consorted effort of all government organs, the responsibility mainly falls on the Ministry.

In addition to Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs, the Ministry of Construction is responsible to ensure public and workers safety at construction sites. Regional governments have adopted different approach to establish a body responsible for the construction sector, as a department within the bureau of urban development, housing and construction (Amhara region) or an independent bureau of construction (Oromia region).

4.1.5 Ministry of Women, Children and Youth Affairs (MoWCYA) /Regional Women, Children and Youth Bureaus MoWCYA has the responsibility to ensure that women and children are benefiting from development activities and are protected from harm. Its main area of responsibilities focus on awareness creation and compilation and dissemination of data and information on woman and children; ensuring opportunities are created for woman to participate in political, economic and social affairs; ensure woman and children are not discriminated against and devise strategies for the proper application of affirmative actions; encourage and support women to organize and ensure their agenda (including children) are mainstreamed in to national and regional policies, legislations and programs.

Regional governments have also established Woman, Children and Youth Affairs Bureau responsible to implement national visions and objectives at region level. All urban administrations have offices responsible to promote women, children and youth agenda.

Woman, child and youth affair offices also provide legal support to children and women victim of physical and sexual abuse by offering free legal counsel. The offices work in close collaboration with Labor and Social Affairs, Justice Department, the Police and the court to ensure perpetrators get appropriate punishment. Efforts to rehabilitation victims are however hindered due to capacity limitations.

4.2 WORLD BANK ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL STANDARDS

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According to the World Bank Environmental and Social standards, projects supported by the Bank through Investment Project Financing are required to meet the Environmental and Social Standards (ESS). The ESS is designed to help Clients to manage the risks and impacts of a project, and improve their environmental and social performance, through a risk and outcomes-based approach. Clients are required to manage environmental and social risks and impacts of the project throughout the project life cycle in a systematic manner, proportionate to the nature and scale of the project and the potential risks and impacts. This project is anticipated to have moderate environmental risks and substantial social risks. The overall environmental and social risk rating of the project is substantial.

The client will prepare an environmental and social commitment plan (ESCP) outlining detailed commitments to support compliance with the ESS of the Environmental and Social Framework (ESF) of the Bank. The ESCP will describe the different management tools that the Client will use to develop and implement the agreed measures and actions. These management tools will include, as appropriate, environmental and social management plans, environmental and social management frameworks, operational manuals, management systems, procedures and practices. In the context of the current USNJP project, as the specific sites for the implementation of the subproject activities has not been identified at this stage, ESMF has been chosen as a management tool for the project. However, during implementation stage, site specific safeguards instruments (ESMP, ESIA) will be prepared to mitigate risks associated with the sub project activities.

The environmental and social assessment will identify and assess, to the extent appropriate, the potential environmental and social risks and impacts of Associated Facilities. The Client will address the risks and impacts of Associated Facilities in a manner proportionate to its control or influence over the Associated Facilities. To the extent that the Client cannot control or influence the Associated Activities to meet the requirements of the ESSs, the environmental and social assessment will also identify the risks and impacts the Associated Facilities may present to the project.

This USNJP ESMF will serve as an instrument to satisfy the Bank’s ESS1 on Assessment and Management of Environmental and Social Risks and Impacts. In the present context of the USNJP, the Environmental Assessment considers the natural environment (air, water, and land); human health and safety; as well as social aspects (involuntary resettlement and physical cultural resources) in an integrated way.

Table 6: World Bank – Applicable Environmental and Social Standards

World Bank Explanation (Optional) Environmental and

Social Standards (ESS) Applicable Applicable ESS1: Assessment and Yes The USNJP will finance a variety of PW sub-projects that will consist of Management of infrastructure and services, including primary collection of solid waste, Environmental and Social road construction and maintenance, various small sanitation structures, Risks and Impacts communal toilets, Day care centers, Health posts, Community markets and production centers, Green infrastructure (parks, greenery, nurseries) and Urban agricultural activities that can have adverse environmental impacts. Moreover, the project will also finance digitalization of one stop shop offices of the UFSJC with IT infrastructure and will support apprenticeship in various organizations. ESS1 is therefore relevant for the safety net and PW components (Component I), the apprentice-subcomponent including screening of partner SMEs, (Component II), the support for One-Stop- Shops (Component II), the destitute components including screening of service providers (Component III). The ESMF checklist is designed to

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identify these potential impacts and direct the ULG PCU teams to practical ways of avoiding or mitigating them.

Note: For projects involving multiple small subprojects, that are identified, prepared and implemented during the course of the project, the client will carry out appropriate environmental and social assessment of subprojects, and prepare and implement such subprojects, as follows: (a) High Risk subprojects, in accordance with the ESSs; (b) Substantial Risk, Moderate Risk and Low Risk subprojects, in accordance with national law and any requirements of the ESSs that the Bank deems relevant to such subprojects. The overall Environmental and social risk rating of the USNJP is “Substantial”.

Annex-III of the Federal EFCCC ESIA Procedural Guideline, (November 2003) has outlined the schedule of activities (subprojects) for which a full ESIA, partial ESIA or no action is required. The schedule of activities listed in Annex-III of the guideline is widely applied by the Federal and Regional competent authorities to classify sub-projects into one of the three Categories. In Amhara Regional State, EFWPDA has issued the list of subprojects that are reviewed and approved at Regional, Zonal and woreda level environment offices.

ESS2: Labor and Yes The USNJP subprojects involve extensive community laborers Working Conditions participating in the PWs which have the potential to expose them to various occupational health and safety hazards. The youth employment and apprenticeship component of the project will also potentially expose the apprentices to various occupational hazards. Thus, there is a broad need to prepare labor management procedures that would address occupational health and safety as well as provisions on child and forced labor, all the way to non-discriminatory working conditions for community labor to codes of conduct. The project will need to address potential health and safety risks by providing induction safety training/orientations to project beneficiaries and providing personal safety equipment’s and first aid kits. Thus, ESS2 remains relevant and is triggered by the USNJP project.

ESS3: Resource Yes Component I of the USNJP is involved in PW projects that may cause Efficiency and Pollution localized environmental pollution affecting neighborhoods, surface and Prevention and ground water as well as air quality. PW and livelihood grant activities such Management as primary solid waste collection, urban agriculture including poultry, dairy and cattle fattening can be source of waste releases that create nuisance and pollution to the environment and public health. Given the small nature of the urban agriculture activities in this project, reliance on application of pesticides is not expected and hence pest management activities are not relevant. The client will follow measures specified in the WBG EHSGs and GIIP as per the ESS3 requirements to abate risks from using construction materials such as water, energy, raw materials, etc. ESS 3 is relevant and is triggered by the USNJP.

ESS4 Community Health Yes Some of the public work activities will by risky for community workers. and Safety Such public work includes watershed management and flood hazard prevention works, which if not properly planned can expose the workers and the community for community safety risks. Clearing river side banks from accumulated dirt would expose community workers to waterborne/water-related diseases. Moreover, if the wastes collected from the urban centers are not properly disposed of, there could impacts on ecological services such as pollution of water sources. If communal toilets constructed by the project are not well managed, it poses risks to the

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community and users. Thus, ESS4 is relevant and is triggered by the USNJP. ESS4 is also relevant regarding provisions for GBV.

ESS5 Land Acquisition, Yes The USNJP PW subproject activities such as urban greening, small Restrictions on Land Use community infrastructures, solid waste management and watershed and Involuntary management are carried mostly in public owned communal land. Owing Resettlement to the nature of the UPSNJ project, subprojects that demand acquisition of land is not generally preferred by the ULGs. However, to preclude any land acquisition risks, and to guide voluntary land acquisitions (if any), the Borrower will update the RPF for the current project in line with the proposed project activities and will provide guidance on the appropriate safeguard instruments such as ARAPs and where necessary full Resettlement Action Plans (RAPs). Thus ESS 5 will not be generally triggered by the USNJP.

ESS6 Biodiversity No Some newly joining cities/towns such as Batu (Zeway) and Arbaminch are Conservation and situated adjacent to lakes and National parks respectively (e.g: Nechsar Sustainable Management National Park). However, experiences from UPSNP shows that the nature of Living Natural and scale of subprojects implemented by UPSNP in other similar cities Resources (e.g: Hawassa) appears to be small as to directly disturbed natural resources and biodiversity. Thus, the project is not expected to cause any direct harm on biodiversity as well as on natural, critical and modified habitats. It will also not harm the livelihoods of local communities who depend on the biodiversity and the associated resources. Hence, ESS6 is not currently relevant for this project. ESS7 Indigenous No The initial screening indicates that there are no groups in the Project Peoples/Sub-Saharan cities/towns that meet the criteria of the standard. African Historically Underserved Traditional Local Communities Ethiopia is an extremely rich and diverse country culturally and is home to ancient civilizations. The Country has 7 sites that are classified as ESS8 Cultural Heritage Yes UNESCO World Cultural Heritage sites. Some of the Ethiopian cities participating in the UPSNP project has historical, religious, and cultural properties that are of significance at National and/or International levels in them (e.g: Harar, Addis Ababa, Bahirdar, Gondar, and Mekelle). If there is a possibility that LIPW subproject construction may result in damage to cultural property, the ESMF specifies procedures for avoiding such damage. Chance find procedures will be incorporated into civil works supervision plan, and buffer zones will be created to avoid damage to cultural resources. ESS9 Financial No Financial Intermediaries (FIs) are not involved in this project. Intermediaries

ESS10 Stakeholder Yes The project focuses on urban poor households and communities, and urban Engagement and destitute; they will be the primary stakeholders. Other key stakeholders Information Disclosure include all participating cities, MoLSA, Chamber of Commerce as well as CSOs, and Development Partners that will be actively involved in the design and implementation of the program. Therefore, ESS 10 is relevant.

A Stakeholder Engagement Plan will be developed with specific provisions for the different project components. The project will ensure that the needs and voices of disabled people are heard and people with disabilities are benefited from the Urban Safety Net and Jobs project through inclusive consultation. Enhancement or establishment of project level Grievance Redress (GR) will be undertaken, targeting integration with existing GR structures in the respective communities.

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4.3 RELEVANT EHS GUIDELINES (WORLD BANK GROUP) FOR USNJP SUBPROJECTS

The Environment Health and Safety general and industry sector guidelines provide information on a variety of issues which need to be adopted to mitigate adverse environmental and safety issues that may likely arise during the implementation of USNJP subprojects. The most relevant of these guidelines to the USNJP subprojects include the following:

- EHS General Guideline Section 4.0 on Construction and Decommissioning - EHS Guideline for Waste Management Facilities - EHS Guideline for Mammalian Livestock Production - EHS Guideline for Poultry Production

4.3.1 EHS General Guideline Section 4.0 on Construction and Decommissioning The EHS guideline section 4.0 provides guidance on prevention and control of community health and safety impacts that may occur during new project development, at the end of the project lifecycle, or due to expansion or modification of existing project facilities. As most of the USNJP subprojects consist of Labor-Intensive Public Works (LIPWs) which will involve manual labor work activities, section 4.0 of the EHS general guidance provides some appropriate strategies and recommendations useful to minimize occupational health and safety hazards. It describes the sources of hazards and recommended strategies for the prevention of risks associated with over-exertion, slips and falls, work in heights, struck by objects, and working in confined spaces and excavations in construction and decommissioning sites. These recommendations of the EHS guidance are highly applicable for LIPWs and would need to be considered during course of subproject implementation.

4.3.2 EHS Guideline for Waste Management Facilities

The EHS Guidelines for Waste Management cover facilities or projects dedicated to the management of municipal solid waste and industrial waste, including waste collection and transport; waste receipt, unloading, processing, and storage; landfill disposal, etc. Though this guideline is broad in context and in its coverage of the environmental and safety issues addressed, there are some environmental and safety risk aspects which are relevant and applicable to the primary solid waste collection and transfer subproject activities carried by the USNJP. These are mainly reflected under “Waste Collection and Transport” as well as under the “Occupational Health and Safety” topics of the guideline.

4.3.3 EHS Guidelines for Mammalian Livestock and Poultry Production The Mammalian livestock production and Poultry production are two separate industry-sector EHS guidelines which are added to the sector EHS guideline list recently. Again, the scope and coverage of these EHS guidelines are very broad and addresses environmental and safety issues commonly encountered in intensive poultry production and cattle production. The USNJP Urban agriculture focused subprojects are going to be predominantly small scale and may not involve most of the environmental and safety risks addressed in these EHS guidelines. However, despite that, there are still some salient recommendations in the guidelines which will be relevant and applicable even to small scale cattle fattening, dairy and poultry production activities.

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Table 7: Comparison of World Bank ESF (ESS 1-10) with Ethiopian Legal and Policy Frameworks

ESF Status of Available national policy and legislation to Gaps Measures to bridge Environmental application fulfill the performance standard the gap and Social to the Standards project (ESS)

ESS-1: Assessment ESS-1 is The Federal EIA Proclamation No. 299/2002 and - Requirement of the EIA proclamation -EA requirements for and Management applicable to related regional EIA regulations mandatorily requires a and regional regulations do not cover “associated facilities” shall of Environmental the UPSNJ project proponent to undertake EIA. The Federal EIA “associated facilities” as defined by the be addressed as part of the and Social Risks Project. procedural guideline (2003) classifies projects into ESF. present ESMF process when and Impacts Schedule I, II and III to facilitate the undertaking of EIA it occurs. proportionate to the risks and impacts of each project. -Requirements of the EIA proclamation The EIA proclamation and regulations seek all direct, and regional regulations do not indirect and cumulative impacts likely to occur during explicitly seek for consideration of risks project life cycle are considered in the assessment. The and impacts associated with primary - EA requirements for stated legislation and regulation also require stakeholder suppliers as defined by the ESF during “primary suppliers” shall be and community consultations to be carried as part of the EA. addressed as part of the EIA process. The preparation of ESMP based on present ESMF process when mitigation hierarchy and monitoring plan is also - Apart from the presence of effluent it occurs required by the EIA proclamation and associated standards for specified industrial guidelines. sectors, the EIA proclamation is not complemented by a guideline similar to EHS and do not require its use -The application and use of EHS guidelines as appropriate to subproject EA is required by the present ESMF.

ESS-2:Labor and ESS-2 is The former Labor Proclamation No.377/2003 is All the rules of the labor law are -The ESMF should adopt Working applicable to repealed and substituted by the new Proclamation applicable to employment relations the provisions of ESS 2, Conditions the UPSNJ 1156/2019. The new legislation remains to be the labor based on a contract of employment that especially the requirements Project. legislation applied invariably all over the Country exists between a worker and an of paragraphs 34 to 38 of without customization to regional contexts. The labor employer. The labor law is not this ESS and relevant law is applied to govern all aspects of employment applicable to community workers as it sections of the EHSG. relations based on a contract of employment that exists is not based on employment relations

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between a worker and an employer. The legislation between worker and employer. Since covers formation of contract of employment defining USNJP is engaged with community the rules and conditions of employment, workers, this gap will create shortfalls nondiscrimination, equal opportunity for women on enforcing the OHS aspects by the workers, the right to form trade unions (workers Labor and Social Affairs Offices. organizations), working conditions of young labor setting the minimum age for child laborlabor to be 15 and working conditions, and arbitration/conciliation mechanism to handle grievances and disputes of workers in relation to employment. The laborlabor law also covers occupational safety, health and work environment aspects. The labor law largely fulfills the requirements of ESS 2.

Proclamation No. 568/2008 Rights to employment for Persons with Disabilities makes null and void any law, practice, custom, attitude and other discriminatory situations that limit equal opportunities for persons with disabilities.

ESS-3 Resource ESS-3 is The requirements of ESS-3 are largely fulfilled by the Detailed guidelines to support the The application of relevant Efficiency and applicable to following national legislations and International avoidance, minimization or reduction sections of the General EHS Pollution the UPSNJ Conventions which Ethiopia is a Party, which are widely of environmental and health impacts of and sector specific EHS Prevention Project. referred during EIA studies. These include: pesticides during application are not guideline is advisable when sufficiently available. appropriate. -The Pollution Control Proclamation no. 300/2002 which set the binding provisions for prevention and control of pollution addresses management of hazardous waste; chemicals and radioactive materials, management of non-hazardous municipal waste, and set the provisions for issuing environmental standards including for air, water and various effluents. The proclamation is complemented by effluent standards for certain industrial sectors.

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pesticides, chemicals trade and transboundary movement of Hazardous wastes. These are:

-The Stockholm Convention on POPs - The Rotterdam Convention on PIC procedures -The Basel Convention on transboundary movement of Hazardous Wastes.

Besides the Proclamation for the Registration and Control of Pesticides (Proclamation No. 674/2010) provides for the procedures of approval and registration of pesticides to be imported or manufactured in Ethiopia.

ESS-4: ESS-4 is Building Proclamation No. 624/2009 and Public Health There are gaps in fully addressing the The application of relevant Community applicable to Proclamation No.200/2000 contain certain provisions community Health, Safety and Security sections of the General EHS Health, Safety the UPSNJ that partly address the issues of community safety in the aspects as defined in the ESF. and sector specific EHS and Security Project. areas of building designs and community exposure to guideline is advisable when health risks. Other regulations such as prevention of appropriate. industrial pollution require industrial facilities to prepare emergency response systems. In general, some aspects of the ESS 4 are either fully or partially addressed across the existing sector legislations and regulations. ESS-5: Land ESS-5 is The new Proclamation no 1161/2019 for expropriation of The entitlements for compensation of The application of ESS 5 to acquisition and applicable to land for public purposes has provisions that address resettlers is based on legal land holding bridge the gap and cover the Involuntary the UPSNJ resettlement and compensation of involuntary and do not include informal settlers informal resettlers during Resettlement Project. resettlements caused by land acquisition for public without any legal landholding. resettlement is purposes. The new proclamation provides for various recommended. types of compensation for resetllers such as property, displacement and economic loss compensations. Resettlers are also entitled for replacement land substitution and compensation for disruption of social ties. Entitlement for compensation is based on legal land holding. Valuation of compensation will be based on current costs and values to replace the properties anew. The proclamation also consists of a provision for establishing resettlement fund, resettlement package to restore livelihood of resettlers and complaint hearing and

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apeal provision to address complaints in relation to resettlement and compensation. ESS-6: ESS-5 is not The Federal EIA Proclamation no.299/2002 has defined None. None Biodiversity applicable to the terms “Environment” and “Impact” broadly to Conservation and the UPSNJ include all forms of habitats, biodiversity, heritage and Sustainable Project. ecosystems. "Environment" means the totality of all Management of materials whether in their natural state or modified or changed by human; their external spaces and the Living Natural interactions which affect their quality or quantity and resources. the welfare of human or other living beings, including but not restricted to, land atmosphere, whether and climate, water, living things, sound, odor, taste, social factors and aesthetics. "Impact" means any change to the environment or to its component that may affect human health or safety, flora, fauna, soil, air, water, climate, natural or cultural heritage, other physical structure, or in general, subsequently alter environmental, social, economic or cultural conditions. The impact of a project shall be assessed on the basis of the size, location, nature, cumulative effect with other concurrent impacts or phenomena, trans regional effect, duration, reversibility or irreversibility or other related effects of the project. The EIA report is required to contain information on the characteristics and duration of all the estimated direct or indirect, positive or negative impacts, as well as measures proposed to eliminate, minimize, or mitigate negative impacts. Thus, the requirements of ESS 6 are broadly addressed through the EIA process. There are also more specific sectoral laws and regulations which complement the EIA proclamation in conserving habitats and biodiversity such as: -Forest Development, Conservation and Utilization Proclamation No.542/2007 -Development Conservation and Utilization of Wildlife Proclamation No. 541/2007

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-Wildlife Development, Conservation & Utilization Council of Ministers Regulations No.163/2008. -National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP). ESS-7: ESS-7 is not The Constitution of FDRE recognizes all the Nations, None. None. Indigenous applicable to Nationalities and Peoples of Ethiopia and provides for People the UPSNJ equal rights to them through its various articles. The Project. frequently applied name for the Indigenous people as defined in ESS 7 in Ethiopia are “Nationalities”. Thus all nationalities are equally treated in accordance with the main stream laws in project EIA studies which involve carrying a series of consultations with community and stakeholders to include their opinions and views during project design and implementation. Thus, though Ethiopia consists of more than 80 different Nations and Nationalities, Indigenous people as defined by ESS 7 do not exist and hence main stream relevant laws are applied without exerting any differentiated impacts on any group of people. ESS-8: Cultural ESS-8 is As described above in ESS 6 the term “Impact” is defined Though natural and cultural heritages The application of ESS 8 Heritage applicable to broadly by the EIA proclamation. The definition reflects are required to be included during EIA requirement for CHMP is the UPSNJ the kind of adverse impacts a project proponent is process, the preparation of a Cultural advisable when appropriate. Project. required to assess which includes any change to the Heritage Management Plan (CHMP) as environment or to its component that may affect flora, indicated in the ESF is not required by fauna, natural or cultural heritage, or in general, the national EIA law. subsequently alter environmental, social, economic or cultural conditions. Thus, the Federal proclamation on EIA has provisions by which it considers the issues of cultural resources. Article 41 of Proclamation No. 209/2000 on research and conservation of cultural heritage also contains the measures that should be taken during chance finding of heritages.

ESS 10: ESS-8 is Article 15 of the EIA Proclamation requires public The stakeholder and public The application of ESS 10 Stakeholder applicable to participation/consultation during EIA study process and consultations requirement is focused on requirement for SEP is

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Engagement and the UPSNJ public disclosure of EIA reports. Current practice also initial EIA study phase and do not advisable to continue Information Project. shows public consultations are carried during EIA continue through the project lifecycle as engagement of stakeholders Disclosure studies and minutes of consultation produced. required by ESS-10. Thus, preparation during project Incorporation of the views and concerns of stakeholders of Stakeholder Engagement Plan not implementation and beyond into the EIA report usually carried. required by the EIA proclamation. when appropriate. Establishing GRM to address public concerns is also not required by the EIA proclamation.

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CHAPTER FIVE: POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL RISKS AND BENEFITS

The environmental and social risk assessment carried as part of the present USNJP ESMF has confirmed that the risk rating is “Moderate” for Environmental risks and “Substantial” for social risks with the overall risk rating being “Substantial”. This chapter describes the potential environmental and social benefits and impacts of the USNJP subprojects and outlines the measures that will be implemented as part of the USNJP ESMF to address adverse potential impacts.

5.1 UNSJP SUBPROJECT BENEFICIAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS

The USNJP has the potential to provide significant social benefits, and to deliver environmental benefits. The overall impact of the UPSN project implementation has been very good in terms of positively influencing the life of beneficiaries including developing working culture, improving household daily consumption, encouraging saving and building new social relationship and strengthening social networks. The non-conditional direct support improved the living conditions of elder people, persons with physical disability and chronic illnesses and urban destitute. The other positive social impact of the USNP was the provision of livelihood support trainings to beneficiaries, which include awareness creation and capacity building training on identification of employment pathways, business development and entrepreneurship, business planning advices, financial literacy and life skills trainings in One Stop Shops (OSS).

The urban sanitation subprojects (solid waste management, drainages, communal toilets etc. ) contributed positively in improving cleanliness of city roads and streets, reduced illegal trash dumping sites, reclaimed and developed vacant urban lands into neighborhood green areas and recreational facilities. The small watershed management infrastructure works also improved the safety condition of neighborhoods that were prone to rainwater flooding and landslides during rainy season and resulted in improving the environmental health conditions of participating cities. On the other hand, the public works would also mitigate some of the climate change effects (e.g. flooding) through watershed management activities including intensive reforestation in urban areas, and through urban greenery and waste management activities. Moreover, the cash for work program would enable beneficiaries to adapt to the negative effects caused by climate change in the participating cities (flooding, drought etc.) through the provision of regular cash transfers to urban vulnerable populations. Other social and environmental benefits anticipated to be attained by the USNJP would also include the following:

Improvement in food security of the urban poor: The implementation of urban agriculture subprojects will have the effect of expanding the base sources of food items such as vegetables, chickens, and dairy products fruits etc.. This in turn will have the effect of providing alternative food source for the producing urban poor and may supply to the town markets to some extent. The aggregate impact of expanding urban agriculture subprojects is that it will immensely contribute to the food security of the urban poor.

Improved transportation, resulting in improved access to markets and social support networks: Socio-economic benefits provided by road rehabilitation and construction subprojects of the LIPWs include better access to markets, health care and other social services. In the long term, this will have a positive benefit to local economic development.

Employment: The very nature and design of the USNJP LIPWs subprojects is that it provides transitional employment to the urban poor. LIPW subproject such as small community infrastructures, green area development, watershed development, waste management etc.. will have short term positive impacts on the socio-economic environment as they provide transitional employment for community laborers and provide increased income. The USNJP LIPWs subprojects will include a substantial component, in each implementing city/town, of labor-intensive construction

ESMF of Urban Safety Net and Jobs Project works which has similar potential for creating employment in the short term and creating access to social services and markets in the long term.

Improvement of environmental health: A wide range of diseases can be caused by poor environmental sanitation caused by inadequate collection and disposal of solid and liquid wastes within an urban setting. Children may suffer from serious health problems as a result of diseases caused by poor sanitary practices. Therefore, any improvements in the collection and disposal of solid and liquid wastes will positively contribute towards improving environmental health of the communities in the cities.

5.2 USNJP SUBPROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL RISKS

The environmental impacts/risks of the subproject under the five thematic areas (Urban Greening, Waste Management, Small Community Infrastructures, and Watershed management and hazard prevention) are observed to have moderate and localized adverse impacts. The following are the potential adverse environmental impacts that can be envisaged of USNJP financed subprojects. Additional potential adverse impacts, mitigation and monitoring options for subprojects are provided in Table 9(a) to (c).

5.2.1 Solid Waste Management Subprojects One of the USNJP supported activities is solid waste collection to be carried in the participating cities/towns which appear to create additional pressure on the transfer stations (where available) and on the solid waste transport facilities if the whole chain of operations are not interlinked and interconnected. LIPW beneficiaries engaged in primary (door to door) solid waste collection would be able to collect and haul the waste up to the transfer stations (if it exists) or the waste skips found nearby. If the operation of hauling the waste stream from the transfer stations or from the waste skips is not well coordinated, it will become a source of adverse environmental and public health impacts. Delays on transfer and disposal of solid waste collected from households and silts from drainage lines appears to have affected the local community and becomes source of complaint in some neighborhoods. The problem is exacerbated due to shortage of transfer stations at reasonable distance and shortage of skip trucks to transport the collected waste to disposal sites. The additional pressure created by the USNJP waste collection subprojects often lead local residents to react with the “NIMBY” syndrome (Not In My Back Yard) in locating temporary waste holding spaces to avoid the impacts/risks associated. The newly joining towns/cities will tend to face similar challenges in the future as many of the UPSNP cities/towns have deficiencies in providing well equipped transfer stations and skip loader trucks that match the demands in the future. Being “associated facilities” to the solid waste collection subprojects of USNJP, solid waste transfer stations and landfill disposal sites are mostly not well equipped in the towns/cities.

Solid waste management activities of this Project may involve risks to the worker directly involved and to the nearby resident. The health risks from waste are caused by the nature of raw waste, its composition (e.g., toxic, allergenic and infectious substances), and its components (e.g., gases, dusts, leachates, sharps). There are also risks associated with the handling of waste e.g., working in traffic, shoveling, lifting, accidents) and with the disposal of wastes (e.g., odor, noise, stability of waste piles, air and water emissions, explosions, fires). Some of the more commonly reported occupational health and injury issues in solid waste management include back and joint injuries from lifting heavy waste- filled containers and driving heavy landfill and loading equipment; respiratory illness from ingesting particulates, bio-aerosols, and volatile organics during waste collection, and from working in smoky and dusty conditions at open dumps; infections from direct contact with contaminated material, dog and rodent bites; headaches and nausea from anoxic conditions where disposal sites have high methane, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide concentrations etc. The open burning of waste can have serious consequences on the health of people as burning of household waste cab exposure to fine particles, dioxins, volatile organic compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, and UFSJCA -MUDHCo Page 58

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Adverse environmental and social risks that would arise during waste collection and transport operations may involve that accumulated waste may attract disease vectors, contribute to clogging of drainage and sewerage networks, make waste readily accessible to neighborhood animals and birds, and pollute waterways. Recommended risk avoidance and minimization options include: - Implement a regular collection schedule with sufficient frequency to avoid accumulation of garbage; - Encourage residents to put waste out at designated times and locations; - Encourage use of containers or bags for waste at the point of collection for each household and establishment; - Encourage separation of recyclable materials at the point of generation, so that the collection points do not become sorting points for informal sector waste pickers; - Cover collection and transfer vehicles along the entire route of transport to avoid windblown litter; Air emissions from MSW collection and transport include, dust and bio-aerosols, odors, and vehicle emissions. Dust can include nuisance dust, hazardous dust (e.g., containing asbestos or silica), and bioaerosols (i.e., particles in the air consisting wholly or partially of microorganisms). Bioaerosols are of particular concern to the health of waste workers and have been show to be the source of reduced pulmonary function and increased respiratory disease for those in immediate proximity to waste sweeping and collection activities. Recommended management strategies to minimize dust, bio-aerosols, and odors include: - Establishing frequent waste collection schedules; - Promoting the use of bags to reduce the odors from soiling of waste collection and transport equipment.

5.2.2 Impacts of Small Community Infrastructure, Greenery and Watershed Development Subprojects

Soil Erosion: Soil erosion may be caused by exposure of soil surfaces to rain and wind during site clearing, earth moving, and excavation activities. The mobilization and transport of soil particles may, in turn, result in sedimentation of surface drainage networks, which may result in impacts to the quality of natural water systems and ultimately the biological systems that use these waters. Recommended soil erosion approaches include:

❖ Reducing or preventing erosion by:

- Scheduling to avoid heavy rainfall periods (i.e., during the dry season) to the extent practical - Contouring and minimizing length and steepness of slopes - Mulching to stabilize exposed areas - Re-vegetating areas promptly - Designing channels and ditches for post-construction flows

❖ Structural (slope) stability:

- Providing effective short term measures for slope stabilization, sediment control and subsidence control until long term measures for the operational phase can be implemented - Providing adequate drainage systems to minimize and control infiltration

Noise and Vibration: During Public work activities, noise and vibration may be caused by the operation of excavation equipment, concrete mixers, and the transportation of equipment, materials

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• Planning activities in consultation with local communities so that activities with the greatest potential to generate noise are planned during periods of the day that will result in least disturbance • Using noise control devices, such as temporary noise barriers and deflectors for impact and blasting activities, and exhaust muffling devices for combustion engines. • Avoiding or minimizing project transportation through community areas

Air Quality: Construction activities may generate emission of fugitive dust caused by a combination of on-site excavation and movement of earth materials, contact of public work construction machinery with bare soil, and exposure of bare soil and soil piles to wind. Techniques to consider for the reduction and control of air emissions from public work sites include:

• Minimizing dust from material handling sources, such as bins, by using covers and/or control mechanism (water suppression) • Minimizing dust from open area sources, including storage piles, by using control measures such as installing enclosures and covers, and increasing the moisture content • Dust suppression techniques should be implemented, such as applying water to minimize dust from vehicle movements.

The main environmental impacts/risks of watershed development and disaster prevention are also associated with improper planning of the watershed conservation projects. Current trends in UPSNP watershed subprojects reveal that there is weak technical support in selecting and designing watershed activities. This is mainly related to the absence of skilled staff in the city level USNJP technical committees and city agriculture offices. Unplanned watershed conservation can result in undesired flooding and land degradation/deformation. On the other hand, most woreda Natural Resource and agriculture offices have experiences in this area which city administrations can tap easily.

Apart from the above stated construction phase environmental and social risks of small community infrastructures, the operational phase of community toilets can pose environmental and social risks due to mismanagement and lack of maintenance. Mismanagement and lack of maintenance of community toilets during operation can result in leakage and overflow of sewage that contaminate the surrounding areas and affect the community. The risk of foul odor release, soil and water pollution, as well as prevalence of appalling aesthetics in the area may also arise due to lack of maintenance and mismanagement of community toilets. In order to address these risks, there is a need to devise a mechanism by which the beneficiary community can properly manage the community toilets on daily basis including emptying the septic tanks with vacuum trucks when full and to conduct maintenance works on the toilets.

Most practices of urban greening carried so far appear to plant seedlings grown in local nurseries. However, the risk of urban greening on biodiversity can arise from plantation of exotic species in unplanned and uncontrolled manner such that existing indigenous plant and minor animal species may even be completely wiped out and replaced by alien and or exotic ones. Moreover, there will be a need to take a precautionary approach during introduction of new alien/exotic species for urban greening and riverside development subprojects to avoid unintended risks on local biodiversity. Certain species can turn invasive by disturbing the balance between indigenous and alien species. In order to avoid such risks, there will be a need to consult the National Biodiversity Institute and/or carry rapid assessment to ensure its appropriateness and suitability to the local ecosystem before introducing/planting new exotic species.

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5.2.3 Urban Agriculture subprojects

Some of the commonly practiced urban agriculture subprojects are likely to have localized environmental impacts/risks. There is a high probability to select urban agriculture activities for livelihood income generation business plan and grant support by the beneficiaries. Though current practices are reported to be taking place in the suburbs and rural expansion areas of the towns/cities, family based small scale animal fattening, poultry production, dairy production, etc have the potential risk of creating localized impacts on town/city neighborhoods due to foul odour and waste releases that may pollute nearby surface waters. Waste releases from poultry and livestock production (including goat and sheep) activities will be of significance adverse effect unless properly managed. The sitting of such subprojects requires a special attention, for its location will have a multiplier effect on the significance of the adverse impacts if situated nearby impact recipients. Specifically, environmental issues in poultry and livestock (including goat and sheep) production primarily include waste management, wastewater and air emissions.

Waste Management: Solid waste generated during poultry and livestock production (including goat and sheep) includes waste feed and animal waste.

Waste feed: Poultry feed primarily consists of corn and soy, although other grains, pulses, root crops, and substances of animal origin (e.g. fish meal, meat and bone meal, and milk products) may also be added. Livestock feed includes hay, grain and silage. Feed can become unusable waste material if spilled during storage, loading, and unloading or during animal feeding. Waste feed, including additives, may contribute to the contamination of storm water runoff, primarily because of its organic matter content. To maximize the efficiency of the operation and minimize wasted feed, the following measures are recommended: • Promote efficient storage, handling and use of feed by maintaining records of feed purchases and livestock feed use; • Use covered or protected feeders to prevent feed from exposure to rain and wind; • Consider mixing of waste feed with other recyclable materials destined for use as fertilizer,

Animal Waste: Poultry and Livestock production operations generate significant quantities of animal waste, mainly in the form of un-metabolized nutrients excreted as manure. Manure contains nitrogen, phosphorus, and other excreted substances which may result in air emissions of ammonia and other gases and may pose a potential risk of contamination to surface or groundwater resources through leaching and runoff. Manure also contains disease-causing agents such as bacteria, pathogens, viruses, and parasites which may also potentially affect soil, water, and plant resources (for human, livestock, or wildlife consumption). Most of the animal waste is generated at housing, feeding, and watering locations. Animal wastes can be either liquid, slurry, or solid, depending on the solids content. Animal waste management systems involve the collection, transport, storage, treatment, and utilization (rather than disposal) of the waste to reduce such adverse impacts. Manure may be used as a fertilizer on agricultural land after careful assessment of potential impacts. The following management measures are recommended to minimize the amount of manure produced, to facilitate handling of animal wastes, and to reduce migration of contaminants to surface water, groundwater, and air: • Ensure production and manure storage facilities are constructed to prevent urine and manure contamination of surface water and groundwater (e.g. use concrete floors, collect liquid effluent from pens, and use roof gutters on buildings to collect and divert clean storm water); • Keep waste as dry as possible by scraping wastes instead of, or in addition, to flushing with water to remove waste; • Reduce the amount of water used during cleaning (e.g. by using high-pressure, low-flow nozzles) • Minimize the surface area of manure in storage;

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• Locate manure stacks away from water bodies, floodplains, wellhead fields; or other sensitive habitats; • For feedlots, ensure that solid waste (e.g. bedding and muck) is gathered regularly and is not permitted to lie on the ground for long periods of time; • Conduct manure spread only as part of well-planned strategy. Ensure that manure is applied to agricultural land only during periods that are appropriate for its use as plant nutrient (generally just before the start of the growing season); • Grind feed to increase utilization efficiency by the animals, allowing the use of less feed and thereby reducing the amount of manure generated (as well as increasing the production efficiency); Wastewater: Poultry and livestock operations (including goat and sheep) most commonly generate non-point source effluents due to runoff from feed (including silage) storage, livestock housing, feeding, and watering, and areas of land application of manure. In either case, effluents have the potential to contaminate surface water and groundwater with nutrients, ammonia, sediment, pesticides, pathogens and feed additives, such as heavy metals, hormones, and antibiotics. Effluents from livestock operations typically have a high content of organic material and consequently a high biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD), as well as nutrients and suspended solids (TSS). Effective waste management, as described above, is critical to reduce discharges to surface water and groundwater. In addition, the following management techniques are recommended to further reduce the impacts of water runoff from livestock operations: • Reduce water use and spills from animal watering by preventing overflow of watering devices • Install surface water diversions to direct clean runoff around areas containing waste; • Implement buffer zones to surface water bodies, avoiding land spreading of manure within these areas; • Reduce leachate from silage by allowing plant material to wilt in the field for 24 hours, varying cutting and harvesting times, and adding moisture-absorbent material as the silage is stored. Air Emissions: Air emissions from mammalian livestock production include ammonia (e.g. management of animal waste), methane and nitrous oxide (e.g. animal feeding and waste management), odors (e.g. animal housing and waste management), bioaerosols, and dust (e.g. feed storage, loading, and unloading, feeding, and waste management activities). The management techniques discussed below are recommended to further reduce the impacts of air emissions from mammalian livestock operations.

Ammonia and Odors: Ammonia gas and other sources of odor are generated primarily during denitrification of manure and can be released directly into the atmosphere at any stage of the manure handling process, including through ventilation of buildings and manure storage areas. Recommended measures to reduce impacts of ammonia and odors include the following: • Consider the siting of new facilities taking into account distances to neighbors and the propagation of odors; • Consider composting of manure to reduce odor emissions; • Reduce emissions and odors during land application activities by applying a few centimeters below the soil surface and by selecting favorable weather conditions (e.g. wind blowing away from inhabited areas); The scale of vegetable and fruit tree growing is anticipated to be small and less dependent on pesticides and herbicides. Animal Diseases: Animal disease-causing agents can spread rapidly, especially in intensive livestock operations. Both poultry manure and carcasses contain pathogenic organisms which can infect humans, for example viruses such as Avian Influenza (strain HN51), and parasites such as parasitical worms. The key to developing adequate disease-prevention procedures is to find accurate information about animal diseases and how to prevent them. Some of the recommended general types of

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ESMF of Urban Safety Net and Jobs Project management methods to reduce the potential for the spread of animal pathogens include the following: • Prevent the interaction of wild birds with feed, as this interaction could be a factor in the spread of avian influenza from sparrows, crows, etc. • Sanitize chicken housing areas; • Contact the City or Woreda Agriculture offices to get necessary veterinary extension support to check and get advice on health of the chicken. Identify and segregate sick chicken and develop management procedures for adequate removal and disposal of dead birds. • Obtain preliminary guidance from city/woreda veterinary extension worker on the application of animal health products.

5.2.4 Occupational Health and Safety risks in Labor Intensive Public Works

During the beginning of the LIPWs under UPSNP, beneficiary community workers were not provided with occupational health and safety briefing and orientation. Consultations carried with stakeholders and beneficiaries has revealed that community workers participating in LIPWs has been exposed to various occupational accidents and health risks due to low level of awareness on safety precautions and lack of personal protective equipment (PPE). The occupational accidents and health risks encountered involve major and minor injuries (e.g: cuts, broken legs, e.t.c) and sicknesses such as typhoid fever. Although PW beneficiaries are now provided with work cloth and personal protective equipment (PPEs), such as dungarees or garb, facemask and safety shoes and work tools, there was a long delay in procurement and delivery of these PPEs and work tools, which are useful to minimize occupational health and safety risks. There is a need to provide general safety training/orientation to LIPW community workers at the start of PWs and equip them with necessary PPEs to avoid OHS risks. This appears to be particularly important to the newly joining cities where new community workers will join the program without having any knowledge of occupational safety and prevention procedures. The following are brief descriptions of the OHS risks that could be commonly encountered during LIPWs.

Over-exertion: Over-exertion, and ergonomic injuries and illnesses, such as repetitive motion, and manual handling, could be among the most common causes of injuries in public work and construction sites. Recommendations for their prevention and control include: • Training of workers in lifting and materials handling techniques in public work subprojects, including the placement of weight limits above which mechanical assists or two-person lifts are necessary. • Planning work site layout to minimize the need for manual transfer of heavy loads • Selecting tools and designing work stations that reduce force requirements and holding times, and which promote improved postures, including, where applicable, user adjustable work stations • Implementing administrative controls into work processes, such as job rotations and rest or stretch breaks.

Slips and falls: Slips and falls on the same elevation associated with poor housekeeping, such as excessive waste debris, loose materials, liquid spills, and uncontrolled use of cords and ropes on the ground, may also be among the most frequent cause of lost time accidents at construction and public work sites. Recommended methods for the prevention of slips and falls from, or on, the same elevation include:

• Implementing good house-keeping practices, such as the sorting and placing loose construction materials or demolition debris in established areas away from foot paths • Cleaning up excessive waste debris and liquid spills regularly • Locating cords and ropes in common areas and marked corridors

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• Use of slip retardant footwear

Work in heights: Falls from elevation associated with working with ladders, scaffolding, and partially built or demolished structures are among the most common cause of fatal or permanent disabling injury at construction and public work sites. If fall hazards exist, a fall protection plan should be in place which includes one or more of the following aspects, depending on the nature of the fall hazard:

• Training and use of temporary fall prevention devices, such as rails or other barriers able to support a weight of 200 pounds, when working at heights equal or greater than two meters or at any height if the risk includes falling into operating machinery, into water or other liquid, into hazardous substances, or through an opening in a work surface. • Use of control zones and safety monitoring systems to warn workers of their proximity to fall hazard zones, as well as securing, marking, and labeling covers for openings in floors, roofs, or walking surfaces

Struck by Objects: Construction and public work activities may pose significant hazards related to the potential fall of materials or tools, as well as ejection of solid particles from abrasive or other types of power tools which can result in injury to the head, eyes, and extremities. Techniques for the prevention and control of these hazards include: • Using a designated and restricted waste drop or discharge zones, and/or a chute for safe movement of wastes from upper to lower levels. • Conducting sawing, cutting, grinding, sanding, chipping or chiseling with proper guards and anchoring as applicable • Wearing appropriate PPE, such as safety glasses, hard hats, and safety shoes

Confined Spaces and Excavations: Examples of confined spaces that may be present in construction or public work sites include utility vaults, tanks, sewers, pipes, and access shafts. Ditches and trenches may also be considered a confined space when access or egress is limited. The occupational hazards associated with confined spaces and excavations in construction and public work sites should be prevented according to the following recommendations: • Providing safe means of access and egress from excavations, such as graded slopes, graded access route, or stairs and ladders • Avoiding the operation of combustion equipment for prolonged periods inside excavations areas where other workers are required to enter unless the area is actively ventilated • Controlling site-specific factors which may contribute to excavation slope instability including, for example, the use of excavation dewatering, side-walls support, and slope gradient adjustments that eliminate or minimize the risk of collapse, entrapment, or drowning.

Solid Waste Collection and Transport related hazards: Physical hazards encountered at waste management facilities are similar to those at other large projects as described above. Solid waste workers are particularly prone to accidents involving trucks and other moving equipment, so traffic controllers are recommended. Accidents include slides from unstable disposal piles, cave-ins of disposal site surfaces, fires, explosions, and being run over by mobile equipment. Other injuries occur from heavy lifting, contact with sharps, chemical burns, and infectious agents. Smoke, dusts, and bioaerosols can lead to injuries to eyes, ears, and respiratory systems. The following procedures are recommended to prevent, minimize, and control accidents and injuries at waste management facilities: - Provide workers with appropriate protective clothing, gloves, respiratory face masks and slip-resistant shoes for waste collection and transport workers and hard-soled safety shoes for all workers to avoid puncture wounds to the feet. For workers near loud equipment,

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include noise protection. For workers near heavy mobile equipment, buckets, cranes, and at the discharge location for collection trucks, include provision of hard hats; - Design collection routes to minimize, or possibly eliminate, crossing traffic that is going in the opposite direction;

Pathogens and Vectors: Workers can be exposed to pathogens contained in manure and animal excreta found in MSW from the disposal of sludge, carcasses, diapers, and yard trimmings containing domestic animal waste. Uncontrolled dumping of MSW attracts rats, flies, and other insects that can transmit diseases. Processing of MSW can also generate bioaerosols, suspensions of particles in the air consisting partially or wholly of microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, molds, and fungi. These microorganisms can remain suspended in the air for long periods of time, retaining viability or infectivity. Workers may also be exposed to endotoxins, which are produced within a microorganism and released upon destruction of the cell and which can be carried by airborne dust particles. The following measures are recommended to prevent, minimize, and control pathogens and vectors: - Provide and require use of suitable personal protective clothing and equipment; - Provide worker immunization and health monitoring (e.g. for Hepatitis B and tetanus); - Maintain good housekeeping in waste processing and storage areas; - Provide prompt medical attention for cuts and bruises. Cover open wounds to prevent contact with the incoming loads or feedstock; OHS Training: As a preventive approach to avoid and minimize the above listed and other OHS hazard and risks from occurring at public work sites, the provision of OHS training is recommended to be offered to all participants of LIPWs before the commencement of physical works. Provisions should be made to provide OHS orientation training to all new workers to ensure they are apprised of the basic site rules of work at / on the site and of personal protection and preventing injury to fellow employees. Training should consist of basic hazard awareness, site specific hazards, safe work practices, and emergency procedures for fire, evacuation, and natural disaster, as appropriate. Every Occupational Health and Safety risks need to be reported and responded on time based on the Accident/Incident Recoding, Reporting and Responding Guideline (ANNEX E).

5.2.5 The Apprenticeship Program Subcomponent

The sub-component aiming to support in providing first work experience (apprenticeship) for the job-less urban youth could be anticipated to offer an office based and vocational fields of work. In both options, the likelihood of creating additional pressure on the existing environmental and social impacts generated by the various public and private sector establishments offering the apprenticeships to the job-less youth is anticipated to be minimum. This is mainly due to the anticipated likeliness that the ratio of the apprenticeship youth to the total number of workers in a given public or private establishment offering the apprenticeship will be small. Therefore, the incremental environmental and social risks that may arise from the apprenticeship activities of the youth is anticipated to be minimum, resulting in the overall minimum anticipated environmental and social risks from this sub-component. However, in the event that if a given establishment is offering apprenticeship positions amounting to greater than 50% of its workforce, especially for vocational apprenticeship positions, it may then become appropriate to carry E&S screening to determine the incremental environmental and social impacts that may arise as a result of the apprenticeship activities.

Work hours of Apprenticeships: the apprenticeship will be arranged for approximately 6 months, working 5 days a week for no more than 8 hours each day. Stipends would be terminated if monthly attendance falls below 80% of official working days. A standalone Labor Management Procedure has been prepared to address issues of labor management for all categories of workers who will participate in the USNJP.

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5.2.6 Strengthening employment and intermediation services (One stop shops)

The sub-component focused on strengthening the employment and intermediation services through the one stop shops of the Urban Job Creation agencies is anticipated to have limited environmental and social impacts due to disposal of electronic wastes (mainly abandoned computer, printing and copying facilities). Strengthening and building the capacities of the current offices dealing with SME formation and development in the cities/towns to carry job-matching, skill training and easing the job search difficulties of the youth may require the digitalization of the offices with IT infrastructure. As a result, it is anticipated that there will be extensive installation, use and disposal of electronic equipment that may entail the release of electronic wastes into the environment in the long run. Thus, there will be a need to carry E&S screening and develop electronic waste management guidelines for such activities to minimize and avoid any environmental and social risks that may arise in due course.

5.2.6.1 Strengthen Social Services for the Urban Poor and Destitute (Component 3) Component 3 mainly focuses on urban social assistance by providing direct income support (PDS) to urban destitute as well as providing reintegration services for homeless. These are expected to be carried by making direct cash transfer to support consumption of the urban destitute and by connecting them to social services. The E&S impacts of the direct cash transfer to the urban destitute is generally anticipated to be low .

Similarly, the reintegration of services to the homeless are not anticipated to case significant social and environment risks. However, the assessment identifies some risks related with GBV and child protection risks. While GBV related risks and mitigation measures including GRM are identified and included in the GBV risk assessment, the project in collaboration with the partner NGOS directly working with children will develop child protection protocols to be followed by all in contact with children.

5.2.7 Other related environmental risks with all subprojects

5.2.7.1 Damage to cultural heritage during construction operations Cultural or archaeological heritage may be damaged or lost during excavations and ensuing public work activities. In addition, chance finds of cultural heritage during excavations would be at risk of loss, unless due measures are taken to protect and save this heritage. According to Article 41 of Proclamation No. 209/2000 on research and conservation of cultural heritage the measures that should be taken during chance finding of heritages (i.e. Fortuitous Discovery of Cultural Heritage) are the following:

i. Any person who discovers any Cultural Heritage in the course of an excavation connected to mining explorations, building works, road construction or other similar activities or in the course of any other fortuitous event, shall forthwith report same to the Authority, and shall protect and keep same intact, until the Authority takes delivery thereof. ii. 'The Authority' shall, upon receipt of a report submitted pursuant to Sub-Article (I) hereof, take all appropriate measures to examine, take delivery of, and register the Cultural Heritage so discovered. iii. iii. Where the Authority fails to take appropriate measures within six month in accordance with Sub- Article (2) of this Article, the 'person who has discovered the Cultural Heritage may be released from his responsibility by submitting, a written, notification with a full description of the situation to the Regional government official. . iv. iv. The Authority, shall ensure that the appropriate reward is granted to the person who has handed over a Cultural Heritage discovered fortuitously in accordance with sub-Articles

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(I) and (2) of this Article. And such person shall be entitled to reimbursement of expenses, if any, incurred in the course of discharging his duties under this Article.

5.2.7.2 Impacts on Public Health (water-borne, communicable and vector-borne diseases) Urban sanitation subprojects such as construction, operation and maintenance of drainage lines can become an issue of public health concern when it is not functioning properly. The excavation of trenches for drainage and sewerage lines (i.e. secondary or tertiary level) may form stagnant water ponds and these ponds can be the source of health risks to the local people by serving as a favorable breeding site for mosquito and other communicable waterborne disease causing parasites. Many of the participating cities found in Kola and Woina Dega climatic zone are susceptible to malaria and hence it is important that these subprojects are accompanied by education for improved sanitation and hygiene. If drainages and sewer lines are not properly covered by concrete slabs or other materials, it can also be a cause for physical damage for both humans and domestic animals. A well designed and maintained drainage line has the capacity of removing runoff waters from the residential areas before it stagnates. Under such circumstances the sanitation and drainage lines subprojects will have a significant positive potential impact on public health by minimizing the spread of malaria in the localities. 5.2.7.3 Cumulative impacts of the project USNJP subprojects may individually have insignificant adverse environmental impacts. However, several projects in combination, or in combination with other government or private sector activities, could have a larger, more significant cumulative impact. This is particularly likely to be the case for surface water depletion, owing to the collection and disposal of solid and liquid wastes. The avoidance and mitigation of cumulative impacts requires avoidance and mitigation of the impacts of individual projects; careful planning, based on sound technical knowledge of the location, and size of public work projects, within the city/town. The project activities under component 3 of the USNJP have not much to do with physical development activities on the ground and hence no major environmental risks associated with the activities. 5.2.7.4 Procedure to be followed to address potential risks associated with Contingent Emergency Response Component (CERC)

The Contingent Emergency Response Component (CERC) activities should rely as much as possible on the environmental and social framework (ESMF) and other pertinent environmental and social risk management instruments which have been prepared for this project in order to identify and manage risks associated. Hence, disbursements for any CERC activities that may not require additional environmental and social risk management instruments or mitigation measures may proceed as soon as the overall CERC disbursement conditions are met. However, if the CERC activities do require new environmental and social assessments including updating of the ESMF [which may be due to introduction of new activities that merit new assessment or change in environmental and social risk rating], the disbursement should wait until these environmental and social risk management instruments are prepared, consulted on, and disclosed. Alternatively, the CERC ESMF could be within one month after effectiveness of the project.

In the interest of a speedy response, and CERC objective of supporting immediate emergency needs, the CERC will not finance activities that may raise the environmental and social risk of the project [to a higher risk] and the CERC activities should not trigger new environmental and social standards (ESSs) of the ESF. If the CERC activities that result in a change to high risk a formal Level One project restructuring will be required. If the CERC activities trigger new ESSs, a Level Two

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ESMF of Urban Safety Net and Jobs Project restructuring will be processed. In such cases, restructuring environmental and social risk management instruments (such as CERC ESMF) will be prepared and approved by the Bank.

5.3 ADVERSE SOCIAL IMPACTS The social risk assessment related to involuntary resettlement, targeting of beneficiaries, social exclusion of disadvantaged and vulnerable groups, such as youth, women, people with disability, poor elderly persons, homeless and street children, gender mainstreaming and assessment of institutional capacity of implementing agencies presented as follows. b. Given the nature and characteristics of the Labor-Intensive Public Works subprojects, the subproject activities of the parent project were undertaken on vacant public lands. Hence, none of the subprojects has triggered involuntary resettlement from acquisition of private lands, physical relocation of households, loss of productive assets or access to household assets. Thus, the risk of involuntary resettlement to occur through PW subprojects is anticipated to be minimal. However, in the event that such impacts occur a Resettlement Plan Framework (RPF) document is prepared and updated for the USNJP. c. Participants from the new candidate cities/towns expressed their concern about the targeting process risks (i.e. for example unfair inclusion and/or exclusion of potential project beneficiaries based on discriminatory criteria) and reflected their opinion on the need to make the process transparent, free of bias and discrimination. However, based on review of the targeting manual and information obtained from consultation of active beneficiaries of the UPSN project in two project implementation cities (Dessie and Addis Ababa), the beneficiary targeting methods and procedures were reported to be fair, transparent, acceptable and non-exclusionary. Therefore, the risk in targeting process appears to be low due to the application of the beneficiary targeting methods and procedures of the project. d. Elderly and disabled individuals with mobility challenges, poor women with dependent children, persons living with HIV/AIDS and chronic illnesses are often the most vulnerable members of society because of their limited access to information due to social, cultural and structural barriers within the communities. Therefore, there is a continued need to reach out these vulnerable groups by transcending the social, cultural and structural barriers to avoid the risk of exclusion.

5.3.1 Child labor

The child population of Ethiopia is estimated to be more than 50 % of the total population. Significant number are exposed to exploitation, abuse and are victims of violence. Furthermore, an estimated 40% of children aged 12-14 are engaged in household chores for 28 or more hours in a week. Ethiopia has issued legislations and proclamations and has also ratified international conventions related to disability, women and children’s rights. The national Proclamation no. 213/2000 revised family code and labor proclamation no. 377/2003 are the most pertinent laws that are placed to prevent child labor in the country. The laws prohibit child employment aged 14 and less and the engagement of young workers (between 14-18) in types of employments that are considered hazardous. The law limits the working hour of young worker to 7hrs and clearly states that they should not work nights (10 pm- 6am), holidays, overtime and weekly rest days. Following the proclamation, the Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs defined type of job young workers should not be engaged in because it is harmful and unsafe. Labor Law 377/2003 provides for gender equality on workplace and strictly prohibits child labor (below14) and puts limitations on period and type of work for young employees (14-18). This law will be applied in all project participating cities of the country.

Assessments conducted for this project and other WB financed projects in Ethiopia such as Urban Institution and infrastructure development (UIIDP) showed that child labor is not commonly used on

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ESMF of Urban Safety Net and Jobs Project construction sites, use of child labor as domestic and farmland, however, is very common. Both labor and social affairs and office for woman and children jointly work with police, justice, the court and transport sector to prevent child labor and abuse on children and women. During implementation, households for public work beneficiaries may use children to work in public work activities on their behalf and may use child labor due to lack of awareness on the proclamation and the negative impact of child labor. Therefore, public work beneficiaries and other companies that will be engaged in the public work activities including small scale infrastructure construction are not allowed to use child labor at any stage of the sub-project’s implementation. All stakeholders will be aware to enforce and respect the national Proclamation No. 377/2003 which states that children under the age of 14 will not be employed and young workers (14 to 18 years) shall not perform work that is likely to jeopardize their health or safety. Further, the project developed a standalone Labor Management Procedures (LMP) proportional to the activities, risks and impacts which provide detailed information on the work terms and conditions including explicit prohibition of child labor.

5.3.2. Gender Based Violence (GBV)

Gender Based Violence is among the major challenges to human dignity and is a violation of women’s rights as human beings. This necessitated the international community to come up with legal instruments to address the problem that are coherent with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The major legal instruments and strategies which recognized and addressed GBV are Convention on Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women (DEVAW), Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, and the SDGs Goal 5. In line with the international legal instruments, the Ethiopian Constitution, which is the supreme law of the land, devotes over a quarter of its provisions to human rights in which women and children’s rights are guaranteed. The Criminal Code of Ethiopia also hosts a number of provisions, which criminalize GBV and its different forms. Article 561 to 570 criminalizes harmful traditional practices, including domestic violence (564), and female circumcision (565, 566). On the other hand, the Ethiopian Criminal Codes do not adequately address SH. Until now, victims have no legal recourse to redress either the short or long-term consequences of the acts perpetrated against them which leave sexual harassment, go unreported. Positively, Proclamation No. 1064/2017 (2017) on federal civil servants and the new labor proclamation no. 1161/2019 provides for the prohibition of sexual harassment.

At the UPSNP level, there is no staff responsible for gender and GBV issues. In addition, the current project has not provided trainings on GBV, and hence, the knowledge and skill of UPSNP implementers is limited about GBV prevention and response. Moreover, the project doesn’t have a mechanism to address issues related with GBV. However, the assessment identified that beneficiaries and other community members have some awareness about GBV. This is mainly mass media and sensitization workshops conducted by NGOs. They also lack knowledge and skill on prevention and response mechanism to GBV, specifically to SH and SAE. The most vulnerable group of the UPSNP beneficiaries are found to be most vulnerable to GBV too. While the support that the project provides to street children is good, there need to be well defined mechanism to do the risk screening at the entry point to identify risks related with GBV and mitigation actions need to be prepared. On the other hand, the destitute female groups which are getting direct support in Adama found to be victims of economical, physical and sexual abuse perpetrated by the male counterparts. The contributing factors for the abuse were lack of shelters and alcohol intake of male beneficiaries who are living together with the destitute female. The project conducted detail GBV risk assessment which covers both existing and new cities. The key findings of the GBV risk assessment and GBV action plan annexed to this ESMF (Annex-K)

5.3.3 Recommendations for tackling GVB Risks

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The recommendations that the GBV assessment identifies are based on the gaps identified and conclusions made following the gender analysis and GBV risk assessment of the UPSNP. The general recommendations are provided in order to improve the overall implementation of gender mainstreaming strategy at the project level. That subsequently improves the prevention and response capacity towards GBV. Separate recommendations are also forwarded to improve the prevention from and response to GBV at USNJP and community level for future beneficiaries.

Assign a gender expert at the PCU and paid focal person at the cities and woreda level: Commitment of an organization for gender equity and equality can be expressed in many ways. One of these is the establishment of a unit that facilitates and coordinates gender related activities of the organization. Providing the necessary human and financial resources and building the capacity of the staff are actions that need to be at the forefront.

Implement GM Strategy: Apply GM strategy in all the project cycle through application of gender analysis, gender responsive allocation of resources to address gender specific interventions and M&E, including clear indicators and beneficiary feedback. Provide a continuous training on GA, GM, GRB, gender responsive budgeting at program level to enable the project implementers uses the GM approaches and tools. Take advantage of the nature of the project to implement cross cutting issues such as gender and other issues such as GBV preventions. Communities at large give attention to UPSNP and positively respond to any information communicated through the project. Hence the project can exploit this opportunity and use it for mobilization and awareness creation on gender equality and GBV prevention and response.

Consider flexible work arrangements: UPSNP activities have a crowding out effect on the other paying jobs. The fact that the UPSNP activities are carried out in very same time, other paid activities calls for flexible work arrangement. Majority of women are busy in the morning and the work plan is inconsiderate about their domestic role. To take children to school, they always have to ask for leave from work since the project does not have flexible work arrangement.

Provide childcare services for women with children: Fear of losing the benefit, the beneficiaries might leave their children with neighbors in case of absence of mobile day care. This might expose the children to GBV. Leaving children at home alone and bringing them to the workplace has negative effect on children. Therefore, provision of childcare services to public work beneficiaries of the project is essential.

Provide training on prevention from, and response to GBV: incorporate training topics such as GBV prevention and response and assertiveness for women in training programs of behavioral training. Since turnover in the public sector is a critical problem, providing continuous training on GBV prevention and response is a necessity.

Put in place GRM Mechanism to give response to GBV survivors: one of the response mechanisms to GBV at the project level must be receiving and handling of SH/SAE cases. In order to do so put in place a GRM.

Put in place a safety mechanism toward GBV prevention known to all beneficiaries: that enables the sheltered beneficiaries as well as other early identification of perpetrators and equips them with prevention techniques at individual level. Provide them with life skill trainings.

Cascade the package of GBV prevention and response initiatives at community level: provide training on prevention from and response to GBV to beneficiaries. It helps to avoid SH and SAE at workplace as well as improving prevention and help seeking behavior of the beneficiaries at community level.

Provide shelter for direct support and same time destitute groups: some of the contingency budget must be used for this since lack of shelter increased their vulnerability.

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Imbed special personnel (focal persons) to address GBV/SH in Grievance handling committee: well-trained focal persons should be assigned in all committees at the woreda level. Such personnel are crucial especially in remote areas where the survivors of SH/GBV have limited access, as these personnel may handle minor SH cases or refer grave ones. They may follow-up referred SH cases on behalf of survivors as well as play a supervisory role in assessing situation of SH/GBV in PCU and lower level.

Strengthen coordination and referrals with key stakeholders: there are incidences of GBV/SH committed by or against third party or outsider that require justice.

Develop M&E system with clear indicators to follow up progress made, and challenges encountered: data compilation, establishment of data base and efficient and effective reporting system on GBV/SH from canters to head office is necessary. Put in place accountability mechanism where responsible organs are held liable or rewarded for implementing gender and SH handling GRM and legal frameworks, as well as non-reporting and reporting, respectively. 5.3.3 Labor Management Procedure Next to project staff, key labor will be provided in the PW component by community workers, by apprentices in component 2.1, by civil servants in component 2.2 (One-Stop-Shops), and contracted CSO workers in the destitute component. A stand alone Labor Management Procedures (LMP) proportional to the activities, risks and impacts which provide detailed information on the work terms and conditions including explicit prohibition of child labor has been developed. Differentiated provisions will be provided to the different workers under the project, i.e. civil servants, specific PIU staff and consultants, contracted workers, and community workers. The addressed risks encompass standard provisions on child and forced labor, all the way to non- discriminatory working conditions for community labor to codes of conduct and occupational health and safety. In more detail, in line with ESS2, the LMP includes, amongst others, measures to ensure that community labor is provided on a voluntary basis, has established work hours, paid as agreed and in a timely manner, and to further ensure that the occupational health and safety of the community workers are given adequate attention. The LMP also identifies and provides the type of work that the apprentices will and can be engaged in, as well as the hazardous jobs that both the public work beneficiaries and apprentices will not be involved in. The workers on the public works program are community labor only. No other form of workforce will be hired except the beneficiary community members, and hence labor influx and associated risks are not expected. The LMP provides differentiated provisions also for the supported apprentices in SMEs; including the requirement of adequate health and safety systems from the businesses involved. All requirements of ESS2, apply also to contracted workers under the destitute component, including provisions on health and safety, regular employment contracts, etc. Finally, the LMP also outlines the establishment and availability throughout the project- lifecycle of labor-specific grievance redress mechanisms accessible to the different range of workers.

5.3.3. Risks with integration of refugees to host community: the inclusion of refugees in the public work and livlihood activiteis may pose particular risks. These risks relate to the potential perception by host communities that refugees are receiving advantages that should go to Ethiopian citizens. However, the rapid social risk assesment condcuted in Jijiga town and Kabria refugee camp showed that the risk of tention between refeguree and host communities is very low. This is mainly because the two communites speak the same language and share common religion and culture. Refugees are

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ESMF of Urban Safety Net and Jobs Project interact well and successfully blend with the host community through economic interactions, intermarriage and other social activities. . Nonetheless, to foster social cohesion public-work teams will be mixed; platforms for joint refugee-host decision-making on shared community interests, trainings (e.g. on essential family practices) and social events for community development will be supported under the project. Further, through an accompanying Bank-executed trust fund (Forced Displacement Trust Fund TF0B2352, P151712), a set of preparatory and accompanying studies will aim at a thoroughly grounded understanding of the social, economic and environmental dynamics of displacement in the area, as well as inform communications. However, the assessment identified that the refugee community might face due to the need of temporary relocation from the camp to cities to participate in the USNJP.

• The following potential social risks associated with temporary relocation of refugees could prevail during implementation: Eligible Refugees from refugee camps will have to temporarily move to towns, they may face serious challenge to find affordable living places, as the cost of living in Jigjiga is higher than that of the camp(Aw Barre and Sheder). This will increase the risk for refugees to fall into more poverty. • If the relocation involves refugee families with growing children, it will be even more challenging in several ways including finding access to childcare, school for children and support for older relatives in addition to finding housing within budget. Furthermore, leaving everything behind and beginning another life in a different location will require a period of adjustment. • If head of the households who qualify for USNJP leave behind their family , absence of head of households for a substantial period may cause stress, financial burdens and strained relationships with family members who will be left behind. • As Jigjiga is hosting large number of IDPs displaced from the neighboring region, temporary inflow of refugees may put additional pressure on the city’s limited stock of housing available for rental, hindering refugees integration in their new host community.

Recommendation to mitigate risks associated with temporary relocation of refugees

• Although USNJP will certainly help to strengthen socio-economic integration of refugees with host communities, the cash to work benefits refugees will be getting from participation in the project should be carefully calibrated to match the value of current cash and in-kind assistance provided in camps. This adjustment measure will serve as incentive to motivate refugees to participate in the Pilot socio-economic integration through USNJP program. • To minimize the social risks associated with temporary movement of refugees, the Pilot should take distance of USNJP cities to refugees camps into consideration. • Participation will be on voluntary basis and the refugee participation will be facilitated in gradual manner based on self-targeting. • Bank executed intensive analysis to identify the protection risks and design mitigation measures will be conducted, the successive roll out of the t activities in other regions and cities will be informed by the study. • Grievance Redressing Mechanism should be promoted to the public, target beneficiaries and non- beneficiary groups to ensure potential concerns and complaints are reported, recorded and resolved in a clear and transparent fashion.

• Refugees should be provided adequate information about the new Refugee Proclamation that entitles them among other things, the right to be treated in the same circumstances as Ethiopian

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nationals with respect to access to wage employment and self –employment and freedom of movement and the right to choose residency place within the country. This information is important to refugees to build trust and confidence in their socio-economic integration with host communities.

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Table 8: Indicative environmental and social management plan

Potential environmental & social Responsible for Responsible for Cost Estimate (Birr) impacts implementing the monitoring the Proposed mitigation mitigation implementation of Mitigation Monitoring measures measures mitigation measures

Primary solid waste collection by LIPW -Maintain and strengthen - Town Town USNJP office To be determined by town 25,000/annum create additional incremental pressures on existing facilities and plan Municipality and (environment focal demand existing transfer stations, waste bin and for acquiring additional USNJP project person) waste transport facilities facilities to alleviate office -Town EPFCC office shortages

Uncoordinated & non-interlinked primary -Implement a regular - Town - Town Sanitation and 10,000 /annum (to 25,000/annum solid waste collection by LIPW and delays collection schedule with Municipality beautification office facilitate possible in transfer creates accumulated waste which sufficient frequency to -Town Sanitation - Town EPFCC office discussion meetings attracts disease vectors, contribute to avoid accumulation of and beautification -Town USNJP office between stakeholders for clogging of drainage, sewerage networks garbage; office (environment focal developing the schedules & and pollute waterways. -Develop a coordinated - Town USNJP person) coordinated plans). plan between waste project office collection and transport crew to avoid delays in waste transfer and disposal - Encourage use of containers or bags for waste at the point of collection for each household and establishment; -Encourage residents to put waste out at designated times and locations;

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Potential environmental & social Responsible for Responsible for Cost Estimate (Birr) impacts implementing the monitoring the Proposed mitigation measures mitigation measures implementation of mitigation measures Mitigation Monitoring

Occupational Health and safety -Provide OHS orientation/ training impact: Solid waste workers are that consist of basic hazard Town USNJP Project -Town USNJP office 100,000/annum for 50,000 per particularly prone to; awareness, site specific hazards, Office in collaboration (environment focal safety orientation annum -Injuries from heavy lifting, contact safe work practices, and emergency with labor and social person) training to PW worker with sharps, chemical burns, and procedures. affairs office. -Town labor and social -budget for PPE to be infectious agents. -Provide workers with appropriate affair inspectors determined by town - Slides from unstable disposal piles, protective clothing, gloves, demand cave-ins of disposal site surfaces, respiratory face masks and slip- -Town USNJP office. fires, explosions resistant and hard-soled safety Town health office in (environment focal -budget for - exposure to pathogens shoes for all workers to avoid cooperation with person) immunization and first -Air emissions particularly puncture wounds to the feet. USNJP office - Town health office aid medical care to be bioaerosols, smoke and dusts can lead -Provide worker immunization and -Town USNJP office determined by town to injuries to eyes, ears, and health monitoring (e.g. for Hepatitis -Town Sanitation and (environment focal demand respiratory systems in immediate B and tetanus); beautification office person) proximity to waste sweeping and -Provide prompt first aid medical - Town EPFCC office collection activities. attention for cuts and bruises. - accidents involving trucks and other -Cover collection and transfer moving equipment, so vehicles along the entire route of transport to avoid windblown litter; - Design collection routes to minimize, or possibly eliminate, crossing traffic that is going in the opposite direction; - Assign traffic controllers from among the LIPW workers Table 9(a)- Additional Mitigation & Monitoring Options (Sanitation)

Potential Impacts Generic Mitigation Measures Monitoring Indicators Responsibility

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Contaminated soils from disposal of Ensure maintenance of sanitation and wastewater works is appropriate to local Involve community in local Beneficiary City/ inadequately decomposed needs and to soil and water table conditions planning process Community wastewaters Surface water contamination Protect surface water sources from contamination from: • Occurrence of illness Beneficiary City • Runoff from nearby urban agricultural activities (e.g. silt, agrochemicals, or disease / Community animal waste) • Complaints/problems • Garbage and vegetative debris documented form local • Ensure proper maintenance of latrines, holding tanks, septic systems and community wastewater soak-aways • Locate latrines, septic systems and soak-away at least 30 meters from any water body (e.g. stream, lake, river) or vice versa (locate polluting subprojects 30m away from such water bodies) Groundwater contamination • Locate communal toilets, septic systems and animal pens away from • Occurrence of illness Beneficiary City groundwater wells or disease / Community • Ensure adequate design, installation, and maintenance of latrines, holding • Complaints/problems tanks, septic systems and wastewater soak-away documented form local • Ensure adequate spacing between latrines and soak-away community

Table 9 (b)-Additional Mitigation & Monitoring Options (Small Urban Infrastructure Public Works)

Type Potential Impacts Generic Mitigation Measures Monitoring Indicators Responsibility of Activity Construction Damage/disruption to valuable historic, -Avoid areas of cultural, historical, or religious • Survey of local Beneficiary City religious, cultural, and archaeological significance. population regarding / Culture and resources -Involve community in locating appropriate project sites problems with Tourism Offices and access routes that avoid such resources. culturally sensitive -Apply chance find procedures in construction clauses. areas • Participation of communities in local planning

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Social disruption during LIPWs (e.g. • Comprehensive community participation in Occurrence of illness Beneficiary City enhanced transmission of STDs and TB) construction planning and management or disease / Health Office • Education on avoiding communicable diseases/hygiene

Impact of road noise on surrounding Plant 30-meter tree on buffer strips between road and Number of community Beneficiary City habitation surrounding habitation complaints to local /Sanitation and authorities about noise Beautification office Dust • Stabilize the road surface with gravel and other rocky Number of community Beneficiary City or red ash surfacing materials complaints to local authorities about dust Contaminate surface water due to lack • Provide temporary sanitation (e.g. latrine), where this Local complaints of Beneficiary City of waste management is not possible, instruct crews to employ soil mining excessive waste and odours (digging a pit for human waste and covering with soil immediately after use) • Collect all solid waste from all site areas and dispose of either in local landfill or well-screened waste pits Landslides, slumps and slips • Avoid areas of soil, slope or geological instability and • Degree of erosion Beneficiary City unstable river crossing sites • Stabilize slopes by planting vegetation • Minimize vertical road cuts • Install drainage ditches to divert water away from road Accidents and safety risks • Provide safety training and orientation and personal • Number of accidents Beneficiary City safety prevention gears to community workers reported per month to local government Increased soil erosion leading to sediment in • Ensure proper and timely maintenance of erosion • Quality Beneficiary City runoff and, possibly, gully formation from control and drainage measures along the road of soil/productivity inadequate maintenance of road surface, • Clean out culverts and side channels/run out when • Integrity of road ditches, borrow/quarry sites, and drainage and they begin to fill with sediment structures erosion control measures. • Fill mud holes and pot holes with quality gravel

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Table 9 (c) - Mitigation & Monitoring Options (Waste Management)

Potential Impacts Generic Mitigation Measures Monitoring Indicators Responsibility

Human settlements and land -Involve community in locating waste collection and transfer sites and Consulted local population Beneficiary City / uses for waste collection and access routes as well as developing practices & responsibilities regarding siting of waste collection Community transfer sites for managing waste transfer activities and sites and transfer sites. -Involve community in locating project sites and access routes

Windblown garbage, dust and Spread and compact incoming refuse, and cover with soil, daily. Complaints from community Beneficiary City smoke Increased traffic to/from the Pave access roads, or use water spraying to reduce dust Complaints from community Beneficiary City sites Risk of exposing the workers to Implement the LMP; the grievance mechanism should be functional, Grievance log books, field Beneficiary cities extremely hazardous working provide appropriate PPE; inspection reports, conditions including concerns of structural safety. Risk of workers to exposure for Implement GBV action plan, stakeholder engagement throughout the Grievance logbooks, interview with Beneficiary cities, GBV project implementation beneficiaries the PIU Risk of encouraging child labor […] Unsustainable resource Design and implement subprojects in compliance with ESS3 if they may Field observation reports Beneficiary cities, use (lack of resource leader an increased use of resources (e.g. Water and energy) the PIU efficiency) Odors from temporary waste • Provide for safe ventilation of decomposition gases Complaints from community Beneficiary City storing places waiting for • Plan house to house waste collection activities to be coordinated with removal to transfer station or removal of waste to and from transfer stations. disposal sites • Spread and compact refuse, and cover with soil daily at disposal sites Containment of water sources • Ensure site layout and management practices including work training • Incidences of illness or disease Beneficiary City are adequate • Install adequate surface drainage control measures • Maintain erosion and surface drainage control measures during operations

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Creation of stagnant • Ensure site layout is adequate for drainage • Periodic check for pooling Beneficiary City water sources • Install adequate surface drainage control measures water due to inadequate drainage • Maintain erosion and surface drainage control measures during • Incidence of aesthetical operations appalling pools Creation of stagnant water in • Assess ecology of disease carriers in project area and employ suitable • Increase in disease carriers Beneficiary City / project sites that breed disease mitigation measures (e.g. proper drainage) • Occurrence of illness or disease Community carriers • Incidence of aesthetical appalling pools Loss of resource, livelihood • For any private/communal land acquisitions, the project shall • Number of PAPs and income as a result of land prepare ARAP/RAP and provides Livelihood restoration compensated for affected acquisition measures livelihood by Gender • Number of PAPs livelihoods • Ensure that all PAPs, affected properties and respective restored entitlements identified, RAP and Livelihood Restoration Plan • RAPs prepared (LRP) prepared Measures in close consultation with the affected community; • Ensure timely compensation of monetary value, substitution of land, and any other forms of entitlement as per RAP; • Implement alternative Livelihood Restoration Measures

Refugee integration • Platforms for joint refugee-host decision-making on shared Platforms established community interests will be established, • Potential tension between • Trainings (e.g. on essential family practices) and social events for Trainings provided host and refugee community development will be supported under the project communities Well-coordinated implementation Project will work with Agency for Refugees and Returnees among ARRA, Humanitarian Actors Affairs ( ARRA )on the implementation of refugee protection and Minstry of Urban Development Risks associated with refugee and coordinating with development and humanitarian actors. and Housing is in place. relocation

Bank executed intensive analysis to identify the protection risks and design mitigation measures will be conducted Analysis report produced The Assessment will inform the successive roll out of the public works and livelihood development activities will be conducted. UFSJCA -MUDHCo Page 79

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Temporary movement of Only willing members will be included in the program refugees to Jijiga Risk of refugee protection the integration of refugees should be facilitated in a gradual manner based on self-targeting GBV risks • Ensure that all staffs of Implementing agencies are provided Number of community workers, training on prevention from and response to GBV and other major project workers, contracted and ToT to gender focal persons. workers and security officers • Provide awareness training for project staff and the community provided with training on Gender including project beneficiaries on GBV Grievance Redress based violence Mechanisms and Code of Conduct on SEA and SH. • Produce and disseminate communication materials on prevention from and response to GBV to beneficiaries Communication materials • Produce and disseminate communication materials on prevention produced and disseminated from and response to GBV to beneficiaries

• Make certain the availability of an effective grievance redress GBV suitable GRM in place mechanism (GRM) with multiple channels to initiate a complaint.

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CHAPTER SIX: ESMF PROCESSES AND IMPLEMENTATION

The ESMF sets out the principles, rules, guidelines and procedures to assess the environmental and social risks and impacts of the USNJP subprojects. It contains measures and plans to reduce, mitigate and/or offset adverse risks and impacts, provisions for estimating and budgeting the costs of such measures, and information on the agencies responsible for addressing project risks and impacts, including on its capacity to manage environmental and social risks and impacts.

The ESMF requires that all relevant USNJP subprojects i.e. the PW component (Component I), the apprentice-subcomponent including screening of partner SMEs (Component II), the sub-component to support One-Stop-Shops (Component II), the destitute sub-component especially the service providers (Component III) be screened for social and environmental impacts. Screening will help to determine if a sub-project belongs to high, substantial, moderate or low risk classification in accordance with the ESSs and thence to determine the type of environmental assessment that needs to be carried in a level proportional to the nature and scale of the associated impacts and risks. The ESMF also outlines the next steps to be taken to realize the outcomes of the screening and categorization and describes the various elements of the process.

6.1 RESPONSIBILITIES IN THE ESMF IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS

The primary responsibility to implement the ESMF rests on the PCUs to be established under the Urban food security and job creation Agency, Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs or its parallel offices (e.g: Enterprise Development offices), and the Cities PFU responsible for implementing the USNJP sub-projects. At Federal Level, the client will deploy qualified environmental and social safeguards specialists who will oversee the environmental and social risk management issues. The project beneficiary Cities/towns will assign qualified focal person for environment and social safeguards. The PFU environment and social specialists and the focal persons to be deployed by each beneficiary town will be responsible for the implementation of the project in compliance with the requirements of the ESMF. The environment and social focal person will be supported by other members of the PFU, members of the technical committees, and the environment and social safeguard specialists of the Regional PCU as necessary in conducting the screening.

As the numbers of USNJ project beneficiary cities/towns are expanding, it will be important to establish a PCU that provides a backup support, coordination and supervision activities at the Regional level. The Federal and Regional Project Coordination Unit will provide the necessary technical and managerial support to the city level Project Focal Unit.

Before submitting the environmental and social screening of subprojects with application for review and approval by the relevant REPA, it will be checked and approved internally by the Safety Net Coordination Committee whose chair is the City Mayor. Whereas Fig 3 show the proposed institutional arrangement for ESMF implementation which will be responsible for the day to day implementation of the ESMF, Table 7 outlines the proposed roles and responsibilities for the different steps in screening and appraisal.

Table 10: Outline of Roles and Responsibilities for the ESMF.

Activity Lead Role for preparation Lead role for review, and/or implementation approval &monitoring Completion of ES screening Environmental and social focal using the form in Annex A: persons to be deployed by each Regional and Zonal EPAs Screening Form. UPSNJ project beneficiary and the World Bank, for city/town PFU with technical review and clearance of support from regional safeguards ESIA and RAP documents focal persons

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ESIA, ESMP, Hazard/Risk Environmental and social focal Assessment, Environmental and persons to be deployed by each Social Audit and RAP/ARAP, UPSNJ project beneficiary CHMP preparation city/town PFU with technical support from regional safeguards focal persons; ESIA by independent consultant Implementation ESIA, ESMP, Hazard/Risk Assessment, PFU Environmental and Social Environmental and Social Audit Safeguards Specialists, UPSNJ and RAP/ARAP, CHMP Environmental and social focal persons to be deployed by each Monitoring of ESIA, ESMP, UPSNJ project beneficiary Hazard/Risk Assessment, city/town PFU with technical Environmental and Social Audit support from regional safeguards and RAP/ARAP, CHMP focal persons project beneficiary implementation. city/town PCU, Safety Net Annual Environmental and Social Technical Committee, Audit ( by independent Coordination Committee consultant)

6.2 OVERVIEW OF SUBPROJECT CATEGORIZATION AND THE ESMF PROCESSES The ESMF is designed to support the application of World Bank Environmental and Social Standards in combination with the Ethiopian legislation on environmental impact assessment to USNJP. In line with the ESS requirements, an Environmental and Social Review Summary (ESRS) has been prepared at the concept stage and the main environmental and social impacts and risks that trigger relevant ESSs were identified. The ESRS also identified the ESMF as appropriate environmental assessment tool to manage the environmental and social impacts of the USNJP subprojects. ESS1 on Assessment and Management of Environmental and Social Risks and Impacts is among the triggered standards by the USNJP and the relevant principles in relation to subproject categorization are briefly outlined as follows.

According to the Environmental and Social policy on Projects involving multiple small subprojects, the Bank will require the client to carry out appropriate environmental and social assessment of subprojects, and prepare and implement such subprojects, as follows: (a) High Risk subprojects, in accordance with the ESSs; (b) Substantial Risk, Moderate Risk and Low Risk subprojects, in accordance with national law and any requirement of the ESSs that the Bank deems relevant to such subprojects

ESS-1 requires that the Client (in this case the UFSJCA and USNJP beneficiary cities/towns) will carry out an environmental and social assessment of the project to assess the environmental and social risks and impacts throughout the project life cycle. The assessment will be proportionate to the potential risks and impacts of the project, and will assess, in an integrated way, all relevant direct, indirect and cumulative environmental and social risks and impacts throughout the project life cycle, including those specifically identified in ESSs 2–10.

Moreover, the Client, in consultation with the Bank, will identify and use appropriate methods and tools to identify and assess the potential environmental and social risks and impacts of the proposed project. These methods and tools will reflect the nature and scale of the project, and will include, as appropriate, a combination (or elements of) the following: screening/scoping, stakeholder engagement, environmental and social impact assessment (ESIA); environmental audit; hazard or risk assessment; as well as environmental and social management plan (ESMP). The USNJP being a project which consists of a series of sub-projects to be identified and implemented in more than 44 cities/towns found across the country, the risks and impacts cannot be determined until the program

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ESMF of Urban Safety Net and Jobs Project or subproject details have been identified. For such projects as USNJP involving multiple small subprojects, that are identified, prepared and implemented during the course of the project, the client is required to carry out appropriate environmental and social assessment of subprojects, and prepare and implement such subprojects, as follows:

(a) High Risk subprojects, in accordance with the ESSs;

(b) Substantial Risk, Moderate Risk and Low Risk subprojects, in accordance with national law and any requirements of the ESSs that the Bank deems relevant to such subprojects. Where subprojects are likely to have minimal or no adverse environmental or social risks and impacts, such subprojects do not require further environmental and social assessment following the initial scoping.

The USNJP is generally categorized as “Substantial Risk” project and hence the client will be required to undertake the appropriate environmental and social assessment of subprojects in accordance with the national law and any requirements of the ESSs that deemed relevant to the sub-projects. It should be noted that the relevant ESSs that are likely to be triggered by the USNJP are broadly assessed and outlined in Table 6 of this ESMF and will need to be customized and applied for each sub-project.

The client will ensure that the environmental and social assessment takes into account in an appropriate manner all issues relevant to the project, including: (a) Ethiopia’s applicable policy framework, national laws and regulations, and institutional capabilities (including implementation) relating to environment and social issues; obligations of the country directly applicable to the project under relevant international treaties and agreements; (b) applicable requirements under the ESSs; and (c) the EHSGs, and other relevant Good International Industry Practice (GIIP).

The breadth, depth, and type of analysis undertaken as part of the environmental and social assessment will depend on the nature and scale of the project, and the potential environmental and social risks and impacts that could result. The client will undertake the environmental and social assessment at the scale and level of detail appropriate to the potential risks and impacts. The environmental and social assessment is a flexible process that can use different tools and methods depending on the details of the project and the circumstances of the client. The different methods and tools used by the Client to carry out the environmental and social assessment and to document the results of such assessment, including the mitigation measures to be implemented, will reflect the nature and scale of the project. These will include, as appropriate, a combination or elements of the following: Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA): ESIA is an instrument to identify and assess the potential environmental and social impacts of a proposed project, evaluate alternatives, and design appropriate mitigation, management, and monitoring measures. Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP): It is an instrument that details (a) the measures to be taken during the implementation and operation of a project to eliminate or offset adverse environmental and social impacts, or to reduce them to acceptable levels; and (b) the actions needed to implement these measures. Environmental and Social Audit: It is an instrument to determine the nature and extent of all environmental and social areas of concern at an existing project or activities. The audit identifies and justifies appropriate measures and actions to mitigate the areas of concern, estimates the cost of the measures and actions, and recommends a schedule for implementing them. For certain projects, the environmental and social assessment may consist of an environmental or social audit alone; in other cases, the audit forms part of the environmental and social assessment.

Hazard or Risk Assessment: It is an instrument for identifying, analyzing, and controlling hazards associated with the presence of dangerous materials and conditions at a project site. The Bank requires a hazard or risk assessment for projects involving certain inflammable, explosive, reactive, and toxic materials when they are present in quantities above a specified threshold level. For certain

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ESMF of Urban Safety Net and Jobs Project projects, the environmental and social assessment may consist of the hazard or risk assessment alone; in other cases, the hazard or risk assessment forms part of the Specific features of a project may require the client to utilize specialized methods and tools for assessment, such as a Resettlement Plan, Livelihood Restoration Plan, Indigenous Peoples Plan, Biodiversity Action Plan, Cultural Heritage Management Plan, and other plans as agreed with the Bank.

On the other hand, if a subproject categorization falls under substantial, moderate or low risk categories it is required by ESS 1 that the environmental assessment be carried in accordance with the national law and any requirements of the ESSs. Accordingly, for sub-projects falling under substantial, moderate or low risk categories, the important national requirements that define the categorization of subprojects into various schedules is the EIA Procedural Guideline issued by the Federal Environment, Forest, and Climate Change Commission in November 2003. The ESIA Procedural Guideline describes Schedule 1, 2 and 3 activities or projects. The full list of Schedule I, II and III subprojects of the ESIA guideline is provided in Annex- H

Under the USNJP, it is anticipated that the majority of Component I & II subproject will be Schedule II subprojects and may require partial ESIAs. However, it is also possible that some of the LIPWs that will be selected for implementation by the participating cities and beneficiary communities may fall in the Schedule I. Under such circumstances, re-sitting, redesigning or rerouting of subproject sites will be required.

6.3 PROCESS AND PROCEDURES OF THE ESMF

In order to fulfill the requirements of the Bank environmental policy and the ESSs, the ESMF process will follow two stages. Initially, a scoping/screening of subprojects will be carried to categorize it into one of high, substantial, moderate or low risk. Under the USNJP sub-components, it is anticipated that the majority of subprojects will fall substantial, moderate or low risk (in line with the Bank categorization of the USNJP as “Substantial” risk rating.). Once the subprojects are scoped/screened and confirmed to fall on or under substantial risk category, then further categorization will be carried by applying the national screening system to identify the schedule of activities into which the subproject will fall (Schedule I, II &III). Based on the nature and scale of USNJP subprojects it is expected that most will fall under schedule II or below (based on national ESIA procedural guideline) which may require partial or no ESIAs. The complete scoping/screening form is set out in Annex A. The proposed USNJP ESMF process and the procedural steps to be applied for identifying and managing environmental and social issues during subproject scoping/screening and approval are set out below.

During the early stages of USNJP annual plan preparation process including during subproject selection and prioritization phases, the SNCC, PFU and technical committee will have to prepare and familiarize themselves with the fundamentals of the ESMF process by:

a) Reviewing ESMF and RPF requirements. Both the new and previous USNJP beneficiary Cities/towns and relevant REPAs in the regions, zones and woredas will have to obtain copies of the ESMF, RPF as well as all relevant Federal and regional laws, guidelines and procedures relating to environmental protection, cultural heritage and resettlement issues. Members of the SNCC, PCU, technical committees and REPAs will have to complete training requirements for implementation of USNJP ESMF and RPF. This will help to ensure that there is good knowledge of USNJP ESMF and RPF requirements at different levels in the ULG - Council, Mayor, SNCC, PFU and other professional and technical staffs. b) Contacting the Regional Environmental Forest and Climate Change Authorities: ➢ Provide them with a copy of this ESMF and the RPF document;

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➢ Provide them with details of the contact of the city UFSJC office or its parallel and the city level PCU and ➢ Inform the Regional EPFCCs that subprojects are being planned that may be classified as being Schedule II or III activities in terms of federal and regional environmental legislation. c) Identifying interested and affected communities, NGOs, businesses, etc., and informing them of the proposed activities and its potential impacts. This first step is an important exercise in creating a common understanding and awareness of the procedures involved among the key actors in the implementation of the ESMF. It creates a level ground on which effective working relationships could be built in the implementation process. However, it is a one-off exercise which could be repeated only when the need emerges.

Step 1: Scoping/Screening

Environmental scoping/screening will be conducted for each relevant subproject contained in the endorsed annual plan for USNJP having specified site location. In order to fulfill the requirements of ESS-I, the environmental and social scoping/screening will be conducted in two stages. During the first stage, the subproject will be scoped/screened using the scoping/screening form attached in Annex-A and it will be categorized into one of Substantial, Moderate or Low risk. Under the USNJP sub-components, it is anticipated that the majority of subprojects will fall under substantial, moderate or low risk and no “high risk” subproject is expected. Once the subprojects are scoped/screened and confirmed to fall on or under substantial risk category, then further categorization will be carried based on the Federal/Regional ESIA procedural guideline screening system to identify the schedule of activities into which the subproject will fall ( i.e. Schedule I,II &III). Based on the nature and scale of USNJP subprojects it is expected that most will fall under schedule II or below (by national/regional ESIA procedural guideline) which may require partial or no ESIAs.

The environment focal person in the beneficiary city/town PFU initiates the process by completing the form contained in Annex a: ENVIRONMENTAL AND sOCIAL Scoping/Screening Form. The aim of the scoping/screening form is to assist in identifying potential impacts based on field investigations in the area of the subproject site. The scoping/screening exercise should also involve the cultural heritages and resettlement aspects of the subproject. Based on the nature and size of the subproject, the environment focal person can seek assistance from other members of the PFU and the technical committees while carrying the environmental screening.

This Scoping/Screening Report will describe,

a) The proposed subproject and its potential impacts, b) Characteristics of the location (sensitivity of the area), c) Size (small, medium and large scale), d) Degree of public interest, e) Institutional requirement, environmental enhancement and monitoring considerations, f) Categorization of the subproject (Substantial, Moderate, Low risk and schedule I, II or III) The outcome of environmental scoping/screening will be classifying the proposed USNJP subproject into one of Substantial, Moderate, or low Categories and Schedule 1, 2 or 3 activities. The completed scoping/screening form will be submitted first to the SNCC which is chaired by the Mayor for internal checking and approval. It will then be submitted to the relevant Regional, Zonal or Woreda EPFCCA with an official application for review and approval. When submitting the scoping/screening reports for review and approval, beneficiary cites/towns will have to avoid any “Conflict of Interest” in the process. Many cities/towns have their own environment protection

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ESMF of Urban Safety Net and Jobs Project offices with a regulatory function which is directly accountable to the mayor office. Submitting scoping/screening reports for review and approval to city level Environmental Protection Offices directly accountable to the Mayor will often initiate for the emergence of “Conflict of Interest”. Thus, to avoid conflict of interest, submitting the scoping/screening reports to Regional, Zonal or Woreda level Environment protection offices will be preferable. While submitting the scoping/screening reports for review and approval copies will also be forwarded to the head of the Regional and Federal Urban Food Security and Job Creation Agency or its parallel. In the case of Addis Ababa City Government and Diredawa City Administration submission will be made to their own REPAs. The Regional, Zonal or Woreda EPFCCC offices will review the Scoping/Screening Report and will: (a) Accept the document - with conditions relating to implementation; (b) Accept the documents with required and/or recommended amendments; or (c) Reject the document with comments as to what is required to submit an acceptable Screening Report. Following the approval of the subproject environmental screening report by REPA, the subproject will be fed into one of the following processes based on its approved Categorization. i. Schedule 1 subprojects are fed into the standard ESIA process determined by MoEF and will need to prepare full ESIA study report. (Mostly unlikely for USNJP subproject to fall in schedule I) ii. Schedule 2 subprojects will require a partial or preliminary ESIA and will necessitate the inclusion of environmental and social mitigation and enhancement measures in the design and implementation of subprojects. iii. Schedule 3 projects are not subject to environmental assessment as no potential impacts are anticipated. Thus, no further action is required. However, the environmental guideline for construction contractors will be applicable. The results of the Scoping/Screening Report – whether a full ESIA, Partial ESIA, RAP, ARAP or CHMP are required - will be included by the city/town in the USNJP Project Application Form. Considering the nature, type and scale of USNJP subprojects, it most likely that subprojects will fall under Schedule II projects which require preparation of Partial ESIA. The next step in the ESMF process is to proceed to the next actions to fulfill the requirements based on the screening categorization, which is outlined in step 2 below.

Step 2: Schedule II Subprojects (partial ESIA preparation)

Schedule II projects will be subject to a limited Environmental and Social Assessment that could be carried out by the Cities/towns PFU or with the help of an independent consultant. Schedule II subprojects are required to prepare “Preliminary” or also otherwise called “Partial” ESIAs in which the depth of its information requirement can be defined in consultation with the relevant Regional EPFCCA. Generally, the scope of ESIA for schedule II project may vary, but it is narrower than that of Schedule I ESIA. Like Category-A ESIA, it examines the project's potential negative and positive environmental impacts and recommends any measures needed to prevent, minimize, mitigate, or compensate for adverse impacts and improve environmental performance which will be summarized in the ESMP. The findings and results of the Partial ESIA will be described in the project documentation. Undertaking the preparation of the Partial ESIA involves:

• A field assessment of the subproject area to identify likely environmental and social impacts; • Consultation with beneficiaries and affected communities; • Preparation of an ESMP or, if necessary, a full or abbreviated RAP During the study of the full Environmental Impact Assessment and Environmental Management Plan the environment focal person together with other members of the PFU and technical committees will

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ESMF of Urban Safety Net and Jobs Project have to ensure the quality of the assessment by conducting interim review of draft partial ESIA report submissions. The partial Environmental Impact Assessment and Environmental Management Plan will then be presented by the PFU environment focal person to the SNCC for further internal review and approval. The Partial ESIA will be submitted to the relevant REPA with an official application for review and approval and copies to the head of Regional and Federal UFSJCA or its parallel. In the case of Addis Ababa City Government and Diredawa City Administration submission will be made to their own REPAs. Finally the partial ESIA will be send to the World Bank for no-objection and further disclosures. Though not expected to occur under USNJP subproject, it should be noted that for High and Substantial Risk subprojects, as well as situations in which the client has limited capacity, the client will retain independent specialists to carry out the environmental and social assessment.

Step 3A: Review and Decision

The relevant Regional, Zonal, or Woreda Environmental Protection Forest and Climate Change Authority will review the partial ESIAs and ESMPs submitted to it by the USNJP City/town Mayor. The purpose of review is to examine and determine whether the partial ESIA and ESMP are an adequate assessment of the environmental effects of the USNJP subproject under consideration and of sufficient relevance and quality for decision-making. Reviewing by the REPFCCA may include considerations of the adequacy of:

• Compliance with the "approved TOR"; • Required information; • The examination of alternatives, assessment of impacts, appropriateness of mitigation measures and monitoring schemes as well as implementation arrangements; • The use of scientific and analytical techniques; • The extent of public involvement and reflection of PAPs concerns; and • Presentation of the information to decision makers at Regional, Sectoral, and Local levels. The Regional, Zonal, Woreda Environmental Protection Authority will review the partial ESIA and ESMP and will:

(a) Accept the document - with conditions relating to implementation; (b) Accept the documents with required and/or recommended amendments; or (c) Reject the document with comments as to what is required to submit an acceptable ESIA and ESMP. Moreover, it also worth to note that the Bank will review the adequacy of national environmental and social requirements relevant to the subprojects and assess the capacity of the client to manage the environmental and social risks and impacts of subprojects as required. When necessary, the project will include measures to strengthen the capacity of the Client. If the Bank is not satisfied that adequate capacity exists on the part of the Client, all High Risk and, as appropriate, Substantial Risk subprojects will be subject to prior review and approval by the Bank until it is established that adequate capacity exists. On the other hand, if the risk rating of a subproject increases to a higher risk rating, the Bank will require the client to apply relevant requirements of the ESSs in a manner agreed with the Bank. The measures and actions agreed will be included in the ESCP and will be monitored by the Bank.

Step 3B: Disclosure

In compliance with World Bank guidelines and in the ESIA proclamation, before a USNJP subproject is approved, the applicable documents (partial ESIA, ESMP, CRMP and/or RAP) must be made UFSJCA -MUDHCo Page 87

ESMF of Urban Safety Net and Jobs Project available for public review at a place accessible to local people (e.g. at a local government office (i.e. kebele council, City/town and regional bureaus, at the Regional EPFCCA), and in a form, manner, and language they can understand. Disclosure of the ESIA and RAP in both the World Bank’s info shop and website is also a requirement for the USNJP.

Step 4: Implementation & Supervision

When approval has been given to the partial ESIA/ESMP, CHMP, ARAP or RAP implementation of mitigation measures and systemic follow-up is needed for the sub-project. Since the USNJP subprojects are going to be offered directly to the project beneficiary community laborer groups of the urban poor (i.e.no construction contractors and contract agreements wherein environmental clauses can be inserted in), direct responsibility should be attached to them to implement the proposed mitigation measures on the ground. Monitoring the compliance of USNJP subproject implementation with the mitigation measures set out in its ESMP, CHMP and/or RAP will be carried out by the environment and social focal person of the city/town PCU who is responsible for environmental and social management. The USNJP subprojects work is planned to be done by directly offering it to the project beneficiary urban poor. Contractors and contract agreements may not be used to implement the LIPW subprojects and hence the introduction of environmental clauses into the agreement not possible. As a result the supervision of subprojects for compliance with the ESMP is going to be the responsibility of the City/town SNCC, PFU and the technical committees involved in supervising the subproject implementation. The PFU and in particular the environment focal person will have the primary responsibility for carrying out this monitoring by regularly visiting the subprojects, and pursuing the corrective measures as required. If required, the PFU can obtain assistance from the PCU at Regional and Federal levels to ensure that the specified mitigating measures are implemented.

The implementation of the recommended mitigating measures will also be monitored by the Regional and/or Zonal Environmental Protection Forest and Climate Change Authority and USNJP M&E system. The PCU Environment and social focal person will have to collaborate in the planning for external compliance monitoring inspections that will be conducted by the relevant Regional and/or Zonal EPFCC offices. The planning for external compliance monitoring/inspection could be initiated by REPFCCA itself or (if that is not coming forward from REPFCCA side) by the City/town PFU in line with the M&E system.

Compliance monitoring comprises on site-inspection of construction activities to verify that measures identified in the ESMP, CHMP and/or RAP and included in the clauses for contractors are being implemented. Compliance monitoring and supervision of the ESMP covers:

• determining whether the project is being carried out in conformity with environmental safeguards and legal agreements; • ensuring that the anticipated impacts are maintained within the levels predicted, • identifying problems as they arise during implementation and recommend means to resolve them; • seeing that the un-anticipated impacts are managed and or mitigated before they become problems, • recommending changes in project concept/design, as appropriate, as the project evolves, or circumstances change; and • realizing and optimizing the benefits expected, and • Providing information for a periodic review and alteration of the environmental management plan and enhance environmental protection through good practice at all stages of the project.

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It is therefore necessary that Environmental Management Plan, Cultural Resources Management Plan or Resettlement Action Plan is supervised, monitored and reported on together with other progresses of the subprojects.

Step 5: Environmental and Social Safeguards Compliance Reports

Once implementation of the USNJP subproject has started, regular supervision missions should be carried out by the City/town PCU. Quarterly, biannual and annual environmental and social safeguards compliance reports must be submitted to the regional UFSJCA or its parallel by each city/town and consolidated by the Agency as regional reports for submission to the Regional EPFCCA, Federal UFSJCA, the Jobs Creation Commission and the World Bank for review.

The purpose of these reports is to provide:

• A record of USNJP project activities, experience and issues running from year-to-year throughout the USNJP that can be used for identifying difficulties and improving performance; and • Practical information for undertaking an annual review.

Step 6: Annual Reviews

ESMF implementation will also be supported by conducting annual environmental and social performance audit (including audit of implementation of ESMPs, CHMPs, RAPs and ARAPs) that will be carried out by a third party. The third-party annual environmental and social performance audits will be conducted on the USNJP cities/towns to evaluate the overall implementation of the ESMF. The annual environmental and social performance audits will be the principal source of information to Project management for improving environmental and social performance, and to Bank supervision missions. It is expected that these reviews will be carried out by an independent local consultant or other service provider that is not otherwise involved in the Project. The purpose of the reviews is two-fold:

• to assess compliance with ESMF procedures, learn lessons, and improve future ESMF performance; and • to assess the occurrence of, and potential for, cumulative impacts due to Project-funded and other development activities. Format for Annual Environmental Report is appended in Annex C.

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Fig 4: Diagram showing the ESMF process flow

Scoping/Screening Full/Partial Environmental and social Objective: USNJP Cities PCU carryout initial impact assessment scoping/screening process using a Objective: Ensure that environmental and scoping/screening form. Identify appropriate social impacts have been analyzed and mitigation measures and include in project appropriate mitigation measures designed. design. Categorize the subprojects on the Actions: Carry out a full or partial ESIA bases of magnitude of anticipated impacts. for subproject considered Schedule I or II, Actions: Ensure that environmental and social the ESIA/ESMP will identify impacts and issues are considered during preparation and design appropriate mitigation measures prioritization of USNJP plans by using UPSNP scoping/screening form (see to Annex A) Note: The results of the Scoping/Screening Report will be one of –“Substantial, Moderate or low risk” (applying ESS1) or “Schedule I,II or III” (applying national guideline,) and whether CHMP, RAP are required. This has to be reviewed and approved by the REPAs.

Implementation and Supervision Review and Approval - Undertake site visits to ensure that Objective: Review the ESIA/ESMPs and

environmental criteria and mitigation ensure that appropriate mitigation measures measures, as required by ESMP, have have been incorporated been incorporated into the works of the Actions: Once an USNJP subproject has subprojects. been scoped/screened and any necessary - Require changes to subproject design environmental assessment has been and/or implementation if unforeseen completed, the subproject can be approved impacts occur. if it meets environmental viability criteria. Approval may also be denied if the environmental assessment recommendations are not satisfactory.

Environmental and Social Safeguards Compliance Reports Annual Review - Site visits during subproject execution and operation to assess how Third-party annual environmental and social environmental scoping/screening and audits to evaluate the overall mitigation measures are succeeding or implementation of the ESMF and the have succeeded in minimizing impacts. Project. - Determine if changes are needed to improve environmental assessment process - Meet with community representatives to gather feedback - Submit quarterly, biannual and annual environmental and social safeguards

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compliance report by each city/town to Regional UFSJCA and consolidated as regional reports for submission to the Regional EPA, Federal UFSJCA and the World Bank.

6.3.1 Sub-Projects requiring a Special Procedure and Guidelines a. Projects involving Asset Acquisition or Loss of Access to Assets

The Labor Intensive Public Works (LIPW) subprojects are primarily concerned with solid waste collection (street cleaning, removal of trashes from drainage lines and riverbanks) construction of small social infrastructure, such as communal toilet facilities, Integrated watershed management to prevent landslide and rainwater flooding (through terracing and construction of drain channels), urban greenery (rehabilitation of public parks, planting and watering of trees on street medians,) and development of small urban agriculture on reclaimed lands are also major subproject activities. Given the nature and characteristics of the Labor-Intensive Public Works subprojects, the subproject activities were undertaken on vacant public lands during UPSNP. Hence, none of the subprojects has triggered involuntary resettlement from acquisition of private lands, physical relocation of households, and loss of productive assets or access to household assets in any of the assessed UPSNP cities. Thus, the risk of involuntary resettlement to occur through PW subprojects is anticipated to be minimal. However, in the event that such impacts occur a Resettlement Plan Framework (RPF) document is prepared and updated for the USNJP. b) Projects Involving Cultural Heritage Management

If there is a possibility that USNJP subproject construction or other activities may result in chance finds or damage to cultural property, procedures for handling chance finds and avoiding damages should be followed. It is important that the environmental and social assessment identify the specific procedures for chance finds and for addressing impacts on cultural property of a given subproject. The measures will need to be integrated into the ESMP to address the issues of chance find procedures and avoiding damage to cultural properties. The plan in the ESMP should be consistent with Proclamation No 209/2000 on Research and Conservation of Cultural Heritage, the World Bank ESS8 for Cultural Heritage, and should take into account institutional capabilities relating to the management and preservation of physical cultural resources. The procedures to avoid damage to cultural property would include: • Consultations with the appropriate authorities and local inhabitants to identify known or possible sites during subproject planning; • Relocating of subprojects to avoid identified sites; In case of chance find of heritage encountered during subproject implementation activities, the procedures that should be followed are stipulated under article (41) “Fortuitous Discovery of Cultural Heritage” of the Proclamation No 209/2000 which includes: i. Any person who discovers any Cultural Heritage in the course of an excavation connected to mining explorations, building works, road construction or other similar activities or in the course of any other fortuitous event, shall forthwith report same to the Authority, and shall protect and keep same intact, until the Authority takes delivery thereof. ii. 'The Authority' shall, upon receipt of a report submitted pursuant to Sub-Article (I) hereof, take all appropriate measures to examine, take delivery of, and register the Cultural Heritage so discovered. iii. Where the Authority fails to take appropriate measures within six month in accordance with Sub- Article (2) of this Article, the 'person who has discovered the Cultural Heritage may be

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released from his responsibility by submitting, a written, notification with a full description of the situation to the Regional government official. . iv. The Authority, shall ensure that the appropriate reward is granted to the person who has handed over a Cultural Heritage discovered fortuitously in accordance with sub-Articles ( I) and (2) of this Article. And such person shall be entitled to reimbursement of expenses, if any, incurred in the course of discharging his duties under this Article. c) Solid Waste Management Action Plans

Solid Waste Management Proclamation No. 513/2007 states (Article 5.1) that Urban Administrations shall ensure the participation of the lowest administrative levels and their respective local communities in designing and implementing their respective solid waste management plans. In Article 5.1 each Region or urban administration shall set its own schedule and, based on that, prepare its solid waste management plan and report of implementation. Further information on preparation and implementation of solid waste management plans may be obtained from the Regional Environmental Protection Authorities and Federal EFCCC.

6.4 GRIEVANCE REDRESSING MECHANISM

The USNJP is a multifaceted project having multiple interventions that are mostly expected to have positive impacts in addressing urban poverty and unemployment in the target communities and the country at large. While considerable efforts have been made to include the Environmental and Social Standards in the design and implementation of the project in order to minimize and prevent potential adverse impacts, there is always a possibility that interests of some individuals, groups and institutions may still be negatively affected by the activities of the project.

Typical grievances that are anticipated from the implementation of USNJP program subprojects include claims and complaints about targeting and selection of project beneficiaries, lack of transparency on cash transfers and payments, poor service delivery including delays, unfair treatment by program staff and discrimination based on sex or other physical and health conditions. Restrictions on land use, loss of property, disruption of access paths, corrupt practices, human rights violations, child labor, and gender-based violence and sexual exploitation and abuse are among the potential grievances that may arise during the course of implementation of subprojects.

Such instances may generate complaints from individuals, groups and institutions that may be affected. Therefore, a well-defined, clear and transparent system for receiving, recording and resolving potential concerns and complaints shall be established at local, sub city and city levels. A well-organized and well-functioning grievance redressing system is an essential and necessary mechanism to provide remedies to grievances presented by project affected people early enough to avoid unnecessary project implementation delays and obstructions. The project is conducting a GBV risk assessment which identifies GBV related risks, mitigation measures and referral paths incase of grievances. Once the GBV assessment finalized, this GRM procedure will be revised to include guidance on how to address GBV related grievances.

6.4.1 Institutional Setup of the GRM for USNJP

The GRM for the USNJP provides for negotiation and agreement by consensus between the project and affected persons as the first avenue to resolve issues and grievances expressed by the affected persons. Composition of committee members shall include local Kebele administration or council member; persons represented from the subproject beneficiaries (participants), elected community elders, members of local youth and women groups, and social worker from the Labor and Social Affairs office. This venue will help to resolve issues and complaints of affected person at the earliest point to make the process faster and cost effective. If the complaint not resolved, project affected

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The Woreda/Kebele Level GRMC shall be composed of representative of the Woreda/Kebele Council, the UFSJC Focal Person, elected person from beneficiaries (subproject participants), representatives from elder groups and religious institutions, representatives from youth and women groups, and social worker from the Woreda/Kebele Labor and Social Affair office. In events where aggrieved party not satisfied by decisions made at Woreda/Kebele Grievance Redress and Management Committee (GRMC), the cases shall be referred for review and reconsideration to Grievance Redress Committees at City level.

The City Level GRMC shall be composed of representative from the City Council, officer from the UFSJC, representatives from beneficiaries, elders, traditional and religious institutions, youth and women groups and officer from the City level Labor and Social Affair office. In events where the grievance not resolved at the city level, then affected party shall be advised to take the cases to the regular court for final decision.

The GRM for the USNJP is complimentary to other existing grievance redress mechanisms within the legal and administrative structures. Such existing mechanisms include Courts, Police, Anti - Corruption Office, Human Rights Commission, and City Administration Complaint Handling Units. Project affected parties shall also be informed about the existing legal and formal mechanisms and be allowed to make use of them when and wherever they find it necessary. This would also assist in creating alternative space for project-affected parties who would otherwise not be able to voice out their concerns through the established UPSNP GRM structure for fear of reprisals despite repeated assurances of protection. Detail Grievance Operational Procedure to deal with all categories of grievances is prepared and annexed to the ESMF.

6.4.2 Grievance Redress Procedure a. Sub-project Committee Level The GRM committee at this level shall record, vet and hear cases as submitted to them by project- affected households/individuals. After recording and hearing the complaint, the committee may offer negotiation agreement as the first avenue to resolve grievances expressed by the affected party. If project affected party agreed with proposed resolution mechanism and satisfied with the resolution, the case will be closed at this level. If not, the case will be referred to the Woreda/Kebele grievance redress and management committee (WGRMC) for resolution. b. Woreda/Kebele level. The Woreda/Kebele Grievance Redress and Management Committee (WGRMC) shall hear, record, and investigate complaint cases as submitted by project affected person as well as referrals from the subproject implementation committees. If project affected person is satisfied with the resolution, the case will be closed. If not, the case shall be referred to the City level grievance redress and management committee (CGRMC).The Woreda/Kebele Committee will be appraised on the resolution made by the GRMC. Membership of the WGRMC will include representatives of women, youth groups, elected PAPs, Community Based Organization /Faith Based Organization representative, Representative of the community social support committee, and Member of the area land management committee. c. City Level. In the event that the case is not closed at WGRMC, the case will be referred to the City Grievance Redress and Management Committee. The CGRMC shall invite the affected households/person to hear the case and review the decisions made earlier by the two lower committees. If the project- affected households/person accept the resolution made, the case shall therefore be closed at this level. The committee will be appraised on the outcome of the hearing by GRMC. Membership of the

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CGRMC will include the City Food Security and Job Creation Office, Officers of the City Women, Children and Youth, Labor and Social Affairs d. Court Option. Where the case not closed at city level, the project affected households/persons shall be advised to take the case to court system and the decision made by the Court of Law shall be final Additionally, all reported cases that are found to be criminal in nature, such as physical abuse, GBV, sexual exploitation, child labor, theft and corruption, are substantively different from other project related complaints that will be typically handled through the grievance redress mechanisms. Information and cases of such nature shall be handled in a special way within the GRM to ensure that the information is treated as confidential and shall be immediately reported to the police for further actions. Communities shall also be sensitized to report criminal cases directly to the police.

Figure 5: Schematic Diagram for Grievance Redress Mechanism Arrangement

Regular /Legal Court - Step 5

Take case Notification to court Not satisfied with decision of decision further City Level Grievance Appeal Committee – Satisfied No Step 4 Further Action Not satisfied with decision Take case Notification to level of decision four Action No CGRC- Step 3 Satisfied Further Action Take Not satisfied with decision Notification case to of decision level further three Kebele /Local GRC – Step 2 No Satisfied Further Not satisfied with decision Action Take Notification case to of decision level two No Required Affected Party Present Complaints to Satisfied Subproject GRC – Step 1 Further Action

6.5 KEY ACTIVITIES IN THE GRIEVANCE REDRESS PROCESS The GRM process of USNJP will consist of five key activities, which will be performed in managing the grievances for the project. These key activities include: 1) Complaint uptake 2) Complaint assessment and analysis 3) Resolution and closure 4) Grievance Registry 5) GRM Monitoring and Evaluation.

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6.5.1 Complaints Uptake The USNJP GRM has provided multiple options for submission of grievances by project-affected persons in order to minimize barriers that may prevent others from forwarding their issues. These channels include the following: (a) Face to face: This may be verbal or written submissions done at any time through face to face interactions with members of committees, program officials, local administration structures. (b) Grievance box: Grievance boxes placed in strategic places of project implementation sites or communities where project affected parties would drop in their grievances at any time. These will also be made available at pay-points when payments being delivered. (c) Phone Call or SMS: This will be at project affected party’s own discretion and capability. Where possible, details of relevant immediate contact persons in the project area shall be made available.

6.5.2 Case Assessment and Analysis

When a complaint is received, a maximum of fifteen Days (15) days will be provided for the GRMC to access, analyze and respond to the affected person. This is so to make sure that grievances/complaints are resolved as early as possible.

Once complaints received, the GRM committees shall assess the issues by looking at, among other factors, the following: - Whether the complaint or grievance is related to the project or not, - Whether the case can be ably handled at their level or another, - Whether the case can effectively be handled through the project GRM or alternative mechanisms, Where possible, provision of instant feedback will be made depending on the nature of the cases. If for whatever reason the committee determines that it cannot ably handle the complaint, PAPs shall be advised to channel their complaints to the right alternative grievance redress levels or institutions. Otherwise, it will proceed to hear the cases and make necessary investigations to establish the truth of the matter.

6.5.3 Case Resolution and Closure Where a resolution has been arrived at and the affected party accepts the resolution, the affected party along with two members of the GRMC members (preferably Chairperson and Secretary) shall be required to sign the resolution and closure section in the Grievance Log and Resolution Form as attached in Annex. This shall signify that the complaint or grievance that has been presented has been fully discussed and closed.

6.5.4 GRM Registry and Reporting All grievances received will be publicly entered into an accessible recording system known as the GRM registry that shall be maintained at all the GRM committee levels. The log and resolution form shall be in triplicate. For any case heard, closed or referred, a copy of the case shall be sent to the upper and lower levels for records. For example, if the case is handled and resolved at Sub city /Woreda level, one copy of the resolution record shall be sent to the city and another copy shall be sent to the Kebele/ketena GRMC for official records.

Similarly, if a case is handled and resolved at City level, a copy of the resolution shall be sent to the Woreda and another copy shall be sent to subproject level Grievance Redress Committee to notify them how the referred case is handled and resolved. This shall enable the City, Woreda/Kebele and subproject level committees to keep a registry of all cases recorded and handled by any GRM committee in their area. Using this information, the GRM monitoring officer will be able to generate a matrix of cases and agreed resolutions to make available for follow-ups and monitoring if the resolutions being implemented.

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CHAPTER SEVEN: TRAINING AND CAPACITY BUILDING

7.1 INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY ASSESSMENT

7.1.1 Issues related to capacities and practical experiences of Regional and City level USNJP Implementing Agencies on Environmental and social management.

In Addis Ababa and Jigjiga (Somali Region) City Administration the implementing agency follows the same organizational structure as the Federal Urban Job Creation and Food Security Agency for Component 1 & 2 of the UPSNJ. In the other regions and cities, the potential implementing agencies vary in name and structure. Table 11 below summarizes the organizational standing of the implementing agencies for component 1 & 2.

Table 11: Implementing Agencies for component 1 and 2

Region Name of the Regional City/town level Presence of Implementing Agency implementing agency Env. & Social Focal person

1. Addis Ababa City Addis Ababa Job Creation Addis Ababa Job Creation E&S focal person Administration and Food Security and Food Security Agency at city and sub city Agency levels present

2. Somali Somali Region Food Jigjiga Food Security and No focal Person for Security and Job Creation Job Creation Office E&S at region and Agency city level.

3. Amhara Technical, Vocational and Technical, Vocational and -No focal Person Enterprise Development Enterprise Development for E&S at region Bureau Office. and city level. - Dessie city depends on volunteering UIIDP Environment focal person 4 Oromia Urban Development Sanitation and No focal Person for and Housing Bureau. Beautification Office, E&S at region Food Security officers. level.

5 SNNPR Enterprise and Industry Enterprise Development No focal Person for Development Agency Office E&S at region level.

The current practices and experiences of the potential USNJP implementing agencies at regional and city level are generally weak. In other words, environmental and social safeguard implementation capacity in the Regional head offices and city level Job creation and food safety offices (or its parallel offices with different names in the regions) needs considerable improvement. Some of the implementing agencies such as the regional Job Creation and Food Safety bureaus, Technical, Vocational and Enterprise Development of Amhara Region, Enterprise and Industry Development in SNNPR, Housing and Urban Development Bureau of Oromia have limited experience in environmental and social management. Some of the bureaus/Agencies at regional level UFSJCA -MUDHCo Page 96

ESMF of Urban Safety Net and Jobs Project do not have focal persons for overseeing environmental safeguards issues. Since the number of the likely beneficiary cities is expected to increase under this project, the regional implementing agencies should provide appropriate attention to environmental and social safeguards and provide support in environmental and social risk management. This could happen only if a dependable environmental and social risk management capacity is developed in the regional PCU. For this reason, the client shall deploy qualified environmental and social safeguards specialists who will oversee the environmental and social risk management issues at regional level.

At city level, the environmental management practices of the LIPWs implementing offices vary from one to the other. Whereas some cities such as Addis Ababa have dedicated focal persons for environment safeguards, others do not have such focal persons responsible for safeguards implementation. Cities such as Dessie undertake subproject screening depending on the support of a volunteering UIIDP environment focal person of the city, others like Jigjiga neither have their own environment focal person nor get a support from UIIDP environment and social safeguard focal person. This in turn appears to have resulted in variation on the level of implementation of the safeguard procedure on USNP LIPW subprojects.

The UIIDP Coordination offices and environment focal persons in the newly joining cities were consulted to assess their workload and readiness to shoulder the safeguards compliance of USNJP subprojects. Most of the environmental and social safeguard focal persons in the UIIDP are already heavily loaded with screening and monitoring of more than 40 UIIDP subprojects annually The cities should not, therefore rely on the UIIDP E& S specialists for management of the risks associated with USNJP subproject It is recommended that each USNJP beneficiary city should assign E&S focal persons who are responsible for handling the safeguards management. The environmental and social focal persons to be assigned should have relevant qualifications (such as BSC in environmental studies, natural resource studies, biology or other relevant fields for environmental specialist position for social position the focal persons need to have BA in sociology, anthropology, social studies, and other relevant trainings), and for Gender/GBV position the focal persons need to have a BA degree in Gender, Sociology, Development Studies, and other relevant trainings) See annex L for the terms of reference for this position.

The PFU environment and social specialist and the focal persons to be deployed by each beneficiary town will be responsible for the implementation of the project in compliance with the requirements of the ESMF. The environment and social experts will be supported by other members of the PFU, members of the technical committees, and the environment and social safeguard specialists of the Regional and Federal PCU as necessary in conducting the screening. The Federal and Regional Project Coordination Unit will provide the necessary technical and managerial support to the city level Project Focal Unit. The proposed implementation arrangement of environmental and social risks is summarized in the Figure below.

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Proposed Institutional Arrangement for environmental and social risk management

Federal Project Management and Coordination Committee (FPMCC) Chair: UFSJCA Co-Chair: SWDD of MoLSA & JCC Secretary: PCU Federal Project Coordination Unit (FPCU) (Environmental and social Safeguard specialist)

Regional Project Management and Coordination Committee (RPMCC). Chair: UFSJCA or its parallel Bureau Co-Chair: BoLSA Secretary: PCU

Regional Project Coordination Unit (RPCU) (Environmental and social Safeguard specialist)

Zonal Environment, Forest and Climate Change Office or its Parallel

Urban Safety Net Coordination Committee (USNCC) Chair: City Mayor Co-Chair: LSA Office Secretary: PFU

Project Focal Unit (PFU) under the beneficiary city. (Environmental and social Safeguard specialist)

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7.1.2 Issues related to capacities and practical experiences of Regional, Zonal and City level EPAs Many Cities and towns, including those newly joining and participating in the USNP, have woreda or zonal level environment protection offices. However, most of the city level environment protection offices are directly accountable to the Mayor of the city, the Zone level EPAs are vertically accountable to the regional EPAs. The woreda EPA offices are usually accountable to the Zone EPA offices. Some large cities in Amhara and Oromia regions such as Dessie, Gondar, Jimma, Adama etc have city EPA offices with a status of Zone level. Such City EPA offices are reported to be vertically accountable to their regional EPA offices and horizontally to the City Administrations.

If the E&S screening reports will be reviewed and approved by the city EPAs directly accountable to the Mayor, this could have conflict of interest in the process. To avoid the occurrence of any potential conflict of interest in the review and approval process of E&S screening reports, it is advisable that E&S reports will be reviewed and approved by zonal EPAs. The implementation the requirements of the USNJP ESMF will depend on the relevant sector offices at various levels (Federal, Regional and City levels. Mayor office, PFU, technical committees steering committee, Joint Project Coordination and management committee, PCU, safeguards specialists/focal persons). Environmental regulatory agencies also play important roles in implementing the USNJP ESMF and RPF.Due attention should be given to capacity building activities so that there will be dependable capacity these institutions for successful implementation of the ESMF and RPF.

In the Regional States where World Bank funded projects such as UIIDP and DRDIP and others have been implemented, there has been a certain level of experiences in reviewing the required environmental and social management reports such as screening, ESIA, RAP etc. However, these capacities need to be further strengthened in order to fill the gaps in the area of conducting rigorous reviews of the E&S screening and ESMP reports, gaps in conducting environmental monitoring and inspection on subproject ESMP implementations, and gaps in the availability of transport and related logistical resources to discharge their regulatory responsibilities in full in most of the REPAs.

In the city level USNJP implementing offices (new and existing) and the regulatory environment protection offices there have shortages in providing office furniture, stationeries, and IT facilities such as computers and laptops, MIS (Information management systems). The existing capacity and staffing at woreda environment office level is very limited and requires further support for capacity development. For example, as per their organizational structure, the woreda environment offices in Oromia region are supposed to be staffed with more than 20 experts representing the highest staffed woreda level environment offices in the Country. But in practice, the Woreda environment offices across the other regions are largely found to be staffed with 2 to 5 employees including in the Oromia region. Therefore, there is a need to fill in the capacity gaps identified in the institution involved in the USNJP ESMF and RPF implementation.

7.2 TRAINING REQUIREMENTS

One of the capacity building areas sought for by the Cities/towns and different stakeholders involved in the implementation of the USNJP subprojects is the provision of training. The training to be offered will address different target groups which will have a role in implementing the ESMF and RPF at various levels. These include the high level project coordination and management groups, (such as members of steering committees, SNCC, Mayors and other decision makers), sector offices and the technical committees for each sub component (e.g. BoLSA, Beautification and Sanitation offices, Urban Agriculture offices, Health and Education offices, Urban Infrastructure offices, Urban food Security and Job Creation offices, Private Sector Associations such as Chamber of Commerce, BWYC, regional and city level PCU/PFU members), the beneficiary community, and the REPAs. The training is necessary for both the newly joining cities and previous USNP cities as well as to the

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ESMF of Urban Safety Net and Jobs Project lead implementing agency at regional level i.e. Urban Food Security and Job Creation or its parallel. As a result, the type of trainings necessary to these various target groups will vary and is briefly outlined as the followings:

a. Sensitization The beneficiary communities at the grass root level will need to be sensitized about the overall objectives of the USNJP project including the LIPWs subcomponents, environmental sustainability and the need to consider environmental concerns in sub-project selection and prioritization, as well as the role of public participation in the implementation of the USNJP program. b. Awareness raising Integrating environmental and social considerations into development planning will encompass defining processes, procedures and responsibilities for environment related activities and actions into the preparation of the USNJP cities/towns annual development plans and budgets. Thus, there will be a need to carry out environmental awareness and outreach programs for officials of project implementing and stakeholder institutions on sustainable development and environmental management principles and ESMF procedures. Therefore, offering general awareness raising training for relevant directorates of Federal lead institutions such as UFSJC Agency. the Jobs Creation Commission and MoLSA, members of relevant directorates of Regional UFSJC or its parallel, BoLSA, REPA and City/town executives (i.e. Mayor, General Manager, technical departments, etc.) and staff will be necessary.

Awareness raising workshops are necessary to conduct immediately after launching the USNJP due to the reason that more cities/towns are joining the project and hence the project implementing agencies and stakeholders would need to have good understanding of the project. As the program components are also expanding from UPSNP to USNJP, officials from the Federal and previously participating cities would also need to participate in these workshops. These awareness raising workshops could also be offered repeatedly specially to involve the city level stakeholders and as the need arise at later stages. The awareness raising workshops and trainings should target the higher officials, USNJP program management and coordination organs including the technical committees to be established from Federal to Region and City levels. Members of the SNCC, PFU, technical committees and REPAs will have to complete awareness training requirements for implementation of USNJP ESMF and RPF. This will help to ensure that there is good knowledge of USNJP ESMF and RPF requirements at different levels in the City Council, Mayor, SNCC, PCU and other professional and technical staffs.

The awareness raising should focus on clarifying USNJP program objectives and components, its institutional arrangements for implementation and coordination, and need to be guided by the stakeholder engagement plan (SEP) prepared for the project. The SEP provides detail information on the overall consultation and participation process. It identifies the needs, roles and responsibilities of each stakeholders and provides clear participation mechanism including timeline. One of the identified strategies is organizing awareness creation workshops on ESF instruments and overall environment and social risk management. The awareness raising workshop will serve as an important venue to introduce the contents of the new ESF and its Environmental and Social Standards (ESSs), ESMF, Social Assessment, GBV and RPF procedures and associated implementation requirements of the World Bank and the GoE.

During the early stages of USNJP annual plan preparation process including during subproject selection and prioritization phases, the SNCC, PCU and technical committee will have to prepare and familiarize themselves with the fundamentals of the ESMF process. Both the new and previous project USNJP beneficiary Cities/towns and relevant REPAs in the regions, zones and woredas will have to obtain copies of the ESMF, RPF as well as all relevant Federal and regional laws, guidelines and procedures relating to environmental protection, cultural heritage and resettlement issues.

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This detailed training will mainly focus on the technical staffs that will be involved in directly applying the ESMF and RPF procedures. It includes the experts in PCU at regional and city levels, member of technical committees, professionals from sectoral stakeholder offices involved (BoLSA, Urban Agri, Urban Greenery, Sanitation and Beautification, the Regional, Zonal and Woreda level REPAs) and etc.. The training will focus in explaining the details of the national and World Bank environmental requirements and the procedures that need to be fulfilled to comply with it. Implementation of the ESMF and RPF including all aspects of the World Bank ESSs, environmental management, EIA, public consultation, and integration of environmental management into development planning will be the center topics for the training. The training would also cover skills upgrading refreshment topics such as, environmental and social screening and categorization processes, EIA review and quality assurance, environmental audits, environmental guidelines, targeting of urban poor and others as necessary. The training can be offered to the target groups at regional, city, zonal or woreda level as it applies with the expansion of the USNJP project coverage areas.

Table 12: Training Requirements for Various Groups of

Participants

t and t

High LevelProject Managemen coordination Regional Environment Authorities CPU, Technical Team Members Community Leaders/ beneficiaries Linkages between environmental, social and natural A T T S resource management and sustainable rural livelihoods

National/Regional EIA legislation and relevant World Bank A T T S Safeguard environmental policies and ESSs

Potential localized impacts of subprojects and suitable A T T S mitigation measures

Addressing land acquisition and access to resources A T T S through resettlement planning and compensation

Use of the ESMF and RPF its procedures, resources and A T T A forms

Methods of community involvement A T T A

Cumulative impacts assessment A T T A

Potential environmental and social subprojects A S T A

Legend: T = Detailed training, S = Sensitization to the issues, A = Awareness-raising

7.2.1 Proposed Environmental Management Topics

The ESMF, RPF and Operational manuals of the USNJP are important tools that provide guidance on how to incorporate mitigation measures and to minimize adverse effects of sub-projects. The capacity building efforts for the City/town PCU and technical committees to be involved in undertaking in-house reviewing of Partial EIA/ESMP of USNJP subprojects should take place in conjunction with dissemination of these materials. These documents will serve to guide the selection of sub-projects and will be essential in managing potential environmental and social effects at early

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ESMF of Urban Safety Net and Jobs Project stages of the project lifecycle. The USNJP City staff involved and the regional monitoring and evaluation coordinators will receive training based on these materials.

Training materials will be kept under constant review and revision by the Federal UFSJCA PCU, including enhancing of the communication aspects. The training includes:

• Introduction to Environmental and Social Management Framework. This section will introduce participants to the theory and application of ESMF as a decision-making tool. It will outline the principles of ESMF and provide clear definitions of terminologies applied on environmental management systems practice (e.g. screening and scoping, impacts [negative, positive, cumulative] natural resource base (water, soil, land, biodiversity, air, etc.), social baseline (employment, social, health, literacy etc.) and mitigation and monitoring. It will also provide guidance on the criteria required for the development of an effective ESMP in practice. • Ethiopian Environmental Legislation. This section will discuss the application of Ethiopian legislation in terms of the relevant environmental and social laws and policies which apply to activities under the USNJP. • Screening of USNJP subprojects. A list of potential activities to be financed under the projects will be discussed. Application of the screening checklist will be explained using case studies. • Impact Identification. Potential impacts related to various types of activities will be discussed, in terms of their significance (adverse or minimal, positive or negative), magnitude (long term versus short term), and impact category (localized or cumulative). • Mitigation measures and Implementation Monitoring as they apply to various types of LIPWs activities will be discussed, in terms of their application, cost and feasibility. The importance of Monitoring measures will also be discussed to measure the effectiveness of mitigation plans and to monitor performance. • Responsibilities for Planning and Reporting For each target audience, responsibilities for environmental and social management will be discussed as they relate to USNJP subproject implementation. This will include responsibilities for planning, management of impacts and mitigation measures, monitoring, partnerships with NGOs and technical service providers, and the reporting of outcomes achieved in implementing the mitigations as well as monitoring plans. • World Bank Environmental and Social Standards. Detailed application of the Environmental and Social standards relevant to the USNJP, i.e. - ESS1: Assessment and Management of Environmental and Social Risks and Impacts - ESS2: Labor and Working Conditions - ESS3: Resource Efficiency and Pollution Prevention and Management - ESS4: Community Health and Safety - ESS 5: Land Acquisition, Restrictions on Land Use and Involuntary Resettlement - ESS 8: Cultural Heritage - ESS10: Stakeholder Engagement and Information Disclosure

7.3 TECHNICAL AND FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE

Owing to the expressed shortages to staff environmental and social safeguard focal persons in the USNJP project implementation organs such as the PCU at regional and city levels, devising a financial mechanism to incentivize appropriate environmental and social safeguard focal persons to work on fulltime basis on the UPSNJ project will be necessary. Moreover, the provision of the following assistance will be important for the USNJP cities/towns:

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a) Technical and financial assistance to each participating city/town to secure local consultancy services to carry out, where the city does not have internal capacity or this cannot be provided by the Regional UFSJC Agency or its parallel, to: • An ESIA TOR, a Partial Environmental and Social Impact Assessment, Environmental and Social Management Plan, Cultural Heritage Management Plan or full/abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan; and • Establish and support operation of systems for monitoring and reporting on partial ESIA, ESMP, CHMP and RAP implementation. b) Appointment of USNJP Environmental and Social Specialists in regional UFSJC Agency or its parallel responsible for overall ESMF & RPF implementation at Regional level and an environmental and social focal person in the PCU at City/town level.

7.4 APPOINTING ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SPECIALIST TO UFSJCA

It is important to maintain the Environmental and Social Specialists as part of the Federal UFSJCA PCU to provide overall support to the Regions and Cities in supervising the implementation of the ESMF and RPF guidelines and coordinating with the relevant stakeholders involved in the Project.

The Specialists will contribute to the objectives of the Project which include:

• The preparation, together with the implementing entities, of annual work programs and budgets to fulfill ESMF requirements of subprojects; • Monitoring project progress as it relates to compliance with the ESMF guidelines, resolving implementation bottlenecks, and ensuring overall that project implementation proceeds smoothly; • Collecting and managing information relevant to the subproject environmental management works (i.e. environmental monitoring and audit reports of ESMPs, CHMPs, and ARAPs); and • Ensuring that the implementing bodies are supported adequately and that they adhere to the principles of the project, specific to compliance with ESMF guidelines.

The Specialists should be hired on a fulltime basis and will be member of the PCU that report to the UFSJCA which is responsible for execution of the Project on a daily basis (the terms of reference for the environmental and social specialists has been annexed to the ESMF (Annex-L)).

Moreover, as the regions are establishing independent Regional Hubs to coordinate and manage activities in their respective regional states that needs the availability of safeguard focal persons, related costs will be mandatory. Accordingly, monthly salary and monitoring costs are also included in the overall ESMF proposed budget.

CHAPTER EIGHT: MONITORING OF ESMF IMPLEMENTATION

Quarterly, Biannual and Annual Internal performance audit report on ESMF ,SEP,GBV action plan, Grievance redress mechanism and RPF implementation will be prepared by all implementing agencies and consolidated by the Federal UFSJCA PCU Environmental and Social and Gender Specialists and delivered to Federal EFCCC and the World Bank. In addition, any “Substantial or Higher Risk” subproject financed by USNJP that has been subject to an ESIA study (or RAP etc) will also be required to produce an annual performance audit report, for delivery to REPA and the World Bank.

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An external independently commissioned annual environmental and social safeguards performance audit will be carried out in all USNJP beneficiary cities/towns. This will be conducted as part of the Federal UFSJCA annual performance audit of the USNJ project. The external independent safeguards performance audit team will report to the UFSJCA and the World Bank. An audit is necessary to indicate:

a) To what extent environmental and social considerations are being incorporated into the local government planning process; b) That mitigation measures are being identified and implemented by beneficiary cities, and c) To check that USNJP subprojects are being correctly screened. The audit will be able to identify any amendments in the ESMF and RPF approach that are required to improve its effectiveness. The annual audit also provides a strong incentive for the Federal UFSJCA to ensure that the ESMF and RPF will be implemented, and individual ESMPs, CHMPs and RAPs/ARAPs are developed and implemented for Schedule 2 subprojects. The Report will include:

• A summary of the environmental and social performance of the USNJP cities, based on a sample of LIPW subprojects; • A presentation of compliance and progress in the implementation of the project ESMPs, CHMPs and RAPs; • A synopsis of the environmental and social performance audit results from individual project monitoring measures (as set out in the project ESMPs, CHMPs and RAP/ARAPs). The main tasks of the environmental and social performance audit study will be:

• Consideration of the description of the project; • Indicate the objective, scope and criteria of the audit; • Study all relevant environmental and social laws and regulatory frameworks on health and safety, sustainable use of natural resources and on acceptable national and international standards; • Verify the level of compliance by the proponent with the conditions of the environmental management plan; • Review and document the consultation process being followed and evaluate its effectiveness • Review and document the grievance mechanism and evaluate its functionality and effectiveness • Review and document the support provided for vulnerable groups including women • Evaluate the implementing agencies’ knowledge and awareness of and responsibility for the application of relevant legislation; • Review existing project documentation related to LIPWs subproject facilities, designs, and infrastructures; • Examine monitoring programs, parameters and procedures in place for control and corrective actions in case of emergencies; • Examine records of incidents and accidents and the likelihood of future occurrence of the incidents and accidents; • Inspect all buildings, premises and yards in which manufacturing, testing and transportation takes place within and without the project area, as well as areas where goods are stored and disposed of and give a record of all significant environmental risks associated with such activities; • Examine and seek views on health and safety issues from the project employees, the local and other potentially affected communities; and UFSJCA -MUDHCo Page 104

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• Prepare a list of health and environmental concerns of past and ongoing activities. PROPOSED IMPLEMENTATION BUDGET

The breakdown of estimated costs for putting the ESMF into operation is provided in Table 10. This includes the costs of providing the capacity building and training set out in Chapter 7. The total estimated costs for mainstreaming environment into the UPSNP LIPW component is USD 6,561,000, consisting of:

a) USD 3,495,000 which will be included in the consultants procured to provide partial ESIA/ESMP and RAP/ARAP for USNJP public work sub projects. These consultants will be responsible for the work on preparation and implementation of ESIA, ESMP, CHMP, RAP and ARAP documents. b) USD 15,000 for the preparation of ESMF and RPF training materials; c) USD 422,000 for delivery of ESMF and RPF training as described in Section 7.2 d) USD 270,000 for provision of an Environmental and Social expert in Federal UFSJCA PCU for the five years duration of the USNJP project; e) USD 275,000 incentives for REPA of the nine regions plus Addis Ababa and Diredawa City Administrations to provide technical support and enhance its capacity for reviewing environmental screening, ESIA, RAP, ARAP report and other similar activities. f) USD 750,000 Federal UFSJCA to undertake Environmental and Social Performance Audit g) USD 693,00 Regional Hubs Safeguard Focal Persons costs for the five years project duration h) USD 641,000 for federal and regional ESMF and RPF performance monitoring and follow up activities The above costs will be funded from USNJ project. The USNJP Environmental and Social Specialist will report on USNJP ESMF expenditure. This will provide for another way of monitoring on the extent that environmental and social issues are being addressed by the ULGs.

Costs related to the required mitigation measures for USNJP subprojects are not set out in the budgets presented here. These will be assessed and internalized by beneficiary cities as part of the overall USNJP subproject cost. It is extremely difficult to estimate the proportion of project costs that can be expected to be devoted to mitigation measures. However, a rough rule of thumb is that they should be expected to cost between 2% and 5% of the total project cost. Compensation and resettlement costs will be borne by beneficiary cities and Regions. .

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Table 13: Proposed Budget for Implementation of the USNP ESMF and RPF

Activity YR1 YR2 YR3 YR4 YR5 TOTAL Notes Assume lump sum USD 450,000 for Technical Assistance support for preparation of 30 EIA, 30 RAP per year ( preparation of ESMF & RPF Screening assuming that one document prepared by 699,000 699,000 699,000 699,000 699,000 3,495,000 Reports, EIAs, EMPs, CRMPs, RAPs, 7,500USD) and for screening purpose ARAPs stationary & travel cost USD 3000 for cities per year ) Training supplier develops ESMF & Assume lump sum USD 10,000 for 15,000 15,000 RPF training modules development of training modules Assume 300 participants x USD 30 pd x 2 Training supplier delivers USNJP days awareness raising workshop + 400 110,000 78,000 78,000 78,000 78,000 422,000 ESMF & RPF training participants x USD 35 pd in depth courses x 5days + stationary+ trainers cost Assume USD 2250 (Birr 45,000 per month Federal UFSJCA Envi & Social 54,000 54,000 54,000 54,000 54,000 270,000 total including monthly wage, travel, DSA, Management Specialists computer, etc.) Assume USD 1050(Birr 31500 per month Regional Hubs Safeguard Focal 138,600 138,600 138,600 138,600 138,600 693,000 including monthly wage, travel, DSA, Persons Computer etc.. for each 11 Hubs) Assume quarterly monitoring of 6 cities at Federal and Regional ESMF and RPF federal level and the rest of all cities in each 128,200 128,200 128,200 128,200 128,200 641,000 performance monitoring and follow up region to be monitored by the hub focal persons. Incentives for REPA to approve environmental screening, EIA, RAP, Assume lump sum USD 5,000 allocate for 55,000 55,000 55,000 55,000 55,000 275,000 ARAP report and other similar one national regional state of EPA activities.

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ANNEX A: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SCOPING/SCREENING FORM

USNJP subproject name:

Location (include map/sketch): (e.g. region, district, etc)

Type of activity: (e.g. new construction, rehabilitation, periodic maintenance)

Estimated Cost: (Birr)

Proposed Date of Works Commencement

Technical Drawing and Specifications (circle Yes No Reviewed: answer):

This report is to be kept short and concise.

1. Site Selection:

Yes/No answers and bullet lists preferred except Physical data: where descriptive detail is essential. Site area in ha

Extension of or changes to existing alignment

Any existing property to transfer to subproject

Any plans for new construction Refer to project application for this information.

2. Impact identification and classification: 2.1 Site selection

When considering the location of a USNJP subproject, rate the sensitivity of the proposed site in the following table according to the given criteria. Higher ratings do not necessarily mean that a site is unsuitable. They do indicate a real risk of causing undesirable adverse environmental and social effects, and that more substantial environmental and/or social planning may be required to adequately avoid, mitigate or manage potential effects. The following table should be used as a reference.

Site Sensitivity Issues Low Medium High Rating

Natural habitats No natural habitats present No critical natural habitats; Critical natural habitats of any kind other natural habitats occur present Water quality Water flows exceed any Medium intensity of water Intensive water use; multiple and water existing demand; low intensity use; multiple water users; water users; potential for resource of water use; potential water water quality issues are conflicts is high; water availability and use conflicts expected to be important quality issues are important use low; no potential water quality issues Natural hazards Flat terrain; no potential Medium slopes; some Mountainous terrain; steep vulnerability, stability/erosion problems; no erosion potential; medium slopes; unstable soils; high UFSJCA -MUDHCo Page 107

Draft ESMF of Urban Safety Net and Jobs Project floods, soil known volcanic/seismic/ flood risks from volcanic/ erosion potential; volcanic, stability/ erosion risks seismic/ flood/ hurricanes seismic or flood risks Cultural No known or suspected Suspected cultural heritage Known heritage sites in property cultural heritage sites sites; known heritage sites project area in broader area of influence Involuntary Low population density; Medium population High population density; resettlement dispersed population; legal density; mixed ownership major towns and villages; tenure is well-defined; well- and land tenure; well- low-income families and/or defined water rights defined water rights. illegal ownership of land; communal properties; unclear water rights. Indigenous No indigenous population Dispersed and mixed Indigenous territories, peoples indigenous populations; reserves and/or lands; highly acculturated vulnerable indigenous indigenous populations populations

3. Checklist of impacts identification and classification

Risk rating

Potential Impacts

None Low Moderate Substantial High Unknown

Soil erosion or flooding concerns (e.g., due to highly erodible soils or steep gradients) Significant vegetation removal? Be located within or nearby environmentally sensitive areas (e.g. intact natural forests, wetlands, e.t.c)? Require that land (public or private) be acquired (temporarily or permanently) for its development? Use land that is currently occupied or regularly used for productive purposes (e.g. gardening, farming, pasture, fishing locations, forest)? Displace individuals, families or businesses? Cultural or religious sites disturbed? Cause poor water drainage and increase the risk of water-related diseases such as malaria or bilharzias? Cause air pollution? (Dust, Odour e.t.c )

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Risk of causing the contamination of drinking water? Risk of exposing the workers to extremely hazardous working conditions including concerns of structural safety. Risk of workers to exposure for GBV Risk of encouraging child labor Can it lead to unsustainable use of resources such as energy and water (lacks resource efficiency) Produce, or increase the production of wastes (e.g. sewage wastewater, and domestic or construction wastes)? Increased social tension/conflict over toilet allocation

4. Detailed questions:

i. Preliminary Environmental Information: Yes/No answers and bullet lists preferred except where descriptive detail is essential State the source of information available at this stage (ULG report, EIA or other environmental study). Refer to application and/or relevant environmental authority for this information. ii. Identify type of activities and likely environmental impacts: Yes/No answers and bullet lists preferred except where descriptive detail is essential What are the likely environmental impacts, opportunities, risks and liabilities associated with the project

Refer to ESMF– Impact, Mitigation and Monitoring Guidelines

iii. Mitigation of Potential Pollution: Yes/No answers and bullet lists preferred except where descriptive detail is essential Does the City/town investment project have the potential to pollute the environment, or contravene any environmental laws and regulations? Will the ULG LIPW project require pesticide use? If so, then the proposal must detail the methodology and equipment incorporated in the design to constrain pollution within the laws and regulations and to address pesticide use, storage and handling. Does the design adequately detail mitigating measures? Refer to ESMF– Impact, Mitigation and Monitoring Guidelines

iii. Determine environmental screening category: Yes/No answers and bullet lists preferred except where descriptive detail is essential. After compiling the above, determine which risk category the City subproject falls under based on the environmental categories High, Substantial, Moderate and Low risk. If the subproject falls under “Substantial, Moderate or low” risk categories, proceed to identify the category of the subproject

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(i.e. Schedule I,II or III) based on the National EIA procedural guideline issued by the Federal Environment, Forest and Climate Change Commission.

Refer to ESMF – Screening and Review Process

Categorization & Recommendations*

a. World Bank ESF Categorization

USNJP Subproject highly unlikely to fall under “High Risk” rating. In the unlikely event that subproject falls under “High Risk” the High Risk Environmental and social Assessment should be conducted in accordance with the World Bank Environmental and Social Standards (ESSs). Environmental and social Assessment of the subproject should be Substantial conducted in accordance with National law and any requirements of the Risk ESSs that the Bank deems relevant to such subprojects Environmental and social Assessment of the subproject should be Moderate conducted in accordance with National law and any requirements of the Risk ESSs that the Bank deems relevant to such subprojects Environmental and social Assessment of the subproject should be conducted in accordance with National law and any requirements of the Low Risk ESSs that the Bank deems relevant to such subprojects. Sub project is not subject to environmental assessment as no potential impacts are anticipated. *Place tick in applicable box

b. National EIA Procedural Guideline (2003) Categorization

Subproject to be fed into the standard ESIA process determined by the Schedule 1 Federal or Regional EPAs Subproject will require a partial/preliminary ESIA, and will necessitate Schedule 2 the preparation of environmental and social management plan (ESMP). Schedule Subproject is not subject to environmental assessment as no potential

III impacts are anticipated. *Place tick in applicable box

Note: The Federal EIA Procedural Guideline (2003) is widely applied in many regions as it is. However, Regional EPAs such as Amhara EFWPPDA has issued ESIA guideline Directive 01/2010 that outline the list of projects to be reviewed and approved at different levels of its Zonal and Woreda offices. Thus, it is advisable to consult such regional guidelines while determining the screening Category in addition to the Federal EIA procedural guideline.

Reviewer:

Name:

Signature:

Date:

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Approved by:

Name:

Signature:

Date:

ANNEX B: TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR EIA

An environmental and social impact assessment (ESIA) report for an infrastructure project should focus on the significant environmental and social issues of the proposed project, whether it is/or includes new construction or rehabilitation. The report’s scope and level of detail should be commensurate with the project’s potential impacts.

The EIA report should include the following items (not necessarily in the order shown): a. Executive summary. Concisely discusses significant findings and recommended actions. b. Policy, legal, and administrative framework. Discusses the policy, legal, and administrative framework within which the ESIA is carried out. Identifies relevant international environmental agreements to which the country is a party. c. Project description. Concisely describes the proposed project and its geographic, ecological, social, and temporal context, including any offsite investments that may be required. Indicates the need for any resettlement plan. Normally includes a map showing the project site and the project’s area of influence. d. Baseline data. Assesses the dimensions of the study area and describes relevant physical, biological, and socioeconomic conditions, including any changes anticipated before the project commences. Also takes into account current and proposed development activities within the project area but not directly connected to the project. Data should be relevant to decisions about project location, design, operation, or mitigation measures. The section indicates the accuracy, reliability, and sources of the data. e. Environmental and social impacts. Predicts and assesses the project’s likely positive and negative impacts, in quantitative terms to the extent possible. Identifies mitigation measures and any residual negative impacts that cannot be mitigated. Explores opportunities for environmental enhancement. Identifies and estimates the extent and quality of available data, key data gaps, and uncertainties associated with predictions, and specifies topics that do not require further attention. f. Analysis of alternatives. Systematically compares feasible alternatives to the proposed project site, technology, design, and operation—including the “without project” situation—in terms of their potential environmental impacts; the feasibility of mitigating these impacts; their capital and recurrent costs; their suitability under local conditions; and their institutional, training, and monitoring requirements. For each of the alternatives, quantifies the environmental impacts to the extent possible, and attaches economic values where feasible. States the basis for selecting the particular project design proposed and justifies recommended emission levels and approaches to pollution prevention and abatement. g. Environmental management plan (EMP). Covers mitigation measures, monitoring, budget requirements and funding sources for implementation, as well as institutional strengthening and capacity buildings requirements.

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Draft ESMF of Urban Safety Net and Jobs Project h. Appendixes i. List of ESIA report preparers – individuals and organizations. ii. References - written materials both published and unpublished, used in study preparation. iii. Record of interagency and consultation meetings, including consultations for obtaining the informed views of the affected people and local nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). The record specifies any means other than consultations (e.g., surveys) that were used to obtain the views of affected groups and local NGOs. iv. Tables presenting the relevant data referred to or summarized in the main text. v. List of associated reports (e.g., socio-economic baseline survey, resettlement plan)

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ANNEX C: FORMAT OF AN ANNUAL AND QUARETRLY ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT

Relevant environmental authority: Reporting dates: Name of City Administration: Subprojects approved: Subproject title Activities Project phase13 Environmental. EIA / EMP Environmental Effectiveness of Issues14 Category completed? license granted? EMP (name, location, (new construction, See note below (A, B or C) or (1, Yes, No or N/A Yes, No or N/A Good, poor, or See note below title or reference) rehabilitation, 2, and 3) needs improvement maintenance) 1 2 3 etc

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ANNEX D: GUIDELINE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

When a subproject includes distinct mitigation measures (physical works or management activities), an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) needs to be included with the subproject application. An EMP usually includes the following components: • Description of adverse effects: he anticipated effects are identified and summarized. • Description of mitigation measures: Each measure is described with reference to the effect(s) it is intended to deal with. As needed, detailed plans, designs, equipment descriptions, and operating procedures are described. • Description of monitoring program: Monitoring provides information on the occurrence of environmental effects. It helps identify how well mitigation measures are working, and where better mitigation may be needed. The monitoring program should identify what information will be collected, how, where and how often. It should also indicate at what level of effect there will be a need for further mitigation. How environmental effects are monitored is discussed below. • Responsibilities: The people, groups, or organizations that will carry out the mitigation and monitoring activities are defined, as well as to whom they report and are responsible. There may be a need to train people to carry out these responsibilities, and to provide them with equipment and supplies. • Implementation schedule: The timing, frequency and duration of mitigation measures and monitoring are specified in an implementation schedule and linked to the overall subproject schedule. • Cost estimates and sources of funds: These are specified for the initial subproject investment and for the mitigation and monitoring activities as a subproject is implemented. Funds to implement the EMP may come from the subproject grant, from the community, or both. Government agencies and NGOs may be able to assist with monitoring. • Monitoring Methods: Methods for monitoring the implementation of mitigation measures or environmental effects should be as simple as possible, consistent with collecting useful information, so that community members can apply them themselves (see example below). For example, they could just be regular observations of subproject activities or sites during construction and then use. Are fences and gates being maintained and properly used around a new water point; does a stream look muddier than it should and, if so, where is the mud coming from and why; are pesticides being properly stored and used? Most observations of inappropriate behavior or adverse effects should lead to commonsense solutions. In some cases (e.g. unexplainable increases in illness or declines in fish numbers), there may be a need to require investigation by a technically qualified person.

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Table 14: ESMP preparation template form

Potential Responsible for Responsible for Time Horizon Cost Estimate environmental & implementing the monitoring the social impacts mitigation implementation measures of mitigation Proposed mitigation measures measures Mitigation Monitoring Mitigation Monitoring

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ANNEX E: OHS ACCIDENT/INCIDENT RECODING, REPORTING AND RESPONDING GUIDELINE IN UPSNP/ USNJP FINANCED PUBLIC WORKS Introduction

This guideline is intended to assist UPSNP/ USNJP Coordination Office on how to identify, record and report occupational health and safety (OHS) incidents that may arise in the course of implementation of UPSNP/ USNJP financed public works. Besides, indicative list of responses to OHS incidents and follow up requirements have been outlined in the guideline. This guideline is organized into the following sections:

• Section-I: Definition of Key Terms and Phrases • Section-II: Potential OHS accidents/incidents in UPSNP/USNJP financed public works that should be recorded and reported to the Bank • Section-III: Accident/Incident Recording, Reporting, Investigation, Response and Follow up

Section-I: Definition of Key Terms and Phrases

i. Occupational Accident: An occurrence arising out of work which results in a fatal or non- fatal injury. An indicative list of occupational accidents which may occur in UPSNP/ USNJP public works is presented under Section II. ii. Incident: any unplanned event resulting in, or having a potential for injury, ill health, damage or other loss. It is a health & safety incident which occurs in the course of the public work which could result in: work illnesses; physical injuries; minor injuries; dangerous occurrences which could have but did not injure any person; exposure to hazardous substances or circumstances; and any other incident that could put the public workers at risk. There are three levels of classification of incidents: Indicative, Serious and Severe which are described under section II. iii. Injury: any physical or mental damage to the body caused by exposure to a hazard. The hazards anticipated in UPSNP/ USNJP public works are presented in section II. iv. Critical injury: an injury that a) places life in risk; (b) produces unconsciousness;(c) results in substantial loss of blood; (d) involves the fracture of a leg or arm; (e) involves the amputation of a leg, arm, hand or foot; (f) causes the loss of sight in an eye; v. Occupational Disease: Any disease contracted primarily as a result of an exposure to risk factors arising from the public work activities in UPSNP/ USNJP. The list of diseases that may be contacted by UPSNP/ USNJP public workers are summarized in section II. vi. Near miss: an incident that could have resulted in an injury or illness to people, danger to health, and / or damage to property or the environment. vii. Reportable Accidents/Incidents: All accidents or incidents (indicative, serious and severe) that should be reported to UPSNP/ USNJP Coordinator, the task team leaders and safeguards specialists of the Bank which includes (a) all incidents (see section II for the list of potential OHS incidents in UPSNP/ USNJP public works; (b) public work related fatalities; (c) injuries; (d) dangerous occurrences/incidents/near miss; and (e) all accidents which may result in the injury for more than 48 hours or more following the accident. The safeguards specialists/focal persons who are assigned by UPSNP/ USNJP Coordination Offices to oversee safeguards issues are expected to report accidents and incidents.

Section II: Potential OHS incidents in UPSNP/ USNJP public works that should be recorded and reported to the Bank (by the UPSNP/ USNJP Coordination Office)

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i. Indicative incident: A relatively minor incident that negatively impacts a small number of people and does not result in significant or irreparable harm to people. Examples of potential Indicative Incidents that should be recoded and documented by the ES safeguards specialists/focal persons in each beneficiary town and UPSNP/ USNJP coordination offices and that should also be shared with the Bank’s task team among others include:

o Minor public work injuries o Underuse of personal protective equipment (PPE) o Poorly organized or sporadic health & safety induction and or training o Lack of Health & Safety plan and/or training for public work workers o Minor social conflict related to or affecting the project o Localized dust pollution

Indicative incidents can be investigated, evaluated, managed, and resolved by UPSNP/ USNJP national Coordination Office using existing, project-level resources and with the support of the Task Team.

ii. Serious incident: An incident that caused or may cause significant harm to public workers, communities, and may result in some level of injury. Examples of serious incidents may include injuries to workers that require off-site medical attention, exploitation or abuse of vulnerable groups, consistent lack of Occupational Health and Safety (OHS). Serious incidents require an urgent response. Examples of potential Serious Incidents that should be recoded and documented by the ES safeguards specialists /focal persons in each beneficiary city and UPSNP/ USNJP Coordination Offices and that should also be shared with the Bank’s task team among others include: o Instances of serious communicable diseases among public workers o Chronic non-use of PPE at public work site o Consistent lack of health & safety plans and training at public work site o Injury/ies requiring off-site medical attention o Cases of mistreatment of communities potentially, including vulnerable groups including incidents such as sexual harassment iii. Severe incident: Incidents that caused or may cause great harm to individuals. A severe incident is complex and expensive to remedy (if possible) and is likely irreversible. Examples of potential Severe Incidents that should be recoded and documented by the ES safeguards specialists /focal persons in each beneficiary city and UPSNP/ USNJP Coordination Offices and that should also be shared with the Bank’s task team among others include: o Any fatality o Permanent disability o Outbreak of life-threatening communicable disease o Incidents that caused or may cause great harm to workers, communities, o May result in high levels of injury o Abuses of community members including vulnerable groups by other project workers, including but not limited to GBV o Requires an urgent and immediate response

The following are the likely occupational health and injury issues that may arise due the above-listed incidents in the course of implementation of UPSNP/ USNJP financed public works:

o Snake / dog bites; o Injuries: cuts, punctures, sprains, abrasion, fractures, eye injury;

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o Back and joint injuries; o Respiratory illness from ingesting particulates and volatile organics during waste collection; o Infections from direct contact with contaminated materials o Puncture wounds leading to infections; o Health risks: respiratory diseases, diarrhea; eye trouble; headaches and nausea from anoxic conditions where disposal sites have high methane, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide concentrations o Road accidents while on public work o Occupational illnesses related to infection by bacteria, fungi, and viruses include contact skin infections, diarrhea, and skin diseases Section- III: Accident/Incident Recording, Reporting, Investigation, Response and Follow up

a. Accident/Incident Recording and Reporting Regardless of whether personnel injuries occur, all reportable incidents and dangerous occurrences must be recorded and reported to the Bank and appropriate authorities in compliance with Ethiopian regulations by UPSNP/ USNJP Coordination Offices at each beneficiary city and by the national UPSNP/ USNJP Coordination Office. Recording and reporting of accidents/incidents should be one of the responsibilities of the ES safeguards specialists/focal persons in each city. The National UPSNP/ USNJP Coordination Office should report the incidents to the Bank. The Incident Report should include, at a minimum, the following information:

o Preliminary classification of the incident o What was the incident? What happened? To what or to whom? o Where and when did the incident occur? o When and how did we find out about it? o Are the basic facts of the incident clear and uncontested, or are there conflicting versions? What are those versions? o What were the conditions or circumstances under which the incident occurred (if known at this stage? o Is the incident still ongoing or is it contained? o Is loss of life or severe harm involved? o Is the national UPSNP/ USNJP coordination office aware of the incident? What is their response to date? o What measures have been or are being implemented by UPSNP/ USNJP coordination office? Classification of the incident must be done as rapidly as possible, so that the Bank is able to respond to the incident within a reasonable timeframe. The incident should be classified within 48 hours of receipt of the information, within 24 hours will be preferable if possible. If it cannot be fully classified due to missing information, then a preliminary classification should be provided and confirmed as details become available. .

b. Investigation of incidents

The Borrower (UPSNP/ USNJP Coordination Office) is responsible for carrying out investigations of incidents. It should also promptly provide information requested by the Bank and facilitate incident site visits. The UPSNP/ USNJP Coordination Office should undertake root cause analysis (RCA) to understand and document the root cause(s) of the incident. The Borrower or UPSNP/ USNJP coordination office is MUDHCo - UFSJCA Page 118

ESMF of Urban Safety Net and Jobs Project responsible for funding the preparation of the RCA. The RCA should be completed as soon as possible, ideally within 10 days of the incident. The findings of the RCA should be used by UPSNP/ USNJP Coordination Office to develop measures to be included in a Safeguards Corrective Action Plan (SCAP). UPSNP/ USNJP coordination office should share the RCA with the Bank and provide complete information about the incident; facilitate additional site visit(s) if needed. However, RCA is not mandatory, especially in cases where information is clear and readily available, it is essential that UPSNP/ USNJP coordination office and the Bank understand the underlying cause(s) of the incident to agree on measures to prevent recurrences.

c. Response For Indicative incidents, documentation and remediation of the incident by UPSNP/ USNJP Coordination Office /the Borrower may be the only action required. For serious and severe incidents, where RCA or other investigation is conducted by UPSNP/ USNJP Coordination Office, the Bank and UPSNP/ USNJP Coordination Office on a set of measures as appropriate to address the root causes to help prevent any recurrence of the incident. The measures determined as appropriate by the Task Team should be captured in a Safeguards Corrective Action Plan (SCAP).

The SCAP specifies the actions, responsibilities, and timelines to be implemented by UPSNP/ USNJP Coordination Office. UPSNP/ USNJP Coordination Office is responsible for implementation of the SCAP. The SCAP may include, for example, UPSNP/ USNJP Coordination Office actions such as the design or upgrading and implementation of Health and Safety management systems, processes and training to support consistent safe performance, compensation for injuries or a fatality. The SCAP also may include or request Bank actions such as provision of technical assistance by the Bank, and/or loan restructuring, including additional financing. The Bank will provide guidance on the preparation of the SCAP.

Example of a Safeguards/Standards Corrective Action Plan (SCAP) given in Table below. The contents of the SCAP are driven by the findings of the Root Cause Analysis (RCA), and are specific to the type of incident, severity, and UPSNP/ USNJP Coordination Office’s capacity to implement corrective and preventative measures. The SCAP will be implemented by the UPSNP/ USNJP Coordination Office for Serious and Severe incidents, with Bank supervision and support. As a general guide, the SCAP could contain the sections set out in the table below: Table 1: SCAP Sections

No \ SCAP Sections Possible UPSNP/ USNJP Coordination Office’s Actions

1 Immediate to near Provide medical care and counseling, pay compensation term actions

2 Medium Review existing OHS monitoring and reporting tools, with a focus on term/ongoing increased monitoring of leading indicators to increase effectiveness. actions

Address staffing gaps, if any. This may include adjustments in terms of

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number, competence, onsite presence, communication and reporting so that project activities could comply with the OHS requirements

Examples of potential responses by UPSNP/ USNJP Coordination Office to worker occupational health and safety incidents of varying severity are summarized below:

Potential UPSNP/ USNJP Coordination Office actions for Severe Incidents such as fatality, permanent disability, or outbreak of life-threatening project-related communicable disease could include:

o Improvement of work processes and procedures o Addressing gaps in competence, expertise o Ensuring that Health and Safety risk assessment has been conducted and appropriate management plans are put in place, implemented and enforced

Potential UPSNP/ USNJP Coordination Office actions for Serious Incidents such as major (non-fatal) accident or near-miss may among others include: o Enforcing use of personal protective equipment o Complementing UPSNP/ USNJP Coordination Office with adequate OHS competencies and expertise o Reviewing relevant sections of health and safety risk assessment for adequacy o Implementing (revised) OHS management plan, including training o Improving use of grievance redress mechanism

Potential UPSNP/ USNJP Coordination Office actions for Indicative Incidents such as repeated failure to respond to notification to remedy safeguards issues (e.g. safety kit incomplete or not present) may include:

o Training and messaging o Remedying outstanding issues o Improving work process or procedure

d. Follow up UPSNP/ USNJP Coordination Office shall implement Safeguards Corrective Action Plan; monitor progress; report on implementation to the Bank.

Section -IV: Responsibilities of the UPSNP/ USNJP Coordination Office and the Bank

The UPSNP/ USNJP Coordination Office’s as well as the Bank’s responsibilities at different stages starting from the initial communication an OHS incident to safeguards response and follow are summarized in the Table below which is customized from the Bank’s Environment and Social Incident Response Toolkit.

Table 2: Responsibilities of the UPSNP/ USNJP Coordination Office and the Bank

Step I –Initial Communication No Action UPSNP/ USNJP Coordination Office’s Role

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1 Incident Occurs Inform Bank following the requirements of this guideline; inform appropriate authorities in compliance with local regulations; secure the safety of workers, public, and provide immediate care

Step II – Classification - Assessing the severity of the incident No Action UPSNP/ USNJP Coordination Office’s Role

2 Classify Incident Promptly provide information about the incident to the Bank as well as further details as they become available.

Step 3 – Notification – Who needs to know about the incident? No Action UPSNP/ USNJP Coordination Office’s Role

3 ES specialists notify Provide detail information to the Bank regarding the incident UPSNP/ USNJP Coordination Office about the Bank’s process for addressing the incident

Step 4 – Investigation – What happened? No Action UPSNP/ USNJP Coordination Office’s Role

5 Understand facts on the Promptly provide information requested by the Bank and facilitate ground incident site visits.

6 UPSNP/ USNJP Undertake a RCA to understand and document the root cause(s) of Coordination Office ’s the incident. The RCA should be completed as soon as possible, Root cause analysis (RCA) ideally within 10 days of the incident. The findings of the RCA should be used by the UPSNP/ USNJP Coordination Office to develop measures to be included in a Safeguards Corrective Action Plan (SCAP). Share the RCA with the Bank and provide complete information about the incident; facilitate additional site visit(s) if needed.

Step 5 - Response No Action UPSNP/ USNJP Coordination Office’s Role

7 Develop Safeguards Design the SCAP and discuss with the Bank, including actions, Corrective Action Plan responsibilities and timelines for implementation, and a UPSNP/ (SCAP) USNJP Coordination Office monitoring program

Step 6 – Follow up No Action UPSNP/ USNJP Coordination Office’s Role

8 Implement SCAP Implement SCAP; monitor progress; report on implementation to the Bank.

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ANNEX F: SUMMARIZED REPORT OF CONSULTATIONS

1. Background

As part of the process for updating the UPSNP ESMF for the upcoming project implementation, field assessment and consultation meetings were carried out between October 10, 2019 and November 7, 2019, covering three (3) of existing UPSNP participating project cities including Addis Ababa and four (4) potential new cities considered for future implementation of USNJP1. The assessment and consultation focused on capturing and documenting views, opinions and concerns of current and future USNJP project beneficiaries and identifying perceived and anticipated environmental and social risks associated with implementation of USNJP subprojects. Discussions were also conducted to identify institutional capacity gaps and other constraints to implement the procedures.

Contacted and consulted city level stakeholders include key city administration officials including Mayors, City Managers, heads of sector offices, such as Labor and Social Affair, Women, Children and Youth, Enterprise and Industry Development, Environment and Climate Change, Urban Agriculture, health offices, City Urban Food Security and Job Creation offices and focal persons responsible for managing and implementing first phase UPSNP subprojects.

The community consultation meetings in all visited cities brought together 155 individuals representing traditional social organizations, vulnerable and underserved groups, youth, and women, persons with disability, elders and senior citizen groups and NGOs working in provision of basic social services. Of the total participants, over 55 % were women.

In order to initiate the participation of the stakeholders and community members a presentation was made that cover the USNJP objectives, components and the main elements of the ESMF procedures. Following this brief introductory presentation, the consultations aimed at listening and documenting views, opinions, comments, suggestions, recommendations and remedial proposals into the various planned USNJP project components and safeguards instruments. 2. Key findings of the consultation meetings General Issues:

- Participants of both stakeholder and community consultations invariably expressed their interests in welcoming the USNJP project. Many participants across all the visited cities expressed the importance of the project to their respective cities by explaining the high level of poverty and unemployment existing in the cities/towns. The participants expressed that some city administrations were trying their level best to support the destitute urban poor by covering medical expenses from their meager budget resources. Participants representing the urban poor expressed that the project will enlighten their hope and will be very happy to work in PWs and survive. An NGO representative working with Elders also expressed that, many poor supports less elders aged above 65 years are feeling that they are abandoned

1Cities covered in the field assessment and stakeholder consultations are Dessie, Jigjiga and Addis Ababa from existing UPSN program implementation cities and Shashemen, Jimma, Arbamihch and Bahirda from cities potentially considered for future participation in the implementation of USNJP program MUDHCo - UFSJCA Page 122

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both by the government and the community. Therefore, the urban poor, elders, persons with disabilities and unemployed youth present in the cities and towns expect to potentially benefit from the project and hence its implementation highly awaited.

- From the field assessment carried on both the newly joining and formerly participating cities, it was noted that there are service and infrastructure gaps in the cities/towns that can be complemented by the LIPWs subprojects under the five thematic areas of the USNJP. During the stakeholder meetings, city officials were expressing (and later confirmed by carrying site visits) to have implemented several subproject types falling under these thematic areas with and without UPSNP support and still claim to have infrastructure and service gaps which need to be filled in. Primary collection of solid waste up to transfer stations, development of urban greeneries in street medians & open spaces, small infrastructure development such as public toilets & expansion rooms for health and education facilities, and watershed management subprojects (on hills, riversides, & flood prone areas) are among the type of subprojects implemented by the cities/towns with and without UPSNP support. Though not yet widely applied under the LIPWs scheme, there appears to be a potential for urban agriculture subprojects to be taken up later during the business plan development & livelihood grant stages of the project. Urban agriculture subproject types commonly promoted/supported by the agriculture offices of the cities/towns include dairy production, cattle fattening, vegetable growing, poultry production, and trade of agricultural commodities. During the stakeholder consultations carried in the cities, it was suggested that activities such as development of seedlings in nurseries and watering of planted seedlings in green areas should be identified as subproject types under the USNJP.

- In many of the community consultations carried in the visited cities and towns, it was revealed that persons with disabilities are organized under several associations of their own. This has been demonstrated in Shashemene town where it was expressed that there are six associations of persons with disabilities, 1 association of Women with disabilities and another 1 association for war veterans with disabilities. These organized associations, it was expressed, can serve as venue for targeting to select and include the destitute members in the USNJP.

- Beyond the positive social impacts gained, participants of community consultation in UPSNP cities such as Addis Ababa and Dessie expressed the environmental improvements brought about by the project. Many pocket spaces and riverbanks smeared by waste has been cleaned and changed to green areas. They stated the project has brought about a huge improvement in environmental sanitation and associated attitudinal change among the public towards sanitation in many of the beneficiary cities.

The following important concerns were reflected by the participants during the stakeholder and community consultations carried both in the newly joining and previously participating cities/towns.

- Consultations carried with stakeholders and beneficiaries has revealed that community workers participating in LIPWs has been exposed to various occupational accidents and health risks due to low level of awareness on safety precautions and lack of personal protective equipment (PPEs). During the beginning of the LIPWs, beneficiary community workers were not provided with occupational health and safety briefing and orientation. The occupational accidents and health risks encountered involve major and minor injuries (e.g.: cuts, broken legs, etc.) and sicknesses such as typhoid fever. The UPSNP beneficiary cities have lately started providing PPEs and work tools to the beneficiary community workers, but the community workers complain of the long delays in delivery and low quality of the PPEs and work tools. There is a need to provide general safety training/orientation to LIPW community workers at the start of PWs and equip them with necessary PPEs. This appears to be particularly important to the newly joining cities where new community workers will join the program without having any knowledge of occupational safety and prevention procedures.

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- Consulted community beneficiaries of the UPSNP expressed their dissatisfaction over the decreasing trend of payment made for PWs on the second and third years. The participants relate the decreasing payment for PW with the challenge of ever rising living expenses which is making very difficult to sustain daily livelihood. The beneficiaries suggested that instead of continuing the decreasing payment trend it is better either to start small and increase the payment for PWs on the second and third years OR better to decrease the work hours in the second year so that the beneficiaries can use the day to work on other options. The reduced work hours can be compensated by expanding the number of days of work in a week to meet the total hours of work demanded.

- In most of the community and stakeholder consultations carried, participants raised that the payment for daily PW (75birr) and the monthly cash transfer given to PDS (215 birr) is very small as compared to the ever-rising living expenses in the market. Though they all agree that the support given in the form of PW and PDS has sparked great hopes in their lives, they also expressed their serious concern on the smallness of the payment made to PW and PDS.

- Participants of the community consultation in many cities/towns underscored the importance of including HIV carrier people in the USNJP in addition to rehabilitating the homeless street children. They capitalized that in most cities/towns HIV afflicted women that are poorest of the poor are seen to live in helpless and destitute situation.

- Community consultation participants from the new candidate cities/towns expressed their concern about the targeting process and reflected their opinion on the need to make the process transparent, free of bias and discrimination. They reflected on the need to include community elders, kebele residents and religious leaders in the targeting process to make it more transparent and acceptable.

- Participants stated that there are children with disability in many cities/towns that are not supported by their poor families. They reflected whether such children will be included in the USNJP and how long they could be supported.

- The direct cash transfer to PDS beneficiaries with disability is made through Bank account transfers. Participants reflected on the difficulties encountered by those PDS beneficiaries who cannot move and go to the banks to withdraw their money. They also expressed that a good part of the monthly cash transfer support (i.e. 215 birr) is spent on transport payments to withdraw it (e.g. Jigjiga).

- Skill trainings offered to people with disabilities, youth and women should be based on the different needs of the trainees and should not be a kind of one size fits for all.

- UIIDP Coordination offices and environment focal persons in the newly joining cities were consulted to assess their workload and readiness to share their experience and shoulder the USNJP subprojects safeguard management activities. It was revealed from the consultation that most of the environmental and social safeguard focal persons in the UIIDP are already heavily loaded with screening and monitoring of more than 40 UIIDP subprojects annually. Thus, it appears that the possibility of the cities to deploy their experienced E&S focal persons to cover the USNJP subproject is highly unlikely. Besides, most of these UIIDP E&S safeguard focal persons work with top ups to cover the role and have other duties to fulfill their regular job placement.

The following capacity building gaps were also noted to exist in the Zonal and City level offices of urban food security and job creation offices and its parallels. These capacity gaps are also observed in the zonal and woreda level environment protection offices:

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- Shortage of office equipment such as desktop and laptop computers - Shortage of training and capacity building on Operational manuals, ESMF and RPF procedures due to high turnover of staff. - Shortage of transport facility to carry environmental monitoring - Shortage of awareness raising activities to program beneficiary communities, especially at the start of the project in new cities to avoid certain stigma towards the PWs. - Shortage in distributing the relevant guidelines and manuals to relevant sector offices such as the zonal and woreda environment protection offices.

Experience from the ongoing project shows that there are occupational health and safety (OHS) concerns associated with the project activities (especially the public works that involve solid waste management watershed management). The client will be responsible to provide appropriate preventive and protective measures to avoid or minimize the occurrence of any OHS risks. It’s also responsible to organize training to the public work beneficiaries so that they could have a clear understanding on the OHS risks and mitigation measures. If any OHS occurs, the client will be responsible to report the incident to the Bank; respond to the incident (including medication, compensation), take corrective actions to avoid occurrence of similar incidents and follow up the incidents.

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ANNEX G: GUIDANCE FOR SUBPROJECT RISK CATEGORIZATION

Pursuant to the ES Policy, Section A, Paragraph 20, a Project (including all subprojects unless identified as small subproject according to the ES Policy, Section D, Paragraphs 36 to 39 and Footnote 28) is classified as High Risk, Substantial Risk, Moderate Risk or Low Risk taking into account relevant potential risks and impacts, such as: a. the type, location, sensitivity and scale of the Project including the physical considerations of the Project; type of infrastructure (e.g., dams and reservoirs, power plants, airports, major roads); volume of hazardous waste management and disposal; b. the nature and magnitude of the potential ES risks and impacts, including impacts on greenfield sites including (e.g., rehabilitation, maintenance or upgrading activities); the nature of the potential risks and impacts (e.g. whether they are irreversible, unprecedented or complex); resettlement activities; presence of Indigenous Peoples; and possible mitigation measures considering the mitigation hierarchy; c. the capacity and commitment of the Borrower to manage such risks and impacts in a manner consistent with the ESSs, including the country’s policy, legal and institutional framework; laws, regulations, rules and procedures applicable to the Project sector, including regional and local requirements; the technical and institutional capacity of the Borrower; the Borrower’s track record of past Project implementation; and the financial and human resources available for management of the Project; d. other areas of risk that may be relevant to the delivery of ES mitigation measures and outcomes, depending on the specific Project and the context in which it is being developed, including the nature of the mitigation and technology being proposed, considerations relating to domestic and/or regional stability, conflict or security.

2. A Project is classified as High Risk after considering, in an integrated manner, the risks and impacts of the Project, considering the following, as applicable.

a. The Project is likely to generate a wide range of significant adverse risks and impacts on human populations or the environment. This could be because of the complex nature of the Project, the scale (large to very large) or the sensitivity of the location(s) of the Project. This would take into account whether the potential risks and impacts associated with the Project have the majority or all of the following characteristics:

(i) Long term, permanent and/or irreversible (e.g., loss of major natural habitat or conversion of wetland), and impossible to avoid entirely due to the nature of the Project; (ii) High in magnitude and/or in spatial extent (the geographical area or size of the population likely to be affected is large to very large); (iii) Significant adverse cumulative impacts; (iv) Significant adverse transboundary impacts; and (v) a high probability of serious adverse effects to human health and/or the environment (e.g., due to accidents, toxic waste disposal, etc.); b. The area likely to be affected is of high value and sensitivity, for example sensitive and valuable ecosystems and habitats (legally protected and internationally recognized areas of high biodiversity value), lands or rights of Indigenous Peoples/Sub-Saharan African Historically Underserved Traditional

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Local Communities and other vulnerable minorities, intensive or complex involuntary resettlement or land acquisition, impacts on cultural heritage or densely populated urban areas. c. Some of the significant adverse ES risk and impacts of the Project cannot be mitigated or specific mitigation measures require complex and/or unproven mitigation, compensatory measures or technology, or sophisticated social analysis and implementation. d. There are significant concerns that the adverse social impacts of the Project, and the associated mitigation measures, may give rise to significant social conflict or harm or significant risks to human security. e. There is a history of unrest in the area of the Project or the sector, and there may be significant concerns regarding the activities of security forces. f. The Project is being developed in a legal or regulatory environment where there is significant uncertainty or conflict as to jurisdiction of competing agencies, or where the legislation or regulations do not adequately address the risks and impacts of complex projects, or changes to applicable legislation are being made, or enforcement is weak. g. The past experience of the Borrower and the implementing agencies in developing complex Projects is limited; their track record regarding ES issues would present significant challenges or concerns given the nature of the Project’s potential risks and impacts. h. There are significant concerns related to the capacity and commitment for, and track record of relevant Project parties, in relation to stakeholder engagement. i. There are a number of factors outside the control of the Project that could have a significant impact on the ES performance and outcomes of the Project.

These types of high-risk projects are not anticipated in this project due to the nature of the public work activities to be financed by the project. Such types of subprojects, the client is expected to conduct environmental and social assessment proportionate to anticipated risks and take mitigation measures accordingly. 3. A Project is classified as Substantial Risk after considering, in an integrated manner, the risks and impacts of the Project, taking into account the following, as applicable. a. the Project may not be as complex as High-Risk Projects, its ES scale and impact may be smaller (large to medium) and the location may not be in such a highly sensitive area, and some risks and impacts may be significant. This would take into account whether the potential risks and impacts have the majority or all of the following characteristics: (i) They are mostly temporary, predictable and/or reversible, and the nature of the Project does not preclude the possibility of avoiding or reversing them (although substantial investment and time may be required);

(ii) there are concerns that the adverse social impacts of the Project, and the associated mitigation measures, may give rise to a limited degree of social conflict, harm or risks to human security;

(iii) they are medium in magnitude and/or in spatial extent (the geographical area and size of the population likely to be affected are medium to large);

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(iv) the potential for cumulative and/or transboundary impacts may exist, but they are less severe and more readily avoided or mitigated than for High Risk Projects; and

(v) there is medium to low probability of serious adverse effects to human health and/or the environment (e.g., due to accidents, toxic waste disposal, etc.), and there are known and reliable mechanisms available to prevent or minimize such incidents; b. The effects of the Project on areas of high value or sensitivity are expected to be lower than High Risk Projects. c. Mitigatory and/or compensatory measures may be designed more readily and be more reliable than those of High-Risk Projects. d. The Project is being developed in a legal or regulatory environment where there is uncertainty or conflict as to jurisdiction of competing agencies, or where the legislation or regulations do not adequately address the risks and impacts of complex Projects, or changes to applicable legislation are being made, or enforcement is weak. e. The past experience of the Borrower and the implementing agencies in developing complex Projects is limited in some respects, and their track record regarding ES issues suggests some concerns which can be readily addressed through implementation support. f. There are some concerns over capacity and experience in managing stakeholder engagement but these could be readily addressed through implementation support. For any substantial risk subprojects, the client will conduct site specific environmental and social assessment & take remedial measures following the procedure which has been set forth in this ESMF. 4. A project is classified as Moderate Risk after considering, in an integrated manner, the risks and impacts of the Project, taking into account the following, as applicable: a. the potential adverse risks and impacts on human populations and/or the environment are not likely to be significant. This is because the Project is not complex and/or large, does not involve activities that have a high potential for harming people or the environment, and is located away from environmentally or socially sensitive areas. As such, the potential risks and impacts and issues are likely to have the following characteristics: (i) Predictable and expected to be temporary and/or reversible; (ii) Low in magnitude; (iii) Site-specific, without likelihood of impacts beyond the actual footprint of the Project; and (iv) Low probability of serious adverse effects to human health and/or the environment (e.g., do not involve use or disposal of toxic materials, routine safety precautions are expected to be sufficient to prevent accidents, etc.). b. The Project’s risks and impacts can be easily mitigated in a predictable manner.

For any moderate risk subprojects, the client will conduct site specific environmental and social assessment & take remedial measures following the procedure which has been set forth in this ESMF.

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5. A project is classified as Low Risk if it’s potential adverse risks to and impacts on human populations and/or the environment are likely to be minimal or negligible. These Projects, with few or no adverse risks and impacts and issues, do not require further ES assessment following the initial screening. Apart from initial environmental screening, there will be no need to conduct further environment and social assessment.

ANNEX H: NATIOAL EIA PROCEDURAL GUIDELINE FOR SCHEDULE OF ACTIVITIES:

Schedule I. List of PROJECTS THAT require full EIA.

1. Agriculture

• water management projects for agriculture (drainage, irrigation) • large scale mono- culture (cash and food crops) • Pest control projects • Fertilizer and nutrient management • Land development schemes covering an area of 500 hectares or more to bring forest land into agricultural production • Agricultural programmers necessitating the resettlement of 100 families or more. • Development of agricultural estates covering an area of 500 hectares or more • Construction of dams, man-made lakes, and artificial enlargement of lakes with surface areas of 200 hectares or more. • Drainage of wetlands wildlife habitat or of virgin forest covering an area of 100 meters or more. • Introduction of new breed, species of crops, seeds or animals • Surface water fed irrigation projects covering more than 100 hectares • Ground water fed irrigation projects more than 100 hectares • River diversions and water transfers between catchments

2. Livestock and Range management

• Large Scale livestock movement • Introduction of new breeds of livestock • Introduction of improved forage species • Large scale open range rearing of cattle, horses, sheep etc • Large scale livestock production in Urban area • Large scale slaughter house construction • Ectoparasite management (cattle dips, area treatment) • Intensive livestock rearing units

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• Conversion of hill forest land to other land use • Logging or conversion of forest land to other land use within the catchments area of reservoirs used for municipal water supply, irrigation or hydropower generation or in areas adjacent to parks • Logging with special emphasis for endangered tree species • Large scale afforestation/reforestation, mono-culture forest plantation projects which use exotic free species • Conversion of forest areas which have a paramount importance of biodiversity conservation to other land use • Resettlement programs in natural forest and woodland areas. • 4. Fisheries activities

• Medium to large scale fisheries • Artificial fisheries (Aqua-culture for fish, algae, crustaceans shrimps, lobster or crabs). • Introduction of new species in water bodies commercial fisheries

5. Wildlife

• introduction of new species • wildlife catching and trading • hunting • wildlife ranching and farming • zoo and sanctuaries

6. Tourism and Recreational Development

• Construction of resort facilities or hotels along the shorelines of lakes, river, islands and oceans • Hill top resort or hotel development • Development of tourism or recreational facilities in protected and adjacent areas (national parks, marine parks, forestry reserves etc) on islands and in surrounding waters • Hunting and capturing • Camping activities walkways and trails etc. • sporting and race tracts/sites • Tour operations

7. Energy Industry

• Production and distribution of electricity, gas, steam and hot water • Storage of natural gas • Construction of offshore pipelines in excess of 50 km in length • High power transmission line • Construction of combined cycle power station • Thermal power development (i.e. coal, nuclear) • Hydro-electric power • Bio-mass power development • Wind -mills power development • Solar (i.e. Impact due to pollution during manufacture of solar devices, acid battery spillage and improper disposal of batteries) • Nuclear energy

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8. Petroleum Industry

• Oil and gas fields exploration and development, including Construction of offshore and onshore pipelines • Construction of oil and gas separation, processing, handling and storage facilities. • Construction of oil refineries • Construction of product deposits for the storage of petrol, gas, diesel, tar and other products within commercial, industrial or residential areas. • Transportation of petroleum products

9. Food and beverage industries

• manufacture of vegetable and animal oils and fats • oil refinery and ginneries • processing and conserving of meat • manufacture of dairy products • brewing distilling and malting • fish meal factories • slaughter - houses • soft drinks • tobacco processing • canned fruits, and sources • sugar factories • other agro-processing industries

10. Textile in industry

• cotton and Synthetic fibers • dye for cloth • ginneries

11. Leather Industry

• tanning • tanneries • dressing factories • other cloth factories

12. Wood, Pulp and Paper Industries

• manufacturing of veneer and plywood • manufacturing of fiber board and of particle - board • manufacturing of Pulp, Paper, sand-board cellulose – mills

13. Building and Civil Engineering Industries.

• industrial and housing Estate • major urban projects (multi-storey building, motor terminals, markets etc) • tourist installation • construction and expansion/upgrading of roads, harbors, ship yards, fishing harbors, air fields(having an air strips of 2,500mor long) and ports, railways and pipelines

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• River drainage and flood control works. • hydro - electric and irrigation dams • reservoir • Storage of scrap metal. • military installations • construction and expansion of fishing harbors • developments on beach fronts

14. Chemical industries

• manufacture, transportation, use and storage of pesticide or other hazardous and or toxic chemicals • production of pharmaceutical products • storage facilities for petroleum, petrochemical and other chemical products (i.e. filling stations) • Production of paints vanishes, etc.

15. Extractive industry

• extraction of petroleum • extraction and purification ofL natural gas • other deep drilling - bore-holes and wells • mining • quarrying • coal mining • Sand dredging.

16. Minerals extraction and processing

• Metallic minerals such as Iron, Lead, Copper, Nickel • Industrial minerals such as kaolin, diatomite, • Construction Minerals • Mineral Water • Thermal Water • Extraction of salts from brines.

17. Non-metallic industries (Products)

• manufacture of cement, asbestos, glass, glass-fibre, glass-wool • processing of rubber • plastic industry • lime manufacturing, tiles, ceramics

18. Metal and Engineering industries.

• manufacture and assembly of motor - vehicles • manufacture of other means of transport (trailers, motorcycles, motor-vehicle bicycles-cycles) • body - building • boiler - making and manufacture of reservoirs, tanks and other sheet containers • foundry and Forging • manufacture of non - ferrous products • iron and steel MUDHCo - UFSJCA Page 152

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• electroplating

19. Waste treatment and disposal

(a) Toxic and Hazardous waste

• construction of Incineration plants • construction of recovery plant (off-site) • construction of wastewater treatment plant (off-site) • construction of secure landfills facility • construction of storage facility (off - site) • Collection and transportation of waste. • installation for the disposal of industrial waste

(b) Municipal Solid Waste

• construction of incineration plant • construction of composting plant • construction of recovery/re-cycling plant • construction of Municipal Solid Waste landfill facility • construction of waste depots. • collection and transportation (c) Municipal Sewage

• construction of wastewater treatment plant • construction of marine out fall • Night soil collection transport and treatment. • construction of sewage system

20. Water Supply

• canalization of water courses • diversion of normal flow of water • water transfers scheme • abstraction or utilization of ground and surface water for bulk supply • water treatment plants • Construction of dams, impounding reservoirs with a surface area of 100 hectares • Ground water development for industrial, agricultural or urban water supply of greater than 4000 m3 /day • Drainage Plans in towns close to water bodies

21. Transport

• Major urban roads • Rural road programmes • Rail infrastructure and railways • Trans-regional and International high way • Upgrading or rehabilitation of major rural roads • Airports with basic runway

22. Health projects

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• vector control projects (malaria, bilharzias, trypanosomes etc)

23. Land Reclamation and land development

• rehabilitation of degraded lands • dredging of bars, gerygones, dykes, estuaries etc. • spoil disposal.

24. Resettlement/relocation of people and animals

• resettlement plan • establishment of refugee camps

25. Multi-sectoral Projects

• Agro-forestry  dispersed field - tree inter-cropping  alley cropping  living fences and other linear planting  windbreak/shelterbelts  taungya system • Integrated conservation and development programmes e.g. protected areas. • Integrated Pest Management (e.g. IPM) • Diverse construction - public health facilities, schools, storage building, tree • Nurseries, facilities for ecotourism and field research in protected areas, enclosed latrines, small enterprises, logging mills, manufacturing furniture carpentry shop, access road, well digging, camps, dams, reservoirs. • River basin development and watershed management projects • Food aid, humanitarian relief

26. Trade: Importation and Exportation of the following

• hazardous Chemicals/Waste • plastics • petroleum products • vehicles • used materials • wildlife and wildlife products • pharmaceuticals • food • beverages • GMOs and GMOs based products

27. Public instruments

• decisions to change designated status • family planning • technical assistance • development strategies • urban and rural land use development plans e.g. master plans,

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• structural adjustment, • national budget • Policies and Programmes formulations, etc.

28. All projects in environmentally sensitive areas should be treated as equivalent to Schedule 1 activity irrespective of the nature of the project.

Schedule. 2. List of Projects That Require A PRELIMINARY ENVIRONMENTAL Impact Study.

A List of Small - Scale Activities and Enterprises

• Fish culture • Beekeeping • Small animal husbandry and urban livestock keeping • Horticulture and floriculture • Wildlife catching and trading • Production of tourist handicrafts • Charcoal production • Fuel wood harvesting • Wooden furniture and implement making • Basket and other weaving • Nuts and seeds for oil processing • Bark for tanning processing • Brewing and distilleries • Bio-gas plants • Bird catching and trading • Hunting • Wildlife ranching • Zoo, and sanctuaries • Tie and dye making • Brick making • Beach sailing • Seaweed Farming • Salt pans • graves and cemeteries • Urban Livestock Keeping • Urban agriculture. • Fish landing stations. • Wood carving and sculpture • Hospitals and dispensaries, Schools, Community center and Social halls, playgrounds • Wood works e.g. boat building • Market places (livestock and commodities). • Technical assistance • Rainwater harvesting

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• Garages • Carpentry • Black smith. • Tile manufacturing • Kaolin manufacturing • Vector control projects e.g. Malaria, Bilharzia, trypanosomes • Livestock stock routes • Fire belts. • Tobacco curing kilns • Sugar refineries • Tanneries • Pulp plant • Oil refineries and ginneries • artisanal and small-scale mining • Rural road • Research having the potential to affect ecosystems functions, use, or the health and welfare of the society. • Rural water supply and sanitation • Land drainage (small scale) • Sewerage system

Schedule 3. Lists of Projects That May Not Require Environmental Impact Assessment

1. Social infrastructure and services

• Educational facilities (small scale) • Audio visual production • Teaching facilities and equipment • Training • Medical centre (small scale) • Medical supplies and equipment • Nutrition • Family planning

2. Economic infrastructure and services

• Telecommunication • Research, small scale

3. Production Sector

• Irrigation ▪ Surface water fed irrigation projects covering less than 50 hectares ▪ Ground water fed irrigation projects covering less than 50 hectares • Agriculture All small-scale agricultural activities

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• Forestry ▪ Protected forest reserves (small scale) ➢ Productive forest reserves (small scale) • Livestock

• Rearing of cattle (<50 heads); pigs (<100 heads), or poultry (<500 heads) ➢ Livestock fattening projects (small scale) ➢ Bees keeping projects (small scale)

• Fisheries ➢ Artesian fisheries (small scale)

• Industry ➢ Agro industrial (small scale) ➢ Other small-scale industries having no impact to the environment

• Trade ➢ All small-scale trades except trade in endangered species and hazardous materials

• Financial assistance ➢ Programme assistance ➢ Non-project or special country support ➢ Food aid not involving GMOs based food

• Emergency Operations ➢ Assistance to refugee returned and displaced person

Annex K. GBV risk Assessment findings and GBV Action Plan

The GBV risk assessment is done at the National and Project level as stated in the World Bank GPN. At the national level, legal instruments and response mapping were assessed. Knowledge and capacity to respond to GBV were identified at the project level. In addition, awareness of beneficiaries about GBV as well as incidents were assessed. The findings of the assessment is presented below.

Overview of GBV

The main cause of Violence against Women (VAW)/GBV is linked to gender inequality and norms related to gender or patriarchal thinking. Violence against women is believed to be caused by the inferior position given to women and girls in a society, and therefore is another manifestation of discrimination against women. Violence also operates to maintain and reinforce women’s subordination.

The types of GBV are physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or private life (DEVAW, 1993).15 GBV exists because of the difference in power between males and females, and is rooted in cultural

15 (DEVAW, 1993): Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women. MUDHCo - UFSJCA Page 157

ESMF of Urban Safety Net and Jobs Project norms related to masculinity and femininity. According to GPN, GBV is experienced predominantly by women across all social and income groups. Research has identified multiple risk factors for GBV at the individual, relationship, community, institutional and policy levels. These include, male-dominated household decision-making and income source, policies and laws that discriminate against women, and cultural norms that justify or condone the use of violence against women and girls as a form of conflict resolution or discipline (WBG, 2018)16.

Prevalence of GBV in Ethiopia

Gender-based violence (GBV) or violence against women and girls (VAWG) is a global pandemic that affects 1 in 3 women in their lifetime. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 35 percent of women worldwide have experienced either physical and/or sexual intimate partner violence (IPV) or non- partner sexual violence (WHO 2013). The highest prevalence rates were found in sub-Saharan Africa with an estimate up to 66% of ever-partnered women having experienced physical and/or sexual violence by an intimate partner (ibid.).

Available evidence shows that IPV and non-partner sexual violence are highly prevalent and documented forms of GBV that women face around the world and affects workers, workplaces and productivity outside the home, through lost days of work, lost wages, medical expenses, and pain and suffering. While prevalence of IPV and non-partner sexual violence are broadly documented, all forms of GBV, including in and outside of the world of work remain under-researched. Sexual harassment is a widespread form of workplace GBV, and yet substantial information gaps persist across industries and countries.

In Ethiopia, Ministry of Women, Children and Youth Affairs (MoWCYA) conducted a nation-wide assessment on the major manifestation of the prevailing gender inequality expressed in the form of GBV in 2013. This study found that almost one out of every two women, 49.6% of the respondents, reported having experienced at least one type of violence in their workplace (in both private and public institutions). According to EDHS 2016, more than one-third of ever-married women (35%) reported that they have experienced physical, emotional, or sexual violence from their husband or partner at some point in time. Twenty-four percent (24%) of women reported that they experienced emotional violence, 25% experienced physical violence, and 11% experienced sexual violence. Experience of physical, emotional, or sexual violence from a husband or partner is higher among older women 40-49 (38%), and formerly married women (45%). This does not, however, mean that VAW does not occur in other public settings since incidents of violence are likely to be masked by lack of data.

As stated in the above studies, GBV/VAW still persist in different forms. Low level of awareness of legal rights, limited access to legal service and the existence of patriarchy, as well as deep rooted traditional values and attitudes are believed to be major causes behind the continuation of violent acts against women. However, most women who are subjected to GBV do not usually share the incident and seek justice. This among others is because they feel that it is culturally or traditionally accepted and normal practice; and there are no appealing mechanisms and/or have no confidence in the justice system while the practice is punishable.17

It is also very difficult to establish an accurate estimate of the magnitude of the prevalence/incidence, because it is highly under-reported and under-researched. The reasons for non-reporting are complex and multifaceted but typically include fear of retribution or ridicule, self-blame, limited information on available

16(WBG, 2018): Good Practice Note, Addressing Gender Based Violence in Investment Project Financing involving Major Civil Works

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ESMF of Urban Safety Net and Jobs Project services and lack of confidence in available reporting structures such as the police and health workers18. As per the Ethiopia GBV assessment, even if some institutions like women’s affairs offices may be more accessible, the overall accessibility of institutions/service providers could be one of the limitations for reporting the incidence of GBV/VAW.

Elimination of GBV has been increasingly recognized as a priority for the international community that is demonstrated by enacting international, continental and national policy and legal frameworks. These commitments have been reported periodically by member states and monitored by the respective entities that enhance the prevention and response interventions at national and global levels.

Legal Frameworks

International Instruments

Gender Based Violence is among the major challenges to human dignity and is a violation of women’s rights as human beings. This necessitated the international community to come up with legal instruments to address the problem that are coherent with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The issue of GBV was given attention in 1992 when the Committee for UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) adopted General Recommendation No. 19 on VAW (GR 19) where it is elucidated that GBV/VAW is a form of discrimination. Consequently, DEVAW is the first international document which defined violence against women within a broader gender-based framework and identified the family, the community and the state as major sites of gender-based violence. Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women (DEVAW) that was declared on 20 December 1993 recognizes that: “…violence against women is a manifestation of historically unequal power relations between men and women, which have led to domination over and discrimination against women by men and to the prevention of the full advancement of women, and that violence against women is one of the crucial social mechanisms by which women are forced into a subordinate position compared with men”

In addition, the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action (BDPfA), adopted in 1995, further recognized the particular vulnerabilities of women belonging to marginalized groups (BDPfA, 1995). According to these definitions, GBV includes all forms of physical, psychological and sexual violence that are related to the survivor’s gender or gender role in a society or culture. Acts of violence against women prevents from, or limits women’s enjoyment of their human rights and fundamental freedoms. The SDGs is another international instrument that recognizes gender inequality as a key challenge to the global sustainable development. Among the 17 Goals listed, Goal 5 focuses on achieving gender equality and empowerment of women and girls. In addition, a specific target on the elimination of all forms of violence against women and girls in the public and private spheres is also included in this framework.

National Instruments

National legal frameworks were reviewed with the aim of identifying GBV prevention and response mechanisms that are provided by the Ethiopian Government. The Ethiopian Constitution, which is the supreme law of the land, devotes over a quarter of its provisions to human rights in which women and children’s rights are guaranteed. It states that, “The State shall enforce the rights of women to eliminate the influences of harmful customs. Laws, customs and practices that oppress or cause bodily or mental harm to women are prohibited”. The Criminal Code of Ethiopia also hosts a number of provisions, which criminalizes GBV and its different forms. The Code, unlike the previous Penal Law of 1957, clearly

18Strategic Plan for an Integrated and Multi-Sectoral Response to VAW and Child Justice in Ethiopia, MoWCYA, 2013 MUDHCo - UFSJCA Page 159

ESMF of Urban Safety Net and Jobs Project criminalizes many of the GBV types and has also improved the punishments in some of the offenses committed against women.

The Ethiopian Women’s Policy has recognized the need to promote and/or eliminate harmful traditional customs and discriminatory practices that are degrading to women. Even if the policy did not mention GBV/SH explicitly, it indirectly has identified some GBV/SH related problems in its ‘problem identification’ sections. Among the problems identified is rape, which also results in unwanted pregnancy. In addition, it puts in place an objective relevant to address social issues, by eliminating prejudices, customary and other practices that are based on the idea of male supremacy. The Women Development and Change Strategy and Package are strategic documents that address violence against women in both private and public spheres. The Women’s Development and Change Strategy, introduced in 2017 also identifies elimination of violence against women as a strategic priority, focusing on the implementation of programs protecting women from violence and providing necessary services to victims (i.e. comprehensive, quality and accessible legal protection, free legal aid service, and one stop and rehabilitation centers for victims of GBV). They also put in place appropriate programs that is based on service provision to victims of GBV.

Multi-sectoral prevention and response

A National Coordinating Body was established to work on with a Coordinated and Comprehensive Prevention and Response to Violence against Women and Children, and on Child Justice (NCB) under the auspices of the Federal Attorney General (FAG) has already become operational in previous years. The aim of NCB is to expedite the adaption and implementation of the draft national strategic plan of VAW/C towards combating violence against women and children. According to the strategic plan and the national human right action plan, integrated legal, psycho-social and health service delivery centres (One stop centres) have been established and became operational in Addis Ababa, Dire Dawa and Adama. For instance, the centres in the Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa have provided legal, psycho-social and health service for 1425 victims of sexual violence19.

Furthermore, the Federal Supreme Court issued sentencing guideline in 2010 and revised in 2012 which is the first of its kind so as to ensure and control the correctness and uniformity of sentencing that cover wide range of crimes including violence against women and harmful traditional practices. (CEDAW/Beijing report, 2019). Establishment of women and child protection units in police stations as part of the overall measure-initiated women and child sensitive reporting, investigation and prosecution of cases, which also handle cases of women survivors. As part of this initiative, one stop centres and safe houses are providing services in different regions of the country to survivors, which is presented in detail in the mapping section of this report.

Mobilization at community level

Various type of institutional mechanisms (formal and informal) are in place to address GBV at community level, such as CBOs (Child Right Committee (CRC, HTP committee, WDGs). The CRC and Community Coalition (CC) have been engaged in identifying school age children who are victims of abuse, neglect and abandonment. Particularly, CRC has been working on awareness creation; identification of victims; reporting of cases to police. The cases of sexual violence are usually reported to Women’s Affairs Offices by the CBOs and subsequently to the police. Whenever the victim of sexual abuse needs medical attention, the survivor can visit a one stop health centers, specifically to Gandhi, Minilik and Trunesh Bejing Hospital

19(Ethiopia-CEDAW/Beijing report, 2019)

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ESMF of Urban Safety Net and Jobs Project in case of Addis Ababa. In addition, in order to enhance men’s engagement in the fight against GBV, the MoWCYA has drafted a manual on Male Engagement highlighting the role of men and boys in the prevention and response to VAW. However, the assessment finding shows that there is no procedure to make sure the service follows survivor centered approach. Moreover, while the MOH provides training to their staffs (gynecologists) on how to provide services to GBV cases in terms of confidentiality and others, there is lack of trained experts in other areas such as experts providing legal and psychosocial services at the Ministry of Women and Children affairs as well as at one stop center.

Mapping of Stakeholders and Services available to Survivors of GBV

Some studies undertaken at the national level and EDHS had proved that violence against women in Ethiopia is still one of the major gender issues that need attention from a range of stakeholders; including legislative and judiciary organs as well as government and CSOs. In line with this, there are various response mechanisms at the national level including immediate protection and care for survivors that are made available through different entities. A multi-sectoral response is given to survivors. The sectors and entities include GOs, INGOs/NGOs/ CSOs and CBOs. In this section, the national level capacity and resource to prevent and respond to GBV is outlined. The result of the mapping of the major stakeholders, their role and responsibility, and contribution toward the issue.

Multi-Sectoral Response

The Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP) II (2016-2020) included the issues of women and children as a strategic pillar and has included targets on the “elimination of violence and harmful traditional practices”. GTP II is aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In the plan, the government guaranteed to establish hotlines for women and children experiencing violence, set up 11 new one-stop and rehabilitation centers, and also strengthen existing ones. The new national Women’s Development and Change Strategy and the revised package on how to realize the strategy has put in place a clear direction on protection, prevention, and provision of services for women survivors of violence20. In response to the need for prevention as well as provision of coordinated assistance to women and children survivors of violence, a national coordinating body was formed in 2008 (2001 EC). Three years later in 2011 (2004 EC), participating institutions in the national coordination body formalized their cooperation based on a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) followed by the development of a strategic plan and a three-year Plan of Action (PoA) 2011/12-14/15. However, strategic plan is not prepared after 2015 according to informants from MoWCYA and FAG. Efforts were made to ensure broad-based membership of government, non-government and international organizations. The formation of a national coordinating mechanism with components of both prevention and response to VAWG is indeed a remarkable step taken on referral mechanism among others21.

The National Coordination Body for integrated and multi sectoral prevention and response to VAWC & Child Justice (NCB) was established in Ethiopia to advise the Government of Ethiopia about the prevention and response to GBV. The coordinating body comprises of 14 members; out of which 3 are NGO/CSOs. The members of the coordinating body are listed below. Members of the NCB are Attorney General, MoWCYA – Chair of NCB, MoLSA, MoH, Federal Police, Addis Ababa Police, Supreme court, Federal First Instance, Federal High Court, Federal Prison Administration and Addis Ababa Health Bureau. From the nongovernmental organizations UNICEF, EWLA and Religious front are members of NCB.The roles

20 GTP II Plan 21(UNWOMEN, 2016): SHELTERS FOR WOMEN AND GIRLS WHO ARE SURVIVORS OF VIOLENCE IN ETHIOPIA; National Assessment on the Availability, Accessibility, Quality and Demand for Rehabilitative and Reintegration Services MUDHCo - UFSJCA Page 161

ESMF of Urban Safety Net and Jobs Project of the major stakeholders of NCB include mobilization, capacity building, research, and provision of legal services. Some of the stakeholders especially NGOs and CSOs have the role of providing resources and services to survivors. An informant from MoWCYA, believes that NCB lacks a clear road map on the prevention of GBV and mapping of services for response to GBV, as a result of the long waited updated strategy that is not yet materialized. At this point, it is worth to note that MoUDH, the host Ministry for UPSNP and the major implementing body, is not a member of the NCB. Not being in the taskforce limits the Ministry’s capacity to have the latest information about GBV prevention mechanisms and identifying the available resources then utilizing it.

Women Machineries’ response to GBV Survivors

To complement the services provided by the police and health sector, women and children’s affairs bureaus at different levels play important roles in providing information to survivors. These national institutions have the key role of delivering counseling and referral services to rehabilitation centers. The collective effort of the different stakeholders is coordinated in such a way that they avail comprehensive services that meet the different needs of survivors of violence22.

The Chair of the NCB, MoWCYA dominantly works in collaboration with most of the stakeholders from the Ministry to the kebele level. According to the informant from the MoWCYA Mobilization Department, the Ministry and specifically the Mobilization Department is working on prevention, response and rehabilitation of GBV survivors, including HTP.

Above all, the Department tries to bring a social norm change through advocacy in collaboration with different organizations such as religious institutions, NGOs, Community Based Organizations (CBOs), and the public.

According to the informant, the structures at community level which respond to GBV are:

Harmful Traditional Practices Committee Prevention (HTPC): report reports HTPs such as Female Genital Mutilation (FGM).

Child Right Committee (CRC): reports HTPs such as early marriage and this committee is more effective in the Amhara regional state.

Women Development Group (WDG): it is almost available in all parts of the country and creates awareness about GBV in collaboration with woreda women machineries.

As noted previously, MoWCYA in its GTPII strategy planned to put in place hotlines, set up to 11 new one stop centers and strengthening the existing one. Accordingly, the information from key informants and official data shows that 3 hotlines have been operational so far in three different regions and a city. The number of one-stop centers has grown to 16 and safe houses to 17. The hardware for the AA hotline has been ready to be operational for the last five years, but unfortunately it is not operational until now. The hotlines currently working are;

Harar: 8541,

22ibid

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ESMF of Urban Safety Net and Jobs Project

Dire Dawa: 8955, and

Benshanguel: 8168

Responses by Police and Justice Sector

In majority of the time, the first response to violence is provided by the police and justice sector. Mainly, with regard to preventions and early response, various interventions such as advocacy, awareness creation, investigation, prosecution, community policing, establishment of specialized units and courts to handle cases and other legal interventions are employed. In majority of the time, the first response to violence is provided by the police and justice sector. Mainly, various interventions regarding preventions and early response such as advocacy, awareness creation, investigation, prosecution, community policing, establishment of specialized units and courts to handle cases and other legal interventions are employed.

Case management and Referral path/protocol

According to the informant from the Federal Attorney General, there is no clear case management in case of verbal and physical abuse. But for survivors of sexual assault, the first entry can be one stop centers where they can get three services in one place - medical, psychological and legal support. Then the case will be handled by a prosecutor, and file will be sent to the police department rather than a police station, in order to provide psychological support as needed during investigation, which is only available in the police department. The case will then be sent to the court. In places where there are child friendly courts, child survivors can witness proceedings using Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) without being present in the courthouse. There are child friendly courts in AA, Lideta, Arada, Kirkos, and other 3 sub-cities. In general, the case will be managed using criminal justice policy 4/14/2004 and criminal procedure code of 1954 (EC). The case flow is indicated below.

Figure 1: A General management /flow of sexual assault cases

One stop centers, Police Safe house or Reintergration court Police, WCYAB/O Department shelters if if joined safe house and WDG necessary

The court cases of GBV are supposed to be finalized and justice delivered between 16 and 42 days for light and grave cases, respectively. When there is direct evidence, things go smoothly and justice is delivered timely. The ruling over GBV cases in court is faster when evidences are available. If direct and collaborative evidences are absent, the cases can stay longer as cold cases, and finally closed.

Special Investigation and Prosecution Unit: In addition to the aforesaid services, special investigation and prosecution units were established in an effort to respond to VAWC in a coordinated manner. While the units were sometimes stationed within the police commissions as women and children’s unit, there were

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ESMF of Urban Safety Net and Jobs Project instances where they were located in the Bureau of Justice/prosecution offices; in the Somali region. A typical special investigation unit was comprised of investigation police officers and a prosecutor, while in some instances, it included social workers that provided psycho-social counseling. The establishment of the unit not only enhanced the coordination between investigation and prosecution of cases for survivors, but also reduced the time consumed in the referral of cases between the two offices.

However, according to all the informants from this sector, the prominent challenges in terms of response is lack of referral linkage and coordination, absence of hotline (except three cities), a discouraging trend of reporting GBV cases, lack of a database, and mandate confusion with regards to this issue. All the informants agree that an exhaustive and updated data is totally absent concerning referral protocol, one stop centers and safe houses/shelters for survivors.

Supporting the above argument, an informant from UNICEF said that there is no national level GBV case management and referral path or protocol. The informant from MoWCYA also confirmed that although preparation of GBV case management was attempted by UNICEF, but no agreed upon case management of GBV cases. On a positive note, an informant from the Attorney General said that a national level resource mapping and management protocol is to be prepared in collaboration with UNICEF that is specific to an organization or geographical location.

Reporting of GBV

Hotline: According to the informant from General Attorney, there has been a project supported by UNICEF to put in place a free call center or hotline for GBV survivors across the country. However, even if the hardware for the hotline was purchased by UNICEF, it is not functional so far due probably to the need to have social workers for the service. Due to this problem even in Addis Ababa this service is not available. Survivors in Benshangul, Gambella and Dire Dawa can use the numbers and call the centers for help. According to majority of the informants, most people report through WCYAO/B and police and whenever available, some survivors also report directly to one stop-centers. The informant from Attorney General said that reporting behavior of survivors have not shown much change, considering the increase in sexual assault cases and GBV in general. The case flow is less than 100 per year per sub-city in case of Addis Ababa.

Response by the Health Sector

For the services provided by the police and justice sectors to be efficient, the health sector must provide forensic evidence on the violence perpetrated. The collaborative work of the police, justice and health sector is essential especially at the initial stage. The engagement of the health sector helps to address immediate and long-term effects from the violence - counseling and psychosocial support and psychiatric care. For the health professionals to provide such services, they need relevant skills to identify and screen survivors, and refer them to the right places including the police. If necessary, they should also send the survivors to service providers or shelters that provide psycho-social and economic empowerment programs. Accordingly, Ministry of Health has provided continuous trainings on prevention and response to GBV to majority of the medical service providers, especially to gynecologists. There is also a plan to train health extension workers to enable them to identify victims and provide services. With regard to response, all hospitals are given training so that they can give medical services in an ethical way. Mostly, the problem they have is allocating a room within the hospital that serves this purpose. A DNA examination is totally absent in Ethiopia which is important to this service. To track the problems and responses given to survivors, the Plan Commission is considering having an indicator with this regard.

One- Stop Centers

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ESMF of Urban Safety Net and Jobs Project

A one-stop center was piloted at Gandhi Hospital in 2008 in order to provide a comprehensive response mechanism on VAWG23. The attention given to one-stop center was also evident by the target set in Growth and Transformation Plan II, which includes expanding one-stop centers in other parts of the country. The order of support/service provided to survivors in the one-stop center is: first the survivor gets medical attention, then psychological and lastly legal support. Standard operating procedure for one- stop centers and safe houses is absent. Positively, there is a standard operating procedure only for the medical service provision prepared by the Ministry of Health. An exhaustive list of one- stop centers is not available, but the consultant has tried to gather information from the stakeholders and list the available one-stop centers.

Rehabilitation and reintegration services by NGOs

According to the informants from MoWCYA and UN Women, there are several rehabilitation centers owned by NGOs and now by UN Women. There is no updated and exhaustive list or directory showing the one-stop centers, shelters and other services for survivors of GBV. Recently, lots of shelters have been joining the previous list due to the newly revised legal provisions for charities and societies. The Mechanisa Catholic Safe House is, for example one of them. The informants recognized that this information is not known by the stakeholders let alone by the public. One of the reasons the information about the safe house is not public is to protect the safety of survivors. For instance, even though EWLA is member of the NBC, it has never come across any kind of resource list or directory.

Availability and Accessibility of safe houses

According to international standards, a shelter can take different forms, including emergency shelter, second stage transitional housing or subsidized housing. Safe homes are similar to shelters in that they also provide temporary and emergency accommodation ranging from one to seven days for survivors of violence. Another category identified as “emergency safe space” was found in the communities, and this includes religious institutions, hospitals and hotels that could be developed and prepared for such services. Shelters can be instrumental in facilitating economic empowerment schemes for survivors of violence.

There are about19 one-stop centers, which are known by the Network of safe houses and UN Women. UN Women provides support in terms of capacity building: training and financial support to NBC and the safe houses. Currently, UN Women is supporting a shelter in Hawassa as well as the Network of Ethiopian Shelters for Survivors of GBV, which has about 12 institutions as members. The informant mentioned that resource mapping of safe houses and one stop centers has not been done until now. Such projects failed repeatedly, but the one-stop centers and safe houses are known through information gathered from lists of meetings and information availed by different organizations. For instance, the one stop center in Gambella is currently not operational due to its low standards. Hence, the information on safe houses presented in this report is gathered from UN Women safe house network coordinator, the safe houses themselves (via telephone) and other stakeholders. While most available shelters are found in Addis Ababa, few other shelters were distributed across the regions.

Accessibility to shelters was also constrained by a number of other factors including eligibility criteria of some shelters that excluded women on the basis of physical disabilities, mental health problems and pregnancy. The eligibility criterion for admission varied from one shelter to another. For instance, Integrated Family Service Organization (IFSO) and Organization for Prevention Rehabilitation and Reintegration of Female Street Children (OPRIFS) accepts only children. In view of the rising number of sexual violence against men, some shelters had also considered admission of boys, as in the case of IFSO

23(Girl Effect Trading, 2018): Report on Mapping of the Child Protection Context in Ethiopia 23 ibid

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ESMF of Urban Safety Net and Jobs Project and Mother’s Children Rehabilitation Center (MCRC). Some shelters do not accommodate survivors with mental illnesses, such as AWSAD of Oromia and BIGA. It was interesting to also note that the BIGA shelter does not accommodate pregnant women. In terms of the shelters’ capacity, majority of the shelters had capacity to accommodate approximately 14-50 survivors.

An informant from EWLA said that the shelters are accessible only through police and in few cases by WCYAO/B. Shelters are especially relevant in cases where the violence is perpetrated by intimate partners or family members. According to the informant from AG, whenever the perpetrator is a family member, the survivor is sent to a nearby and available safe house. Since the GBV cases take a minimum of 42 days in court, those survivors who are sheltered will be forced to discontinue their education. That is one of the problems faced by survivors who are also students when staying in shelters. Majority of the safe houses and shelters lack quality and standard. The consultant has witnessed how crowded the safe houses are from such previous consultancy engagements.

Demand for Services: due to the rising demand, the shelters tended to accommodate survivors beyond their holding capacity due to the fact that there were few shelters available across the country. In addition, the identified shelters are located in the regional capitals and were not necessarily accessible to women living in the rural areas24. The high demand for shelters, is caused by poverty and increase in: commercial sex work and addiction in the case of SNNP; migration and trafficking of children in Amhara region; rape, abduction and domestic violence in Harari, migration, trafficking as well as economic violence in Afar region; rape, Female Genital Mutilation (FGM), early marriage, domestic violence, and trafficking in Somali region; and underage marriage, polygamy, and domestic violence in Gambella25. Despite high demand, some Regions do not have safe houses or shelters. The demand is still unmet even in regions where shelters are available, such as Amhara, Benshangul Gumuz, Oromia, SNNP, Dire Dawa and Addis Ababa City Administrations.

Quality: It is difficult to rate quality of services provided by shelters due to lack of national standards.26 An informant from Attorney General said standard will be prepared shortly in collaboration of UNICEF. Previous assessment on shelters which was done by UN Women, identified gaps in terms of lack of: trainings to shelter staff; qualified professionals who can work with survivors of violence and technical capacity for fund raising.

Encouragingly, both assessments done by (Girl Effect and UN Women) has found written and unwritten codes of conduct for their staff on how to interact and work with survivors, and rules of conduct for shelter residents. The consultant for this GBV risk assessment was team of the Girl Effect Assessment and hence able to witness that shelters like AWSAD had a case management, entry and referral forms. The consultant also had the chance to witness the availability of ethical procedures for staff in previous assessments. Some of the shelters, such as AWSAD, MCRC and BIGA had sufficient rooms to handle the number of residents currently present in the shelters; but used only mattresses when additional residents join. With the exception of BIGA, other shelters including IFSO, AWSAD, OPRIFS in Amhara and MCRC had sufficient space for dining, green area and additional space for rehabilitation and healing activities for residents.

Comprehensive and Rehabilitation Services

24(UNWOMEN, 2016): SHELTERS FOR WOMEN AND GIRLS WHO ARE SURVIVORS OF VIOLENCE IN ETHIOPIA; National Assessment on the Availability, Accessibility, Quality and Demand for Rehabilitative and Reintegration Services (Girl Effect Trading, 2018): Report on Mapping of the Child Protection Context In Ethiopia 25 ibid 26 ibid MUDHCo - UFSJCA Page 166

ESMF of Urban Safety Net and Jobs Project

Proper reintegration into the society can be attained through provision of comprehensive services that address the different needs of survivors. These services include among others provision of health and psychosocial services, shelter/safe-haven, legal, social and economic empowerment schemes, and requires action by key government sectors like - police, judiciary, health, social, as well as civil society.

Some shelters provide services; including basic needs (food, shelter and other supplies), health care services, economic empowerment initiatives, counseling and therapeutic activities, and referral to legal aid services. Some also included screening of available service providers in the area and providing enhanced referral to specialized health care such as obstetrics/gynecology and physical therapy. Furthermore, it entails provision of planned and tailored intervention for the survivor, preparing ongoing counseling and therapy using specific methods by trained professional counselors or therapists. Reintegration into the society, the community and their family is the next stage to be followed by rehabilitation. Some shelters, as was the case for IFSO, AWSAD, MCRC and BIGA, provided survivors with seed money, in addition to skills training, and covered survivors’ rent for a limited period. 27 Majority of the shelters, AWSAD, MCRC, BIGA, and IFSO, had a specific budget or seed money for reintegration of survivors. To this end, the assessment noted that while the first stage of reintegration was being realized by organizations venturing on reintegration of their survivors, further impact assessment might be required to assess the level of survivors’ integration to their family and community.

Other responses by INGO, NGOs and CSOs

There are many UN agencies, INGOs, NGOs and CSOs engaged in prevention and response to GBV. Among these entities are UNICEF, UNFPA, Network for Ethiopian Women Association (NEWA), SETAWIT, Tsotawi Tikat Tekelakay, and EWLA. These organizations are mostly engaged in capacity building, research and free legal services. Two of the organizations are members of NCB and their services are presented in detail.

Free Legal Services

The Ethiopian Women Lawyers Association (EWLA) is another NGO which is part of NCB. It is a non- profit women's advocacy group founded in 1996 by Ethiopian women lawyers. It has been re-registered as a charitable organization by the Charities and Societies Agency in 2010 as per the Charities and Societies Proclamation. In order to achieve its mission, the Association works through three core programs:

Provision of Free Legal Aid Service to Women and Female Children,

Public Education and Capacity Building, and

Research and Law Reform Advocacy.

Structures: EWLA has its head office in Addis Ababa and six branches in: Adama/Nazareth, Assosa, Bahir Dar, Dire Dawa, Gambella and Hawassa. The branch/regional offices are supported by 53 trained voluntary committees organized at woreda and zonal levels providing structures to reach women at the grass root level in Ethiopia (Source: informant from EWLA). Since its establishment in 1996, EWLA through its three major programs, has been addressing the issue of gender equality, women empowerment and violence

27(UNWOMEN, 2016): SHELTERS FOR WOMEN AND GIRLS WHO ARE SURVIVORS OF VIOLENCE IN ETHIOPIA; National Assessment on the Availability, Accessibility, Quality and Demand for Rehabilitative and Reintegration Services

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ESMF of Urban Safety Net and Jobs Project against women among others. EWLA has helped women to access justice which is crucial to attain gender equality. Until now, over 155,000 women have accessed justice through the legal aid service provided by EWLA.

Capacity building of one- stop centers and shelters by UNICEF

Among UN Agencies working with the NCB is UNICEF. UNICEF provides support for the taskforce in terms of capacity building and research. The informant said that UNICEF has been supporting GBV prevention and protection especially in humanitarian cases/places. It works to minimize risk involving people with disabilities, urban destitute and street children and their reintegration. For instance, UNICEF made an assessment to support MoLSA with regard to street children targeting, sheltering and reintegration. However, the assessment shows that the checklists used by the service providers do not include GBV; instead they focus on nutrition and other needs. Nonetheless, the assessment team has discovered that there were two boys among the last-targeted street children who were victims of GBV. The boys were raped and infected with HIV. The service providers let the boys reintegrate into their families without sharing the status of the boys. This according to them is because of the fear of shaming. However, the GBV prevention and response mechanism should address such issues. Currently, UNICEF is supporting the national level resource mapping exercise which is to be undertaken by the Attorney General.

The project context

Capacity of UPSNP in terms of prevention from and response to GBV

Presence of capacity building initiative /Knowledge

According to the informant from MOUDH, WCYAD, there is no specific effort so far with regard to prevention and response to GBV. With regard to MoLSA, the member of NCB is social safety and protection department; not the WCYAD.

Federal, AA and Adama PCU as well as the woreda level social protection and UPSNP experts, never took any specific training on GBV prevention and response. According to an informant, the only training and action taken with regard to women’s rights from the PCU is regarding maternity leave. Only few informants, gender focal person of UPSNP, confirmed on trainings provided by the woreda WCYAO but not UPSNP. Such trainings focus on gender mainstreaming not prevention from and response to GBV and were not shared with the remaining UPSNP staff. They also recognized the limitation of the Women’s Affairs Office, which is insufficient and with unskilled human resource.

Most informants said that the awareness and knowledge they gain in terms of prevention and response to GBV comes from either their educational background or the mass media. The social protection officers said they had attended some courses about the issue, but it was not detailed. Majority of the informants have awareness about the issue, but not the knowledge and skill to practice prevention and response to GBV.

Grievance Redressing Mechanism to response to GBV

Most of the informants from Federal to Woreda level reported that there are Grievance Redressing Mechanism (GRM) procedures (appeal committee) to deal with project related grievances. However, this GRM is not comprehensive and only focused on the issues related with inclusion and exclusion and no provision for other grievances such as GBV. There are no procedures for implementers that help them to address cases of GBV and make appropriate referrals to GBV survivors. An informant from Adama, one of the project participating city, reported that such complaints has been addressed based on their

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ESMF of Urban Safety Net and Jobs Project administrative capacity; otherwise there is no guiding manual that helps them in dealing and resolving complaints and issues.

Prevalence, Reporting and Handling of Cases of GBV in UPSNP

Informants from PCU and FJCFSA said that they have never come across reports of GBV cases. An informant from AA PCU mentioned previous cases of intimate partner economic abuse; where the husbands took all the money while the women is the one engaged in public work. The issue was resolved with the joint bank account.

The major reason mentioned by the informants for no case reported is the absence of GBV/SEA. They are of the opinion that the work environment is female dominated, and hence GBV at the workplace may not be prevalent or is less likely to occur. However, the findings of this assessment showed that the project does not have accessible and suitable grievance redress and response mechanism to be used by beneficiaries. Although there is a project GRM to deal with issues related from th project, it is not comprehensive enough to cover all issues and specifically, it doesn’t provide a procedure of reporting and referral pathways for GBV cases. Therefore, it is difficult to conclude that there is no GBV/SAE in the project rather the lack of reporting system might contribute for the under reporting of GBV cases.

Formal and Informal Reports both on public work and direct support (UPSNP)

Federal and AA PCU

During the consultation conducted with federal PCU, informants reported that there were no GBV cases reported to the project office. However, as mentioned earlier the assessment identified that the project does not have a mechanism for survivors to report their cases.

Addis Ababa city:

Similarly, Addis Ababa city project office doesn’t have a grievance mechanism to deal with GBV issues, however, though the case was not directly related with the project, there was one GBV case reported from the Gullele Subcity. In Gullele where a 13-year-old girl was raped by a neighbor. The mother is a public work beneficiary who was also a participant in the FGD. The case is being followed by WCYAO and the justice sector.

Adama city:

Adma city as the case in AA and Federal PCU doesn’t have a grievance mechanism to deal with GBV cases. Nevertheless, the informants disclosed that there were few GBV cases informally reported to the project and all of the cases proved to be false because the witnesses gave their word against the complainant.

However, the findings of the assessment shows that the project at all level doesn’t have a GRM to handle GBV cases following survivor centered approach. The existing GRM doesn’t provide a procedure/standard to investigate GBV cases. Moreover, the assessment identified that the project doesn’t establish a safe and confidential reporting and investigation process. These and other cultural factors contributed for the under reporting of GBV cases in the project.

Bright Star Relief Association

Bright Star Relief Association is one of the service providers contracted for the destitute component. The coordinator for this association was interviewed to see what GBV risks they are expecting in the process of giving integration and rehabilitation services for the destitute. The findings of the discussion with this

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ESMF of Urban Safety Net and Jobs Project organization show that the organization doesn’t have a screening procedure to identify the GBV experience of the destitute in this case the street children before they enroll them into the program. With this connection, the assessment also identified that the project does not have a standard guideline to be used by all NGOs contracted to provide integration and rehabilitation services for the destitute.

Implementers’ opinion on the Help seeking behavior of beneficiaries

Informants from AA and Adama targeted woredas, UPSNP experts acknowledge that if beneficiaries face any cases of GBV, the beneficiaries defiantly report to police or WCYAO. They have a strong belief that there will not be silence on the issue these days.

Implementers’ knowledge on resources and services to GBV survivors

Majority of the informants have no information at all about one-stop centers in hospitals or safe houses. The information about one-stop centers is totally new to some of them. It is only the WCYAO staff and few people from UPSNP who have knowledge about the one-stop centers and safe houses in their respective cities. The main resources they can think of for response to GBV cases are Police and WCYAO/B. Encouragingly, almost all the informants from WCYAO/B head at least know about one-stop centers and safe houses in their area. Some of them are even able to name the safe houses such as AWSSAD and know very well about the free legal aid provided by EWLA.

Beneficiaries knowledge on GBV and help seeking behavior

Awareness and Knowledge of beneficiaries about GBV

The awareness they have about GBV, women’s right and response services come from mass media and awareness creation events organized by Women’s Affairs Office at the woreda not from UPSNP. Encouragingly, the mixed group from Adama stated that training was given to them by an NGO called Sassa. The NGO picked some members from UPSNP beneficiaries and gave them the Training of Trainers (ToT) on GBV prevention and response. In turn, those who get the ToT provided the training to the group. The discussants believed that the status of gender equality is improving from time to time. Female only destitute from Adama said that they never attended training on GBV but got the information from other sources.

The sheltered street boys, at the visited NGO were provided with trainings on different topics. There was also a screening done in order to identify physical/health or other problems. However, they were not given any kind of training on prevention from, and response to GBV and the reporting mechanism. That means no one asked them if they had experienced any kind of sexual abuse before joining the center.

When answering how they prevent such cases from happening, informants from Bright Star Relief Association affirmed that the sleeping arrangement and other living conditions prevent rape from happening. For instance, a father figure is assigned to a group, and that can serve as a preventive mechanism.

Incidents of GBV at the community

The assessment identified that there were no GBV cases associated with the project, particularly among the beneficiaries of public work component. However, the public work beneficiaries participated in the FGDs in Addis Ababa reported that they know some cases of GBV in their community though not associated with the project. Among the discussants was a lady whose child was sexually assaulted by a neighbor a year ago. It looks like everyone in the public work group knows about the case and is actively following it. The confidentiality and the principle of survivor centered approach looks compromising. On the other hand, it looks like the response is community centered because everyone in the community knows and contributes

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ESMF of Urban Safety Net and Jobs Project toward the case. They provide psychological support, advice and financial support. However, the mother of the child is unhappy about the unresponsiveness of the legal system. She suspects that the prosecutor might close the case for lack of evidence.

A discussant in Kirkos, public work beneficiary, shared a story about a boy who has been harassing boys and girls in the community. She said ‘’ there was this boy who was kissing boys and girls in the community. We noticed and reported him to women’s affairs and the boy was given a consultation and a notice of warning’’. The AA direct support beneficiary on the other hand, said they do not have knowledge on such incidents in the community.

Incidents of Workplace GBV/SEA

Discussants from AA and Adama public work group as well as the AA direct support group stated with certainty that they never faced workplace sexual exploitation and harassment neither from the staff nor public co-workers. Some of the reasons why SH and SAE are not prevalent among UPSNP public work participants include the participants being dominantly women and being a group that is mostly mature and aged. The discussants are of the opinion that the age and gender balance in terms of number are some of the factors that help to prevent GBV in UPSNP public work component.

One of the target groups of the GBV risk assessment was the direct support beneficiaries who were homeless. The homeless are currently sheltered in the church compound in cemeteries. The cemeteries are built by rich people for the purpose of future burial, but it can be used as shelters until then.

The female discussants in this group, direct support beneficiaries, reported that whenever the male beggars, who are also the beneficiaries of the direct support and live in the church compound but not in the cemeteries, got drunk, they abuse the female beneficiaries. Similarly, some of the male discussants have also confirmed that they witnessed physical and sexual abuse toward their female co habitants. According to the female discussants, the major contributing factor of the violence is alcohol consumption by the male beggars and lack of safe shelters.

The survivors reported the case to the police; however, they haven’t received appropriate support from any body, and they are living with the burden of the abuse daily. The complainants have said that it is worse not having a shelter than being abused.

The kind of harassment the female direct support includes economic, physical and sexual. The economic abuse comes from the church guard who makes them pay 5 ETB per day for staying in the cemetery; while the owner of the cemeteries allows them to stay for free. In addition, two female discussants privately told the consultant that some of the male beggars removed the metallic door of their rooms in the cemetery in which the female beneficiaries are sleeping.

One of the survivors said that she was physically attacked on her head by a male beneficiary. The positive news is she was able to get medical service with the collaboration from the kebele authorities. She got the medical service without revealing that the cause of her medical problem was an attack made by a male who physically attacked her when she denied his sexual request. She added that there was a relatively young beneficiary who was repeatedly sexually assaulted. They generalized the situation by saying that their life feels like hell; bearing the burden of economic, physical and sexual abuse every day. The only reason they are living with such abuse is because they do not have a place to go.

The Urban Agency together with city officials from MoLSA followed up on the situation and shared a report with the Ministry. The BoLSA social workers responsible for the area are now regularly following

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ESMF of Urban Safety Net and Jobs Project up with the direct support beneficiaries and provide them with support as available. They also work with church officials to ensure transparency and improvements to the DS beneficiaries.

Help seeking behavior and knowing where to go

All of the discussants from AA strongly affirmed that they will go and report to the police in any case of GBV. Everyone goes to police and that is common knowledge. They also added that they can go to the Women’s Affairs Office or keble for help in case of GBV cases. All the discussants said that in case any SH or SEA happens in the public workplace or GBV at the community level, they are ready and unafraid to report it. Discussants from Adama public work confirmed that if they face any work-related SH and SEA, they will report to the grievance committee.

Only few from AA especially the public work beneficiaries know that survivors can go to one-stop centers. On the other hand, most of the discussants from Adama, have no information about the one stop-center in the city. Only few female discussants were able to recall the one-stop center in Adama as the previous Halimeriam Mamo or current Adama Hospital.

Discussants from sheltered street boys were asked a hypothetical question about what they would do if someone sexually abuses them. They gave a range of responses such as:

“such cases will never happen”

“Defend myself and kill the perpetrator if necessary”.

‘’Never say a word, act as if nothing happens because telling people that I am abused would be the most shameful thing to share to another human being”.

“Report to the appropriate people such as the father figure, the coordinator or the social worker”.

Assessment of Risk Level of GBV of the Urban Safety Nnet and Jobs project

To assess the level of GBV risk of the project, information and data both at national and project level were collected and analyzed using the WB GBV risk assessment tool as well as consulting the TTLs, other team members and the federal PCU. The findings show that at the national level, intimate partner violence, child marriage, SGBV and other forms of GBV are prevalent. Even though the legal framework to address spousal rape, and SH are not in place, encouragingly majority of the GBV acts are criminalized. The Criminal Code of Ethiopia also hosts a number of provisions, which criminalize GBV and its different forms. The Government is implementing different strategies to address the problem. Among the provisions include, implementation of programs that protect women from violence and provide necessary services to victims (i.e. comprehensive, quality and accessible legal protection, free legal aid service, and one-stop and rehabilitation centers for victims of GBV). Despite the effort, gaps are identified in terms of availability, accessibility and quality of the shelters and one-stop centers. There is no national standard for establishing shelters with provision of comprehensive services.

While the national level legal provision, the multi-sectoral response to GBV survivors, and the services provided by different entities are all encouraging, there is very limited awareness, knowledge and skill on the prevention and response mechanism of GBV. Further the project doesn’t have a grievance mechanism or referral pathway to deal with GBV cases and support survivors. For instance, in Adama, one of UPSNP participating city, few destitute/direct support beneficiaries were found to be victims of GBV. Nevertheless, the case was not known by project implementers and survivors were not getting the required support until this assessment. Considering the findings at the national and project level, the level of GBV risk is rated

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ESMF of Urban Safety Net and Jobs Project as moderate and GBV action plan is prepared. The detailed risk rating and scoring together with justification notes for the scoring of the risk.

Aftermath of GBV risk assessment: handling and response of GBV risk for UPSNJP

According to Good Practice Note (WB,2018) any WB related project should assess, handle and respond to GBV risk related to the project during project preparation and implementation. During project preparation of UPSNJP, the level of GBV risk is assessed and found out to be 41% that is the higher range of low risk. Accordingly, various mitigation measures are considered as indicated in the upcoming section to address the risk. It is also important to monitor these risks throughout the life of the project. Therefore, this section shows how the project deals with cases of GBV in the aftermath of this assessment.

Responding to GBV Incidents

A Survivor-Centered Approach: Global best practice recognizes that it is essential to respond appropriately to a survivor’s complaint by respecting the survivor’s choices. This means that the survivor’s rights, needs and wishes are prioritized in every decision related to the incident. The survivor of GBV, particularly SEA and SH, who has the courage to come forward must always be treated with dignity and respect. Every effort should be made to protect the safety and wellbeing of the survivor and any action should always be taken with the survivor’s informed consent. These steps serve to minimize the potential for re-traumatization and further violence against the survivor.

Confidentiality: is essential throughout the process. Otherwise, the survivor risks retaliation and a loss of security. If the alleged perpetrator is related to the project or implementing agency, the project should have a safety plan to protect the safety of the survivor. The safety plan can be devised in consultation with the survivor and with the support of the GBV Service Provider. Reasonable adjustments should be made to the alleged perpetrator’s or survivor’s work schedule and work environment in case of public work beneficiary. In case of destitute, the project can protect safety of the survivor, preferably by moving the perpetrator rather than the survivor, as necessary. The project should provide adequate leave to survivors from public work component to whom seeking services after experiencing violence.

Ensuring Appropriate Support for Survivors

The support provided to survivors through GBV response service providers should include: (i) health, (ii) psycho-social, and (iii) legal support. Services should follow global standards and guidelines. Any survivor reporting GBV through a reporting mechanism in a World Bank-financed IPF should receive care regardless of whether the perpetrator is known to be associated with the project or not. This is because: Often, the specifics of the perpetrator may not be known at the beginning of the support services, and once started, a survivor should be able to continue to access care. The increased GBV sensitization activities linked to Bank-financed projects in the project’s adjoining communities may lead survivors in communities to seek services through the project, regardless of whether the perpetrator was linked to the project or not. With regard to the support given to the survivor from the GBV response service provider, under the survivor-centered approach, the case is only closed when the survivor no longer requires support.

GBV response service providers

Mapping of services is undertaken during this assessment to identify GBV response service providers. Accordingly, a total of 19 one stop centers in Addis Ababa, Dire Dawa, Jijiga and Oromia, 17 safe houses (AWSAD, OPRIFS and others) and free legal aid services providers such as EWLA, with branches in Adama/Nazareth, Assosa, Bahir Dar, Dire Dawa, Gambella and Hawassa. The branch/regional offices are supported by 53 trained voluntary committees (Woreda and zone). However, area specific resource

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ESMF of Urban Safety Net and Jobs Project mapping should be done based on the existing resources. This will make it easier to ensure that any survivors receive the necessary support. No monetary compensation should be given directly to the survivor; all support services and accompanying transportation, housing and support requirements (money for official documentation or collection of forensic evidence) are paid through the service provider.

Handling GBV Complaints

The GPN requires all projects to have a framework for properly handling of GBV allegations by assigning responsible bodies for this purpose: (i) the GRM operator; (ii) the GBV Services Provider and, (iii) the representative of the Implementation Agency. It is therefore essential that prior to GBV complaints being received, UPSNJP clearly identify who specifically will be responsible for handling the complaint: who will assess the nature of the complaint, verifying that the survivor has received support, etc. It is advisable to assess the existing modalities for reporting complaints is responsive or not to handle GBV cases and then develop a GBV handling GRM. The GRM should clearly outline how the complaints are received and handled.

Reporting to Management

According to the GPN, the requirements for reporting GBV cases has a protocol that defines incidents using three categories; “Indicative”, “Serious” and “Severe” event. The GBV is categorized as a sever incident and requires immediate reporting. The information required to meaningfully report to management on GBV cases should come from the monitoring of cases of GBV in the GRM and by reviewing regular supervision of consultant’s reports. Reporting should be limited to age of survivor, whether the perpetrator is employed by the project, whether the survivor accesses services, whether the survivor is male or female.

Resolving and Closing a Case

If the survivor does not want to submit an official complaint, the complaint is closed. When the survivor proceeds with the complaint, the case is reviewed through the established GBV resolution mechanism and a course of action is agreed upon; the appropriate party who employs the perpetrator takes the agreed disciplinary action in accordance with local legislation, the employment contract and the Code of Conduct. Within the established resolution mechanism, it is confirmed that the action is appropriate, and then informs the GRM that the case is closed. At this point, all the data is compiled for M&E respecting the confidentiality guiding principle.

Response to GBV - a Case flow

Ensure Handle the Resolving Recive appropriate Report to the complaint and closing complaint support for managment survivours with GRM a case

Implementation enablers to prevention of and response to GBV

Budget: Consider dedicating budget lines to carry out the GBV specific inquiries elaborated on earlier (e.g., the information needed to create a referral list, the reaching out to women’s organizations, and the gathering of information as a part of the gender analyses process), as well as trainings for staff. Since addressing

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GBV is not an explicit program goal or object, the budget line should reflect what the program can realistically accomplish within the scope.

Training: The UPSNJP implementers at all levels need training so that they can be prepared to help monitor and respond to GBV during program implementation since majority of staff are unfamiliar with basic but critical issues connected to GBV. These include basic concepts such as definitions, the reasons for the occurrence of GBV, how socio-cultural context influences GBV, as well as practical skills such as nonjudgmental listening skills to offer support to someone who discloses their experience to program staff. Training on basic GBV should be planned as part of the process of gender integration and provided in throughout the project cycle to offer refreshers from time to time. Training topics must incorporate training in skills and procedures for responding to GBV when disclosure occurs.

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GBV Action plan for USNJP

No. Issues identified Actions Timeline Implementing body Indicators Ongoing risk Mgt. 1 Lack of knowledge Sensitize the implementation agency (IA) staff on the PCU together with a Number of IA staff and skill on importance of mitigating GBV risks on the project, and Soon after GBV advisor or PCU (M, F) attended prevention from and putting in place mechanisms to address reported allegations the project gender expert as well as session response to GBV of GBV/SEA/SH and support reporting survivors to access effectivene gender focal persons relevant GBV response services ss

1.1 Provide training on prevention from and response to GBV to Soon after Gender Focal persons # of staff (M, F) PCU, MoUDH, FJCSNA, MoLSA and other major the project PCU trained on GBV implementers and ToT to gender focal persons. effectivene ss # of Gender focal persons attended ToT trainings 1.2 Raise awareness of all project implementers at woreda level: Soon after PCU Gender Focal # of implementing sessions content should include at least the following: the project Persons partners’ staff (M, • Definitions of GBV, SEA, SH effectivene F) attended • How the project could exacerbate risks of GBV ss awareness raising • Available GBV reporting and referral mechanisms sessions. • Available GBV response services

1.3 Raise awareness of project staff GBV Grievance Redress Soon after PCU and Woreda Gender # of project staff Mechanisms and Code of Conduct on SEA and SH the project Focal Persons (M, F) attended effectivene awareness raising ss sessions

1.4 Site-specific GBV consultations to take place with local periodicall PCU, implementers with # of consultation stakeholders (GBV service providers ) including community y gender focal persons and sessions conducted based structures (women’s groups, CRC, HTP, WDG) stakeholders 2 Lack of knowledge As part of the project’s stakeholder consultations, those periodicall Gender expert at PCU Number of Monitoring of on prevention and affected by the project should be properly informed of GBV y and focal persons Beneficiaries implementation of available resource for risks and project activities to get their feedback on project Men and Stakeholder GBV design and safeguard issues. Consultations need to engage Women Engagement Plan. with a variety of stakeholders (political, cultural or religious Trained leaders, health teams, local councils, social workers, women’s organizations and groups working with children) and should occur at the start and continuously throughout the

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No. Issues identified Actions Timeline Implementing body Indicators Ongoing risk Mgt. implementation of the project.

3 Lack of gender The project’s social assessment to include assessment of the Project start PCU Project related GBV Ongoing review sensitive social underlying GBV risks and social situation, using the GBV risk – ongoing risks identified during assessment assessment tool. Implementation support missions.

4 Lack of service Map out GBV prevention and response actors in project Soon after PCU, Gender Focal Service Mapping National level mapping adjoining communities. This should incorporate an the project Persons, Project report mapping is assessment of the capabilities of the service providers to effectivene implementers done, good to provide quality survivor centered services including GBV ss update and case management, Clinical Management of Rape, acting as a prepare area victim advocate, providing referral to other relevant services specific with consent of survivors. mapping continuously 4.1 Area-specific mapping of GBV prevention and response Soon after Focal person in each city Service Mapping National level actors (including service providers) and assess their capacity the project with PCU gender expert mapping is to provide quality survivor centered service. effectivene and data collectors done, good to ss dedicated to each city update and prepare area specific mapping continuously 4.2 Area specific mapping of informal support groups (CRC, Soon after Area specific focal PCU to coordinate HTP, WDG, CCC) at the community level the project persons, PCU Gender with woreda level effectivene Experts, Project Women & ss implementers Children Affairs

4.3 Strengthen GBV response services based on service mapping Soon after findings: including through advocacy for actions to the the project identified gaps and targeted trainings effectivene ss

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No. Issues identified Actions Timeline Implementing body Indicators Ongoing risk Mgt. 4 Establish and/or strengthen GBV referral pathways and Soon after coordination mechanisms the project effectivene ss

5 Safeguard plan not Review the Implementing Agency (IA) capacity to prevent Gender Ongoing review responsive to GBV and respond to GBV as part of Safeguard Preparation. mainstreamed during implementation support missions. 6 Lack of guideline and Make certain the availability of an effective grievance redress Soon after the GBV Consultant GRM Ongoing- the response mechanism mechanism (GRM) with multiple channels to initiate a the project In place preparation of the on GBV/SH complaint. It should have specific procedures for GBV effectivene GRM is in including confidential reporting with safe and ethical ss progress Ongoing documenting of GBV cases. monitoring and reporting on GRM to verify it is working as intended. 6.1 Prepare GRM for handling of SH 6.2 Raise awareness (through mass event) of project beneficiaries Quarterly PCU, Gender Focal # of mass events Ongoing review (including their partners) on GBV (SEA), reporting Persons, and project organized during mechanisms (GRM), available GBV response services, and implementers implementation the importance of timely accessing lifesaving response # of beneficiaries support missions services. (M, F) reached

6.3 Assign GBV focal person within the existing GRM committee February, PCU and implementers No. and 2020 Sex of Committee Members 6.4 Conduct training for the GRM committee on GBV responsive Soon after PCU gender expert GRM the project effectivene ss

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No. Issues identified Actions Timeline Implementing body Indicators Ongoing risk Mgt. 6.5 Revise the existing Code of conduct and incorporate articles Soon after PCU in the CoC with regard to GBV. Raise staff awareness on the the project CoC, available compliant reporting mechanisms and GBV effectivene response services. ss

7 Lack of gender Have GBV risks adequately reflected in all safeguards Soon after Gender Expert with Ongoing review sensitive instruments (i.e., Project ESMP, C-ESMP)—particularly as the project the technical experts during safeguard instruments part of the assessment in the ESA. Include the GBV mapping effectivene implementation in these instruments. ss support missions.

7.1 Address GBV in existing safe guard instruments including Soon after GRM, Stakeholder engagement and public consultation the project guidelines effectivene ss

7.2 Review that the GRM receives and processes complaints to Soon after ensure that the protocols are being followed in a timely the project manner, referring complaints to an established mechanism to effectivene review and address GBV complaints. ss

8 Lack of facilities for Set up facilities for beneficiaries to reduce mitigate GBVrisks January PCU at all levels No. facilities Note indicated for Beneficiaries including childcare services. 2020 on low Risk but the wards facilities are Applicable for the project 81. Furnish childcare centers with child friendly playing materials April 2020 PCU – ongoing

8.2 Conduct safety audits in public work location and shelters of Soon after Project implementers direct support beneficiaries to identify GBV risks the project effectivene ss

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No. Issues identified Actions Timeline Implementing body Indicators Ongoing risk Mgt. 8.3 Provide life skill sessions for project beneficiaries Monthly Project implementer # of adolescent girls (specifically targeting adolescent girls) reached

9 Lack of Produce and disseminate communication materials on Periodicall PCU gender expert and communication prevention from and response to GBV to beneficiaries y Focal persons at all Materials and networking on levels together with disseminated prevention from and communication experts response to GBV 10 Lack of follow up and Undertake regular M&E of progress on GBV activities, Periodicall Sex and monitoring including reassessment of risks as appropriate. y gender disaggregated data available 10.1 Monitor implementation of GRM protocols to address GBV Periodicall complaints y 11 Lack of networking Establish work relation with NCB, (MoH, police, NGOs Soon after PCU gender expert and Networks with stakeholders for which provide services to survivors the project Focal persons at all established GBV prevention and effectivene levels response ss

12 Absence of gender Fill the vacant gender expert position in PCU Soon after PCU No. of experts expert the project in PCU effectivene ss

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Annex L: Terms of Reference for USNJP Environmental and Social Specialists

OBJECTIVE: To provide technical advice on environmental management and mitigation and ensure that the USNJP ESMF is fully implemented. Tasks

• Participate and facilitate in the preparation of site specific environmental and social risk management instruments • Oversee and monitor the implementation of the subprojects in compliance with the ES safeguards requirements of the project • Coordinate and support the system of E&S screening, review and approval process set out in this ESMF, and oversee its smooth operation including advice to USNJP Cities on the procurement of consultants for any required ESIA or RAP studies; • Liaise with the Federal and Regional EFCCC on a regular basis to support implementation of the ESMF • Lead the delivery of capacity building programs on Environmental management for beneficiary City officers. • Provide technical advice to beneficiary cities on all technical issues related to natural resources and environmental management. These issues will relate to impacts on surface water, groundwater, agricultural resources and vegetation, sourcing of materials used in construction, human health, ecology and protected areas, land and soil degradation; • Provide training to raise awareness of relevant Regional, Zonal and City technical and management officers; • Liaise with the Regional UFSJC Agencies/Bureaus and beneficiary cities to ensure the project’s compliance with the ESMF, RPF and all resettlement aspects of the project; • Provide specific technical advice on mitigation measures for subprojects; • Spearhead/coordinate the commissioning of an independent consulting firm to carry out an environmental performance audit of USNJP on an annual basis; • Be responsible for collating information related to the RPF and resettlement; • Undertake review of partial ESIA/ESMP and RAPs to ensure compliance with the ESMF and RPF; and in collaboration with the appropriate bodies initiate and carry periodic environmental monitoring and inspection on selected subprojects. • Compile, respond, follow up and report OHS incidents/accidents as per the guideline included in the ESMF • Facilitate environmental and social auditing • Compile and submit quarterly, biannual and annual E&S performance reports of the USNJP to the PCU, PMCC and the Federal and Regional EFCCC, the World Banks as appropriate. • Ensuring an appropriate environmental and social safeguards documentation practice

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Annex M Term of reference for Gender Expert

Objective: To provide technical support for the implementation of Gender inclusion activities and GBV Action plan prepared for the project

➢ Tasks Develops and designs concepts, and inputs into problem identification, causal and problem analysis to support operationalization of gender mainstreaming strategies and plans. ➢ Participates in the projects annual reviews to ensure gender responsive project planning. ➢ Monitor progress on the GAP and GBV action plan and provide ongoing feedback and recommendations to the project management. ➢ Organize, lead or promote the implementation of identified capacity building activities. ➢ Establishes and maintain productive relationship with stakeholders and communities ➢ Prepares regular progress reports on implementation on GBV action plan . ➢ Provide guidance and advice to the PIU on technical issues of Advocacy and Gender mainstreaming inthe project. ➢ Undertake other duties as per the requirement of the project or as directed by project coordinator

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ANNEX O: Social Risk Assessment

Piloting integration of refugees and host communities through inclusion in USNJ project

Abbreviations ARRA Agency for Refugees and Returnees Affairs CE Citizen Engagement CRRC - Comprehensive Refugee Response Framework CSA Central Statistics Agency ECD Early Childhood Development FM Financial Management ESMF Environmental and Social Management Framework GBV Gender Based Violence IDP Internally Displaced Persons LIPW Labor Intensive Public Work MFI Micro Finance Institution MIS Management Information System PW Public Work PwD Persons with Disability RCC Refugee Central Committee UJCFS Unban Job Creation and Food Security ULG Urban Local Government ULGDP Urban Local Government Development Project UNHCR United Nation High Commissioner for Refugees UJCFS A Urban Job Creation and Food Security Agency UPSN Urban Productive Safety Net WFP World Food Program

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Ethiopia hosts over 700,000 refugees (2017), who have been displaced from its close neighboring countries, mainly from Somalia, South Sudan and Eritrea. These registered refugees are hosted in 26 camps located in five regional states, namely Afar, Benishangul-Gumuz, Gambella, Tigray and Somali regions)28.

As one of the major refugee hosting country in Africa, Ethiopia endorsed the UN Declaration for Refugees and Migrants and the Comprehensive Refugee Response Framework(CRRF), and adopted a national legal and policy framework consistent with international standards. The new Refugee Proclamation, among other things, entitles refugees the right to establish legal residence and to be treated in the same circumstances as Ethiopian nationals with respect to registration and issuance of vital events, access to health and education services and participation in economic activities including wage employment and in such diverse areas as agriculture, livestock and small and medium enterprises.

To implement the National Comprehensive Refugee Response Plan (NCRRP)29, the Government of Ethiopia (GOE) and the World Bank developed an initiative to pilot the socio-economic integration of refugees and host communities through inclusion in the UPSNP in the Somali region. The project aims to support 1,400 poor households comprising of both host community members and Somalia refugees with cash for work and livelihood support services. The Pilot project targets refugees who have been living as refugees for 5 years or more in Kebrie Beyah, Aw Barre and Sheder refugee camps. While a new public works program will be initiated in Kebri Beyah to create Public Work (PW) employment opportunity for eligible refugees and host community households, the Jigjiga UPSN program will be expanded to include eligible refugees from Aw Barre and Sheder camps. This requires relocation of eligible refugee households from Aw Barre and Sheder camps to Jigjiga to participate in the PW projects. Building on the success of the first phase implementation of the Ethiopian Urban Productive Safety Net (UPSN), the Government of Ethiopia (GOE) and the World Bank are initiating to pilot the socio-economic integration of refugees and host communities through the UPSNP in the Somali region. The project aims to support 1,400 poor households comprising of both host community members and Somalia refugees with cash for work and livelihood support services. The Pilot project targets refugee who have been living as refugees for 5 years or more in Kebrie Beyah, Aw Barre and Sheder refugee camps. While the Jigjiga UPSN program will be expanded to include eligible refugees from Aw Barre and Sheder camps, a new public works program will be initiated in Kebri Beyah to create PW employment opportunity for eligible refugees and host community households. .

Key Findings of the Social Risk Assessment

Views and opinions of Local Administrations towards presence of refugees

2828 Concept Note, Design and Pilot the Integration of Refugees and Host Communities through the Urban Productive Safety Net Project (P151712) in support of the Comprehensive Refugee Response Framework in Ethiopia (the World Bank)

29 Ethiopia Country Refugee Response Plan 2018 : The integrated response plan for refugees from Eritrea, Sudan, South Sudan and Somalia (January - December 2018), UNHCR MUDHCo - UFSJCA Page 184

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• The host communities and refugees belong to the same ethnic /clan, practice the same culture and attend together religious services in mosques. • As city/Kebele population grow following the influx of refugees, there is an increased pressure on existing infrastructure and service delivery systems and adds to the unmet need for new infrastructure investment and service delivery. • Limited government budget and lack of adequate local resources have been major problems to expand sustained urban infrastructure and service delivery for both the underserved host communities and refugees. • Competition for scarce resources, firewood and water, are of the two main reasons for social tension between refugees and host community members. • Due to low level of local economic development, local governments and municipal service offices in Kebri Beyah and Aw Barre lack viable tax bases to undertake infrastructure projects aimed at facilitating the social development needs of the communities they serve. • Low level of urban development and limited financial resources make the woreda towns fiscally dependent on transfers and subsidies from the regional government. • As the UPSN program is concerned with addressing the challenges of poverty and unemployment through safety net model, the program will create employment opportunity and other benefits to the host community members and refugees On social cohesion and peaceful co-existence between refugees and host communities

• Refugees are fully accepted, interact well and successfully blend with the host community through economic interactions, intermarriage and other social activities. • The safety and security of the host communities not threatened by the presence of refugees as they share the same water resources, health/clinic services and other social and religious functions together. • During discussion with refugees in Sheder camp, one refugee described the existing relationship between refugees and the host community as; “We, Somalia refugees and the host community, have common ethnic background, speak the same language, and share common religion and culture. We actively participate in all aspects of the social and cultural life and attend classes together along with host community students. Furthermore, we have lived here with the community for many years and no longer consider ourselves as outsider, but as part of the community.” • There is high level of peaceful co-existence and mutual understanding between refugees and members of the host community. No major social tension or conflict has been reported since refugees moved to the camps. Views and opinions of refugees towards working in UPSN together with host community members • Almost all consulted refugees overwhelmingly expressed their happiness about the socio-economic integration through inclusion in UPSN program. They pointed out that participation in the Pilot project would enable many young and poor refugee women to earn money to improve the living conditions of their families. • As the safety net project will be delivering tangible economic benefits to refugees, the Pilot project should start immediately. • Participation in the UPSN will provide employment opportunity, boost morale, and improve feeling of self-worthiness and self- confidence for refugee households who are suffering from poverty.

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• Women expressed great interest to participate in public work project as long as there is uniform pay rate for refugees and host community members. • Refugees expressed concerns that full economic integration with host communities may result in losing their refugee status and third country resettlement. Potential Social Risks Associated with Temporary Relocation of Refugees

• As eligible refugees from Aw Barre and Sheder camps will have to relocate temporarily to Jigjiga, they may face serious challenge to find affordable living places, as the cost of living in Jigjiga is higher than that of Aw Barre and Sheder. This will increases the risk for refugees to fall into more poverty. • If the relocation involves refugee families with growing children, it will be even more challenging in several ways including finding access to childcare, school for children and support for older relatives in addition to finding housing within budget. Furthermore, leaving everything behind and beginning another life in a different location will require a period of adjustment. • If head of the households who qualify for UPSN leave behind their family , absence of head of households for a substantial period may cause stress, financial burdens and strained relationships with family members who will be left behind. • As Jigjiga is hosting large number of IDPs displaced from the neighboring region, temporary inflow of refugees may put additional pressure on the city’s limited stock of housing available for rental, hindering refugees integration in their new host community.

These diverse challenges call serious attention and appropriate mitigation measures even if relocation of refugees is temporary in nature.

Mitigation Recommendations

• Although UPSN will certainly help to strengthen socio-economic integration of refugees with host communities, the cash to work benefits refugees will be getting from participation in the UPSN should be carefully calibrated to match the value of current cash and in-kind assistance provided in camps. This adjustment measure will serve as incentive to motivate refugees to participate in the Pilot socio- economic integration through UPSN program.

• Refugees should be provided adequate information about the new Refugee Proclamation that entitles them among other things, the right to be treated in the same circumstances as Ethiopian nationals with respect to access to wage employment and self –employment and freedom of movement and the right to choose residency place within the country. This information is important to refugees to build trust and confidence in their socio-economic integration with host communities.

• To minimize the social risks associated with relocation of refugees, the Pilot project should consider activating UPSN program in Aw Barre town, as there is big infrastructure gap that could be addressed through PW projects.

• The local governments in Kebri Beyah lacks institutional capacity and experience in planning and management of major public works projects. Intensive capacity MUDHCo - UFSJCA Page 186

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building trainings should be provided for project management staff focusing on planning, management and monitoring and evaluation of public infrastructure projects to ensure successful implementation of the proposed Pilot UPSN project.

• The capacity-building program should also include trainings on institutionalizing citizen participation to build consensus on goals, objectives and priorities on planning and delivery of basic municipal infrastructure services.

• A dedicated Social Safeguard Focal Persons, both at regional and city levels, shall be deployed to effectively handle and perform the social safeguard management compliance and related tasks of the project.

• A comprehensive communication plan needs to be developed to increase awareness level of host community members towards the Pilot integration in Jigjiga and Kebri Beyah towns.

• Grievance Redressing Mechanism should be promoted to the public, target beneficiaries and non-beneficiary groups to ensure potential concerns and complaints are reported, recorded and resolved in a clear and transparent fashion.

I. INTRODUCTION

1.1.General Introduction

As one of the major refugee hosting country in Africa, Ethiopia endorsed the UN Declaration for Refugees and Migrants, signed the Comprehensive Refugee Response Framework (CRRF), developed Country Refugee Response Plan (RRP) and issued a new Refugee Proclamation that entitles refugees, among other things, the right to establish legal residence and registration and issuance of certificate for vital events. It also provides refugees the right to be treated in the same circumstances as Ethiopian nationals with respect to economic integration and participation in income generating activities including wage employment and in such diverse areas as agriculture, livestock and small and medium enterprise and access to health and education services. Building on the success of the first phase implementation of the Ethiopian Urban Productive Safety Net (UPSN), the Government of Ethiopia (GOE) and the World Bank are initiating to pilot the socio-economic integration of refugees and host communities through the UPSNP in the Somali region. The project aims to support 1,400 poor households comprising of both host community members and Somalia refugees with cash for work and livelihood support services. The Pilot project targets refugee who have been living as refugees for 5 years or more in Kebrie Beyah, Aw Barre and Sheder refugee camps. While the Jigjiga UPSN program will be expanded to include eligible refugees from Aw Barre and Sheder camps, a new public works program will be initiated in Kebri Beyah to create PW employment opportunity for eligible refugees and host community households. The Pilot socio-economic integration of refugees and host community through inclusion of refugees in UPSN is a multifaceted program that will involve several government offices, institutional stakeholders and beneficiary groups who are expected to play critical roles at

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ESMF of Urban Safety Net and Jobs Project national, regional, city/town and community levels to achieve the development objectives. In the process of achieving the social protection goals of the Pilot project, there may also be some communities, social groups, target beneficiaries and individuals whose interests may be affected by the project activities either positively or negatively.

As part of the implementation planning of the Pilot economic integration of refugees and host communities through inclusion in UPSN, field assessment and consultation meetings were carried out between December 23, 2019 and December 28, 2019, in three refugee camps and host communities located in Somalia region. The assessment and consultation focused on capturing and documenting actual and anticipated social risks associated with implementation of the Pilot project. This include views and opinions on existing relationship between refugees and host communities, social cohesion and peaceful coexistence, social and cultural interactions, interest and concerns of refugees towards working side by side with host communities in public work projects, interest and concerns of refugees towards relocation to participate in UPSN projects, and anticipated social risks associated with implementation of the Pilot project. The assessment also focused on existing institutional capacity of local governments in managing and administering municipal services and public works projects.

1.2. Methodology The methodology employed for the Social Risk Assessment are desk review of project related documents, baseline data collection from field visits of refugees camps, agencies responsible for administration and protection of refugees and group and individual consultation with host local administration units, refugees, concerned regional and city level government agencies and international organizations working with refugees.

• Desk review The consultant reviewed all relevant documents including project concept note, UPSN project documents and progress reports, relevant national development policy frameworks including the new Refugee Proclamation, UPSN project implementation manuals and guidelines, the World Bank Environmental and Social Framework, and other relevant documents useful for the assessment.

• Baseline Data Collection The baseline data collection involved a review of secondary sources and information obtained from ARRA, UNHCR, and ULGs. Collected data include population size of refugees in each camps, type of protection services provided to refugees, local government management structure and available urban infrastructure and services and major local economic activities. Data and information collected through this process has been used to develop brief profile of the refugee population and host communities that were visited and consulted for the social risk assessment.

• Stakeholder Consultations The consultation techniques and instruments included individual discussions with regional, city level UJCFS authorities, and program managers, Regional Office Manager of ARRA and Refugee Camp Coordinators, Jigjiga City UNHCR Program Officer and Livelihood Manager and Mayor of Jigjiga City. Group based consultations conducted with refugee groups in Kebri Beyah, Aw Barre and Sheder refugee camps. Participants included Refugee

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Central Committee members, women and youth association leaders. During consultation meeting in refugee camps and informal discussions with host residents.

1.3. Challenges a) Formal consultation meeting with host community members was not conducted in any of the project towns due to shortage of time and tense security situation in the region following the December 24, 2019 religion based protest in Jigjiga city. However, concerted efforts have been made to include views and opinions of host residents through informal consultations and discussions with individuals in each town. b) The consultation meeting in Kebri Beyah camp faced challenge from some youth refugees who refused to attend the meeting. They asked the consultant team to leave the camp immediately because “they are tired of attending meetings that promise a lot and deliver nothing.” After some painstaking negotiation, the youth group agreed the consultation to take place and actively participated throughout the meeting. II. RELEVANT LEGAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORKS AND GUIDELINES

2.1. Comprehensive Refugee Response Framework (CRRF)

The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) unanimously adopted the New York Declaration for Refugees and Migrants in 2016, reaffirming the importance of international refugee rights and committing to strengthen protection and support for people on the move. The Declaration called upon the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) to develop a Comprehensive Refugee Response Framework (CRRF), with key objectives of easing pressure on host countries, enhance refugee self-reliance, expand access to third- country solutions and support conditions in countries of origin for return in safety and dignity. As one of the major refugee hosting country in Africa, Ethiopia endorsed the UN Declaration for Refugees and Migrants, signed the CRRF and developed country specific Refugee Response Plan (RRP) to facilitate local integration of 13,000 refugees who have lived in Ethiopia for more than 20 years. The Country Refugee Response plan allows integration of refugees in the national educational system (including adult literacy and Technical Vocational Education and Training (TVET)).and allows promotion of self-reliance and livelihoods through skills development, job matching and private sector participation so that refugees can engage in self- and wage employment opportunities in such diverse areas as agriculture, livestock and small and medium enterprise

2.2. The GOE Refugee Proclamation ( Proclamation 1110/2019)

The new Refugee Proclamation issued on the 27th of February, 2019 entitles all recognized refugees to obtain a resident permit renewable every five year and to be treated in the same circumstances as Ethiopian nationals with respect to registration and issuance of vital events, access to health and all levels of education services including pre-primary, primary, secondary, technical and vocational training and higher education and the right of free movement and freedom to choose residency place within the country. With regard to

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economic integration, the proclamation allows refugees to engage in agriculture, industry, commerce and micro enterprise individually or as a group or in wage earning employment, access and use of agricultural and irrigable lands subject to payment of lease payment for a period of seven years (7), pay the same taxes as nationals. The proclamation also recognizes refugee rights to form non-political and nonprofit associations with the same circumstances accorded to foreign nationals and entitles vulnerable refugees, such as women, children, and persons with special needs, to enjoy the rights and protections enshrined under relevant laws including protection from gender based violence30, 2.3. National Social Protection Policy

The National Social Protection policy is designed to increase access to social services by providing support services for members of the society affected by economic shocks, natural and manmade calamities and other events who require special support. These include, expanding formal and informal social insurance systems as preventive measures to protect citizens from falling into destitution and risks because of livelihood shocks. The policy focuses on taking measures of enhancing knowledge, skill, and employment opportunities of citizens to increase their incomes and asset building capabilities. Protecting citizens from exclusion, ensuring their needs by reducing vulnerability to risk that emanate from economic and social structural imbalances are the major objectives of the National Social Protection Policy. 2.4. Urban Food Security Strategy

The Urban Food Security Strategy is developed within the framework of the National Social Protection Policy with the aim of reducing poverty and vulnerability among the urban poor living below the poverty line over a period of 10 years. The Urban Productive Safety Project is one of the strategic instruments of the Urban Food Security Strategy implemented by the GOE to address urban food security and chronic poverty in urban areas.

2.5. The Environmental Policy of Ethiopia Key elements of the policy includes incorporation of impact containment measures within the design process for both public and private sector development projects. It also requires mitigation measures and contingency plans to be incorporated with the environmental and social impact statements. It also provision of environmental sanitation awareness to the community to bring attitudinal change that helps to maintain safe waste management practices, recycling of liquid and solid wastes from homesteads and establishments for the production of energy, fertilizer and for other uses and integration of actions among all stakeholders in sanitation interventions. 2.6. The UPSNP Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF)

The UPSN Environmental and Social Management Framework ( ESMF) establishes a unified process for addressing all environmental and social safeguards issues on subprojects from preparation, through review and approval, to implementation. It establish clear procedures and methodologies for the environmental and social assessment, review, approval and implementation of LIPWs to be financed under the UPSNP and specify

30 Federal Negarit Gazetta, No. 38, 25th Edition, February 25, 2019 MUDHCo - UFSJCA Page 190

ESMF of Urban Safety Net and Jobs Project appropriate roles and responsibilities, and outline the necessary reporting procedures, for managing and monitoring environmental and social concerns related to UPSNP LIPW. A Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) that establishes the Project resettlement and compensation principles and implementation arrangements complements the ESMF. 2.7. Environmental and Social Framework of the World Bank

The Environmental and Social Framework provides specific requirements to be followed in identification and assessment of environmental and social risks and impacts associated with projects supported by the World Bank. The framework provides guidelines to ensure commitment to sustainable development with the aim of ending extreme poverty and promoting shared prosperity. III. DESCRIPTION OF URBAN PRODUCTIVE SAFETY NET PROJECT (UPSNP)

3.1. Brief Description

The Ethiopia Urban Productive Safety Net Project (UPSNP) is a social protection program of the Government of Ethiopia with the support of the World Bank. The project is designed to address the challenges of urban poverty and unemployment through safety net model (conditional direct support, unconditional direct support, temporary direct support and social services to the destitute) in selected cities taking into consideration city-level poverty and unemployment rates, administrative capacity and regional equity. 3.2. The UPSN Project Components Component 1: Urban Productive Safety Net to selected urban poor households, taking into consideration city-level poverty and unemployment rates, administrative capacity and regional equity. This component involves beneficiaries in Labor Intensive Public Works (LIPW) activities, adapting and mitigating climate change through the Productive Safety Net Project, life skills training (a bi-monthly sessions that would provide information on essential family practices, reproductive health, parenting, gender-related topics including gender- based violence (GBV), and referral services for beneficiary households. It also includes promotion of gender equality and early childhood development (ECD), business development and livelihood grants after developing business plan. Component 2: Direct income support to labor constrained elderly and disabled individuals combined with case management at the local level and linkages to education and health services (such as Community-Based Health Insurance). While MoLSA is responsible for administering the direct cash assistance for labor constrained elderly and disabled individuals, services for the urban destitute to be provided through the recruitment of NGOs with the objective of homeless people’s social, economic and educational reintegration, including street children.

Component 3: This component aims to strengthen and support key processes such as targeting, enrolment, payments, citizen engagement, as well as monitoring of the project elements by focusing on capacity building and institutional collaboration (human resources, training, administrative and technical capacity). Strengthen program management and monitoring supported by a project coordination unit (PCU) that would include technical and

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ESMF of Urban Safety Net and Jobs Project fiduciary staff in support of both the Agency and the MoLSA, supporting citizen engagement, social accountability and enhancing the use of MIS at national, regional and local levels.

3.3. Project Implementation Management and Coordination

The institutional arrangement for implementation of the UPSN is fully streamlined into the existing government structure at the federal, regional, city and local levels. The MUDHC is the main project implementing agency working in close cooperation with several key implementing partners, including Ministry of Labor & Social Affairs (MoLSA), Ministry of Finance, Economic Development and Cooperation (MoFEDC), Ministry of Women, and Children and Youth (MoWCY) At regional and city level, the UJCFSA offices in close collaboration with regional bureaus and offices of Urban Development, Labor and Social Affair, Women, Children and Youth Affairs and Finance & Economic Development coordinate the management and implementation of the UPSN program including citizen engagement activities by allocating the necessary personnel, equipment and financial resources. The city level Labor and Social Affairs offices manage and oversee activities related to social assistance and case management services for addressing the social, economic and educational reintegration of homeless people including street children through the recruitment of NGOs. At Woreda/Kebele level, the Woreda/Keble administrations and the UFSJC focal person are responsible to follow up the implementation of UPSN project components and subproject activities as per the project implementation guidelines. The focal person in collaboration with sector offices and community-based organizations collect data and information from households, coordinates and facilitates the project targeting, stakeholder engagement and participation as well as supervise effective implementation of the Woreda/Kebele/ Ketena grievance redressing system and mechanisms.

3.4. Piloting the Socio-economic Integration of Refugees and Hosts through Inclusion in the UPSNP in Somali Region With over 700,000-refugee population, mainly from the neighboring countries of Somalia, Eritrea, South Sudan, Ethiopia stands as one of the largest refugee hosting countries in Africa. These refugees are living in 26 camps spread in five regional states, namely Afar, Benishangul-Gumuz, Gambella, Tigray and Somali regions, primarily relying on international humanitarian aid and assistances (food, some cash-based assistance and protection services). Following the New York Declaration for Refugees and Migrants (2016) and with the launch of the global Comprehensive Refugee Response Framework (CRRF), the GoE adopted a new legal framework (Refugee Proclamation No. 1110/2019) which provides legal rights and opportunities for greater social and economic inclusion of refugee groups in Ethiopia. To implement the National Comprehensive Refugee Response Strategy (NCRRS), the Government of Ethiopia (GOE) and the World Bank are committed to pilot the socio- economic integration of refugees and host communities through the UPSNP in the Somali region. The project aims to support 1,400 poor households comprising of both host community members and Somalia refugees with cash for work and livelihood support services. The Pilot project targets refugee who have been living as refugees for 5 years or

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ESMF of Urban Safety Net and Jobs Project more in Kebrie Beyah, Aw Barre and Sheder refugee camps. While the Jigjiga UPSN program will be expanded to include eligible refugees from Aw Barre and Sheder camps, a new public works program will be initiated in Kebri Beyah to create PW employment opportunity for eligible refugees and host community households. Eligible refugee households from Aw Barre and Sheder will have to relocate at least temporarily to Jigjiga and benefits may be expanded to account for additional expenses for relocating refugees to participate in public works activities in Jigjiga. Similar intervention may be provided to help release pressure on Jigjiga’s infrastructure from the inflow of beneficiary refugee households. Implementation of the Pilot will follow the general guidelines, manuals and procedures adopted by UJCFSA. This include participation in the public works for 3 years, life skills training, and provision of livelihood grants after completion of training for establishing new or expansion of existing businesses for promotion of self –employment. Targeting and selecting of beneficiaries will focus on the poorest among the host and refugee households and participation in the Pilot project is voluntary. Composition of beneficiaries will be based on the following benchmark: i. Kebri Beyah pilot (40% of beneficiaries): refugee households living in Kebri Beyah camp and host community households living within the Kebri Beyah town jurisdiction.

ii. Jigjiga town pilot (60% of beneficiaries): refugee households living in Aw Barre and Sheder camps and households living in Jigjiga town.

The safety net employs able-bodied household members to work in public work projects for a period of up to 3 years. Urban greenery development, solid waste management, building drainages and community infrastructure, and development of shelters and workshops for income generation are among the public work projects supported by the UPSN. The hourly pay rate for PW will be set below local market wage rates to encourage beneficiaries to seek other employment by their own in host communities. Payment to beneficiaries will be made through Micro Finance Institutions (MFIs) or commercial banks located in Kebri Beyah and Jigjiga. As part of livelihood skills training, financial literacy training including instructions on how to open a bank account will be provided to refugee beneficiaries. The major components of the Pilot socio-economic integration of refugees and host communities through the UPSNP in the Somali region are as follows: Component 1: Productive Safety Net The productive safety net component target both refugee and host community household members that are able to work in public work projects in Kebri Beyah and Jigjiga towns. Urban greenery development, solid waste management, building drainages and community infrastructure, and development of shelters and workshops for income generation are the type of infrastructure projects that will be undertaken by public works program. Approximately 1,400 households will be enrolled in the program, lasting up to 3 years. Beneficiaries are entitled to work the maximum allocated days each year. Each year, the

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ESMF of Urban Safety Net and Jobs Project maximum working days declines to encourage beneficiaries seek alternative employment, while participating in the program. Component 2: Livelihood Services The livelihood service component of the Pilot project will provide beneficiary refugees and host community households with livelihood advisory services and grants. The livelihood skills training including financial literacy, work-readiness and business plan trainings. Once beneficiaries successfully complete the skills training, they will be required to develop a new business development plan or existing business upgrading plan with the support of business development counsellors. When the proposal is approved, eligible beneficiaries will receive a livelihood grant of US$ 500 to set up a new business or expand their existing business or use the grant for skills development (in the case of wage employment).

Component 3: Institutional Strengthening and Project Management This component will support the development and strengthening of project systems for targeting, information management, payments, and citizens’ engagement (CE). It will also finance capacity building (human resource, training, administrative, and physical capacity) and strengthening program management (coordination, financial management (FM), procurement, and safeguards), M&E system as well as any adjustments to accommodate the new target population groups and its unique needs and requirements. Regional and Local Institutional Coordination The responsible Government agency for coordinating and development of economic inclusion activities concerning refugees are the UJCFSA and ARRA. The two agencies will work together in coordinating implementation of the project along with existing and future government internal co-ordination mechanisms at federal, regional and urban levels. The Office of the President of the Somali Regional, Regional Bureaus including Urban Development and Housing, Finance and Economic Development, Technical and Vocational Education and Jigjiga city UJCFSA, Jigjiga municipality and local authorities in Aw Barre and Sheder are among the institutions who are expected to play role in the implementation of the Pilot socio-economic integration of refugees and host communities through inclusion in the UIPSNP. The World Bank will provide overarching implementation support and foster coordination at all levels. Regular coordination meetings with the EU will be held between the UFSJCA, the World Bank, UNHCR and Mercy Corps under the larger umbrella of EU-TF CRRF support programme.

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IV. BRIEF PROFILE OF VISITED TOWNS AND PROFILE OF REFUGEE

This section provides general information and brief description of refugee hosting towns, administration and governance system of local governments, profile of the refugee population and livelihood sources and access to humanitarian support and protection services including heath and education. Data and information for the report was collected from Jigjiga UNHCR office and the local governments in Kebri Beyah and Aw Barre towns and Sheder Kebele administration. 4.1. Regional Background & Context The Somali Regional State is one of the nine regions forming the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. The state borders Afar and Oromia regions and Diredawa city administration to the west, Djibouti to the north, Somalia to the north, east and south and Kenya to the southwest. Somalia region is sub-dived into elven administrative zones and five special administrative zones. Jigjiga is the administrative capital of the regions. Other major towns and cities include Degehabour, Kebri Dahar, Barey, Fig, Kebri Beyah, and Aw Barre. The population of the regions is estimated to be 4,728,639, of which 42.6 % female and 57.3 % male. Of the total population, 85.9 % rural and 14.1 % urban and over 98 % of the population are followers of the Muslim religion. The urban population comprises of ethnic groups including Somalis (96.23%), Oromo (2.25%), Amhara (0.69%), and Gurage (0.14%). Somali language, predominantly spoken within the Region, is the official working language of the region. Other major languages included Oromifa, (2.24%), Amharic (0.92%) and Gurage (0.003%).

Map of Somalia Regional State (reprinted from bing.com/images) Majority of the region inhabitant are mainly pastoralists and suffer from a high level of poverty and low levels of infrastructure development. Aagricultural activities include crop

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ESMF of Urban Safety Net and Jobs Project production and livestock. Sorghum and maize are the two main cultivated crops and fruit trees and Khat are planted in a limited scale. Trading of agricultural and manufacturing products including clothing stores, small café and restaurant businesses dominate the urban center economic activities. There are eight (8) refugee camps housing refugees from Somalia. Of the total refugee camps, three of them, Kberi Beyah, Aw Barre, and Sheder, are located in Faafan Zone of Somalia region. Poor roads and limited accessibility of safe drinking water and sanitation facility infrastructure, inadequate education and health services and low-level income- generating opportunities are prevalent among these host communities. Accessibility to safe drinking water is quite low and sanitation facility is severely lacking. 4.2. Brief Profile of Jigjiga City

Jigjiga is the capital of the Somali Regional State. It is Located approximately 80 km east of Harar and 60 km west of the border of Ethiopia – Somalia. The city has an estimated population of 57,146 people.

Local Governance and Management

The city administration consists of the Mayor, who leads the executive branch, and the City Council, which enacts city regulations. Sector offices include Education, Health, and Trade; Transport an Investment, Finance and Economic Development, Women & Children, Youth & Sports, Urban Agriculture, Micro and Small Enterprise, Job Creation and Food Security and City Beautification & Sanitation.

As one of the beneficiaries of the ULGDP II, the city has undertaken several labor-intensive urban infrastructure projects including drainage line, gravel road, cobblestone, and waste disposal site development. The ULGDP program is established under the office of the City Manager having focal persons including Monitoring and Evaluation and Financial Management Experts. Jigjiga is also one of the first implementing cities of UPSN. The program involved 10,885 beneficiaries, of which 9,143 reported to engage in PW project (urban sanitation and waste collection, urban greenery and public park development, small social infrastructure development and water shade management works) and 1,742 receive Permanent Direct Support (PDS).

Local Economic Activities

Like other Ethiopian cities, the local economy is dominated by small scale trading of industrial and agricultural products, clothing stores, construction material supply shops. Hotel, restaurant, and café businesses, private health care service providers and banking and financial institutions dominate the service sector economic activities. There are also many established street vendors selling food items. In the morning, the major street is full of skilled laborers trying to get to many project sites for work. The city has a vibrant urban transit system dominated by tri wheel cycles (Bajaj) and other means of transportation. Employment and Unemployment

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According to Employment and Unemployment Survey Report of CSA (2018), the total employed population is 51,813, of which 32,110 male and 19,703 female. Of the total employed population, 1,1199 engaged in urban agriculture, 2,556 manufacturing, 498 waste collection, management and disposal, 5887 construction, 12,818 wholesale and retail trading, 5,678 transportation and 3,667 restaurant and hospitality services and 431 in information and communication technology. The unemployment rate for all age group is estimated at 22.4 % (11.6 % male and 23.5 % female) and youth unemployment, age 15 and 29, is estimated at 26.5 % . Climate change, displacement of people due to border dispute and ethnic conflicts and loss of essential livelihood assets are among the major reasons for influx of people from rural to urban centers in the region. Majority of IDPs are also women with dependent children. 4.3. Kebri Beyah, Faafan Zone Kebri Beyah is located 50 km southwest of Jigjiga city, bordered by Deegehabur Zone on the south, Fig Zone on southwest, Gursum on the northwest Awbere on the north and Somalia land on the northwest. The woreda has a total population of 165,518, of whom 89,703 men and 75,815 women. About 98.77% of the population are devoted Muslims. Local Administration and Governance Kebri Beyah is one of the administrative woredas of Faafan Zone and Kebri Beyah town is the administrative center of the woreda. The town is located about 55 km southeast of Jigjiga. Population of the town is estimated at 58,00031, residing in four urban and three rural kebeles. The town population showed significant increase after the establishment of the refugee camp in 1991. A Mayor-Council model, the mayor having significant political, administrative and budgetary authority, manages the town. The town council members are elected from residents of the kebeles. Sector offices include Water, Health, Education, Finance, Agriculture, Women and Children, Sport and Culture, Urban Greenery and Beautification, and Trade and Industry. A municipal service office with appointed manager is responsible for management, provision and delivery of core infrastructure services. However, due to budgetary problems and limited capacity of the town administration, basic municipal services, such as household waste collection and disposal services and landfill facility not available or not provided on a regular basis for the town inhabitants. Power connection from the national grid is the major source of energy for household lighting. Kerosene and charcoal used for household cooking and other energy applications. Cutting trees for household energy reported to be a major cause of deforestation and land degradation in the surrounding ecosystem. Major economic activities Majority of the woreda inhabitants are engaged in agricultural activities including crop production and livestock. Sorghum and maize are the two main cultivated crops. Fruit trees and Khat are also planted in a limited scale. About 98 % of the rural farmers own their farming land and the remaining conduct faming activities on rental or other forms of land

31 Information obtained from the Mayor of Kebri Beyah town during consultation meeting. MUDHCo - UFSJCA Page 197

ESMF of Urban Safety Net and Jobs Project tenure arrangements. Trading of agricultural food products including fruit, vegetable, cereal crops, livestock, and manufacturing products including clothing stores, and service sector economic activities including small café and restaurant businesses dominate the urban center economic activities. Refugee Population Keberi Beyah refugee camp, established 1991, is one of the oldest refugee camps in Somalia region. It is hosting 14,397 Somalia refugees (51 % female and 49 % male). There are 2931 households with an average household size of six persons; two of this are children between the age of 5 and 15. Most of the refugees have pastoral background, belonging to the Darod clan of Somalia. Refugees reside in four zones, each zone having nine sections32. Chart 1: Demographic information by age and sex

16000

14000

12000

10000

8000

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0 00-04 05-11. 12-17. 18-59 60+ Total

Male Female Total

Less than one third of the refugee population is over 25 years of age and more than half of the refugee population have been born in the camp and lived there all their lives. There are 8, 562 registered children between the ages of 0 and 17. Of this total, 3,083 (1,515 female and 1568 male) are age 0-4, 2728 (1372 female and 1356 male) age 5 – 11 and 2751 (1367 female and 1384 male) age 12 – 17. The Refugee Central Committee (RCC), elected by refugees, is the body responsible for management and coordination of the camp life. The committee has 8 – 12 members, of which 50 % are women. The RCC facilitates communications with the camp administration, plays active role in conflict resolutions, represents and promotes the refugee’s interests with the camp administration and other agencies. Refugees also formed associations, such as elders, women, youth and persons with disability. The Agency for Refugees and Returnees Affairs (ARRA) is responsible for the overall management and administration of the camp including registration of refugees, legal protection, school administration, health services and coordination of other basic and essential services provided to refugees in the camps.

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The United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) supports ARRA in refugee status determination and registration, supplies non-food items (or vouchers for the purchase thereof), and monitors the situation in the camps. The World Food Programme (WFP) provides and delivers food items to camps. Local and international NGOs also operate in the camps, providing services in the fields of education, WASH, reproductive health, cooking energy among others, as well as income-generating activities. Protection Services Provided to Refugees a) Food Ration Refugees are issued ration card administered by UNHCR and ARRA upon registration of individuals as refugees. Food assistance provided to refugees by WFP and distributed by ARRA. They receive 13 kg of cereals and other food items including 1.5 kg of pulses, 1.5 kg of fortified food (CSB+), 0.9kg of vegetable oil, 0.45 kg of sugar and 0.15kg of iodized salt per person. The food assistance is designed to meet the daily average 2,100 kcal energy requirements as well as their macro and micronutrient needs. Cash voucher provided as a substitute for missing food items. As average stay of refugees in the camp estimated over 18 years, relatively well integrated with the host community and run small informal businesses inside and outside of the camp to complement their income. b) Education Service There is one elementary school dedicated for refugee children. Of the total 7,082 registered school age children, 135 enrolled in preparatory school (KG), 2,465 in primary school and 297 refugee students attending secondary school. The elementary schools are run by ARRA. Both host community and refugee students attend the same secondary school run by the government. Additionally, there are 556 over age refugee students (age 19-24) enrolled in primary and secondary grade education and one university level student. Of the total over age students, 35.07 % female and 64.93 % female. Adult education program is offered in all camps. UNHCR covers school supplies, books and teachers salary. Refugee children school enrollment is higher than the host community children. c) Health Services The camp has one-health clinic-serving refugees. It provides primary health care, reproductive health, physical rehabilitation services to PwD, HIV awareness program and maternity care services for pregnant women and lactating mothers. Each month an average of 60 - 80 pregnant women, give birth with the assistance of the maternity service of the clinic33. d) Nutrition and Feeding Program Refugees provided with supplementary and complementary feeding through the nutrition service center. In addition, all pregnant and lactating women with children aged 6-23 months and children aged 24-59 months with high malnutrition rates receive specialized fortified food such as Super Cereal Plus to prevent malnutrition. e) Water Supply Boreholes are the water supply sources for the camp. Each refugee receive 20 liters of water per day. However, there is serious water shortage due to frequent water supply

33 Information obtained during consultation meeting with the ARRA coordinator at Kebri Beyah Camp MUDHCo - UFSJCA Page 199

ESMF of Urban Safety Net and Jobs Project interruption caused by electrical problems, low recharge capacity of the water wells and shortage of budget to do timely repair and maintenance works. f) Hygiene and Sanitation Facility Ventilated Improved Pit (VIP) latrines (1 VIP latrine for 5 households) and family shower facilities are available in the refugee camp. Due to lack of dry waste disposal system, household waste generated by refugees is disposed on open field close to refugee camps. g) Power Sources Kerosene and firewood are the two sources of energy for household cooking.

4.4. Aw Barre Woreda, Faafan Zone Aw Barre, also known as Teferi Ber, is located some 70 km from Jigjiga. It is one of the woredas of Faafan Zone of Somalia region. It is bordering Jigjiga on the southwest, Shinnele Zone on the west, Kebri Beyah on the southeast and a few kms away from Somaliland on the east. It is. Based on the 2005 census data of CSA, the woreda has 35,977 inhabitants, of which 18,978 men and 16,999 women, belonging to Makahill Gadabuursi sub clan of the Dir clan family. Administration and Governance The woreda is comprised of Aw Bube, Derwemache, Lefe Isa, Goti, Jaare, Heregel and Sheder Kebele administrations. Aw Barre town is the administrative center of the woreda. Population of the town is estimated at 30,00034, of which 33 % female and 67% male. There are six kebeles structured under two urban centers or sub cities. The town population showed significant increase following the establishment of the refugee camp. A Mayor with significant political, administrative and budgetary authority manages the town. There are 21 council members elected by residents. Sector offices include Water Supply, Health, Education, Finance, Public Safety and Security, Women and Children, Urban Greenery and Beautification, and Disaster Prevention. A municipal service office with appointed manager is responsible for management, provision and delivery of core infrastructure services, such as water supply, road maintenance and waste collection and disposal services. However, due to budgetary problems and limited capacity of the town administration, basic municipal services, such as properly graded roads with drainage lines, waste collection and disposal services and landfill facility not available in the town. There are 4 elementary schools with a total student population of 2019 (1175 male and 844 female) and one high school with a total student population of 1681 (954 male and 727 female) The national power grid provides electric power supply for the town residents. There are three boreholes serving as water supply sources and households access water from 25 water points spread throughout the town neighborhoods. Each water point is designated to serving 25 households.

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Major Economic Activities Majority of the woreda inhabitants are engaged in agricultural activities including crop production and livestock. Sorghum, maize and wheat are the main cultivated crops. Fruit trees and Khat are also planted in a limited scale. In the urban center, there are 480 licensed businesses engaged in trading of agricultural and manufacturing products including clothing stores, café and restaurant businesses. Contraband goods dominate the informal sector economic activities. Available Social Infrastructure There are four elementary schools with a total student population of 2019 (1175 male and 844 female), one high school with a student population of 1,681 (954 male and 727 female) and a health center serving the town residents. Refugee Population Aw Barre refugee camp, established 2007, is hosting a total of 11,527 Somalia refugees (54 % female and 46 % male). About 25 % of the refugees belong to the Hawlye clan, 12 % Shekhai clan, 11 % Ashraf clan, 10.6 % Darod clan, 9 % Bantu clan and the remaining are Dir, Rahan-wayn, Madiban and Midgan clans. There are 1921 households with an average household size of six persons. The camp is comprised of three zones with 120 blocks, each block consists 16 households. Chart 3: Demographic information of Aw Barre Refugees by sex and age group

1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0

About 45 % the refugee population fall between 18 and 59 age group, 21.6 % between 12 and 17 age group, 16.3 % between 05 – 11 age group, 14.6 % between 0- 4 age group, and 0.02 % over the age of 60.

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Partial View of Aw Barre Refugee Camp The Refugee Central Committee (RCC), elected by refugees, is the responsible body for management and coordination of the camp life. The committee has 20 members, of which 50 % are women. The RCC facilitates communications with the camp administration, plays active role in conflict resolution and dispute arbitration among refugees, and represents refugee’s interests with the camp administration and other agencies. Women, Youth, Elders and PwD Associations have been established to advance and promote the group’s interest. The Administration for Refugees and Returnees Affairs is responsible for the overall management and administration of the camp including registration of refugees, legal protection, school administration, and coordination of basic and essential services provided to refugees by international organizations and NGOs and monitoring. Services Provided to Refugees a) Food Ration Refugees are issued ration card administered by UNHCR and ARRA upon registration of individuals as refugees. Food assistance provided to refugees by WFP and distributed by ARRA. The food assistance consists of 13 kg of cereals and pulses, 1.5 kg of fortified food (CSB+), 0.9kg of vegetable oil. The food assistance is designed to meet the daily average 2,100 kcal energy requirements as well as their macro and micronutrient needs. Cash voucher with the amount of 245 birr per person per month is provided as a substitute for missing food items. In addition, all pregnant and lactating women with children aged 6-23 months and children aged 24-59 months with high malnutrition rates receive specialized fortified food such as Super Cereal Plus to prevent malnutrition. b) Education Services Four early childhoods, one primary school, one secondary school, whereby host community students also allowed to attend. Of the total 5,457 school age children, 761 enrolled in preparatory school ( KG), 3,252 in primary school, 697 attending secondary school35. Additionally, there are 1, 006 over age students (age 19-24) enrolled in primary and secondary grade education and eight university level students. Short term skills training is

35 Both host community and refugee students attend the same secondary school. MUDHCo - UFSJCA Page 202

ESMF of Urban Safety Net and Jobs Project also provided for both refugees and host community students supported by GTZ. Of the total over age students, 41.65 % female and 58.3 % female. c) Health Services The camp has one health clinic serving refugees. It provides primary health care, reproductive health, physical rehabilitation services to PwD, HIV awareness and maternity care services for pregnant women and lactating mothers. d) Nutrition Service All pregnant and lactating women with children aged 6-23 months and children aged 24-59 months with high malnutrition rates receive specialized fortified food such as Super Cereal Plus to prevent malnutrition. School feeding provided to primary school students to maximize the attendance. Supplementary and complementary feeding for malnourished refugees is provided through the facility center. e) Water Supply

Boreholes are the water supply sources for both refugees and the host community. While refugees receive 18 liters of water per day per person, host community members receive 8 liters per person per day. As the areas where refugee camps are situated do not have springs, rivers, streams, or ponds, from time to time, both refugees and hosts suffer from shortage water due to well pump failure. f) Shelter

Refugee shelters in camps include the most basic type of structures such as tent or transitional shelters made of wooden poles, corrugated metal sheet, and plastic sheet (polythene).

Source of Energy The main source of fuel in the area is firewood, primarily gathered out in the field and collected mainly by women and children. A few members also use charcoal for cooking at the household level. High prices of fuel is one of the other major challenges of refugees and host communities. a) Hygiene and Sanitation facility - No latrine facility 4.5. Sheder Kebele, Aw Barre Woreda36 Sheder is one of the kebele administration ceneters in Aw Barre district of Faafan Zone, Somali region. The Aadan Yoonis subclan of the Gadabuursi Dir clan primarily inhabits the town and surrounding region. The total population of the Kebele is estimated at 15, 235 (7,770 male and 7,465 female).

36 Basic data and information on Sheder refugees collected from Sheder ARRA coordination office and from UNHCR Jigjiga office. MUDHCo - UFSJCA Page 203

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Partial View of Sheder Kebele, Aw Barre Woreda (reprinted from bing.com images) Local Administration and Governance A Chairman and Deputy Chairman manage the Kebele Administration. Sector offices in the Kebele include Water, Health, Education, Agriculture, Finance, Public Safety and Security, and Women and Children. Except for the main gravel rural road that passes through the Kebele, the inner Kebele roads are not properly graded and drainage lines are not constructed. Household waste is collected and disposed by small and micro enterprises. There are four elementary schools (grade 1 – 8) with a total student population of 4276 (2483 male and 1793 female), one high school (grade 9 – 12) with a student population of 900 and a health center serving residents. Boreholes serve as water supply sources and households access water from 12 water points spread throughout the kebele neighborhoods. Major Economic Activities Majority of the kebele inhabitants are engaged in agricultural activities including crop production and livestock. Sorghum, maize and wheat are the main cultivated crops. Fruit trees and Khat are also planted in a limited scale. Petty trading of agricultural and manufacturing products including clothing stores, café and restaurant businesses dominates the urban center employment and economic activities. Refugee Population Sheder refugee camp is located 20 km away from Aw Barre town and 50 km away Jigjiga city. It was established in 2008, and hosting a total of 11,587 Somalia refugees ( 53.5 % female and 46.4 % male). About 25.4 % of the refugees belong to the Darod clan, 15.4 % Hawya clan, 12.1 % Shekhal clan, 10.1 % Dir clan, 6 Ashraf clan and the remaining are from Madiban, Bantu, Marehan and Habar-gidir clans. There are 2300 households with an average household size of 6 persons, two of this are children between the age of 5 and 15. The refugee camp is divided in three zones, each zone having between 38 and 44 blocks. Each block has 16 houses/shelters made of durable materials and plastic tents.

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Chart 5: Demographic information by sex and age group

Demography 1.5

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About 44.2 % the refugee population fall between 18 and 59 age group, 21.9 % between 12 and 17 age group, 19 % between 05 – 11 age group, 12.7 % between 0- 4 age group, and 0.02 % over the age of 60.

One of the refugee housing blocks in Sheder Refugee Camp The Refugee Central Committee (RCC), elected by refugees, is the responsible body for management and coordination of the camp life. The committee has 20 members , of which 50 % are women. The RCC facilitates communications with the camp administration, plays active role in conflict resolution and dispute arbitration among refugees, represents refugee’s interests with the camp administration and other agencies. Women, Youth , Elders and PwD Associations have been established to advance and promote the group’s interest. Administration for Refugees and Returnees Affairs is responsible for the overall management and administration of the camp including registration of refugees, legal protection, school administration, health services and coordination of basic and essential services provided to refugees by international organizations and NGOs and monitoring. Services Provided to Refugees a) Food Ration

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Refugees are issued ration card administered by UNHCR and ARRA upon registration of individuals as refugees. Food assistance provided to refugees by WFP and distributed by ARRA. The food assistance consists of 13 kg of cereals and pulses, 1.5 kg of fortified food (CSB+), 0.9kg of vegetable oil. The food assistance is designed to meet the daily average 2,100 kcal energy requirements as well as their macro and micronutrient needs. Cash voucher with the amount of 245 birr per person per month is provided as a substitute for missing food items. In addition, all pregnant and lactating women with children aged 6-23 months and children aged 24-59 months with high malnutrition rates receive specialized fortified food such as Super Cereal Plus to prevent malnutrition. b) Education There is one elementary school dedicated for refugee children. Of the total 5,578 school age children (age 3 - 8), 545 enrolled in preparatory school (KG), 2853 primary school, 430 attending secondary school37. Additionally, there are 1,793 over age students (age 19-24) enrolled in primary and secondary grade education as well as technical and vocational trainings and informal education. Chart 5: School Age Children Enrollment

Student Enrollement Chart 1.2

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c) Health Services The camp has one health clinic providing primary health care, reproductive health, child vaccination, physical rehabilitation services to PwD, HIV awareness and maternity care services for pregnant women. d) Nutrition Refugees are provided with supplementary and complementary feeding through the one nutrition facility center. School feeding program is provided for elementary school students to maximize school attendance. e) Water Supply Three functional boreholes are the water supply sources for refugees and host community. Each refugee have access for 17.4 liters of water per person /day.

37 Both host community and refugee students attend the same secondary school. MUDHCo - UFSJCA Page 206

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f) Hygiene and Sanitation facility - There are 1438 household sanitary/latrines facilities and 817 family showers available for the refugees in the camp. 4.6. Agencies and Organizations Providing Protection Services for Refugees • Administration for Refugee and Returnees Affairs ( ARRA) – is responsible for the overall refugee camp management including • Registration of new arriving refugees • Issuance of refugee IDs and vital records • Legal protection • Administration of primary schools • Coordination of services with other partners • Monitoring • United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) - UNHCR in collaboration with other partners provide protection to refugees and promote durable solution to refugees plight through: • Registration and monitoring • Provision of psycho –social counseling • Establishment of community based child protection structures • Provision of services to PwD • Capacity building to enabling and sustaining community participation in SGBV prevention and responses • Resettlement to third country of asylum and facilitate process of family reunification • Rehabilitation and Development Organization (RaDO) - provide services for refugees on the areas of : • Rehabilitation of Persons with Disabilities, • Reproductive Health • HIV/AIDS awareness • Gender Based Violence (GBV) • International Office of Migration (IOM) - Facilitation of third country resettlement or repatriation • International Red Cross (IRC) - Child protection , public education and referral services for victims of GBV • Ogden Welfare Development Association ( OWDA ) – water well construction • Regional Development Protection Program (RDPP) • Merci Corps V. SUMMARY OF CONSULATION FINDINGS A series of stakeholder consultations were conducted from December 23 – December 28, 2019 in three refugee camps located in Faafan Zone of Somalia region. The visited camps are considered for implementation of a Pilot project for the integration of refugees in the Ethiopian society through their inclusion in the Urban Productive Safety Net project, financed jointly by the Government of Ethiopia and the World Bank. The Pilot project, supported by the GOE and the World Bank, is planned to be implemented in Jigjuga and Kebri Beyah town by mixing host-community members and refugees to work together in

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UPSN public work projects. Hence, the field assessment and consultations with stakeholders was aimed at identifying major and minor social risks associated with the pilot integration of refugees and host communities prior to implementation of the project. Consultation participants include 36 refugees representing women, youth, and elderly groups residing in the three refugee camps. A separate meeting was held with Mayor of Jigjiga city, Manager of UJCFSA of Somalia Region, Manager and staff of UJCFS of Jigjiga city, Manager of Somalia Region ARRA office, Refugee Camp Coordinators, UNHCR Office of Jigjiga, Mayor and staff of Kebri Beyah Town Administration, City Manager of Aw Barre town, and Sheder Kebele Administrator. Consultation meeting attendees list is attached as an annex. 5.1. Consultation Methods and Topics Each time, following brief introductory presentations about the mission of consultant, participants provided general information on the Pilot integration of refugees and host communities through their inclusion in the UPSNP, financed jointly by the Government of Ethiopia and the World Bank, basic components of the Pilot and the UPSN projects. General information about eligible refugee and host community beneficiaries, methods and procedures for targeting of beneficiaries, and grievance management system and mechanism, expected roles and responsibilities of regional and local administrations, UJCFS offices and project implementation staff briefly presented to participants. The following indicative questions were used to assess and capture views, opinions, concerns of anticipated social risks associated with the implementation of the proposed Pilot project development objectives.

• What is the existing relationship between refugees and host communities? • Was there any incident of ethnic/identity based or motivated tensions between host communities and refugees? • Is there reported cases of Gender Based Violence in refugee camps or out of camps? • Are host communities sensitive towards refugees’ presence in their town? • What is the perception of host communities about competition for resources with refugees? • What are the feelings and attitudes of host communities towards sharing of social services? • How do host community members feel towards working together with refugees? • How do refugees feel towards legal restrictions on freedom of movement, access to arable land and establishing legal business? • What are the views, opinions, attitudes and interests of refugees towards socio-economic integration with host communities? • What type of economic/business activities are undertaken by refugees to complement livelihood support provided by WFP? • What is the interest and attitude of refugees towards working together with host community members on public-work type projects in community spaces together (e.g. expanding classrooms, cleaning up streets, planting trees)?

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• How is the institutional capacity of local administrations in management of PWs projects? • What are the anticipated social risks associated with temporary relocation of refugees in Jigjiga? 5.2. Consultation with ULG Level Stakeholders During consultations with host community urban local governments, several general and specific issues about the city level governance and management system, infrastructure development, urban service delivery systems including waste collection and disposal practices, major social challenges including unemployment and poverty issues and relationships between the host community and refugees were discussed in great length. The ULG officials pointed out that the towns suffer from poor urban infrastructure development including lack of well-graded road networks, drainage lines and waste collection and disposal services. They also discussed financial resource limitations and local capacity problems in planning and delivery of urban infrastructure and provision of priority municipal services. Key issues discussed by local government administration and sector offices in Aw Barre, Seder and Kebri Beyah include:

• As city/Kebele population grow following the influx of refugees, there is an increased pressure on existing infrastructure and service delivery systems and adds to the unmet need for new infrastructure investment and service delivery. • Rural to urban migration due to social tension and security concerns in their home areas contributed to the rapid growth of urban population, putting additional pressure on urban unemployment. • Limited government budget and lack of adequate local resources have been major problems to expand sustained urban service delivery, especially waste collection and disposal, for both the underserved host communities and refugees. • Low level of local economic development and limited skills levels are the two main reasons for unemployed youth to engage in informal sector economic activities as survival strategy.

On social cohesion and peaceful co-existence between refugees and host communities

• As the host communities and refugees belong to the same ethnic /clan, practice the same culture and attend together religious services in mosques, existing relationship between the two groups can be characterized as peaceful and inclusive. • Refugees are fully accepted, interact well and successfully blend with the host community through economic interactions, intermarriage and other social activities, as host community members do not consider refugees as foreigners. • The safety and security of the host communities not threatened by the presence of refugees as they share the same water resources, health/clinic services and other social and religious functions together. • There is high level of peaceful co-existence and mutual understanding between refugees and members of the host community. No major social tension or conflict has been reported since refugees moved to the camps.

Views and opinions on the proposed Pilot inclusion of refugees and host communities through UPSN program

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• As the UPSN program is concerned with addressing the challenges of poverty and unemployment through safety net model, the program will create employment opportunity and other benefits to host community members and refugees.

• The UPSN program will help the town administration to address major infrastructure and service delivery gaps through labour intensive public work projects, such as waste collection and disposal, street cleaning and maintenance of urban greenery, developing land for public park development, and drainage construction, while creating income-generating activities for poor host households and refugees.

• As refugees perceived to getting preferential treatment and better humanitarian assistances, the Pilot project should consider providing equal opportunity to both poor host community members and refugees to avoid resentment towards refugees.

• As there is a limited experience in managing PW projects, proper training and guidance should be provided to local government administration staff prior to commencement of the UPSN program.

5.3. Consultations with Refugee Community Members Summary of views , opinions, issues and concerns expressed by refugees residing in Kebri Beyah, Aw Barre and Sheder Camps:

• Host communities are well accepting and supportive of refugees in all aspects of social relationships including in economic activities. • Refugees interact well with host community members in social, cultural and in informal economic activities. • Some refugees even participate in local economic activities including trading of small ruminants, marketing of food and non – food items, • Refugees work as cooks in local restaurants and serve as house cleaners in host families. Young refugees are also engaged in mobile repair services and shoe shining activities in Kebri Beyah. • Refugees have been travelling as far as Jigjiga city to work side by side with host community members as labourer in construction sites. • Until now refugees, potential to maximize income and to improve living conditions has been constrained by the existing legal restrictions to own and operate formal businesses and to access formal employment and financial services. • Although limited information is available about UPSN, the Pilot project presented today is very useful and encouraging for the refugee community to improve their income and facilitate integration with the host community. • Not only men, but also women refugees are willing to work in PW and earn money to support their families. However, there should not be differences in pay rates between host and refugees • Youth refugees pointed out that restriction on freedom of movement of refugees should be lifted to enable them access employment outside of the camps.

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• Refugees pointed out that water scarcity is a source of tension between refugees and host community members, especially when the water supply sources breakdown due to mechanical failure (Kebri Beyah).

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Consultation meeting with refugees in Aw Barre Refugee camps.

Concerns on losing benefits

• Refugees expressed concerns that full economic integration with host communities may result in losing their refugee status and third country resettlement.

• Existing food and cash assistance as well as other subsidies from international humanitarian agencies would be reduced or minimized due to refugees participation in UPSN projects.

VI. KEY FINDINGS FROM CONSULATION MEETINGS

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6.1. Documentation and Freedom of Movement of Refugees beyond Refugee Camps Kebri Beyah, Aw-barre and Sheder refugee camps were established in 1988/9 and 2007 respectively. The refugee camps are located near the small urban centers of Kebribeyah, Aw- barre and Sheder. The total refugee population hosted in the three camps is 41,159 (14,397 in Kebri Beya, 11,527 in Aw-barre and 15,235 in Sheder)38. All refugees have been issued a legal refugee ID upon arrival and registration for refugee status with ARRA. They have access to open bank account with assistance of ARRA under special conditions. Vital events registration, such as birth certificate for children born in refugee camps and marriage certificate, provided to refugees by ARRA in all camps. All refugees residing in camps are required to have travel authorization and permit from ARRA by specifying the purpose, duration and date of travel prior to leaving camps. 6.2. Livelihood Sources and Socio-economic Groups of Refugees In Kberi Beyah, Awe Barre and Sheder camps, the primary source of income for most refugees is the monthly food and cash assistance provided by the WFP. However, many refugees also receive cash remittances from oversees relatives and generate supplementary income from small trading of food and non-food items within in and outside of the refugee camps. The refugee camp markets are dominated by trading of goods including shops, kiosks, teashops and services, mainly tailoring, barbering, laundry (washing clothes) services. The out of camp income generating activities include domestic work, i.e. house cleaning service, firewood collection and selling, cross-border trading and labor-intensive works including daily labor in construction sites. According to the vulnerability survey report of the UNHCR, livelihood sources of refugees is classified under three major groups. The first group represents over 50 % of refugee households who rely only on the monthly WFP assistance. The second group represents 37 % of the refugees, whose monthly WFP assistance is supplemented with manual and skilled labor works and the third group representing 13 % of the refugee households whose income is supplemented by remittance and trading activities39. Despite the refugee’s participation in local economic activities, their potential to maximize income to improve their living conditions has been constrained by the lack of legal right to own and operate businesses and restrictions to accessing land and financial resources, such as loan, 6.3. Gender Based Violence

During discussion with refugee camp coordinators, the consultant learned that women have reported gender-based violence from time to time. The types of GBV reported by women include domestic violence (physical abuses from spouses) and harassment from host community members when they are out to collect firewood for household use or to sell in the market. The International Rescue Committee conduct community outreach activities, public education campaigns and provide social services for survivors of GBV in all three camps.

38 Refugee population number is collected from the UNHCR Office ( Jigjiga) , 2019 39 Jijiga-Somali Refugees household vulnerability survey report, UNHCR, 2016 MUDHCo - UFSJCA Page 213

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6.4. Social & Cultural Interaction of Refugees with Host Communities In Kberi Beyah, Awe Barre and Sheder camps, refugees and host communities share many social and cultural elements that strength and sustain their social relation and peaceful co- existence. Such socio-cultural elements include that all members of the host and refugee communities speak the same Somalia language. This makes their day-to-day communications easier and facilitate good social interactions. Host community members and refugees practice the same Muslim religion that contributes to strengthening the social and cultural ties and relations. Due to these reasons, the host and refugee communities often come together to observe and celebrate social, cultural and religious events, such as weeding, cultural and religious ceremonies, celebration of holidays, funeral services and other events. Furthermore, they have similar physical appearance and dressing style that makes it difficult to differentiate refugees from their host communities. During discussion with refugees in Sheder camp, one refugee described the relation of refugees and the host communities as; “We, Somalia refugees and the host community, have common ethnic background, speak the same language, and share common religion and culture. We actively participate in all aspects of the social and cultural life and attend classes together along with host community students. Furthermore, we have lived here with the community for many years and no longer consider ourselves as outsider, but as part of the community.” As refugees and their host community, have very strong social and cultural similarities, intermarriage between the refugees and host communities contributed to building trust and strengthening social cohesion. 6.5. Economic Interaction between Refugees and Host Communities Information obtained from interviews and group discussions indicate that economic activities between refugees and host communities strengthened from market interactions. Both food and non-food items are bought and sold in market places established inside the camp and in formal market places located outside of the camp. Both refugees and host community members use the market places to exchange goods and services with one another. Refugees purchase food items, such as fresh vegetables and milk, which are not supplied by the WFP, from the local market to complement their daily consumption and host community members buy surplus food items and other goods marketed by refugees.

The presence of UNCHR and other humanitarian organizations in the refugee camps has also brought relative improvement in infrastructure developments in host communities, which include construction of boreholes and expanding water supply sources, establishment of well-staffed and equipped health care services (clinics) and primary and secondary schools. They also provided employment opportunities for host community members, as guards, labourers and drivers.

6.6. Social Tension and Conflicts between Refugees and Host Communities In all visited refugee-hosting communities, no major social tension and conflicts reported as refugees and host communities are of the same ethnic background and share the same social and cultural practices. Both refugee and host community members share the same water resources and receive medical services from the same health care facilities. Both host community and refugee students’ attend the same high school. Refugee women work as food

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• Refugees complained that restriction to access arable land has limited their ability to generate income and to become self –reliant. For this reason, food assistance remains the main source of livelihood for most of the refugees in the camp (Sheder). • Refugees reported feelings of discrimination when they are paid less than the host community members for the same type of labor work in construction sites ( in Kebri Beyah and Aw Barre)

• Refugees complained that teachers and health professionals who are working in schools and clinics established for refugees are being paid less than the teachers and health care professionals who are working in government operated schools and health care facilities ( in kebri Beyah)

• Some host community members in Sheder indicated that refugees are often perceived to enjoy relatively good nutritional status, receive better schooling and health services than host community members.

• As refugees and host communities rely heavily on firewood for household cooking, depletion of trees and shrubs in the areas surrounding the camps has increased competition over this scarce resource between refugees and the local population.

6.7. Views and Opinions of Refugees towards Working Together with Host Community Almost all refugees who have participated in the consultation meetings overwhelmingly expressed their happiness about the socio-economic integration through inclusion in UPSN program. They pointed out that participation in the Pilot project would enable many of poor single refugee women with dependent children to earn money to improve their living conditions. Refugees emphasized that as the safety net project will be delivering tangible economic benefits to refugees, the Pilot project should start immediately. In addition to providing employment opportunity, the project will help to boost morale, improve feeling of self- worthiness and self- confidence of refugee households who are suffering from poverty. Refugees also like to see the lifting of travel restrictions in order to enable them access employment opportunities outside of the camp. They said, “Until now our potential to generate income from employment has been severely limited due to the restriction on freedom of movement” Refugee’s response about the possibility of relocation to work in UPSN project in Jigjiga was very general. They responded to the question by saying, "some refugees have been traveling as far as Jigjiga with special travel permit from ARRA and worked side by side with host community members in construction sites in spite of the pay rate differences, i.e., refugees were paid less money than host community members for the same type of labor

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6.8. Institutional Capacity of Local Governments Both Kebri Beyah and Aw Barre towns are administrative centers of the respective woredas. The towns are managed by a mayor and city councils. Sector offices at woreda and town level include Water, Health, Education, Finance, Agriculture, Women and Children, Sport and Culture, Urban Greenery and Beautification, and Trade and Industry. Municipal service offices with appointed managers are responsible for management, provision and delivery of core infrastructure services, such as water supply, road maintenance and waste collection and disposal services. However, due to budgetary problems and limited capacity of the towns administrations, basic and essential municipal services, such as properly graded roads with drainage lines, sustained waste collection and disposal services and landfill facility, which are necessary to optimize the social and economic wellbeing of the local communities as well as refugees, are seriously lacking. As the city population grows every year, it puts increased pressure on existing infrastructure and service delivery systems and add to the unmet need for new infrastructure. The current infrastructure construction design and important aspects of the infrastructure provision seriously underestimated the growth that has occurred in the present and that is likely to continue in the future. Furthermore, public participation in selection and prioritizing of public infrastructure projects and shared performance evaluation of implemented projects is seriously lacking. Due to low level of local economic development, local governments and municipal service offices in Kebri Beyah and Aw Barre lack viable tax bases to undertake infrastructure projects aimed at facilitating the social development needs of the communities they serve. Low level of urban development and limited financial resources make the two-woreda towns fiscally dependent on transfers and subsidies from the regional government. 6.9. Potential Social Risks associated with Temporary Relocation of Refugees

Although refugees expressed interest on the Pilot integration project, their response towards relocation to participate in public works activities in Jigjiga was not very clear. The reason could be during consultation refugees were not provided full information on the relocation package and modalities including duration and type of benefits and assistances to cover expenses for relocating refugees. As eligible refugee beneficiaries from Aw Barre and Sheder camps will have to relocate temporarily to Jigjiga, they may face serious challenge to find affordable living places. This is due to the cost of living in Jigjiga is higher than that of Aw Barre and Sheder. This will increases the risk for refugees to fall into more poverty. If the relocation involves refugee families with growing children, it will be even more challenging in several ways including finding access to childcare, schooling for children and support for older relatives in addition to finding housing within budget. Furthermore, leaving everything behind and beginning another life in a different location will require a period of adjustment.

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If head of the household qualifies for participation for UPSN project in Jigjiga, his/her absence for a substantial period may cause stress, financial burdens and strained relationships with family members who are left behind. Jigjiga is currently hosting large number of IDPs displaced from the neighboring region due to border and social conflicts. Temporary inflow of refugees to work in the UPSN projects in Jigjiga may put additional pressure on the city’s limited stock of housing available for rental, hindering refugees integration in their new host community.

VII. MITIGATION RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SOCIAL RISKS 7.1. Mitigations for Identified Social Risks 1. As many of the refugees in the region have lived in camps much of their adult life, it is very important to promote increased economic and social integration between refugees and the host communities. In this regard, the Pilot integration and inclusion of refugees in the UPSN program seems to be in the right direction.

2.Refugees should be provided adequate information about the new Refugee Proclamation that entitles them among other things, the right to be treated in the same circumstances as Ethiopian nationals with respect to access to wage employment and self –employment and free movement and freedom to choose residency place within the country. This information is important to refugees to build trust and confidence in their socio-economic integration with host communities

3. Refugees generally expressed interest on the Pilot project. However, additional consultation with provision of full information about the relocation package and modalities should be made to get clear information on refugees interest, motivation and commitment level to relocate in Jigjiga.

4. Although UPSN will help to strengthen socio-economic integration of refugees with host communities, the cash to work benefits refugees will be getting from participation in the UPSN should be carefully calibrated to match the value of current cash and in-kind assistance provided in camps. This adjustment measure will serve as incentive to motivate refugees to participate in the Pilot socio-economic integration through UPSN program. Alternatively, the support provided by international organizations should continue either until refugees are fully integrated or become self-sufficient.

5. As eligible refugee beneficiaries from Aw Barre and Sheder camps will have to relocate temporarily to Jigjiga, they may face serious challenge to find affordable living place as the cost of housing is higher in Jigjiga than Aw Barre and Sheder. This may increases the risk for refugees to fall into more poverty. Instead, the Pilot project should consider activating UPSN program in Aw Barre town as there is big infrastructure gap in the town that could be addressed through PW projects while minimizing the social risks associated with relocation of refugees,. 6. The local governments in Kebri Beyah lacks institutional capacity and experience in planning and management of major public works projects. Intensive capacity building

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trainings should be provided to the local government and project management staff focusing on planning, management and monitoring and evaluation of public infrastructure projects to ensure successful implementation of the proposed Pilot UPSN project. The capacity-building program should also include trainings on institutionalizing citizen participation to build consensus on goals, objectives and priorities on planning and delivery of basic municipal infrastructure services. 7. A dedicated Social Safeguard Focal Persons, both at regional and city levels, shall be deployed to effectively handle and perform the social safeguard management compliance and related tasks of the UPSN projects. 8. The UPSN Grievance Redressing Mechanism should be promoted to the public, target beneficiaries and non-beneficiary groups to ensure potential concerns and complaints are reported, recorded and resolved in a clear and transparent fashion. 7.2. Recommendations for Reporting and Monitoring The Pilot shall use the existing Monitoring and Evaluation System of the UPSN project, which consist of Regular Monthly and Semi-Annual Monitoring Reports, and Periodic Progress Reports. The Woreda level M&E unit shall be linked to the main project Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) unit based within the FJCFSA and PCU . The regular and periodic monitoring practices will ensure that identified social risks are properly handled and addressed with appropriate mitigation measures within the trial implementation period of the Pilot. It also measures and evaluates the economic integration and social well-being of refugees under each components of the UPSN project.

Potential Risks, Mitigation Measures and Monitoring

Project Potential Mitigation Monitoring Monitoring Component Risks Measures Mechanism Period

Component 1 : Interest and Conduct additional Conducted an During planning commitment of consultation with independent phase Safety Net refugees towards full provision of assessment to relocation information about verify interest and Integration of refuges relocation package commitment of and host through and modalities refugees on inclusion in UPSN relocation. Require refugees to sign expression of interest form.

PW pay rate may Carefully calibrate Review pay rates During planning not attract PW wage rate to and benefits, phase refugees match the value of confirm agreement current cash and in- kind assistance provided in camps or continue providing assistance till refugees are fully integrated and

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become self- sufficient

Relocating Conduct Review reported During project refugees may assessment on cases of complaint implementation face difficulty of rental housing by refugees on phase finding market and provide housing rental affordable rental housing allowance costs. housing in to relocating Jigjiga refugees

Prior to implementation of the project

Concerns over Provided Require report on During restriction on information about disclosure of the implementation freedom of travel the new Refugee new Proclamation phase Proclamation to refugees from camp coordinators (ARRA) and UNHCR offices

Component 3: Lack of Provide awareness Review provided During project Building and awareness on and guidance on UPSNJP awareness implementation Strengthening UPSN project UPSN project creation training planning period Institutional capacity development development goals and guidance of implementing goals to new government units and project cities agencies

Lack of Provide training Review provided During experience in and develop training reports implementation managing PW operational phase projects systems to properly perform functions and coordination with UJCFS at city and Kebele level

Absence of Allocate budget Review staffing Using monthly, dedicated and ensure plan and payroll quarterly and environmental deployment of budget annual staffing and social focal dedicated Focal plan and

persons at Persons, both at progress woreda and city woreda and city level levels to effectively reports. handle and perform

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the social Social safeguards safeguard management plan management, and reports monitoring, reporting and related tasks of the subprojects.

Grievance Grievances on Establish clear and Review of Monthly, Redressing and Targeting oof transparent system documented Quarterly and Management Plan beneficiaries and for receiving, grievance annual reports social safeguard recording and receiving , issues resolving potential recording and concerns and resolving reports complaints that may arise from project-affected persons on targeting and social safeguard related issues prior to commencing the UPSNJP activities.

Monitoring & Absence of IT Train staff and Review project Monthly, Reporting based MIS to introduce IT based documentation quarterly and ensure effective MIS to ,reporting and annual progress functionality of strengthening of monitoring systems reports established project project management, management, targeting reporting and effectiveness, M&E practices grievance handling and reporting system.

7.3. Key Performance Monitoring Indictors

Key performance indicators to be periodically collected, reported and analyzed include:

• Number of refugees and host community members provided information about the Pilot socio-economic integration of refugees through inclusion in UPSN project • Host community members feeling towards working together with refugees in PW projects • Views and Opinions of Refugees towards Working Together with Host Community • Interest and commitment level of refugees on relocation to work in Jigjiga • Number of refugees and host community members who expressed interest and showed commitment to participate in the Pilot project

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• knowledge of refugees and host community members about the project targeting methods and eligibility criteria • Percentage of acceptable community-based targeting after PMT verification • Number of targeting committee who have done retargeting after PMT verification • Number and type of formal and informal complaints and suggestions received • Number of active complaints and appeals in the pilot implementation cities • Percentage of grievance redressed claims settled within three months of application • Percentage of unresolved complaints or disputes during the monitoring period • Percentage of clients (staff) who assess the complaints procedure as satisfactory or highly satisfactory. • Average time to address a complaint or dispute • Best practices and lessons learned during the reporting period

XIII. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Refugees in Kebri Bayeh, Aw Barre, and Sheder camps share the same language, religion and culture with their host communities. They pray together with host community members in mosques, celebrate religious holidays, establish inter- marriage relationships and interact well in business and trading activities. No major identity based conflicts between refugees and host community members has been reported in any of consulted refugee hosting communities and refugee camps. Feelings of safety and security of the host communities is not threatened by the presence of refugees when they share the same water resources, health/clinic services and other social and religious functions and activities. While refugee women work as house cleaner in host community families and operate small businesses, refugee men also work as a laborer along with host community members in construction sites.

In spite of the difficult conditions in the refugee camps, some host community members often perceive refugees as relatively well off due to the food assistance, good health and education services provided to them by the WFP, UNHCR and other NGOs.

As previously mentioned, the only reported social tension is the use of natural resources such as cutting down of trees, either for the construction of dwellings or for firewood. Whenever misunderstanding and dispute of this nature arise between host community members and refugees, the trusted conflict resolution and peace making mechanism is engagement of elders from host community, refugees, ARRA and the local administration. Overall, the degree of conflict among the host communities and refugees was reported as non -significant challenge

On the other hand, as the prospect of third country resettlement is less likely to happen in the present global environment, refugee’s motivation for economic integration and self-reliance seems to be very high. However, refugees also expressed concerns that their full economic integration with the host community has been constrained by the legal restrictions imposed on them not to own legal business licenses, access land and financial resources, such as loan, and limitation on freedom of movement out of the refugee camps.

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Both refugees and host community members showed great interest to working side by side in public work projects and no negative opinion or serious concerns expressed towards inclusion of refugees in UPSN program. The long-term presence of refugees in Kebri Beyah, Aw Barre and Sheder camps and their shared ethnic background, common religion and cultural practices as well as active social interactions including intermarriage with host community seems to have helped to sustain a socially cohesive, inclusive and peaceful environment between refugees and host communities in the region. In fact, expanding the UPSP with a pilot inclusion of refugees and host communities in Faafan zone will further strengthen the existing close social relations and sustain a peaceful and inclusive social environment, while supporting refugees to become productive, self-sufficient and contributing members of the host communities. From the field trip observations and consultation with stakeholders, implementation of the pilot socio-economic integration of refugees and host communities through the UPSNP in the Somali region will not trigger major social risks. However, as eligible refugee beneficiaries from Aw Barre and Sheder camps will have to relocate temporarily to Jigjiga, they may face serious challenges including separation of families, finding affordable living place as the cost of housing is higher in Jigjiga than Aw Barre and Sheder. In addition, absence of key family member for a substantial period may also cause stress, financial burdens, and strained relationships with family members who will be left behind. These diverse challenges call serious attention and mitigations over the relocation of refugees even the relocation is temporary.

References

1. Concept Note, Design and Pilot the Integration of Refugees and Host Communities through the Urban Productive Safety Net Project (P151712) in support of the Comprehensive Refugee Response Framework in Ethiopia (the World Bank) 2. Ethiopia Country Refugee Response Plan 2018: The integrated response plan for refugees from Eritrea, Sudan, South Sudan and Somalia (January - December 2018), UNHCR 3. Environmental and Social Framework, The World Bank 4. Employment and Unemployment Survey Report , Central Statistics Agency, (2018) 5. Guideline for Implementation of Citizen Engagement Component, MUDHC, 2017 6. Jijiga-Somali Refugees household vulnerability survey report, UNHCR, 2016 7. National Social Protection Policy , MoLSA (GoE), 2014 8. Project Concept Note, Urban Safety Net and Jobs Project (P169943), The World Bank MUDHCo - UFSJCA Page 222

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9. Refugee Proclamation , Negarit Gazetta, 2019 10. Resettlement Policy Framework, Urban Safety Net Project, MUDHC, 2015 11. UPSN Social Impact Assessment, MUDHC, 2015 12. UPSNP Implementation Manual, MUDHC (GoE), 2016

List of Contacted Persons and Organizations

1. Abdulfath Ebrahim Ismail Mayor, Jigjiga City Jigjiga City 2. Ato Mohammed Agency for Refugees and Returnees Affairs Jigjiga City 3. Okoth Stephen UNHCR Jigjiga Office 4. Ahmed Hassan Livelihood Officer UNHCR Jigjiga Office 5. Abdi Abudullahi Mohammed Manager, Urban Job Creation and Food Security Office Jigjiga City MUDHCo - UFSJCA Page 223

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6. Yessuf Hassan Osman Urban Job Creation and Food Security Office Jigjiga City 7. Hussien Mohammed Ali Mayor, Kebri Beyah City 8. Mohammed Abdi Siyaad City Manager Kebri Beyah City 9. Esyas Yora Refugee Camp Coordinator Kebri Beyah Refugee Camp 10. Aneley Fentie Refugee Camp Coordinator Sheder Refugee Camp 11. Abdi Mohammed Refugee Camp Coordinator Aw Barre Refugee Camp 12. Ahmed Egie Awal Sheder Kebele Chairman 13. Hassan Maadi Deputy Administrator Sheder Kebele Administration

List of Refugee Consultation Meeting Attendees Kebri Beyah Refugee Camp

1. Mohammed Hassen Nuawi RCC Chairman Mobile: 0911785177 2. Ahmed Hoosien Hasan Youth Association 0928098023 3. Kedija Abdi Farah RCC Member 0937467753 4. Amal Abdi Fereh Women & Children 0961670795 5. Yasin Muse Osman RCC Member 0977466055 6. Asha Osman RCC Member 0913834458 7. Amina Ahmed Muhamed Youth Association 0933345282 8. Ahmed Mohammed Mehad 0115196645 9. Foodamo Mohammed Hussan 0939405696 10. Sinow Mohammed Omer 0992340812 11. Nimeo Mohamed Mohamd 0913966637 12. Hobbis Sulub Ala 0915112550 13. Saeeda Shadu Yussuf 0933440535 14. Ahmed Abdi Hasssan 0962997961

Aw Barre Refugee Camp

1. Mohammed Hasan Ibrahim RCC Chair Person 2. Adam Isak Mohammed RCC Member 3. Zabiba Ahmed Nur RCC Women Association

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4. Quadir Ahmed Sherif RCC Member 5. Ubar Mohamed Cabeli RCC Women Representative 6. Amina Abdi Mohammed Women Association 7. Sabaadc Maxomad RCC 8. Hadon Ramada RCC 9. Sahra Jamaehadar RCC 10. Shaaban Sabehan Mohammed Youth Association

Sheder Refugee Camp 1. Ahmed Mohammed RCC Secretary 2. Farah Maxhmud Cabi RCC Secretary 3. Mikail Sudi Abdullah Zone 2 Secretary 4. Hassan Hussien Kamil RCC Member 5. Abukar Hassan Shanwe RCC Member 6. Liibaaw Xusen Barkds RCC Member 7. Maxameed El 8. Sahra Abdi RCC Vice Chairman 9. Ayaad Abdi Ali Member 10. Hahino Cabdi Farax Member 11. Idris Farah RCC Member 12. Fuad Mohammed Sekeh RCC Chairman

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