Federalism and Autonomy Conflicts in the Somali Region 135
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
An Analysis of the Afar-Somali Conflict in Ethiopia and Djibouti
Regional Dynamics of Inter-ethnic Conflicts in the Horn of Africa: An Analysis of the Afar-Somali Conflict in Ethiopia and Djibouti DISSERTATION ZUR ERLANGUNG DER GRADES DES DOKTORS DER PHILOSOPHIE DER UNIVERSTÄT HAMBURG VORGELEGT VON YASIN MOHAMMED YASIN from Assab, Ethiopia HAMBURG 2010 ii Regional Dynamics of Inter-ethnic Conflicts in the Horn of Africa: An Analysis of the Afar-Somali Conflict in Ethiopia and Djibouti by Yasin Mohammed Yasin Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree PHILOSOPHIAE DOCTOR (POLITICAL SCIENCE) in the FACULITY OF BUSINESS, ECONOMICS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES at the UNIVERSITY OF HAMBURG Supervisors Prof. Dr. Cord Jakobeit Prof. Dr. Rainer Tetzlaff HAMBURG 15 December 2010 iii Acknowledgments First and foremost, I would like to thank my doctoral fathers Prof. Dr. Cord Jakobeit and Prof. Dr. Rainer Tetzlaff for their critical comments and kindly encouragement that made it possible for me to complete this PhD project. Particularly, Prof. Jakobeit’s invaluable assistance whenever I needed and his academic follow-up enabled me to carry out the work successfully. I therefore ask Prof. Dr. Cord Jakobeit to accept my sincere thanks. I am also grateful to Prof. Dr. Klaus Mummenhoff and the association, Verein zur Förderung äthiopischer Schüler und Studenten e. V., Osnabruck , for the enthusiastic morale and financial support offered to me in my stay in Hamburg as well as during routine travels between Addis and Hamburg. I also owe much to Dr. Wolbert Smidt for his friendly and academic guidance throughout the research and writing of this dissertation. Special thanks are reserved to the Department of Social Sciences at the University of Hamburg and the German Institute for Global and Area Studies (GIGA) that provided me comfortable environment during my research work in Hamburg. -
Districts of Ethiopia
Region District or Woredas Zone Remarks Afar Region Argobba Special Woreda -- Independent district/woredas Afar Region Afambo Zone 1 (Awsi Rasu) Afar Region Asayita Zone 1 (Awsi Rasu) Afar Region Chifra Zone 1 (Awsi Rasu) Afar Region Dubti Zone 1 (Awsi Rasu) Afar Region Elidar Zone 1 (Awsi Rasu) Afar Region Kori Zone 1 (Awsi Rasu) Afar Region Mille Zone 1 (Awsi Rasu) Afar Region Abala Zone 2 (Kilbet Rasu) Afar Region Afdera Zone 2 (Kilbet Rasu) Afar Region Berhale Zone 2 (Kilbet Rasu) Afar Region Dallol Zone 2 (Kilbet Rasu) Afar Region Erebti Zone 2 (Kilbet Rasu) Afar Region Koneba Zone 2 (Kilbet Rasu) Afar Region Megale Zone 2 (Kilbet Rasu) Afar Region Amibara Zone 3 (Gabi Rasu) Afar Region Awash Fentale Zone 3 (Gabi Rasu) Afar Region Bure Mudaytu Zone 3 (Gabi Rasu) Afar Region Dulecha Zone 3 (Gabi Rasu) Afar Region Gewane Zone 3 (Gabi Rasu) Afar Region Aura Zone 4 (Fantena Rasu) Afar Region Ewa Zone 4 (Fantena Rasu) Afar Region Gulina Zone 4 (Fantena Rasu) Afar Region Teru Zone 4 (Fantena Rasu) Afar Region Yalo Zone 4 (Fantena Rasu) Afar Region Dalifage (formerly known as Artuma) Zone 5 (Hari Rasu) Afar Region Dewe Zone 5 (Hari Rasu) Afar Region Hadele Ele (formerly known as Fursi) Zone 5 (Hari Rasu) Afar Region Simurobi Gele'alo Zone 5 (Hari Rasu) Afar Region Telalak Zone 5 (Hari Rasu) Amhara Region Achefer -- Defunct district/woredas Amhara Region Angolalla Terana Asagirt -- Defunct district/woredas Amhara Region Artuma Fursina Jile -- Defunct district/woredas Amhara Region Banja -- Defunct district/woredas Amhara Region Belessa -- -
The Case of Somalia (1960-2001)
UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) State collapse and post-conflict development in Africa : the case of Somalia (1960-2001) Mohamoud, A. Publication date 2002 Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Mohamoud, A. (2002). State collapse and post-conflict development in Africa : the case of Somalia (1960-2001). Thela Thesis. General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:28 Sep 2021 Chapterr four Thee Pitfalls of Colonialism and Public Pursuit 4.1.. Introduction Thiss chapter traces how the change brought about by the colonial imposition led to the primacyy of the public pursuit in Somali politics over a century. The colonial occupation of Somaliaa not only transformed the political economy of Somali society as transformationists emphasizee but also split the Somali people and their territories.74 Therefore, as I will argue in thiss study, the multiple partitioning of the country is one of the key determinants that fundamentallyy account for the destructive turn of events in Somalia at present. -
Hydrological Extremes and Their Association with ENSO Phases in Ethiopia
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/681528; this version posted June 24, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. Hydrological Extremes and their Association with ENSO Phases in Ethiopia Abu Tolcha Gari Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research Corresponding author: Email: [email protected]; Tel: +251-9-1281-2790, Fax: +251-022-331-1508 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/681528; this version posted June 24, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. Abstract Ethiopia is a rain fed agriculture country, which is subjected to high climate variability in space and time, leading to hydrological extremes causing loss of life and property more frequently. Droughts are more common and sometime floods are experienced in various parts of the country. Being a tropical country, the inter-annual climate variability in Ethiopia is dominated by ENSO (ElNino and Southern Oscillation). In this study, an attempt has been made to determine the occurrence of droughts and floods on monthly basis, by calculating the monthly SPI (Standardized Precipitation Index) using the available rainfall data during (1975-2005) at selected 26 stations that spread across the country. Based on the monthly SPI values computed, the droughts and floods of different intensities; extreme, severe and dry have been determined for all stations. -
Download Ethiopian Fact Sheet April 2017
VICTORIA FALLS Ethiopian Airlines Factsheet - April 2017 OSLO ANTANANARIVO Overview Ethiopian Airlines (Ethiopian) is the leading and most profitable airline in Africa. In 2014 IATA ranked Ethiopian as the largest airline in Africa in revenue and profit. Over the past seven decades, Ethiopian has been a pioneer of African aviation as an aircraft technology leader. It all started with a military surplus C-47, leading the way with the first Jet service in the continent in the early 60’s to the first B-767 in the mid 80’s, to the first African B-787 Dreamliner in 2012 and the first African Airbus A-350 in 2016. Ethiopian joined Star Alliance, the world’s largest Airline network, in December 2011. Ethiopian is currently implementing a 15-year strategic plan called Vision 2025 that will see it become the leading airline group in Africa with seven strategic business units. Ethiopian is a multi-award winning airline, including SKYTRAX and Passenger Choice Awards in 2015, and has been registering an average growth of 25% per annum for the past ten years. Ethiopian Background Information Founded E December 21, 1945 Starting date of operation E April 08, 1946 Ownership E Government of Ethiopia (100%) Head Office E Bole International Airport, P.O. Box 1755 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Fax: (+ 251)11661 1474 Reservations E Tel: (+251) 11 665 6666 Website E http://www.ethiopianairlines.com Group Chief Executive Officer E Mr. Tewolde GebreMariam Fleet Summary Aircraft Inventory: 87 Fleet on order: 47 Average age of aircraft: 5 years Passenger aircraft Airbus -
Agency Deyr/Karan 2012 Seasonal
Food Supply Prospects FOR THE YEAR 2013 ______________________________________________________________________________ Disaster Risk Management and Food Security Sector (DRMFSS) Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) March 2013 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Table of Contents Glossary ................................................................................................................. 2 Acronyms ............................................................................................................... 3 EXCUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................. 4 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................... 11 REGIONAL SUMMARY OF FOOD SUPPLY PROSPECT ............................................. 14 SOMALI ............................................................................................................. 14 OROMIA ........................................................................................................... 21 TIGRAY .............................................................................................................. 27 AMHARA ........................................................................................................... 31 AFAR ................................................................................................................. 34 BENISHANGUL GUMUZ ..................................................................................... 37 SNNP ............................................................................................................... -
Separatist Movements Should Nations Have 2 a Right to Self-Determination? Brian Beary
Separatist Movements Should Nations Have 2 a Right to Self-Determination? Brian Beary ngry protesters hurling rocks at security forces; hotels, shops and restaurants torched; a city choked by teargas. AThe violent images that began flashing around the world on March 14 could have been from any number of tense places from Africa to the Balkans. But the scene took place high in the Himalayas, in the ancient Tibetan capital of Lhasa. Known for its red-robed Buddhist monks, the legendary city was the latest flashpoint in Tibetan separatists’ ongoing frustra- tion over China’s continuing occupation of their homeland.1 Weeks earlier, thousands of miles away in Belgrade, Serbia, hun- dreds of thousands of Serbs took to the streets to vent fury over Kosovo’s secession on Feb. 17, 2008. Black smoke billowed from the burning U.S. Embassy, set ablaze by Serbs angered by Washington’s acceptance of Kosovo’s action.2 “As long as we live, Kosovo is Serbia,” thundered Serbian 3 AFP/Getty Images Prime Minister Vojislav Kostunica at a rally earlier in the day. The American Embassy in Belgrade is set ablaze on Kosovo had been in political limbo since a NATO-led military Feb. 21 by Serbian nationalists angered by U.S. force wrested the region from Serb hands in 1999 and turned it support for Kosovo’s recent secession from Serbia. into an international protectorate after Serbia brutally clamped About 70 separatist movements are under way down on ethnic Albanian separatists. Before the split, about 75 around the globe, but most are nonviolent. -
F a S T Update Ethiopia Special Update July to December 2006
F A S T Update Ethiopia Special Update July to December 2006 T S A F © swisspeace FAST Update Ethiopia | July to December 2006 | Page 2 Contents Country Stability and Conflictive Domestic Events 3 Conflictive and Cooperative International Events 11 Outlook 16 Appendix: Map of Ethiopia 17 Acronyms 18 The FAST International Early Warning Program 19 FAST Update Subscription: www.swisspeace.org/fast/subscription_form.asp Monitoring activities in Ethiopia have temporarily been suspended since January 2006 due to the increased curbing of press freedoms and resulting effects on our Local Information Network. Consequently, there is no data set for the period under review. We have, however, included in this Special Update, a detailed list of events that are pertinent to the themes covered as background to the qualitative analysis. Contact FAST International: Country Expert: Phone: +41 31 330 12 19 Anonymous Fax: +41 31 330 12 13 mailto:[email protected] www.swisspeace.org/fast © swisspeace FAST Update Ethiopia | July to December 2006 | Page 3 Country Stability and Conflictive Domestic Events • Compared with the first half of the year, in the second half of 2006 internal conflictive events registered a sharp decline. The expected possibility that, given the high degree of disaffection particularly among the urban youth driving growing numbers into militancy and the massive Eritrean support for the violent opposition, bomb attacks and armed infiltration into the peripheral areas might increase, did not materialize. On the one hand this was a result of the past and on-going governmental counter-measures to curb such activities. On the other hand, however, this was due to the internal problems of both the legal opposition within the country and the externally based one. -
EHA Ethiopia Weekly Update –Week 51 / 2007
EMERGENCY WHO AND HUMANITARIAN ACTION (EHA) Country Office WEEKLY UPDATE / ETHIOPIA Ethiopia Addis Ababa ECA Old Building Ground Floor World Health Organization (WHO) Week 51 (From 17 to 23 Dec. 2007) Emergency and Humanitarian Action (EHA) - Disease outbreak Situations in Ethiopia HIGHLIGHTS - Somali Humanitarian Response - EHA Focal Point Annual Induction Briefing Meeting I. GENERAL SITUATIONS Ethiopian Profiles Disease Out-break Situations in Ethiopia Location: Horn of Africa Population: Approx. 77,400.000 Acute Watery Diarrhea in Ethiopia Polio Eradication Program Surface: 1.1 million sq km ⇒ Cases of AWD epidemic has significantly ⇒ In 2007 there were a total of 860 AFP Capital city: Addis Ababa decreased nationally. Currently 7 districts cases reported and none was confirmed Regions: 9; City Administrations: 2 are reported active cases: 2 districts from for polio as of December 20, 2007. Refugees: 86,128 IDPs: 300,000 to 400,000 Oromiya, Afar 2 and Somali 3. ⇒ There were 36 cases in week 50; 26 in Measles Outbreak Situation week 49 and 11 in week 48. The increase ⇒ As of 30 Nov. 07, there were 120 out- Ethiopia in number is due to the new affected dis- breaks in 83 districts. Out of 2,769 sus- trict of Degahamado in Somali Region. pected cases, 1,390 cases were confirmed. Somali Humanitarian Response ⇒ Approximately 1.5 million people in the ⇒ livestock migration is reported in some five military operation zones of Warder, zones. Fik, Degehabur, Korahe and Gode have ⇒ Additionally restriction of commercial Map of Africa been potentially affected by insurgency trucks has been observed due to the mili- showing Ethiopia and counter insurgency activities. -
Clanship, Conflict and Refugees: an Introduction to Somalis in the Horn of Africa
CLANSHIP, CONFLICT AND REFUGEES: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOMALIS IN THE HORN OF AFRICA Guido Ambroso TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I: THE CLAN SYSTEM p. 2 The People, Language and Religion p. 2 The Economic and Socials Systems p. 3 The Dir p. 5 The Darod p. 8 The Hawiye p. 10 Non-Pastoral Clans p. 11 PART II: A HISTORICAL SUMMARY FROM COLONIALISM TO DISINTEGRATION p. 14 The Colonial Scramble for the Horn of Africa and the Darwish Reaction (1880-1935) p. 14 The Boundaries Question p. 16 From the Italian East Africa Empire to Independence (1936-60) p. 18 Democracy and Dictatorship (1960-77) p. 20 The Ogaden War and the Decline of Siyad Barre’s Regime (1977-87) p. 22 Civil War and the Disintegration of Somalia (1988-91) p. 24 From Hope to Despair (1992-99) p. 27 Conflict and Progress in Somaliland (1991-99) p. 31 Eastern Ethiopia from Menelik’s Conquest to Ethnic Federalism (1887-1995) p. 35 The Impact of the Arta Conference and of September the 11th p. 37 PART III: REFUGEES AND RETURNEES IN EASTERN ETHIOPIA AND SOMALILAND p. 42 Refugee Influxes and Camps p. 41 Patterns of Repatriation (1991-99) p. 46 Patterns of Reintegration in the Waqoyi Galbeed and Awdal Regions of Somaliland p. 52 Bibliography p. 62 ANNEXES: CLAN GENEALOGICAL CHARTS Samaal (General/Overview) A. 1 Dir A. 2 Issa A. 2.1 Gadabursi A. 2.2 Isaq A. 2.3 Habar Awal / Isaq A.2.3.1 Garhajis / Isaq A. 2.3.2 Darod (General/ Simplified) A. 3 Ogaden and Marrahan Darod A. -
Master Thesis
Eindhoven University of Technology MASTER Distribution modeling for pharmaceutical supply chains in urban Ethiopia Lezama Elguero, P. Award date: 2015 Link to publication Disclaimer This document contains a student thesis (bachelor's or master's), as authored by a student at Eindhoven University of Technology. Student theses are made available in the TU/e repository upon obtaining the required degree. The grade received is not published on the document as presented in the repository. The required complexity or quality of research of student theses may vary by program, and the required minimum study period may vary in duration. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain Eindhoven, March 2014 Distribution modeling for pharmaceutical supply chains in urban Ethiopia by P. Lezama Elguero BSc. Industrial Engineering – ITESM (2012) Student identity number: 0827262 in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Operations Management & Logistics Supervisors: Prof. dr. J.C. Fransoo, TU/e, OPAC dr. K.H. van Donselaar, TU/e, OPAC TUE. School of Industrial Engineering Series Master Theses Operations Management & Logistics Subject headings: pharmaceutical supply chains, distribution modeling, simulation modeling, multi- echelon systems, urban distribution sub-Sahara Africa II Abstract This thesis concerns the analysis of the Ethiopian distribution system, mainly for the urban market, to study the inter-connected causes and effects that play a role in the pharmaceutical supply chain in this country. -
Eanz Ae0 /20 Public Disclosure Authorized
EanZ aE0 /20 Public Disclosure Authorized ETHIOPIA Public Disclosure Authorized CALUB GAS DEVELOPMENT PROJECT Environmental Assessment Public Disclosure Authorized March 1993 Public Disclosure Authorized Public and Pri-ate Enterprise Division Eastern Africa Department Preface This EnvironmentalAssessment was conductedas part of the preparation for the Calub Gas DevelopmentProject in Ethiopia. The Project Team comprised: Luciano Borin (Team Leader), Paul Ballard (Private Sector Development), Carine Du Marchie and Gerda Heyde (WID consultants),Tom O'Connor (Gas Field Geology), Thuvara Nayar (Refinery Operations), Harry Sasson (Privatization, consultant) Maurizia Tovo (Regional Development), Salman Zaheer (Financial and Economic Analysis, consultant). The project will be located in the part of Region 5 traditionally known as the Ogaden. In view of the project implicationsvis-a-vis the fragility of the Ogaden's environment, both human and natural, a special sub-team, coordinated by Maurizia Tovo, was established to prepare an EnvironmentalAssessment. The sub-teamincluded the following consultants:Mohamoud Ayan (RangelandEcologist), Richard Hogg (Anthropologist)and Marino Martin (IndustrialPollution Specialist). A number of visits to key areas and communitieslikely to be affected by the Calub Gas DevelopmentProject took place between May and December 1992. Discussionswere held with government agencies, donors and NGO's working in the region, as well as with traditional leaders, local authorities, women's groups and community members. The resulting report, therefore, reflects the knowledgeand wisdomof a large number of individualsthoroughly familiar with the area under study. The draft report was submitted to the Government for review and approval, and it benefitted from the contributions of the Water Commission, the Ministry of Environmental Protectionand Natural ResourceDevelopment, the Ministry of Planning, and the Third Livestock Project (Ministry of Agriculture).