THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC of ETHIOPIA MINISTRY of AGRICULTURE (Moa)

Public Disclosure Authorized

THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE (MoA)

Public Disclosure Authorized Ethiopia Emergency Locust Response Project (EELRP)

Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP)

Public Disclosure Authorized

October 2020 ADDIS ABABA

Public Disclosure Authorized

Acronyms BoA Bureau of Agriculture Das Development Agents DL Desert Locust DLC Desert Locust Control DLCO-EA Desert Locust Control Office- East Africa EELRP Ethiopia Emergency Locust Response Project EFCCC Environment Forest and Climate Change Commission EHSGs Environment, Health and Safety Guidelines EMPRES Emergency Prevention System for Transboundary Animal and Plant EMPRES Transboundary Animal and Plant Pests and Diseases ESF Environmental and Social Framework of the WB ESMF Environmental and Social Management Framework ESSs Environmental and Social Standards GAP Good Agricultural Practice GRM Grievance Redress Mechanism IPM Integrated Pest Management IPMP Integrated Pest Management Plan MoA Ministry of Agriculture MoA Ministry of Agriculture MoH Ministry of Health MoLSA Ministry of Labour and Social Affair PIM Project Implementation Manual PMP Pest Management Plan SA Social Assessment SEP Stakeholders Engagement Plan UN FAO United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization WB The World Bank

Table of Contents Acronyms ...... 1 Executive Summary ...... 5 1.1. Past Ethiopia’s Locust Infestation and Control Situations ...... 18 1.2. Recent Desert Locust situation and Control Efforts ...... 19 Section 2. Background on the preparation of IPMP ...... 19 2.1. Scale of IPMP development and implementation ...... 20 2.2. Aims and objectives of the Pest Management Plan Study ...... 20 2.2.1. Specific objectives of the IPMP ...... 20 2.2.2. Action Areas ...... 20 2.3. Pest Management Approaches ...... 21 2.3.1. Conventional Approach ...... 21 2.3.2. Integrated Pest Management ...... 22 2.3.3. Methods and approaches of the study ...... 25 Section 3. Stakeholder Engagement and Information Disclosure ...... 26 3.1. Stakeholder Consultation and Disclosure of PMP ...... 26 3.2. Grievance Redress Mechanism ...... 26 3.3. Summary of stakeholder consultation of the PMP ...... 27 Section 4. Project Description ...... 28 4.1. Project Objectives and Scope...... 28 4.1.1. Project Components ...... 28 4.1.2. Major Activities of the Project ...... 29 4.1.3. Project Result Framework ...... 30 4.2. General Description of the Project sites ...... 30 4.2.1. Desert Locust Breeding areas and Seasons ...... 31 4.2.2. Aerial Bases, Clusters and Sub-clusters areas functional coordinating units ...... 32 4.2.3. Pesticide Store areas ...... 32 4.3. Baseline Condition of the Project Area ...... 32 4.3.1. Project Areas Agro-ecological Features ...... 32 4.3.2. Ecological Feature and Land use of the project area ...... 33 Section 5. Pest Management Related Policy, Legal and Institutional Framework ...... 34 5.1. Policies and Legal Framework ...... 34

5.1.1. National Policies, Strategies and Legal Framework ...... 34 5.1.2. Relevant and Applicable International Requirements and Conventions ...... 35 5.2. Institutional Framework...... 38 Section 6. Environmental and Social Risks and Mitigation Measures ...... 39 6.1. Environmental and social Impacts of the Project ...... 39 6.1.1. Potential Positive Impact of the Project ...... 39 6.1.2. Potential Negative Impacts and Risks of the Project ...... 40 6.2. Proposed mitigation measures as specified in the EELRP’s ...... 42 6.3. Short Guidance for Workers in Key Areas...... 51 Section 7. Ethiopia Emergency Locust Response Project IPMP ...... 53 7.1. IPMP for EELRP focusing on the hot spot DL infestation Woredas of regions ...... 53 7.2. Monitoring, Inspection and reporting arrangements for the IPMP ...... 61 7.2.1. Monitoring ...... 61 7.2.2. Reporting ...... 67 Section 8. Training and Capacity Building ...... 68 8.1. Capacity Building on Training and Research ...... 68 8.2. Institutional Arrangements and Capacity Building ...... 69 Section 9. Summary of the Proposed Budget ...... 70 Section 10. Conclusion ...... 71 11. References ...... 73 12. Annexes ...... 74 Annex 1. Characterization of agro-ecological zones DL hot spot woredas, DL lifecycle season, and non pesticide techniques applying ...... 74 Annex 2. The Current Desert Locust control operation aerial bases, clusters and sub-clusters coordinating experts deployment ...... 76 Annex 3. Regions and Respective Woredas IPMP of Ethiopian Emergency Locust Response Project and List of Regions and total woredas/districts...... 77 Annex 4. Questions Related to Environmental Issues for KII (Federal Levels Stakeholders) ...... 83 Annex 5. Questions Related to Environmental Issues for KII (Regional and Woreda Levels Stakeholders) ...... 88 Annex 6: Possible Insecticides for Management of Desert Locust ...... 92 Annex 7. Grievance Redressing Mechanism (GRM) ...... 93 Annex 8. FAO Spray Monitoring Form ...... 98

Annex 9. FAO check list for general monitoring of desert locust control operations ...... 99 Annex 10. FAO Poisoning Incident Form (Locust control) ...... 101 Annex 11. FAO Validation (Spot-VGT) Form ...... 103 Annex 12. FAO Desert Locust Standard Survey/Control ...... 104 Annex 13. List of professionals consulted with Telephone interview ...... 107

Executive Summary

1. Introduction

Ethiopia is one of the frontline countries of Desert Locust invasion in large and also recession with certain areas suitable for locust breeding and gregarization in eastern Africa. The lowland areas of, Eastern, South Eastern, Northern, North Western, North Eastern, Southern and South western zones of Ethiopia occupy key areas of locust development. The GoE in collaboration with relevant development partners and mobilizing the local community and resources has made relentless efforts to control the pest and prevent or minimize its damages. Intensive surveillance, monitoring and ground and aerial control operations were carried out in different parts of the country. However currently (in April 2020), the Desert Locust situation is becoming worst and very serious in Ethiopia.

The GoE (Ministry of Agriculture), recognizing the damage being caused by this existing and predicted desert locust invasion severity, has requested financial assistance from the World Bank for Desert Locust Emergency Response. Accordingly, the Project called Ethiopia Emergency Locust Response Project (EELRP) has been prepared in response to the prevalence of locust emergency in the different regions of the country.

In line with this the GoE has been preparing the environmental and social management instruments and general frameworks, aiming sustainable development, as per the World Bank Environmental and Social Frame requirements. One of the instruments that have been required is ensuring the preparation and implementation of an Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) which will be an integral part of the overall Environmental and Social Framework (ESMF) of the proposed project. Accordingly, this IPM document has been prepared so that the Project able to implement, monitor and achieve the desired goal of the IPMP.

2. Background on the preparation of Integrated Pest Management Plan

This Integrated Pest Management Plan is prepared to address use of chemicals to control locust invasion under the EELRP. EELRP is Bank-funded project with the Development objective (PDO) is to prevent Desert Locust impact through strong early warning system and respond to the threat posed by Desert Locusts outbreak infestation and strengthen national systems for preparedness. Hence it should be noted that, this project should full fill the environmental and social management requirements. One of the Environmental and social management requirement, among others, that has to be addressed before commencement of this WB funded project, is the borrower has to prepare, implement and monitor the PMP in accordance with the Word Bank’s Environmental and social Framework and respective Standards all together with the FAO best experiences.

Aims and objectives of the Integrated Pest Management Plan The aim of this Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) is to enable stakeholders involved in the Desert Locust control to monitor and mitigate negative environmental and social impacts associated with use of pesticides. This broad objective has also addressed by a number of specific objectives. Pest Management Approaches: Conventional Approach and Integrated Pest Management

Conventional Approach From past and worldwide experience, using of synthetic pesticides spray technique on desert locust infestation prevention and control program was a prime strategy without having enough and

comprehensive environmental and social management mechanisms. Hence this conventional approach on pest management results some drawbacks in human health and on environment. Because of the drawbacks a crop protection approach is needed that is centred on local farmer needs that are sustainable, appropriate, environmentally safe and economic to use. Such approach is called Integrated Pest Management (IPM).

Moreover recently, it was realized that conventional approach has its disadvantages. Hence the importance of IPM techniques has been advocated and most project based agricultural initiatives have strived to integrate the IPM practice into their overall agricultural production system.

Integrated Pest Management According to the World Bank’s ESF-Resource Efficiency and Pollution Prevention and Management (ESS3), Integrated Pest Management (IPM) refers to a mix of farmer-driven, ecologically-based pest control Practices that seek to reduce reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides. It involves (a) managing pests (keeping them below economically damaging levels) rather than seeking to eradicate them; (b) integrating multiple methods (relying, to the extent possible, on nonchemical measures) to keep pest populations low; and (c) selecting and applying pesticides, when they have to be used, in a way that minimizes adverse effects on beneficial organisms, humans, and the environment.

IPM has lead by defined principles and procedures. In order to ensure that the above principles are followed, each DLERP activities should go in line with an IPM Plan. The IPM Plan should be also an integral part of the Project’s ESMF and consider basic strategic components.

Options to be considered in Integrated Pest Management • Habitat modification • Physical / Mechanical controls. • Biological controls • Bio-pesticides • Least toxic chemical controls. Last option criteria for selection of pesticides: - Safety; Species specificity; Effectiveness; Endurance; Speed; Repellence; and Cost.

According to these criteria less toxic pesticides have been chosen for the DL operation of this project as last resort option among others. During project preparation Diazinon 60% pesticide was one of the candidates for this operation, but due to nature of this pesticide it has been substituted by Malathion 50% Ec which is less toxic pesticide. Chloropyrifos 24% ULV pesticide, even if it is moderately toxic, it has got high LD50 as compared to others. Hence this pesticide also will be applied in DL control operations.

Methods and approaches of the study Taking into account COVID 19 pandemic existing situation all over the world, for this task no field work has been conducted for site observation and stakeholder consultation. However, in order to get stakeholder concerns and to make effective assessment of base line data, various methods such as reviewing of documents, virtual communication and data generation from Woreda to Federal level using information datasheet (Annex 5 and Annex -6) has been employed.

3. Stakeholder Engagement and Information Disclosure

Stakeholder consultation is an integral part of the social assessment (SA) and provides inputs for the preparation of Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF), the Stakeholder Engagement

Plan (SEP), and more importantly for effective implementation of the IPM. The overall objective of such consultations was to document the concerns of the stakeholders with specific reference to the project planned interventions. The consultation meetings were organized basically for two important purposes, i.e., (1) to share project objectives and proposed project interventions with the identified stakeholder groups and (2) to consult with the stakeholders and document their concern, with particular reference. Accordingly, the project has conducted a national and Regional stakeholders’ public consultation on how to use pesticides to control locust invasion. In this section the Grievance Redress Mechanism and summary of stakeholders’ concerns on environment and social issues has been addressed.

4. Project Description

The main objective of the EELRP is to urgently deploy and implement integrated, comprehensive and coordinated desert locust control program, enhance and protect the livelihood of farmers and pastoralists from locust control attack while ensuring food security of millions of farming and pastoralist communities in the most affected geography and rehabilitating pastureland affected by desert locust. Furthermore, this project will strengthen the plant health system by improving the survey, regular monitoring, forecasting and early warning system on current and future locust movement and potential occurrence.

Project Scope: The scope of the project is limited to urgently deploy desert locust attack control system, support pastoralist and farmers in affected geography in all regions including pastureland rehabilitation and strengthening the plant health system of the country.

Project Components: There are four main components in the project: - ,

Component one includes Desert Locust Survey, monitoring and control, component two Livelihood protections and rehabilitation, Component three: Strengthening Early Warning Systems and Preparedness and Component: four Project Management Monitoring & Evaluation.

Component one contains three sub-components which are, subcomponent 1.1: Continuous Surveillance, Survey and Monitoring: - Sub-component 1.2: Control Measures, Sub-component 1.3: Risk reduction and management

Subcomponent 1.1. Continuous Surveillance, Survey and Monitoring:

Major activities under the subcomponent are, conduct surveillance, survey and monitoring in Desert Locust breeding seasons, collect relevant information, analyze, produce early warning for early control.

Sub-component1.2. Control measures and main activities under the subcomponent are prepare specification for control equipment, decide control measures , choose less toxic chemicals, identify control target, delineate the target, sensitize the community, give training about safe use of chemicals and apply safe and environmentally friendly pest management.

Sub-component 1.3. Risk reduction and management

• Give Training on safety measures to spraying teams and other staffs involved • Public awareness campaigns on possible environmental and health effects of insecticides, provided (before, during and after locust control operations). • Renovation of nine pesticide Stores located at various part of the country, • Provide Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) • Proper transportation and storage of pesticides and empty pesticide containers management

• Health and environmental impact assessment conducted • Pre and Post-campaign health examinations conducted for staffs and others involved in the campaign • Residue testing or ecological monitoring conducted after the last control operation (human , soils and water bodies)

Pesticides play an important role in reducing crop losses due to pests. However, their misuse can have serious negative impacts on both human health and the environment. It is necessary to shift towards a more sustainable way of increasing food production, one that maintains high productivity while protecting farmers, consumers and ecosystems from the negative effects of pesticides. Risk reduction measures for pesticides have an important role to play

Major Activities of the Project Major activities related to Project that would be undertaken on ground are the following among others (for detailed EELRP Subprojects/Activities of Component 1 and 2 refer ESMF document Section 6.2):

I. Spraying subprojects/Activities

• Procurement/rental of equipment (sprayers, vehicles, drones, aircrafts), support to field operations (aerial and ground operations) • Procurement of Input for field operations that will be provided to the MoA. This include purchasing, transporting and stocking (to be stored and disbursed to operation sites) of pesticides 1) Malathion 50% EC (100,000 litres); 2) Chlorpyrifos 24% ULV (100,000 litres) and 3) Malathion 95% ULV (300,000 litres) for future forecast period. • Total land coverage planned - about 834,000 hectares. • Areal and ground spraying covering- about 609,986 hectares, • Other pest management options coverage as part of IPM- about 224,014 hectares • Total amount of pesticide planned to be sprayed- about 400,000 lt.

II. Renovation of Pesticide Stores subproject

• Renovate those require based on an assessment of existing condition of the nine large chemical stores found in various part of the country.

III. Livelihood Protection and Restoration Subprojects/Activities

• Livelihoods Support. The procurement of inputs, such as crop and fodder seed. • Pasture rehabilitation which will cover an estimated area of 81,000 hectares. This will include: i) rehabilitating pastureland through the procurement and distribution of fodder seed; and ii) bailing support for pastoralist to improve forage availability from pastures.

Project Result Framework • Emergency locust-control measures are improved (cost effective, timely), and undertaken in environmental and social safe and sustainable manner; • Locust Control operations implemented according to plan and FAO guidance and FAO’s guidelines; • Pesticide management meets international safety regulations; • Livelihood of people affected by locust infestation addressed; • Percentage of beneficiaries receiving inputs from project to restore livelihood increased;

• Hectare of pastureland rehabilitated by the project increased; • Desert locust prediction and mitigation mechanism established by end of project (Country level data storage, data analytics, data interpretation capability built).

General Description of the Project sites In general, the LERP will be working in the PSNP implementing regions specifically in locust infested areas of Afar, Eastern Amhara, South eastern and eastern Oromia, Somali, southern districts of Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples (SNNP), Southern Tigray, and Dire Dawa City Administration. In total, 153 woredas are invaded by the desert locust at varying degrees of infestation scope of impact. The new areas will be defined as the migratory routes and infestation areas are informed by Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) surveillance and response team. The proposed project areas demonstrate considerable diversity in terms of water resources and landscape, from lowland, midland and highlands, and livelihoods from agricultural, agro-pastoral and pastoral.

Pesticide Store areas Nine large chemical stores are found in various part of the country. At centre (national Store) a store with capacity handling more than 400,000lt; in East Dire Dawa with the capacity handling 100,000 lt; In Samara 100,000lt capacity; 100,000 lt in Jigjiga; 100,000 lt capacity in Hawassa; 100,000 lt capacity in Bishoftu; 100,000 lt in Kombolcha; 100,000 lt in Bahir Dar; and Mekele 100,000 lt capacity are found and there are also medium storage in all zones of the country. However as one of the key informants indicated about the stores situations, some of these pesticide stores are not good enough. Hence renovation of these stores has been required.

Baseline Condition of the Project Area

A. Project Areas Agro-ecological Features

According to the Ministry of Agriculture Agro-ecological classification framing environmental parameters (temperature and moisture), Ethiopia has classified in to 18 major Agro-ecological zones. Accordingly, most of the Desert Locust breeding project Woredas are located and classified under these five Agro- ecological zones as follows. • Hot to warm arid low land plains • Hot to warm semi-arid lowland plains • Hot to warm sub-moist lowland • Hot to warm sub-humid lowlands • Hot to warm humid lowland

B. Some ecological Feature of the project area Some of areas having special future in Desert Locust breeding and invasion regions, zones and districts which will be highly considered in the implementation of IPM, have been identified before the commencement of the project. See summary Table Summary of special ecological and agronomically sensitive areas and proposed buffer zone limit S.N. Regions Special features areas having risk of pesticide Planned means of risk reduction- application No pesticide spraying Zone 1 Somali Adigala wildlife park 1km buffer zone will be free Ponds used as source of drinking water for animals 500 meters buffer zone will be free 2 Oromia Bale national park, Harana tropical rain forest 1km buffer zone

Ponds and rivers 500 meters 3 SNNPR Salam ago, Nechsar, Chabara churchra parks 1km Ponds, lakes and rivers 500 meters 4 Afar Gewanene and Awash parks 1km Lake Abe, ponds 500 meters 5 Amhara Churches lalibala, Gishen, Jawaha river valley in 1km Efrata and Jile districts Beehives around Bati, Dawe harawa, Kobo 500 meters 6 Tigray Beehives in Raya 500 meters 7 Dire Dawa Ponds and other water sources 1km

5. Pest Management Related Policy, Legal and Institutional Framework

5.1. National Policies, Strategies and Legal Framework The principal relevant laws and policies of Ethiopia related with pest management are the following among others: ➢ The Constitution of Ethiopia (1995)- base for the formulation of policies and strategies relevant to social development, environment protection and economic growth, ➢ The National Policy and Strategy on Disaster Risk Management (2013), ➢ The Federal Policy on the Environment (1997), ➢ The Environmental and social development Proclamations ➢ Proclamation № 4/1995, MoLSA is given the powers and duties to determine standards and measures for the safety and health of workers ➢ Labour proclamation № 377/2003, measure that employer should take to safeguard the health and safety of the workers. ➢ Pesticide Registration and Control Proclamation No. 674/2010: -

5.2. Relevant and Applicable International Requirements and Conventions

A. The World Bank’s Environmental and Social Framework (ESF) The following ESSs requirements are applicable to this project: ➢ ESS1: Assessment and Management of Environmental and Social Risks and Impacts ➢ ESS2: Labor and Working Conditions ➢ ESS 3: Resource Efficiency and Pollution Prevention and Management ➢ ESS4: Community Health and Safety ➢ ESS 6: Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Management of Living Natural Resources ➢ ESS7: Indigenous Peoples/Sub-Saharan African Historically Underserved Traditional Local Communities SSAHUTLC ➢ ESS10: Stake Holder Engagement and Information Disclosure

B. The WBG’s General Environment, Health and Safety Guideline will also be applicable as part of implementation of the proposed project.

International Conventions and guidelines Related with Pest Management The following international conventions and guidelines are applicable to this project implementation and also on the designing and implementation of IPMP.

➢ Convention on Biological Diversity ➢ International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) ➢ The Bamako convention ➢ The Basel Convention ➢ The Rotterdam Convention ➢ The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants ➢ WHO pesticide classification based on the level of toxicity ➢ The International Labor Organization (ILO) Conventions

C. FAO guidelines applicable to this IPMP and to be followed by the project. • FAO Desert Locust Guidelines 4. Control (2001) • FAO Guideline, Desert Locust Guidelines 5. Campaign organization and execution (2001) • FAO Desert Locust Guidelines, Section 6, Safety and Environmental Precautions (2003) • Guidelines for personal protection when handling and applying pesticide (2020) • Guidelines on Developing a Reporting System for Health and Environmental Incidents Resulting from Exposure to Pesticides, 2009 • FAO; Guidelines on Good Practice for Ground Application of Pesticides, 2001; • FAO; Guidelines on Good Practice for Aerial Application of Pesticides,2001; • Guidelines on Organization and Operation of Training Schemes and Certification Procedures for Operators of Pesticide Application Equipment,2001; • Guidelines on Developing a Reporting System for Health and Environmental Incidents Resulting from Exposure to Pesticides,2009; • Prevention of Accumulation and Disposal of Obsolete Stocks; 2009, 2011

Institutional Framework In general, the implementation of the EELRP and the IPMP will take place through the existing government structures from the federal to the local or community level institutions. However, in this section of the regulatory bodies and implementing partners role have been clearly defined. 6. Environmental and Social Risks and Mitigation Measures

Potential Positive Impact of the Project The Potential positive impacts of DLERP include among others are: • Combating the damage created by the widespread desert locust in Ethiopia, protect fragile livelihoods from locust infestation and subsequently enhance the food security of communities through livelihood support in the project area, • provision of opportunities to reclaim human capital and asset losses due to the dessert locust, • support vulnerable households to gain access to livelihoods support, • feed/fodder distribution and essential agricultural inputs for building livelihoods, and • Restocking of livestock, rehabilitating rangelands, provision of veterinary services including vaccination for prevention of disease outbreaks.

Potential Project Negative Impacts, Risk, and Management Some of well-known impacts and risks on environment and humans including socio economic impacts are the following.

Some of the well-known potential impacts and risks on environment and humans including socio economic impacts of Component 1 are the following.

➢ Environmental and Social Impacts/Risks: • pollution of ecologically sensitive habitats such as wetlands, national parks and water bodies as a result of pesticide • loss of non-target biodiversity as a result of pesticide spraying • fire risk as a result of inflammable nature of pesticides and fuels visa vis improper storage and application • Soil, surface water and ground water pollution as a result of pesticide spillage and leakage • air pollution through dust emissions, and ➢ Pollution due to unused and obsolete pesticide, and empty pesticide containers Social Risks: • Risks to community and workers’ health, • Accidental poising of workers and nearby community members • Risks to animal health and greenhouse gas emissions and climate change risks, • Inadequate prior information for communities in target areas about impacts of pesticide use for locust infestation management, availability of compensation for assets and human affected by pesticide spraying beyond the defined buffer zone and livelihood support, • low capacity at woreda and kebele levels and coordination gaps between sector offices including technical capacity limitation on the part of implementing offices, • Lack of awareness on the impact of pesticides among the local community • lack of occupational health and safety of the labor force and neighboring communities’ exposure to health and safety, especially exposure to pesticide and COVID-19 pandemic,

Some of well-known potential impacts and risks on environment and humans including socio economic impacts of Component 2 are the following:

➢ Risks to the environment: • pollution of ecologically sensitive habitats such as wetlands, forestlands and water bodies as a result of seeking for agricultural land and pasture development, • loss of biodiversity as a result misuse of pesticides • Surface water pollution as a result of misuse of agricultural inputs such as pesticide and fertilizers, • air pollution through dust emissions • Pollution due to unused and obsolete pesticide, and empty pesticide containers • Generation of Solid waste as a result of agrochemical wastes/ (i.e. packaging containers) • Soil erosion, farm input & grant may lead to opening up new areas for cultivation • Introduction of alien and invasive species as a result of efforts made for restoration of degraded rangeland with seeding of pastures and appropriate livestock fodder ➢ Social Risks:

The potential social risks and impacts related this Component include

relation to livelihoods support or interventions at household level by the project in which men or husbands may not properly use the crop/pasture seeds/pesticides/fertilizers in combating the outbreak of locust. • In the pastoral and agro-pastoral community, it is common practice that men tend to grab resources or properties from women by force to meet their individual needs. As a result, the supports might not be used for eligible households that are affected by the outbreak of the locust infestation. • Elite capture and/or different interest groups including traditional authority structures in influencing community’s prioritization and manipulation of support provided; lack of transparency during beneficiary selection for the packages and technical assistance and the exclusion of certain groups and individuals from project benefits in particular vulnerable people and the historically disadvantaged regions of Ethiopia. . • Lack of occupational health and safety of the labor force and neighboring communities’ exposure to health and safety, especially exposure to pesticide and COVID-19 pandemic, • Occupational Safety and Health Risks associated with the construction of detours and other facilities for the stocking and distribution of fodders and other support for the affected communities • Exclusion of eligible beneficiaries, • GBV risks and Risk of elite capture, • Risks of GRM, and elite capture that may create targeting error, • Inadequate awareness about the nature, amount and use of fertilizers and pesticides by the community, and • Risk of overlooking of historically underserved regions and vulnerable community; and Potential exacerbation of vulnerable livelihoods of IDPs in project areas and worsening of conflicts among the pastoralists.

Proposed mitigation measures as specified in the EELRP’s

Summary of Interrelated Impact/Risk Description and Proposed Mitigation Measures S.N. Impacts/Risks Proposed Mitigation Measures

I. Environmental Risks/Impacts • Pollution of ecologically sensitive habitats • Identifying and mapping out sensitive ecological and such as wetlands, national parks and water agronomical areas, establishing Strict Operational bodies. Procedures (SOP) and a judicious choice of pesticides (i.e. Biopesticides could be used in/near potentially sensitive areas). • Develop a workable monitoring and evaluation system during and post-campaign • Contamination of local water sources and • Implement Integrated Pest Management (IPM) technique agronomically sensitive areas. and reduce reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides. (Use both synthetic chemical pesticides and Biopesticides. • Loss of non-target biodiversity (death of • Use alternative pest control methods (physical, mechanical, plant, wildlife and microorganisms) and biochemical • Minimize pesticide use and minimize health and environmental risk when pesticides are used. • air pollution through dust emissions • Develop a mechanism/ design a system for safe disposal of • generation of solid waste, unused and obsolete pesticide, and empty pesticide • pollution due to unused and obsolete containers and never reuse. Ensure the safe disposal of pesticide, and empty pesticide containers empty containers, tank washings and surplus pesticides.

• potential high risk of accumulation of • Develop solid waste management (Pesticide associated obsolete stocks. wastes) • Greenhouse gas emissions and Climate change • degradation of the rangelands • Introduce improved, climate-resilient varieties that provide for higher yields and are resistant to pest/disease and other climate-related threats. • Re-establish/restore pastureland by establishing nurseries throughout the affected area. II. Impact on Health and Safety • Impacts on workers’ health and safety • Provide the necessary protective equipment to all staff members. • Blood test in between and after Desert Locust operation campaign • Reduce exposure time or the degree of exposure • If there are no feasible alternatives to pesticides, select less toxic pesticides that will lead to the least human exposure before, during and after use • provide adequate training to workers on first aid issues and provide them with fully stocked First Aid Kit • Provide basic training and awareness for workers on safe use and application of pesticide Arrange health monitoring as may be necessary for certain hazardous agrochemicals based on their frequency of use III. Social Impacts • Property lose occurred as a result of • Regular community interaction and awareness creation project activity (offsite impacts) about the benefits, potential side effects of pesticide use on humans, agricultural crops, livestock and livestock feed, on water wells for humans and livestock, and the environment. • Promote increased community awareness about the impacts of the locust swarms and the response efforts to support communities before, during and after the crisis. • Impact on livelihood • Enhance their access to food and rehabilitate food production systems and livelihoods that have been damaged or destroyed by swarms. • Impact assessment after control operation • Impact on human and livestock after • Enforce any exclusion period after application-time during pesticide spraying which humans, livestock, etc., must be kept away from the treated area; • Awareness given before spray about re-entry period and waiting time for animals to graze in spray areas • Community Health and Safety (CHS) • Apply all community health and safety related WB guidelines and procedures including related FAO guidelines • Impact on assets of the community • Provision of fodder to livestock holding households to replace impacted grazing land until restoration can be completed. IV. Covid 19 • Covid 19 risk • Provide basic training and awareness for workers, regarding the use of appropriate preventive measures against COVID-19. • Implement social distancing during meetings and Desert Locust control activities

7. Ethiopia Emergency Locust Response Project IPMP

IPMP for EELRP

Monitoring The term monitoring is used here for the collection, analysis, interpretation and dissemination of data on the effects (both intentional and unintentional) of operational locust control. This includes control efficacy, effects on human health, impact on non-target organisms and the presence of insecticide residues. The objective of monitoring is to identify what goes right in operational locust control, and what can be improved. Monitoring is therefore an essential element of a locust control campaign. It aims to optimize control, improve cost efficacy and minimize adverse side-effects on human health and the environment. Indicators that require regular monitoring and evaluation during the IPMP implementation include the following (see Table 7 Summary of Monitoring and Evaluation of the implementation of IPMP. • The IPM capacity building performance at all level: Number of program staffs, scouts and farmers who have successfully received IPM training in IPM methods; evaluation of the training content, methodology and trainee response to training through feedback • Numbers of farmers who have adopted IPM practices as crop protection strategy in their crop production efforts; evaluate the rate of IPM adoption • How has the adoption of IPM improved the plant protection and crop production derive by adopting IPM. • Economic benefits • Social benefits: improvement in the health status of farmers • Numbers of IPM networks operational and types of activities undertaken • Extent to which pesticides are used for crop production • Efficiency of pesticide use and handling and reduction in pesticide poisoning and environmental contamination • Levels of reduction of pesticide use and reduction in pesticide poisoning and environmental contamination • Overall assessment of activities that are going according to plans; activities that need improvements; and remedial actions required Reporting Reporting mechanisms of the implementation of IPMP (Monthly, quarterly, and annual Reports) should be in line with ESMF. The quarter and annual year implementation report of the IPMP and monitoring reports will be part and parcel of the overall ESMF report. Hence the overall implementation of the IPMP should be captured in the overall reporting format of the ESMF implementation and monitoring report.

8. Recommended Capacity Building with Overall Budget Summary

The proposed budget for the implementation of IPM in association with ESMF requirements has been made based and framing on the EELRP’s Project Implementation Manual (PIM). The PIM has clearly indicating and earmark budget, under Annex 2 of the document (Project cost summary) for capacity building (Trainings and large community awareness creations); Health and Environmental impact assessment & monitoring; and hiring consultant are some among others. The total estimated budget earmarked in the PIM together with new proposed activities to be inclusive in the suggested PIM budget will be about 17 million USD.

a. Implementation and Monitoring of the IPMP For implementation and monitoring of the IPMP the following budgets have been earmarked and it should be proportionally dispersed for each activity stated in the proposed action for the implementation of the IPMP and Monitoring (see Table 6 and Table 7). • Provision of set of PPEs for 30,000 persons with total amount of 6 million USD • For Health and Environmental impact assessment, which includes baseline ecological feature assessment (before & after project intervention) and monitoring; and pre and post health examination of persons involved in pesticide and related monitoring, a total of 2.5 Million USD has been budgeted • For renovation of big pesticide stores found in some part of the country 40,000.00 USD has been proposed (not indicated or specified in the PIM) • For collection and transportation of empty and damage pesticide containers to the center 10,000.00 USD has been proposed (not indicated or specified in the PIM) b. Training and Capacity Building For trainings and capacity building the following budgets have been earmarked and it should be proportionally dispersed for each activity stated here under. For some proposed activities not clearly addressed in the PIM, such as Research activities an estimated cost has been proposed.

• Sensitization workshops for about 70,000 community and village leaders and Make a Panel discussions among Project coordinators and Key Governmental Ministries about 980,000.00 USD budget has earmarked • For ToT on safe use, application and disposal of pesticide for Federal and Regional Experts; ToT on ESMF and relevant Environmental and social frameworks, plans and instruments for Federal and Regions appointed safeguard specialists, relevant technical staff and regulatory body (respective environmental organs); Cascading these two ToTs to Zonal, Woreda experts and Das; other trainings as require about 6,048,000 for the1st and 1,512,000.00 for the 2nd phase have been budgeted. • For research activity, on assessing and come with mapping and documenting country wide best practices- Non pesticide control methods applying for all DL lifecycle stages, about 50,000.00 USD has been proposed (not indicated or specified in the PIM) • For research and trial on low toxic pesticides and biopesticides, such as Fipronil (pesticide) or blanket application of Metarhizium acridium (biopesticide), and others suggested as low toxic in trial carried out elsewhere in locust prone countries, about 70,000.00 USD has been proposed (not indicated or specified in the PIM)

c. ES risk management staffing For some proposed activities not clearly addressed in the PIM, such as salary for hiring safeguard specialists and operational cost for newly assigned safeguard specialists at Regional and Woreda level an estimated cost has been proposed

• Hire a consultant, pest management specialist , who lead the overall Desert Locust survey and control operation (Under project) as well as leading and coordinating the IPMP implementation at federal level, • Hire at least one Environmental and social safeguards officer working as Environmental and Social Safeguard Specialist, who lead the ESMF and other safeguard tools implementation including IPMP implementation at federal level, • Hire a monitoring and evaluation officer, • Hire an information technology officer, • Hire a communications and knowledge management officer, • At Regional level officially appoint safeguard specialists from BoAs and/or Bureau of Pastoral community developments (trained or to be trained) and allocate operational budget. • At Woreda level officially appoint safeguard specialists from each 157 woredas Agricultural offices and/or Pastoral development offices (trained or to be trained) and allocate operational budget.

9. Conclusion

IPM is one of the best pest management options recognized and being practiced in all over the world for sustainable development by ensuring safe environmental and social wellbeing. Hence recommended actions of the IPMP strategies and activities stated in Table 6 have to be implemented by all actors at all level as per their role and responsibility. In line with this the coordination of implementing agencies, partners and regulatory bodies at all level is very crucial for effective implementation of the IPMP.

Other factor for effective implementation of IPMP is capacity building and institutional strengthening which supported with adequate budget for these interventions. As it has been confirmed in the Project’s PIM document (budget summary) for some activities adequate budget has been allocated for effective implementation of IPMP. However, there are also some activities such as research and Pesticide management (renovation of stores, solid waste management and others) not adequately addressed or budgeted.

If the allocated budget in the Project’s PIM document properly and effectively applied for the intended purposes and if some activities not budgeted in the PIM has been considered, the implementation of IPMP will be effective and would be a very good lesson or benchmark for other similar projects of the country.

Section 1. Introduction

1.1. Past Ethiopia’s Locust Infestation and Control Situations

Transboundary plant pests such as locusts, Quelea birds and armyworms, have a direct economic impact by reducing or destroying agricultural production, which in turn increases food insecurity. The crop losses caused by the Desert Locust invasion in 2003-05 were estimated by the FAO at 80% of the expected cereal production. In Western and Northern Africa regions around 1.3 million people were affected in the by invasion of Desert Locust. Also additional social impacts included the departure of young people from rural areas to find employment was happened.

The Desert Locust plague of 1986-89 and the subsequent upsurges in the 1990s demonstrated the continuing capability of this historic pest to threaten agriculture and food security over large parts of Africa, the Near East and Southwest Asia. They emphasize the need for a permanent system of well- organized surveys of areas that have recently received rains or been flooded, backed up by control capabilities to treat hoppers and adults efficiently in an environmentally safe and cost-effective manner.

The events of 1986-89 showed that, in many instances, the existing strategy of preventive control did not function well, for reasons including the inexperience of the field survey teams and campaign organizers, lack of understanding of ultra-low volume spraying, insufficient or inappropriate resources and the inaccessibility of some important breeding areas. These reasons were compounded by the general tendency to allow survey and control capacity in locust-affected countries to deteriorate during locust recession periods.

To address this, FAO has given high priority to a special programme, the Emergency Prevention System for Transboundary Animal and Plant Pests and Diseases (EMPRES) that played its role to strengthen national capacities. Again, to minimize Desert Locust upsurges, FAO produced a series of Desert Locust Guidelines for use by national and international organizations and institutions involved in Desert Locust survey and control.

Ethiopia is one of the frontline countries of Desert Locust invasion in large and recession with certain areas suitable for locust breeding and gregarization in eastern Africa. The lowland areas of, Eastern, South Eastern, Northern, North Western, North Eastern, Southern and South western zones of Ethiopia occupy key areas of locust development. Historically invasions arose from local sources or from neighbouring Sudan in the west, Somalia and across the Arabian Peninsula in the east. In the last two decades, there were about eight Desert Locust outbreaks and upsurges (1986, 1987, 1988, 1993, 1998, 2005, 2007 & 2014) and almost 75 % of the outbreaks started from eastern Ethiopia.

The 2014 Desert Locust outbreak in eastern Ethiopia has been the most extensive locust infestation in 47 years. Around 30 immature Desert Locust swarms (small to medium size) from Somali Land crossed to Eastern Ethiopia and 95% of the swarms were controlled in Eastern Ethiopia and 2-3 swarms escaped from control were moved further towards centre, West, North-western and North eastern highlands of Ethiopia into Oromia, Amhara, Tigray and Afar Administrative regions.

Although the extensive scale of the infestation and the mobile nature of the swarms over a difficult terrain made survey and control operations difficult, much effort is being made by the MoA, DLCO-EA and the regional states to bring the infestation under control. During 2014 Desert Locust invasion control aerial and ground spraying have been conducted on 28 swarms to reduce the potential egg laying population.

1.2. Recent Desert Locust situation and Control Efforts

The GoE in collaboration with relevant development partners and mobilizing the local community and resources has made relentless efforts to control the pest and prevent or minimize its damages. Intensive surveillance, monitoring and ground and aerial control operations were carried out in different parts of the country.

However currently (in April 2020), the Desert Locust situation is becoming worst and very serious in Ethiopia. Desert Locust breeding is ongoing in East, south Part of the country, Somali, Oromia and SNNPR regions. Large size matured swarms migrated from Somali to Ethiopia through Ayisha , Jijiga, Denbel, Districts in Somali region. The swarm expected to migrate and moves southwest and south parts of the country. Hopper bands were reported around Bale and Borena of Oromia Region and South Omo of SNNPR. Rains have created conditions conductive for breeding annual and perennial vegetation is green and stable for breeding. Ground and aerial control operations are in progress in Somali region, Oromia and SNNPR of eastern and Sothern Ethiopia on swarms and Hopper groups. The current month survey covered 534,228 ha and out of the total surveyed areas in 299,415 hectares Desert Locust presence was detected. Accordingly, the control program has focused and implemented on immature, matured swarms and Hoppers infesting 290,199 ha farmland and grazing land. In this operation 260,810 litres pesticide (chemical) was applied to control the swarms and hopper bands.

Section 2. Background on the preparation of IPMP

This Integrated Pest Management Plan is prepared to address use and handling of chemicals to control locust invasion under the EELRP. EELRP is Bank-funded project with the Development objective (PDO) is to prevent Desert Locust impact through strong early warning system and respond to the threat posed by Desert Locusts outbreak infestation and strengthen national systems for preparedness. Hence it should be noted that, this project should full fill the environmental and social management requirements. One of the Environmental and social management requirement, among others, that has to be addressed before commencement of this WB funded project, is the borrower has to prepare, implement and monitor the PMP in accordance with the Word Bank’s Environmental and social Framework and respective Standards all together with the FAO best experiences.

2.1. Scale of IPMP development and implementation

IPM strategies are different for each crop, for a country, for a region, even for one location, depending on local varieties used, local agronomic practices and various crop protection options available. IPM can never be delivered in a “package”; it needs to be developed, adapted and tailor-made to fit local requirements. Designing and practicing effective IPM systems is about learning and continuously finding solutions to changing field situations and problems. With this fact, the EELRP has developed this document which encompasses all background of the project, including Baseline of the Project area; Risks and Impacts emanated from overall project’s activities with possible management proposal; enabling environment (such as legal and institutional frameworks, and capacity building requirements) for effective implementation of the IPM; ultimately development of IPMP; and action plans for the implementation and monitoring of IPMP which is specific for this Project.

2.2. Aims and objectives of the Pest Management Plan Study

The emergence of the locust invasion has necessitated activation of the EELRP hosted in the existing PSNP IV, following a request by Government of Ethiopia (GOE). Accordingly, an Environmental and Social Management Framework has been prepared for EELRP. Further, as the project envisaged use of chemical in some of the project components and activities, the project has required to meet some ESSs and accordingly an Integrated Pest Management Plan has prepared as part of the ESMF to guide in the screening of sub-projects for potential negative impacts related to pesticide application and to guide in the preparation of the IPMP. The aim of this Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) is to enable stakeholders involved in the Desert Locust control to monitor and mitigate negative environmental and social impacts associated with use of pesticides.

2.2.1. Specific objectives of the IPMP

• Ensure use of combination of two or more control options for effective management of the target pest, • Protect human health and the surrounding environment by employing a range of preventative strategies, • Inspect and monitor pest populations to enhance control strategies, • Minimize the quantity and toxicity of chemicals used for pest management, • Minimize environmental impacts by using species-specific pesticides and targeting application areas carefully, • Establish clear criteria for acceptable circumstances in which using a pesticide other than other alternatives, • Establish clear procedures and methodologies for Pest Management planning, design, and implementation of activities to be financed under the Project, • Develop a monitoring and evaluation systems for the locust management practices for various agro-ecosystems, • Identify capacity needs and technical assistance for successful implementation of the PMP,

2.2.2. Action Areas

As it was described in section 4.1.2 Major activities of the project and section 4.1.3 Result frameworks of this document all action areas of the IPMP will be geared to wards of those major activities of the project,

so that overall Goal of the project to be achieved in safe and sustainable environmental and social development manner.

2.3. Pest Management Approaches

2.3.1. Conventional Approach

Some decade years ago crop protection practices were integral parts of any cropping system. Most of the subsistence farmers were using the traditional knowledge, their rich experiences and best agronomical practices for pest problems they had encountered. Growing of the national and worldwide population required dramatic increases of agricultural production. Then after, a spectacular increase in yield was obtained with the aid of an intensive development of technology, including the development of a variety and agro-pesticides. As in many countries, in Ethiopia also this advancement (using agro-pesticides) was coupled with the development of education of farmers and efficient extension services.

Many developing countries adopted a system of technology transfer in which a research apparatus developed or adapted technology that was transferred to farmers by an extension unit. Crop protection measures were often reduced to easy-to-use pesticide application recipes, aimed at immediate and complete destruction of the causal organism. In places where the use of improved varieties was propagated, packages of high-yielding varieties with high inputs of agro-pesticides and fertilizers made farmers dependent on high external inputs. Concurrently very important indigenous knowledge on pest control methods was being eroded.

From past and worldwide experience, using of synthetic pesticides spray technique on desert locust infestation prevention and control program was a prime strategy without having enough and comprehensive environmental and social management mechanisms. However now the IPM of this project request for low toxic to human and overall environment; effective efficacy and economical (low cost) pesticides have to be recommended as last resort and integral part of the IPM program of this project.

2.3.1.1. Some of prominent drawbacks of the conventional approach are:

• Undesirable side-effects of pesticides - human toxicity; poisoning and residue problems, - destruction of natural enemies and other non-target organisms, - development of resistance in target organisms, - environmental pollution and degradation • Pesticides are expensive and good management of their use requires skills and knowledge. Both often are lacking, • For various reasons the (Research-Extension – Farmers) transfer of technology often does not work well. The technology is frequently inadequate and not adapted to the specific local needs.

Because of the drawbacks mentioned above and others, a crop protection approach is needed that is centred on local farmer needs that are sustainable, appropriate, environmentally safe and economic to use. Such approach is called Integrated Pest Management (IPM). Moreover recently, it was realized that conventional approach has its disadvantages. Hence the importance of IPM techniques has been advocated and most project based agricultural initiatives have strived to integrate the IPM practice into their overall agricultural production system.

2.3.2. Integrated Pest Management

2.3.2.1. Definition and Concept of IPM

There are many definitions of IPM based on various purpose of IPMP. According to FAO IPM means the careful consideration of all available pest control techniques and subsequent integration of appropriate measures that discourage the development of pest populations and keep pesticides and other interventions to levels that are economically justified and reduce or minimize risks to human and animal health and/or the environment. IPM emphasizes the growth of a healthy crop with the least possible disruption to agro-ecosystems and encourages natural pest control mechanisms.

According to the World Bank’s ESF-Resource Efficiency and Pollution Prevention and Management (ESS3), Integrated Pest Management (IPM) refers to a mix of farmer-driven, ecologically based pest control Practices that seek to reduce reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides. It involves (a) managing pests (keeping them below economically damaging levels) rather than seeking to eradicate them; (b) integrating multiple methods (relying, to the extent possible, on nonchemical measures) to keep pest populations low; and (c) selecting and applying pesticides, when they have to be used, in a way that minimizes adverse effects on beneficial organisms, humans, and the environment.

2.3.2.2. The principles of IPM

Principles of IPM Implementation in Ethiopia:

• The basic need for IPM implementation in the country is to increase yields in a sustainable manner, and attain clean environment, safe food and healthy citizens. • The emphasis of IPM program is on the reduction of or wherever possible, the elimination of the use of pesticides and to avoid the misuse of pesticides • The basis of good crop management decisions is a better understanding of the crop ecosystem including that of pests, their natural enemies and the surrounding environment. • Traditional and indigenous crop protection methods that encourage the building up of natural enemies, such as crop rotation, intercropping, host plant resistance, appropriate planting time and planting density, use of local botanicals are highly encouraged. • Pesticides should be used only as a last resort. • Where pesticide use is unavoidable, it is desirable to select locally registered pesticides which are both effective at controlling pests and cause minimal damage to the environment. • The registered pesticide should be used according to Good Agricultural Practice (GAP) only when absolutely necessary for the right crop at recommended dose and at the right time. • Farmer should use pesticide safety gear whenever they apply pesticides. • Farmers should get training on safe use, handling and proper storage of pesticides. • Creating awareness among the general public about the potential risks associated with pesticide use is highly essential.

In order to ensure that the above principles are followed, each DLERP activities should go in line with an IPM Plan. The IPM Plan should be also an integral part of the Project’s ESMF and consider the following components:

• Capacity building: - is a knowledge building and base for pest management and cost effective pest management strategy. Capacity building helps to understand target pest biology, ecology and

behaviour. That also leads towards the implementation of safe, effective and integrated pest management steps; • Organizing and mobilizing planners (IPMP) for each DL control subprojects; • Training and Awareness-Creation: The Plant Protection Directorate with Regional BoA arranges an IPM Training and Awareness-Creation workshop for the members of the scheme, incorporating the abovementioned principles; • Technical Assistance at various level: For example, the Woreda Crop Production and Protection Expert contacts the Plant Health Clinic/Plant Protection Section of the Regional Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resource (BoANR) for technical assistance; • Supervision: During operations, the DA visits on at least a weekly basis, to monitor the presence or absence of pests, and provide advice on the management options. Management should be in accordance with the IPM components favouring traditional and indigenous pest management practices and conservation of natural enemies. • Technical Information: The DA ensures that information is made available to the members regarding the management of pests expected in the location concerned. In the event that the need for pesticides arises, the DA provides advice on the recommended pesticides and their usage, within the list of allowable pesticides as established by the Pesticides Registration and Control Decree No. 674/2010 of Ethiopia, and any other relevant legislation or regulations. • Safety and Storage of Pesticides: Follow the FAO guidelines. Then the Federal, Regional, and Woreda Crop Production and Protection Experts with DAs will develop and implement arrangements for the safe use, handling and storage of pesticides, and the proper use, maintenance and storage of pesticide spraying equipment. Storage should follow the instructions provided. Pesticides should be kept separately, away from humans and animals in a closed, dry and secure place. Any surplus or unwanted pesticides should be reported to the DA for disposal. • Regular Monitoring: Monitoring will be undertaken at various hierarchies, with various depths, of the DL control program. More importantly, the Woreda team of Experts and DAs will conduct routine based on monitoring plan of the implementation IPM (see Table 7). • Reporting: The Woreda team will report to the Regional BoA and/or Bureau of Pastoral Development (in some regions, reporting will be to the Zonal office), which will take action, if required, to rectify any shortcomings arising from the use of pesticides.

2.3.2.3. Options to be considered in Integrated Pest Management

• Habitat modification. Pests need food, water and shelter to survive. In case of Desert Locust management habitat modification may not help to reduce the pest population. The control campaign operation manager or leader should recommend the locust officers and community forecasters to carry out continuous regular survey to detect the pest need and if food is available and weather is suitable this can help to forecast future situation plan. • Physical / Mechanical controls. Methods of physical/Mechanical control (or direct removal of pests from an environment) include digging trenches to control hoppers, digging egg field expose to radiation and mechanical killing of adults in their in active time and removing pests by hand. • Biological controls. A biological control uses a pest’s natural enemies to attack and control the pest. Biological control strategies include conservation (conserving the biological control application), augmentation (artificially increasing the number of biological controls in a given area) and importation (importing foreign agents for controls). • Bio-pesticides: - From entomopathogic fungi Metharyzium spp (Green muscle) research against locusts and grasshoppers become effective and registered in some locust invasion countries. The current guideline prepared to register bio-pesticide in Ethiopia opens door to register the product

for the use of locust control. Field experiment was carried by DLCO-EA senior research officer and data collected and interpreted. This field trial result will be base line for efficacy result to register the product. The Ministry of Agriculture officially provided permit to import bio pesticide (Green muscle) for the current Desert Locust upsurge and also in near future to control Fall Armyworm and white mango scale pests. • Least toxic chemical controls. Least toxic pesticides are those with all or most of the following characteristics: they are effective against the target pest, have a low acute and chronic toxicity to mammals, biodegrade rapidly, kill a narrow range of target pests and have little or no impact on non-target organisms. These include materials such as the following:

• Pheromones and other attractants • Insect growth regulators • Repellents • Desiccating dusts • Pesticide soaps and oils • Some botanical pesticides

• Monitoring, forecasting and early warning: - Rapid and regular survey and monitoring carried out throughout the year. Pest occurrence, development stage, density, distribution and ecological information collected and interpreted. The pest situation forecast and early warning prepared weekly and monthly for early intervention.

Last option criteria for selection of pesticides: - Safety; Species specificity; Effectiveness; Endurance; Speed; Repellence; and Cost.

According to these criteria less toxic pesticides have been chosen for the DL operation of this project as last resort option among others (see Table 1 below). During project preparation Diazinon 60% pesticide was one of the candidates for this operation, but due to nature of this pesticide it has been substituted by Malathion 50% Ec which is less toxic pesticide. Chloropyrifos 24% ULV pesticide, even if it is moderately toxic, it has got high LD50 as compared to others. Hence this pesticide also will be applied in DL control operations.

Table 1. Evaluated pesticides recommended for use and application rate per hectare S.N Recommended Formulation Application Means of Effective Evaluation of the pesticide & pesticide rate and spraying at what recommendation less toxic pesticide (if total stage of any) quantity of DL life spraying of cycle pesticide Malathion 50% EC 2lt/ha Knapsack 1st to 3rd Less toxic Ec instar hoppers Malathion 95% ULV 0.5-1lt/ha Motorized Immature Less toxic ULV sprayer swarm and Aircraft Chloropyrifos ULV Llt/ha Motorized Immature Less toxic, moderately hazardous however 24% ULV sprayer swarm it has high LD 50 level and Aircraft

2.3.3. Methods and approaches of the study

Taking into account COVID 19 pandemic existing situation all over the world, for this task no field work has been conducted for site observation and stakeholder consultation. However, in order to get stakeholder concerns and to make effective assessment of base line data, various methods such as reviewing of documents, virtual communication and data generation from Woreda to Federal level using information datasheet (Annex 4 and Annex 5) has been employed.

A. Review of relevant regulatory, policy and technical documents

The following, some among others, documents pertinent to this task were reviewed:

• The Ethiopian environmental policies and regulations, • Integrated pest management tools and manuals developed by the Ethiopian MoA, in collaboration with the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), • The World Bank’s ESF, • The WBG EHS Guideline and other applicable policies, • Technical documents related with IPMP, and • The EELRP ESMF.

B. Stakeholders Consultation

Stakeholders consultation was carried out using various techniques including using information gathering checklists (Annex 4 and 5). Accordingly, main issues raised during consultation meetings were summarized and addressed in the study of this IPMP.

C. Baseline assessment

The baseline assessment, using information datasheets attached in this document as annex (Annex 4- Annex 5) has been compiled, analyzed and has been part of the overall study of this IPMP. For this purpose sampled but representative (in terms agro ecology and farming practice including pastoral community) woredas in each project Regions were selected and assessed using information data sheet and secondary data (Literatures and Project Documents). The following issues among others which are pertinent with the development of IPMP have been addressed and incorporated in this IPMP preparation: • Definition of Integrated Pest Management, • History of Integrated Pest Management, • Existing and anticipated pest problems, • Assessment of physical and bio-physical environment (climate, topography at the sub-project site(s), geology, hydrogeology, surface water, soils, erosion sensitivity, flora, fauna, including the identification of any protected or endangered species), • Land use at the project site(s) and in its (their) vicinity, and • Human environment: description of neighboring communities (population size, population structure and demography, socio-political organization, livelihoods, access to public services). D. Institutional capacity and Implementation assessment

An assessment on institutional capacity related with PMP was also carried out. Some among others are the following.

• Identifying the implementation team, • Assessing institutional strengthening and implementation arrangements, and accordingly identified gaps / capacity limitations and come up with possible recommendations, • Workers training plans and policies, along with estimated budget has been developed, • General awareness creation and training plan for relevant community members or other relevant actors has been developed.

Section 3. Stakeholder Engagement and Information Disclosure

3.1. Stakeholder Consultation and Disclosure of PMP

Stakeholder consultation is an integral part of the social assessment (SA) and provides inputs for the preparation of Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF), the Stakeholder Engagement Plan (SEP), and more importantly for effective implementation of the IPM. The overall objective of such consultations was to document the concerns of the stakeholders with specific reference to the project planned interventions. The consultation meetings were organized basically for two important purposes, i.e., (1) to share project objectives and proposed project interventions with the identified stakeholder groups and (2) to consult with the stakeholders and document their concern, with particular reference.

Accordingly, the project has conducted a national and Regional stakeholders’ public consultation on the use of pesticides to control the locusts. Community consultation is a method used to ensure a broad participation of the local communities. The usual community consultation was not satisfactorily done due to COVID 19 crisis and the restrictions made following that by the government of Ethiopia on the April 9, 2020 State of Emergency on gathering not more than four people at a time. Hence, the consultation has limited to stakeholders working in relation to desert locust control at different levels (see Annex 13). This has been substantiated by extensive community consultations assessed so far for various related aspects and concerns. Furthermore, consultations will be conducted in a sample of the target Regions and Woredas a during project lifetime as appropriate. This will bring together representatives of respective Woreda governments, local communities and their leaders, and local CBOs. After the national, Regional and Woreda stakeholders’ consultations, the issues raised will be integrated in the PMP, the PMP will be disclosed at the website of the Ministry of Agriculture, and a link shared with the Bank for disclosure on the Bank’s info shop. Additionally, the PMP will be published in at least two dailies newsletters with wider national and Regional coverage and through local FM radios.

3.2. Grievance Redress Mechanism

PSNP IV has developed a grievance handling mechanism, which is to be applied for all activities, and which will be used for this EELRP as well. EELRP will conduct separate sessions at each affected Woredas to inform the affected communities about the desert locust control, expected impacts of the proposed chemical and safety measures to be observed, and to solicit inputs from the stakeholders. During the implementation of EELRP Woredas and Kebeles will maintain a complaint record database to enable complaint tracking and review and establish a complaint handling committee and involve Woreda and Kebele grievance handling committees in grievance handling processes, for detail see Annex 7.

A GRM is oriented toward providing solutions and incorporates the principles of transparency, accessibility, due diligence, and responsiveness. The locust response project will use the PSNP project grievance mechanism and in areas where PSNP is not available, the project will use the public grievance hearing mechanism. The project will also recognize customary and/or traditional conflict resolution

mechanisms. The project will equally ensure that grievances related to GBV are recognized and referred to respective service providers based on a survivor-centered approach (that is, always based on the demands of survivors and ensuring confidentiality). Such grievances shall not be handled according to standard GRM procedures but by the Woreda Women and Children Affairs Office or female GBV focal points to be selected and trained to provide basic referrals.

3.3. Summary of stakeholder consultation of the PMP

The summary of the stakeholders’ 1consultation meets the requirements of World Bank ESS1 and ESS10 of the ESF and to achieve this, in each of the target Regions, selected government bodies linked with the issues were consulted on the potential positive and adverse effects of the project, their views and concerns towards the project. Accordingly, they pinpointed that the project might more effects or risks on large community as a result of pesticide spray activities in general and in vulnerable or disadvantaged groups in particular as these sections of the communities have not been accessed to opportunities relative to other social groups in the country. Moreover, rapid mobilization for emergency response under the government requires rapid decision-making that does not always have time and space for adequate consultation of other stakeholders. This can lead to discontent, especially if compounded by mis-targeting of critical interventions for locust control and livelihood protection due to inadequate consultations. During stakeholder consultation, some environmental and social concerns were reflected (see Annex 4 and 5). These are summarized as follows:

A. Environmental concerns

The following are some of the views of stakeholders on the environmental risks (See annex 3and 4)

• Capacity limitation on implementing of IPM. No adequate trainings were given on the overall Environmental and Social Management issues, • Lack of environmental and social safeguard specialist, responsible for overall environmental and social management of the project, at all level from federal up to woreda, • deterioration of physical situation of big Government pesticide stores found in various part of the country, and • Having limited non pest management options as required.

B. Social concern

• Some informants in the pastoralist and agro-pastoralists areas indicated the seriousness of the infestation on the pasture of their livestock and its effects that leads pastoralists into conflicts. • reasons for the presence of conflicts in the pastoral, agro-pastoral and farming communities of Ethiopia are due to livelihoods, rangeland or pasture, unstable situation of the youth, and misinformation

1 See section 3 of the SA of the project for detail

Section 4. Project Description

4.1. Project Objectives and Scope

4.1.1. Project Components

This Project, in order to achieve its overall objective and Project Development Objective (PDO), has developed four major and interrelated Components. A description of each standardized components is provided in the ESMF of this project. Based on these components, the project has envisaged key result areas to be attained during the project lifetime. These components are the following: -

Component 1: Desert Locust Monitoring and Control (USS 44.10 million). This component in accordance with the MPA has 3 sub-components, these are following:- Sub-component 1.1: Continuous Surveillance to inform effective control operations and identification of affected and at-risk communities for assistance under Component 2; Sub-component 1.2: Control measures to reduce locust populations and prevent their spread to new areas through targeted ground and aerial control operations. Activities include procurement/rental of equipment (sprayers, vehicles, drones, aircrafts), support to field operations (aerial and ground operations)—input for field operations will be provided to the MoA through FAO. The following is the list of insecticides likely to be procured by the MoA under this operation: 1) Malathion 50% EC (100,000 liters) to control hopper bands from May -July 2020; 2) Chlorpyrifos 24% ULV (100,000 liters) for the coming summer and winter breeding seasons; and 3) Malathion 95% ULV (300,000 liters) for future forecast period.

The amount of pesticide is planned based on the forecast, current infested area coverage and the stock inventory. FAO has been technically supporting the Ministry of Agriculture with the pesticide’s identification and application as well as in procurement of some of these pesticides. To avoid any stockpiling of chemicals that are intended for future use, actual on-the-ground assessment, before the procurement, will determine the actual volume of pesticides procurement. In addition, awareness raising and training for farmers, scouts, experts and officials at different levels (including training on pesticide management and control) will be provided. Community engagement is critical for the project. In this component, community engagement is achieved through community sensitization and community mobilization for locust control. Control measures are undertaken at three levels, (backpack spraying; vehicle mounted spraying and aerial spraying) and community engagement is key to successful control measures at all level.

Sub-component 1.3: Risk reduction and management to monitor and assess environmental and human health risks associated with locust control and implement health, environmental and safety measures to reduce risks to an acceptable minimum. A detailed pest management plan (PMP) will be developed and closely monitored as part of the Project Implementation Manual (PIM) to mitigate any environmental impacts of chemical and pesticide use. Major activities under this Subcomponents are the following:- • Give Training on safety measures to spraying teams and other staffs involved • Public awareness campaigns on possible environmental and health effects of insecticides, provided (before, during and after locust control operations). • Renovation of nine pesticide Stores located at various part of the country,Provide Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) • Proper transportation and storage of pesticides and empty pesticide containers management • Health and environmental impact assessment conducted • Pre- and Post-campaign health examinations conducted for staffs and others involved in the campaign • Residue testing or ecological monitoring conducted after the last control operation (human , soils and water bodies).

Component 2: Livelihood protection and restoration (US$ 16.00 million). There are two sub-components of: Sub-component 2.1: Livelihoods Support and Sub-component 2.2: Pasture rehabilitation will cover an estimated area of 81,000 hectares.

Component 3: Strengthening Early Warning Systems and Preparedness (US$ 2.3 million). There are two sub-components under Component 3.

Component 4: Project Management (US$ 0.60 million).

4.1.2. Major Activities of the Project

In this section only the project activity that will be undertaken on ground and associated with human health, social issues and environmental risk has been discussed. Activities such as program management, human resource development and other related activities will be discussed in various sections of this document as appropriate, but not might be covered in this section.

Major activities related to Project that would be undertaken on ground are the following among others (for detailed EELRP Subprojects/Activities of Component 1 and 2 refer ESMF document Section 6.2):

I. Spraying subprojects/Activities

• Procurement/rental of equipment (sprayers, vehicles, drones, aircrafts), support to field operations (aerial and ground operations) • Procurement of Input for field operations that will be provided to the MoA. This include purchasing, transporting and stocking (to be stored and disbursed to operation sites) of pesticides 1) Malathion 50% EC (100,000 liters); 2) Chlorpyrifos 24% ULV (100,000 litres) and 3) Malathion 95% ULV (300,000 litres) for future forecast period. • Total land coverage planned - about 834,000 hectares. • Areal and ground spraying covering- about 609,986 hectares,

• Other pest management options coverage as part of IPM- about 224,014 hectares • Total amount of pesticide planned to be sprayed- about 400,000 lt.

II. Renovation of Pesticide Stores subproject

• Renovation of nine large Chemical stores found in various part of the country.

III. Livelihood Protection and Restoration Subprojects/Activities

Mainstreaming COVID-19 prevention in all activities

In all activities of the project prevention of COVID-19 will be mainstreamed. The necessary protective equipment will be provided to all staffs. Besides, social distancing will be implemented during meeting with key informants and there will not be meetings. All sanitary material helpful for washing and disinfection will be availed. Stringent guideline of WB will be used.

4.1.3. Project Result Framework

The expected outcome under this project is to reduce the vulnerability of farmers, agro-pastoralists and pastoralist to limit desert control infestations by supporting control strategies for prevention, monitoring early warning, reaction and mitigation at the national level and strengthening the plant health system. The following are major key intended result areas of this project.

• Emergency locust-control measures are improved (cost effective, timely), and undertaken in environmental and social safe and sustainable manner; • Locust Control operations implemented according to plan and FAO guidance and FAO’s guidelines; • Pesticide management meets international safety regulations; • Livelihood of people affected by locust infestation addressed; • Percentage of beneficiaries receiving inputs from project to restore livelihood increased; • Hectare of pastureland rehabilitated by the project increased; • Desert locust prediction and mitigation mechanism established by end of project (Country level data storage, data analytics, data interpretation capability built).

4.2. General Description of the Project sites

In general, the DLERP will be working in the PSNP implementing regions specifically in locust infested areas of Afar, Eastern Amhara, South eastern and eastern Oromia, Somali, southern districts of Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples (SNNP), Southern Tigray, and Dire Dawa City Administration. In total, 153 woredas are invaded by the desert locust at varying degrees of infestation scope of impact.

The project will be implemented in the 153 woredas affected by the locust infestation and new areas to be identified as the locust management and control advances. The new areas will be defined as the migratory routes and infestation areas are informed by Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) surveillance and

response team. The proposed project areas demonstrate considerable diversity in terms of water resources and landscape, from lowland, midland and highlands, and livelihoods from agricultural, agro- pastoral and pastoral.

The project implementation front line regions by now are Afar, Somali, Amhara, Oromia, SNNPR, Tigray, Dire Dawa administration. However as migratory routes and infestation areas new areas of Harari, Gambella and Benishangul gumuz Regions will be covered as deemed necessary. The project is planned to be implemented in Desert Locust breeding and invasion districts in all regions in Ethiopia.

According to the forecast made and communicated by FAO Head Quarter Desert Locust Information Service a total 300 districts/woredas would be attacked by desert locust infestation. Overall coverage of the Desert Locust invasion cannot be limited at this stage and the breeding and invasion regions, zones and districts could be increased if urgent control measures have been undertaken (see Figure 1 below).

Figure 1. Desert Locust swarm and hopers presence and absence survey, distribution areas in Ethiopia (May 21, 2020)

4.2.1. Desert Locust Breeding areas and Seasons

In Ethiopia there are three Desert Locust breeding areas, these are the following:

Spring breeding season takes place from March-May and covers Somali region Siti, Fafen, Cherer zones, Dire Dawa, Eastern and south eastern Oromia East and West Harerghe zones, East Bale zone Somali region border districts and Afar region, East Amahara Worababu, Habru and Kobo districts.

Summer breeding season takes place from June –September and occurs in Afar, East and North West Amhara, South east and North West Tigray, east and north east Somali region districts, Dire Dawa and East Oromia region.

Winter breeding season takes place from October – February and usually occurs in South eastern Somali region Dolo, Cherer, Koray, Shebele, Afider, Negob, Genale and Dawa zones, South east and South oromia and SNNPR southern and central zones.

A total 300 districts are under the projection according to the forecast given by FAO Desert Locust Information Service in the Head Quarter of FAO. Overall coverage of the Desert Locust invasion cannot be limited at this stage. However key and hot spot regions, zones and districts for breeding and invasion of Desert locust vis-à-vis lifecycle and breeding seasons have been identified (see annex 1).

4.2.2. Aerial Bases, Clusters and Sub-clusters areas functional coordinating units

In the country where the Desert Locust infestation is very high and areas have been covered in this project are characterized in different Clusters depending on their locations and type of spraying activities. Accordingly, the campaign team has been established in 7 Areal Bases in various part of the country which are centred to cover all spraying operation. Moreover 10 Major Clusters and respectively 37 Sub clusters have been established in various parts of the Regions, respective zones and woredas (see Annex 2). In these units major Desert Locust surveillance, control and decisions will be made, and also pre spraying activities such as calibration of spraying instruments and pesticide selection and pesticide measuring and formulation for spraying activities will be carried on in this units as appropriate.

4.2.3. Pesticide Store areas

Chemical stores are found in various part of the country. At centre (national Store) a store with capacity handling more than 400,000lt; in East Dire Dawa with the capacity handling 100,000 lt; In Samara 100,000lt capacity; 100,000 lt in Jigjiga; 100,000 lt capacity in Hawassa; 100,000 lt capacity in Bishoftu; 100,000 lt in Kombolcha; 100,000 lt in Bahir Dar; and Mekele 100,000 lt capacity are found and there are also medium storage in all zones in the country. However as one of the key informants indicated about the stores situations, some of these pesticide stores are not good enough. Hence renovation of these stores has been required.

4.3. Baseline Condition of the Project Area

4.3.1. Project Areas Agro-ecological Features

• Hot to warm arid low land plains: (Shinile, Adigala, Aysha, Denbel, Jijiga, Gode, Kabridehar, Shilabo, Worder, Geladi, Berano in Somali region), Chifira, Ewa, Adaar, Mile, Afdera, Elidar, Erebit, Abiala, Kuri, Asayta, Afambo, Dufti, yalo, Gulina, Megale, Gewane, Gelealo, Duecha, Ambera, Awash districts in Afar) • Hot to warm semi-arid low land plains: (Worababu, Habru, Kobo in Amhara region, Raya Azebo, Raya Alamata in Tigray region, Chineksan, babile, Dawe, Rayitu, Dubluk, Teletele, Yabelo, Moyale, Mio, Dilo, Dhas, Guchi, Liben, Wachile, Gorodola, Madawolabu in Oromia region and Benatsemay, Hamer, Dasenech, Male, Ngangato Districts in SNNPR. • Hot to warm sub-moist low land: (Adilieala, Semurobi in Afar, kewet, Efrata, Berehet, Minijarshenkora, Giletumuga, Arsumafurti, Bati , Harawe in Amhara, Doba, Meiso, Gorogutut, Kersa, Odabultu, Dello mana, Aranabuluki in Oromia region, Derashe, Ale, Segen zuria, Burji, Amamaro, Marata garda, Kamba, Ubadebretshay, Abaya, Humbo, Duguna Fango, Abaya Abala in SNNPR districts. • Hot to warm sub-humid lowlands: West Guji Districts in Oromia region

• Hot to warm humid low land: Gambella districts

In all woredas covered under this project, as per the desert locust breeding and infestation, Aerial and/or Ground pesticide spraying activities will be carried out as appropriate. For effective Aerial spraying operation made at various levels, the campaign teams for surveillance and control of Desert Locust infestation have been clustered in various part of the project sites. Major pesticide stores are also prepared at various part of the country.

4.3.2. Ecological Feature and Land use of the project area

4.3.2.1. Ecological Feature of the project area

It has been well known that the country’s Macro and microclimate condition are highly variable. Rainfall distribution of the country is seasonal. The major rain season is from June to September following by short rainy season that occurs between February and April. The mean annual rainfall ranges from 500mmto 2800mm. Similarly, mean annual temperatures range from below 10 to above 300C. Because of the combined effects of the above factors, the country is endowed with diverse ecosystem. As it has been mentioned above the pest prevention and control activities (including areal and ground spraying) may cover most part of the country’s agricultural, agro-pastoral and pastoral lands.

Hence this IPM has made the characterization of agroecological zones of the project sites as stated above in section 3.1.2., and special ecological areas that requires special attention during the whole lifecycle of this proposed project. Detailed agroecological, demography, topography and other features of the project area with respective project Regions and respective representative woredas have been addressed in detail in the Project’s ESMF.

Some of areas having special future in Desert Locust breeding and invasion regions, zones and districts which will be highly considered in the implementation of IPM, have been identified before the commencement of the project. The most known areas of national parks and forests where non target areas of wild life conservation takes place are Adigala wild life park in Somali region between Biyo kobobe and Adigala; Awash National and Gewane parks in Afar region; Bale mountains national park extended to Delomana and Aranabuluki low lands, Arana tropical rain forest in Bale zone, and Adola forest in Oromia region; and Nechsar, Salamago and Cheberachuchura parks in SNNPR which are special feature areas where several times Desert Locust swarms invasion covered and chased out by the area community. According to FAO EHS (Environmental Health Standard) it is advised to use 1km as buffer zone to protect the national parks and tropical forests ecosystem. Furthermore, major water bodies located in the project areas were identified. Accordingly based on the nature and features, buffer zones for these special ecological features have been delineated, see Table 2.

Table 2. Summary of special ecological and agronomically sensitive areas and proposed buffer zone limit S.N Regions Special features areas having risk of pesticide Planned means of risk reduction- application No pesticide spraying Zone 1 Somali Adigala wildlife park 1km buffer zone will be free Ponds used as source of drinking water for animals 500 meters buffer zone will be free 2 Oromia Bale national park, Harana tropical rain forest 1km buffer zone

Ponds and rivers 500 meters 3 SNNPR Salam ago, Nechsar, Chabara churchra parks 1km Ponds, lakes and rivers 500 meters 4 Afar Gewanene and Awash parks 1km Lake Abe, ponds 500 meters

5 Amhara Churches lalibala, Gishen, Jawaha river valley in 1km Efrata and Jile districts Beehives around Bati, Dawe harawa, Kobo 500 meters 6 Tigray Beehives in Raya 500 meters 7 Dire Dawa Ponds and other water sources 1km

4.3.2.2. Land use pattern of the Project Area

Regarding the existing land use pattern and farming practices, in general, small scale subsistence farming and fragmented land holding, and communal pastureland is dominant in Ethiopia due mainly to various interrelated factors. Thus, conventional low-input and low-output agriculture production system has resulted in high rates of environmental land degradation.

Section 5. Pest Management Related Policy, Legal and Institutional Framework

As enabling environment of the project activities in general and IPM in particular, the policy and legal framework of the country, the donor requirements and international conventions have been reviewed. This section discusses and summarizes, the provisions of Ethiopia’s policy and legal framework of the government pest management in Ethiopia in general and use of pesticides in particular, and indicate how this PMP meets those requirements. This section also discusses other international policies/ regulations on use of pesticides as well as the WB Environmental and Social Framework and its key requirements, noting that the development of this IPMP responds to those requirements.

5.1. Policies and Legal Framework

5.1.1. National Policies, Strategies and Legal Framework

The principal relevant laws and policies of Ethiopia related with pest management are the following among others:

➢ The Constitution of Ethiopia (1995)- base for the formulation of policies and strategies relevant to social development, environment protection and economic growth, ➢ The Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP), ➢ The National Policy and Strategy on Disaster Risk Management (2013), ➢ The Federal Policy on the Environment (1997), ➢ The National Action Plan to Combat Desertification (2001), ➢ The Environmental and social development Proclamations: - include among others are Environmental Protection Organs Establishment Proclamation, No. 295/2002; Regional Environmental Protection Agencies (REPAs): The Proclamation No. 295/2002; The Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation (Proc. № 299/2002); Environmental Pollution Control Proclamation (Proc. № 300/2002); Solid Waste Management Proclamation, No. 513/2007; Regulation for the payment of Compensation for property Situated on Landholdings Expropriated for public purposes: Regulation No. 135/2007; and Ethiopian Water Resources Management Proclamation, No. 197/2000, ➢ EIA Directive and Guidelines ➢ Climate Resilient Green Economy (CRGE) ➢ The Food Security Strategy (2002)

➢ Proclamation № 4/1995, MoLSA is given the powers and duties to determine standards and measures for the safety and health of workers ➢ Labor proclamation № 377/2003, measure that employer should take to safeguard the health and safety of the workers. ➢ Pesticide Registration and Control Proclamation No. 674/2010: -

To minimize the adverse effect of pesticide, use on human beings, animals, plant and the environment, the country has enacted Pesticide Registration and Control Proclamation (No. 674/2010). The proclamation aims to regulate the manufacture, formulation, import, export, transport, storage, distribution, sale, use and disposal of pesticide. Before this proclamation was enacted, there was Pesticide Registration and Control decree. This Proclamation: ➢ Covers agricultural, household, public health, and industrial pesticides; ➢ Provides registration and control responsibilities to the Ministry of Agriculture; ➢ Seeks to promote safer pesticide handling and use in the country; ➢ Requires that all pesticides should be registered on the basis of demonstrated product effectiveness and safety for humans, non-target organisms and the environment; ➢ Prohibits importation of highly hazardous, severally restricted or banned pesticides (including most Organochlorines); and ➢ Obliges that all pesticides must display labels that meet specific Ministry of Agriculture label requirements.

These instruments normally employed in Ethiopia to ensure that projects are designed to avoid or minimize negative environmental and social impacts. More importantly these instruments are a backstop for the effective planning and implementation of the Project’s IPM.

5.1.2. Relevant and Applicable International Requirements and Conventions

5.1.2.1. The World Bank Policies, Frameworks and Guidelines

A. The World Bank’s Environmental and Social Framework (ESF)

This World Bank Environmental and Social Framework sets out the mandatory requirements of the Bank in relation to the projects it supports through Investment Project Financing. It sets out 10 Environmental and Social Standards (ESS), as the mandatory requirements to assess and manage the environmental and social risks and impacts of projects based on specific Environmental and Social Standards (ESSs), which are designed to avoid, minimize, reduce or mitigate the adverse environmental and social risks and impacts of projects. Thus, the environmental and social risks and impacts of DLERP are analyzed according to the requirements set out in the ESF. The following ESS are found to be applicable to the EELRP

ESS1: Assessment and Management of Environmental and Social Risks and Impacts ESS2: Labor and Working Conditions ESS 3: Resource Efficiency and Pollution Prevention and Management ESS4: Community Health and Safety ESS 6: Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Management of Living Natural Resources ESS7: Indigenous Peoples/Sub-Saharan African Historically Underserved Traditional Local Communities SSAHUTLC ESS10: Stake Holder Engagement and Information Disclosure

The World Bank’s ESF-Resource Efficiency and Pollution Prevention and Management (ESS3) on pest management in addition has stated that: • Where projects involve recourse to pest management measures, the Borrower will give preference to integrated pest management (IPM) or integrated vector management (IVM) approaches using combined or multiple tactics. • In the procurement of any pesticide the Borrower will assess the nature and degree of associated risks, taking into account the proposed use and the intended users. The Borrower will not use any pesticides or pesticide products or formulations unless such use is in compliance with the EHSGs. • The Borrower will ensure that all pesticides used will be manufactured, formulated, packaged, labeled, handled, stored, disposed of, and applied according to relevant international standards and codes of conduct, as well as the EHSGs. • For any project involving significant pest management issues or any project contemplating activities that may lead to significant pest and pesticide management issues, the Borrower will prepare a Pest Management Plan (PMP). A pest management plan will also be prepared when proposed financing of pest control products represents a large component of the project. B. The World Bank Groups Environment, Health and Safety Guidelines (EHSGs)

In light of this, it has to be noted that the World Bank Groups Environment, Health and Safety Guidelines (EHSGs) such as guideline or requirements for ESHS bidding on small construction works and the below Interim Guidance Note on Construction Measures during COVID 19 will be applicable as part of implementation of the proposed EELRP Project. https://worldbankgroup.sharepoint.com/sites/wbunits/opcs/Knowledge%20Base/ESF%20Safeguards%2 0Interim%20Note%20Construction%20Civil%20Works%20COVID.pdf

Furthermore, the following guidelines should apply as required in this IPMP implementation, including for the rehabilitation of the pesticide stores.

(i) General : https://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/29f5137d-6e17-4660-b1f9-02bf561935e5/Final%2B- %2BGeneral%2BEHS%2BGuidelines.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CVID=jOWim3p

(ii) Occupational Health and Safety: https://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/1d19c1ab-3ef8-42d4-bd6b- cb79648af3fe/2%2BOccupational%2BHealth%2Band%2BSafety.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CVID=ls62x 8l; (iii) Perennial Crop Production related to Pest Management: https://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/2db115fe-4842-4a32-86ed- c9d659a0ea38/English_2016_Perennial+Crop+Production_EHS.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CVID =lffbDhw; (iv)Community Health and Safety related to Transport of Hazardous Materials: https://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/eeb82b4a-e9a8-4ad1-9472- f1c766eb67c8/3%2BCommunity%2BHealth 2Band%2BSafety.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CVID=ls62Gai.

5.1.2.2. International Conventions and Guidelines Related with Pest Management

The Ethiopian government is party to a number of regional and international conventions and protocols on environment. Article 9(4) of the constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia provides the legitimacy that once an international agreement is ratified through the accepted or established

procedure. It automatically becomes an integral part of the law of the land. Ethiopia has ratified several international/multilateral environmental conventions and many of the principles and provisions in those conventions have been well addressed in the national environmental policies and regulations. Consequently, the following, among others are international conventions and protocols that are highly relevant to the implementation of the EELRP sub projects, and hence such program implementation needs to be in compliance with those conventions. Some of these conventions include the following: ➢ Convention on Biological Diversity ➢ International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) ➢ Conventions to Combat Desertification

➢ The Bamako convention The Bamako convention on the ban of the import into Africa and the on the control of trans-boundary movements and management of hazardous wastes within Africa, adopted in Bamako, Mali on 30 January 1991. The objective of the convention is to protect the health of populations and the environment of African countries concerning the movement, dumping and handling of hazardous waste coming from other countries.

➢ The Basel Convention The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal is the most comprehensive global environmental agreement on hazardous and other wastes. It aims to protect human health and the environment against the adverse effects resulting from the generation, management, transboundary movements and disposal of hazardous and other wastes. The Basel Convention regulates the transboundary movements of hazardous and other wastes and obliges its Parties to ensure that such wastes are managed and disposed of in an environmentally sound manner.

➢ The Rotterdam Convention This Convention relates to prior informed consent in the context of international trade in specific hazardous industrial chemicals and pesticides. Ethiopia has ratified this Convention by Proclamation No. 278/2002, on July 2, 2002.

➢ The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants The Convention aims to ban the use of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs). Ethiopia has ratified this Convention by Proc. No. 279/2002, on July 2, 2002. Therefore, any investment is required to respect the objective of the Convention as per the system of the country.

The Rotterdam convention on Prior Informed Consent (PIC), Basel convention, Stockholm convention on (POPs), and Bamako Convention (1991), have importance in pesticides managements. Consideration of these conventions is therefore essential when managing pests and pesticide products.

➢ Convention on Biological Diversity ➢ International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) ➢ Conventions to Combat Desertification ➢ The International Labor Organization (ILO) Conventions

In addition, the MOA, Plant Protection Directorate, the project implementing entity will use, FAO Desert Locust Guidelines on safety and environmental precautions:

➢ FAO Desert Locust Guidelines 4. Control (2001) ➢ FAO Guideline, Desert Locust Guidelines 5. Campaign organization and execution (2001) ➢ FAO Desert Locust Guidelines, Section 6, Safety and Environmental Precautions (2003) ➢ Guidelines for personal protection when handling and applying pesticide (2020) ➢ Guidelines on Developing a Reporting System for Health and Environmental Incidents Resulting from Exposure to Pesticides, 2009 ➢ FAO; Guidelines on Good Practice for Ground Application of Pesticides, 2001; ➢ FAO; Guidelines on Good Practice for Aerial Application of Pesticides,2001; ➢ Guidelines on Organization and Operation of Training Schemes and Certification Procedures for Operators of Pesticide Application Equipment,2001; ➢ Guidelines on Developing a Reporting System for Health and Environmental Incidents Resulting from Exposure to Pesticides,2009; ➢ Prevention of Accumulation and Disposal of Obsolete Stocks; 2009, 2011

These guidelines include among others provision to address the reduction of environmental and human health risks from insecticide use during locust control. Accordingly, practical recommendations have been given on how to address risk reduction during the campaign preparation phase, how to implement it during the control operations, and how to evaluate it in post-campaign follow-up, and environmental and human health monitoring during locust control operations. Therefore, the implementation, evaluation and monitoring of this IPMP should be carried out strictly following these guidelines.

➢ The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants ➢ The Universal Declaration of Human Rights ➢ The International Labor Organization (ILO) Conventions

5.2. Institutional Framework

Agriculture is a key sector for Ethiopia’s economic growth, and as such, the government of Ethiopia has put in place measures to ensure crop protection as well as safeguard health of people involved in agro systems and related actions. Management of pests and pesticides in Ethiopia is facilitated by many governmental and international organizations that work individually or as teams to ensure that the specific components of good agricultural practices (GAP) are followed, and that there is safe use of pesticides. These include the Ministry of Agriculture and respective Regional Agricultural Bureaus and Directorates dealing on Pest Management; Federal Pastoral community Development and respective Regional Bureaus; Commission for Environmental Forest and Climate Change (EFCCC); Ministry of Health; and Ministry of Social and Labour Affair (see Table 3 below gives summary of the government agencies involved in pest management and their roles and functions in pests and pesticide management. In general, the implementation of the EELRP and the IPMP will take place through the existing government structures from the federal to the local or community level institutions.

Accordingly as it has been stated in Section 7 of this document, this IPMP has been prepared for and to be implemented by the EELRP. When the need arise based on the screening result of Subprojects, specific IPMP for specific subproject (area) could be developed and implemented. Hence Regions can customise their own IPMPs based on this comprehensive IPMP by adopting it according with their Regional

condition; level of responsibility; and involvement as specified in Annex 3- “Regions and Respective Woredas IPMP of Ethiopian Emergency Locust Response Project and List of Regions and respective woredas”.

Table 3. Institutional arrangements for pest and pesticide management in Ethiopia no Institution Role Remarks 1 MoA • Leading the project Agriculture sector state Minister • Over see PSNP IV • Chair steering Plant Protection Directorate • Coordinator • Survey, monitoring , early warning and locust management activities coordination 2 Crop production Directorate • Organize grain pasture seed supply to Livestock Development the areas affected by locust 3 Procurement Directorate • Coordinate procurement activities 4 Region Bureaus of Agriculture and/or • Involve in the coordination of Desert Pasture Locust management and impact mitigation activities 5 World Bank • Provide any technical guidance as required, and plays an over sighting role on the overall ESF implementation, 6 MoF • Co-chair for steering committee • Facilitate project finance 7 MoH • Collaborate in Health impact reduction activities 6 Environment and Forest protection • Regulate Environmental and social commission impact assessment and mitigation 7 MoLSA • Regulate OHS issues 8 FAO • Collaborator in technical aspects

Section 6. Environmental and Social Risks and Mitigation Measures

6.1. Environmental and social Impacts of the Project

The selection, planning, design and implementation of the activities under EELRP have to be consistent with the relevant national environmental and social management requirements as well as the World Bank Environmental and Social Standards (ESSs) applicable to the project and international conventions. In each case, national, regional, woreda and local institutions to be involved in screening, reviewing and approving subprojects; and they will carry out their respective roles and responsibilities. The responsibilities may include identification, screening, conducting environmental and social impact assessment (ESIA), and reviewing the ESIA report for ensuring compliance to obligatory requirements under laws and regulations, and issuing approvals for subproject implementation.

6.1.1. Potential Positive Impact of the Project

The Potential positive impacts of DLERP include among others are:

• Combating the damage created by the widespread desert locust in Ethiopia, protect fragile livelihoods from locust infestation and subsequently enhance the food security of communities through livelihood support in the project area, • provision of opportunities to reclaim human capital and asset losses due to the dessert locust, • support vulnerable households to gain access to livelihoods support, • feed/fodder distribution and essential agricultural inputs for building livelihoods, and • Restocking of livestock, rehabilitating rangelands, provision of veterinary services including vaccination for prevention of disease outbreaks.

6.1.2. Potential Negative Impacts and Risks of the Project

In general, the spraying operation due to inadequate adherence to occupational health and safety standards can lead to illness and death among field workers. But even if there is no direct involvement in control operations, the local population can also be exposed to insecticides, as well. The same way, the insecticides that are used at present for Locust control may have broad-spectrum activity and are thus not entirely specific to locusts. As a result, they may adversely affect other organisms in the environment. Effluents resulting from the rinsing of pesticide drums and aircraft tanks may also pollute the environment and ground water through leakages.

Furthermore, insecticides can have a broad impact on many aspects of life and ecosystems. Effects on ambient conditions such as the incremental contribution of pollutant emissions in an air shed increases in pollutant concentrations in a water body or in the soil. The loss of biodiversity (death of plant, wildlife, and microorganisms) are also possible cumulative risks and impacts of insecticide use.

Some of well-known impacts and risks on environment and humans including socio economic impacts of the Project are the following.

Some of the well-known potential impacts and risks on environment and humans including socio economic impacts of Component 1 are the following.

• lack of occupational health and safety of the labor force and neighboring communities’ exposure to health and safety, especially exposure to pesticide and COVID-19 pandemic,

Some of well-known potential impacts and risks on environment and humans including socio economic impacts of Component 2 are the following:

The potential social risks and impacts related to Component 2 include

• Lack of information on the potential project’s livelihoods support and compensation for out of control damages and unintentional overuse/misuse (beyond buffer zone damages) on livestock, crops, and fodder. is • Involving one clan that is more dominant over others during targeting process mainly among lowland communities in relation to the provision of seeds-fertilizer-pesticides. • targeting errors might happen during pasture/crop seeds and temporary fodder/forage provision for the desert locust affected communities. This means locust impacted individuals might be excluded. • increase instances of domestic violence between women and men or husband and wives in relation to livelihoods support or interventions at household level by the project in which men or husbands may not properly use the crop/pasture seeds/pesticides/fertilizers in combating the outbreak of locust. • in the pastoral and agro-pastoral community, it is common practice that men tend to grab resources or properties from women by force to meet their individual needs. As a result, the supports might not be used for eligible households that are affected by the outbreak of the locust infestation. • elite capture and/or different interest groups including traditional authority structures in influencing community’s prioritization and manipulation of support provided; lack of transparency during beneficiary selection for the packages and technical assistance and the exclusion of certain groups and individuals from project benefits in particular vulnerable people and the historically disadvantaged regions of Ethiopia. . • lack of occupational health and safety of the labour force and neighboring communities’ exposure to health and safety, especially exposure to pesticide and COVID-19 pandemic,

• Occupational Safety and Health Risks associated with the construction of detours and other facilities for the stocking and distribution of fodders and other support for the affected communities • Exclusion of eligible beneficiaries, • GBV risks and Risk of elite capture, • risks of GRM, and elite capture that may create targeting error, • Inadequate awareness about the nature, amount and use of fertilizers and pesticides by the community, and • Risk of overlooking of historically underserved regions and vulnerable community; and Potential exacerbation of vulnerable livelihoods of IDPs in project areas and worsening of conflicts among the pastoralists.

6.2. Proposed mitigation measures as specified in the EELRP’s

For those identified potential negative impacts and risks stated above, the Project through its ESMF2 has clearly addressed these proposed mitigation measures (some among others) stated as a summary below (see Table 4 Summary of interrelated impacts and proposed mitigation measures) have to be implemented during the project lifetime. Moreover, those major proposed mitigation measures have been addressed and appropriate budget for those mitigation measures has been allocated in the draft PIM3 of the project. Accordingly, the IPM and the implementation of IPMP of this project will be guided and act in line with this comprehensive proposed mitigation measures specified in the ESMF and PIM documents of this project.

Table 4 A. Interrelated Impact/Risk Description and Proposed Mitigation Measures Components- Potential Impacts Mitigation Measures Subprojects/Key activities Component 1 Risks to the environment • Pollution of ecologically sensitive habitats such as wetlands, national • Identify all areas that are ecologically parks and water bodies. and agronomically important or particularly sensitive to insecticides. • Contamination of local water sources • Identifying and mapping out sensitive and agronomically sensitive areas. ecological and agronomical areas, • Loss of biodiversity (death of plant, establishing Strict Operational wildlife and microorganisms) Procedures (SOP) and a judicious • soil erosion and pollution, choice of pesticides (i.e. Biopesticides • degradation of the rangelands: could be used in/near potentially excessive application of pesticides can sensitive areas). contaminate soil and kills other non- • Map out the various sensitive areas target organisms which are beneficial and make overlays with previous (or for enriching the soil nutrient content. newly expected) locust infestations. • air pollution through dust emissions, ➢ Established buffer zone for • generation of solid waste, each type sensitive areas such • pollution due to unused and obsolete as:- pesticide, and empty pesticide containers

2 See ESMF section 5 for detailed information on project risk, impacts and proposed mitigation measures 3 See PIM section Annex 2 of budget summary

• potential high risk of accumulation of • National Park- 1km buffer zone obsolete stocks. should be free of spraying and • Greenhouse gas emissions and Climate other related spraying activities change • Ponds, lakes and rivers - 500- meter buffer zone should be free of spraying and other related spraying activities • Churches like Lalibela, Gishen, - 1km buffer zone should be free of spraying and other related spraying activities • Beehives and Agronomical Important Farm areas - 500 meter buffer zone should be free of spraying and other related spraying activities • Implement Integrated Pest Management (IPM) technique and reduce reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides. (use both synthetic chemical pesticides and Biopesticides).

• Apply Integrated Pest Management Plan document of the EELRP • Use alternative pest control methods (physical, mechanical, and biochemical) • Recommended Classification of Pesticides for Ethiopia is Malathion which is WHO Class III and slightly hazardous. • Develop a mechanism/ design a system for safe disposal of unused and obsolete pesticide, and empty pesticide containers and never reuse. Ensure the safe disposal of empty containers, tank washings and surplus pesticides

Component 1 Social Risks ➢ Carry out awareness-raising and ➢ Inadequate prior information for provide relevant and timely communities in target areas about information to local communities impacts of pesticide use for locust on pesticide treatment schedules infestation management. and potential negative impacts. ➢ Provide public awareness and ➢ Low capacity at woreda and inform the local population about

kebele levels and coordination safety precautions using different

gaps between sector offices approaches (local radio, TV, leaflet

including technical capacity with local language, public limitation on the part of presentation) and prepare implementing offices. contextualized communication strategy. ➢ Lack of occupational health and ➢ Inhabitants in the treatment areas safety of the labor force and should be informed of the neighboring communities’ operation beforehand and exposure to health and safety, warned not to come close to it. especially exposure to pesticide ➢ Control teams should always and COVID-19 pandemic make sure that not ecologically and agronomically sensitive areas, person and livestock are present in the area to be sprayed. ➢ The projects LMP which provides

mitigation and monitoring related

to worker risks and impacts.

➢ During spraying, control staff who

will not directly involved in the application will verify that bystanders remain at a safe distance. ➢ The staff will make sure withholding periods are respected after locust control treatments through intensive sensation. ➢ Training for staffs to strengthen on desert locust monitoring and control capabilities in the handling and application of insecticides and important ways to reduce health

and environmental risks.

➢ Follow and implement the project

Labor Management Procedures

and ➢ In all activities of the project, prevention of COVID-19 should be mainstreamed, and the necessary protective equipment should be provided to all staffs. Besides, social distancing should be implemented during meetings. And the ESF/Safeguards Interim Note: COVID-19 Considerations in

➢ Community Health and Safety (CHS) Construction/Civil Works Projects concerns following guidelines should apply as required ➢ All sanitary material helpful for washing and disinfection should be availed. Stringent guideline of WB should also be used.

➢ Impacts on workers’ health and ➢ Apply all community health and

safety safety related WB guidelines and

procedures including related FAO

guidelines

➢ Provide the necessary protective equipment to all staff members. ➢ Blood test in between and after Desert Locust operation campaign ➢ Reduce exposure time or the degree of exposure ➢ If there are no feasible alternatives to pesticides, select

less toxic pesticides that will lead

to the least human exposure

before, during and after use

➢ provide adequate training to workers on first aid issues and

provide them with fully stocked

First Aid Kit

➢ Provide basic training and awareness for workers on safe use Component 2 Environmental Risks/Impacts and application of pesticide ➢ Arrange health monitoring as may • pollution of ecologically sensitive be necessary for certain

habitats such as wetlands, hazardous agrochemicals based

forestlands and water bodies as a on their frequency of use

result of seeking for agricultural ✓ All mitigation measures land and pasture development, proposed for Environmental • loss of biodiversity as a result risks/impacts of Component 1 misuse of pesticides will be applicable for • Surface water pollution as a result of misuse of agricultural inputs Component 2 as required such as pesticide and fertilizers,

• air pollution through dust

emissions • Pollution due to unused and

obsolete pesticide, and empty pesticide containers

• Generation of Solid waste as a

result of agrochemical wastes/ (i.e. packaging containers)

• Soil erosion, farm input & grant may lead to opening up new areas for cultivation • Introduction of alien and invasive species as a result of efforts made

for restoration of degraded

rangeland with seeding of

pastures and appropriate livestock fodder

Social Risks/Impacts

➢ Inadequate awareness about the

nature, amount and use of fertilizers and pesticides by the ➢ Monitor changing livelihood community. dynamics with view to retargeting ➢ There might be targeting error in to include those that may fall into the process of providing seeds- food insecurity; fertilizer and pesticides and also pasture seeds and fodder. ➢ The MOA has to ensure the ➢ Lack of information on the involvement of the community in potential project’s livelihoods a participatory, consultative and support and compensation for out transparent manner to select the of control damages and appropriate beneficiaries who unintentional overuse/misuse deserve for it (beyond buffer zone damages) on ➢ Inform and define compensation livestock, crops, fodder or mechanism for unintended

humans. overuse/misuse (beyond buffer

zone damages) of pesticides on

➢ Risk of involving one clan that is livestock, crops, fodder or more dominant over others humans. during targeting process mainly ➢ Ensure awareness around among lowland communities in importance of targeting women relation to the provision of seeds- fertilizer-pesticides, as a result for livelihoods support activities targeting errors might happen Broaden the representation of during pasture/crop seeds and community members on targeting temporary fodder/forage committees with greater provision for the desert locust emphasis on the participation of affected communities. This means women; locust impacted individuals or ➢ Awareness creation among the eligible beneficiaries might be men that the women are using the excluded support for the whole family and elders or traditional leaders

➢ Increase instances of domestic should provide awareness for the

violence between women and community to avoid violence

men or husband and wives in against women There should be controlling mechanism of the elite relation to livelihoods support or capture. In this respect, interventions at household level beneficiaries should be by the project in which men or realistically selected in husbands may not properly use the crop/pasture consultation with representatives seeds/pesticides/fertilizers in of the community

combating the outbreak of locust. ➢ Create awareness among Similarly, in the pastoral and agro- traditional authority structures pastoral community, it is common and undertake information practice that men tend to grab campaign to ensure the purpose resources or properties from and principles of EELRP are women by force to meet their understood, including targeting individual needs. As a result, the procedures and design targeting

supports might not be used for structures with careful

eligible households that are consideration to the balance

affected by the outbreak of the between formal and informal locust infestation. traditional authority structures and inclusive project target ➢ Increase instances of domestic ➢ Transparent reporting on project violence between women and interventions men or husband and wives in ➢ Affirmative action should be given relation to livelihoods support or for vulnerable people and for the interventions at household level historically disadvantages regions by the project. In the pastoral and of Ethiopia. A rapid information agro-pastoral community, it is dissemination campaign should common practice that men tend be designed and disseminated to to grab resources or properties fit the local context and from women by force to meet requirements, including through their individual needs. local radio in appropriate

languages.

➢ Elite capture and/or different ➢ Communities should be sensitized

interest groups including on the techniques and timing of traditional authority structures in spraying, the chemicals used, its influencing community’s impacts on human health, crops prioritization and manipulation of and livestock, and risk mitigation Component 3 support provided; lack of instructions appropriate to the transparency during selection of specific spraying. the beneficiaries for the financial ➢ All community engagements, and technical assistance and the including consultations, should be exclusion of certain groups and developed to minimize the risk of individuals from project benefits introducing disease–particularly in particular vulnerable people COVID19 into remote and the historically disadvantages communities. regions of Ethiopia

➢ The GRM developed for the

C3- Strengthening Early Warning project should be implemented in Component 4 Systems and Preparedness a proper way. The trainings can ➢ Risks of project grievance redress cover an array of topics that mechanism to support the include technical themes, project systematic uptake, processing and management, monitoring and resolution of project related evaluation for implementer at complaints and grievances. Specifically, for spraying different levels including the activities. woreda and kebele level implementers of the project. Create linkages among institutions, sectors, programs, C4.-Project Management and projects at all levels. ➢ Lack of capacity in managing

project at different levels ➢ Addressing gender dimensions of particularly at woreda and the the operation including gender- kebele levels and there is also based violence (GBV). problem of timely allowing budget and implementing the activities. ➢ The project has prepared GBV ➢ Weak linkages and coordination Action Plan which will be among institutions, sectors, implemented and defined the programs and projects at all levels. potential project GBV issues thus Cross-cutting issue during implementation, measures The risks of exacerbating gender-based should be taken in accordance violence and sexual exploitation and abuse with the project GBV action plan. due to labor influx mostly associated with ➢ The project implementing teams the cash transfer activities and to a more will regularly access and manage limited extent with other activities that the risks of SEA/H and other forms involve non-local workers of GBV extending from project

activities, including key ➢ Overlooking of historically infrastructure elements as well as underserved regions and the receipt of cash-for-work vulnerable community in general, schemes by women and other and people with disability, vulnerable groups and sexual children, women in polygamous exploitation and abuse risks such unions and female headed as sexual favours for registration households in particular or release of funds.

➢ Potential exacerbation of ➢ The PIU will engage a GBV vulnerable livelihoods of IDPs in specialist dedicated to support project areas and worsening of oversight and management of conflicts among the pastoralists these risks. due to the damage of the pasture by the locust invasion and during ➢ Monitoring of the management of migration to other territories in GBV risks will be an integral part of search of grazing land for their the project activities. livestock ➢ The project will also ensure regular consultation and engagement with women and women’s groups throughout the project to ensure equitable inclusion in project activities and to monitor potential risks that may emerge over the life of the project.

➢ Strengthening of the Woreda Bureaus of Women and Children Affairs as first contact points for GBV cases

➢ These sections of the community should be given special attention during the project implementation.

➢ They should be benefited from the project a certain percent

➢ The project needs to include a conflict sensitivity assessment checklist in the ESMF and also consider sensitivity of local conflict dynamics and implement in a way to avoid escalating local tensions as the works cover IDP and refugee areas.

➢ The community and the local government should put in place appropriate mechanism including meaningful consultation and full participation of the beneficiary communities during planning, design and implementation phases of the project.

➢ Attempt should be made to resolve conflicts using the traditional way and if this fails to resolve the conflict, government institutions will intervene to settle these conflicts.

➢ The project should consider the livelihoods and political vulnerability in this areas and craft communication messages in accordance with the local context.

➢ The MOA and the PIU should alert the Bank any incidents related to security, conflict and potential sensitivities towards conflict in the project areas.

➢ Assist discussions between community representatives of clan leaders, Kebele chairpersons and elders to support peaceful inter-clan and inter-ethnic as well as cross-border relations by supporting regular forums and workshops that promote inter- ethnic dialogue.

Table 4 B. Risk of Spraying and Store Subprojects and Emergency Preparedness Measures S.N Risk Risk Source Emergency preparedness measures 1. Fire risk Stores No smoking is allowed around fuel and insecticide Certain insecticide formulations storage sites and during refueling of aircraft. are inflammable and aircraft During refueling any engine or apparatus that fuel is very highly so may give off sparks (e.g. cars) should be shut down or moved away. Preparedness for firefighting equipments and procedures in all stores and full station of the operation Training on fire fighting for pesticide and fuel stores workers 2. Spillage and Stores and Transportation Large-scale pesticide stores should be custom- leakage Care should be taken that built. They must have all the necessary safety insecticides are stored in the features to contain possible insecticide spillage, shade, whenever this is If control possible. Overheating may lead is carried out from the same site for several days, to buildup of pressure inside drums can be protected from direct sunlight by the insecticide drums, which placing them under tarpaulins on poles. To may burst or forcefully eject contain any possible spills that may accidentally the product when the bungs occur, temporary soil bunding should be are opened. constructed around the storage site. Special portable bunding also exists for temporary drum storage, which has the advantage that spilled insecticides will not penetrate into the soil 3. Fumes Stores Ensure sufficient ventilation and provide protection against rain and sunlight. Adopt FAO detailed guidelines on the design of pesticide stores 4. Splash and Filling aircraft hoppers, Filling Hoses should be checked daily for wear and tear Drenched by the vehicle-mounted, hand-held and corrosion and replaced as soon as needed. insecticide sprayers and insecticide Similarly, connections between the hose and the loading pump may slowly loosen during operation, This is potentially a hazardous increasing the risk of operator exposure. They operation, because if an should be checked and fastened on a daily basis. accident occurs the operator Directly pouring insecticides from drums into an may literally be drenched by aircraft hopper poses a high risk of operator the insecticide. The main risks contamination and may also damage the aircraft. associated with pumping are This practice is therefore not recommended. bursting of hoses and loosening of the connections between the Vehicle-mounted sprayers are best filled hose and the pump. Both risks using a hand-operated drum pump. As with are more likely to occur with aircraft pumps, the hose may corrode motor pumps. It is therefore relatively rapidly, and should be replaced essential that pumping gear is immediately when this occurs. Smaller of good quality and well containers (up to 20 litres) can be poured directly

maintained. ULV insecticides into the sprayer. Hand-held sprayers may be very corrosive and can are normally filled by pouring the insecticide destroy pump hoses relatively directly from the container. A wide funnel rapidly. Filling other types of should be used to facilitate pouring and avoid sprayers may also be spillage. hazardous, since concentrated ULV For all insecticide loading operations, personnel formulation can splash on to should wear appropriate PPE, and the operator. water and soap for washing should be available. Sprayers should always be filled well away from habitations, bystanders, animals and water sources. Empty containers should be rinsed with a small amount of diesel or kerosene, and the rinsed added to the hopper or sprayer. Containers should be closed well after use (even if empty) and stored in a safe location

In addition, to the above recommended mitigation measures the FAO Desert Locust Guidelines on safety and environmental precautions and other international good practices are highly recommended to be followed by this project. x 6.3. Short Guidance for Workers in Key Areas

I. Use, Handling, storage, transportation and disposal of pesticides

• Personal protective equipment (PPE) is the last line of defense against pesticide exposure. • PPE must comply with the Ethiopian Pesticide Regulations. • The correct PPE must be used for the type of pesticide, and it must be fitted and maintained properly. • Pest control businesses should consider having a PPE program as part of their risk management strategy. • Read the entire label before purchasing or using a pesticide, even if you have used the pesticide before. • Do not rely on your memory for the very specific safety and use information provided on labels. • Identify the specific pest to determine the proper treatment. • If you absolutely need to use a pesticide, buy the least toxic pesticide recommended for your specific pest. • The signal word on pesticide labels indicates the level of toxicity. • Use only the amount needed to control the specific pest at that time. • Make sure the pesticide is designated for use on the specific pest you are trying to control. • Follow label directions carefully for preparation and application of pesticides • When mixing or using pesticides, wear clothing that covers the skin, unlined heavy rubber gloves, rubber footwear, hat and chemical splash goggles. • An air-purifying respirator may also be required if an inhalation hazard exists.

• Safety equipment should be cleaned and dried after each use and stored separately from pesticides. • Mix only the amount of pesticides you need. Mix or dilute pesticides outdoors or in a well- ventilated area. • Do not spray pesticides outdoors on a windy day. • When spraying outdoors, close the windows to your home. • Do not water pesticide-treated areas immediately after application unless directed to do so by label directions. • Pregnant women should avoid exposure to pesticides. • Do not use pesticides near children or pets. • Any clothing contaminated with pesticides should be washed separately from other laundry. • First, rinse clothing outdoors with a hose or in a washing machine pre-soak. • Use hot water (140 degrees Fahrenheit) to launder, a full water level setting, and the normal wash cycle. • Contaminated clothing may need to be washed two or three times. Line-dry the clothing to avoid contaminating your dryer. • Heavily contaminated clothing should be discarded. • Disposable protective clothing is available through safety equipment suppliers. II. Safe storage of pesticides • To reduce storage problems, buy only enough pesticide for one season's use. • Keep pesticides in their original containers with the labels intact. • Store in a separate, locked or other secure structure, away from children and pets. • Do not store pesticides near food, medical supplies or cleaning products. • Do not store pesticides near water supplies. • Flammable pesticides should be stored away from sources of heat, flame, or spark and fuel station. • Store pesticides in a dry area to prevent the deterioration of containers. • Inspect pesticide containers frequently for damage. • Protect the label. Store substances in their original containers. • If an item is not in its original container, clearly label the current container with the product's name and expiry date. • Place the word DANGER on the container. • If the product is in a rusting metal or a breakable container, this container should be placed within a larger, plastic container. • The plastic container should be over-packed with a non-flammable absorbent, such as clay-based kitty litter, to help contain any possible leaks. • Warning: Using flammable materials such as non-clay kitty litter or newspapers for overpacking may lead to spontaneous combustion (fire) • Clearly label the outside container with the contents and date. • Unless the pesticide is banned or restricted, it should be completely used up according to label directions. • Empty containers should be transported back to MoA main store and pressure rinsed or crashed and packed in one separate store until national disposal program launches • To triple rinse, fill the container 1/4 full of water, close it tightly, and shake. III. Safe disposal of pesticides… • Never pour leftover pesticides down the drain or rivers or water bodies. • Pesticides can interfere with the operation of the wastewater treatment plant or septic system. • Never pour pesticides into storm drains. These often lead directly to area streams and rivers.

• Give a leftover pesticide to someone who can use it up if the product is in its original container and the directions are legible. IV. Safe transportation of pesticides • Take maximum care when: -choosing vehicles for transporting pesticides -loading pesticides (use pickup vehicles or big track with non-porous beds) -unloading pesticides (never leave pesticides unattended, inspect vehicles for leakage…) • Never transport pesticides with food, feed, animals, poultry, seeds, grains, consumer goods… • Always carry “a spill kit” which contains shovel, PPE, sorbent pads and absorbent materials… • In case of spill ups, control, contain and cleanup the spillage thoroughly • Keep the cleaned spillage with a plastic container for proper disposal.

Section 7. Ethiopia Emergency Locust Response Project IPMP

7.1. IPMP for EELRP focusing on the hot spot DL infestation Woredas of regions

All assessment made at various steps were evaluated with existing new knowledge and practices (both indigenous and scientific). Once the evaluation of the assessment results have been made and analysed, the main component (Plan) of the IPMP have been developed and documented as follows (See Table 5 below). Accordingly, this IPMP has been prepared for and to be implemented by the EELRP. When the need arise based on the screening result of Subprojects, specific IPMP for specific subproject (area) could be developed and implemented. Hence Regions can customise their own IPMPs based on this comprehensive IPMP by adopting it according with their Regional condition; level of responsibility; and involvement as specified in Annex 3- “Reigns and Respective Woredas IPMP of Ethiopian Emergency Locust Response Project and List of Regions and respective woredas”.

Table 5. IPMP of Ethiopia Emergency Locust Response Project focused on hot spot Woredas of project Regions S.N Project Respective Agro-ecology Life cycle of Areas in Types and Areas in ha. Non pesticide intervention practiced intervention hot spot Zone DL vis-à-vis ha. amount of Planned to (Biological, physical and agronomical), and regions woredas seasons Planned pesticide treat with traditional to treat planed to be non- with sprayed : N.B pesticides pesticides Pesticide fall in covered spray WHO Classes 1A and 1B, or formulation of products in Class II not allowed for this project 1. Afar Chifra Low Land Mature, 10076 Malathion 400 Identify night roosting sites, manually Chop Nymph and and kill early in the morning settled swarm immature for mature and Immature. adults For hoppers dig trenches and cover soil on the top EWA Low Land Hopper 3000 Malathion, 200 Dig trenches the crossing hopper fall down Chloropyrifos inside and cover the soil and egg field expose eggs to radiation. Mile Low Land Immature 4000 Malathion, 100 Identify night roosting sites, manually Chop Chloropyrifos and kill early in the morning settled swarm for mature and Immature.

Kuri, Bidu Desert Immature 2000 Malathion 100 Chase specific distance and manually kill settled swarm early in the morning before flying Eldar, Erebiti Desert Immature 500 Chloropyrifos 100 Chase specific distance and manually kill settled swarm early in the morning before flying Afdera, Asayita Desert Immature 700 Chloropyrifos 300 Chase specific distance and manually kill Dufti settled swarm early in the morning before flying 2. Amhara- Worababu Low Land Mature 5000 Malathion 1000 Chase specific distance and manually kill eastern settled swarm early in the morning before flying

S.N Project Respective Agro-ecology Life cycle of Areas in Types and Areas in ha. Non pesticide intervention practiced intervention hot spot Zone DL vis-à-vis ha. amount of Planned to (Biological, physical and agronomical), and regions woredas seasons Planned pesticide treat with traditional to treat planed to be non- with sprayed : N.B pesticides pesticides Pesticide fall in covered spray WHO Classes 1A and 1B, or formulation of products in Class II not allowed for this project Bati Low Land Hopper 6551 Malathion 200 Chase specific distance and manually kill settled swarm early in the morning before flying

Habru Low Land Immature 1000 Chloropyrifos 200 Chase specific distance and manually kill settled swarm early in the morning before flying

Kobo Low land Immature 2000 Chloropyrifos Chase specific distance and manually kill settled swarm early in the morning before flying

3. Dire Dawa C. Culster 1 Low Land Mature 55 Malathion 12 Manually chop and kill administration Cluster 2 Low Land Hopper 58 Malathion 10 Dig trenches on the marching direction and make the hopper fall down inside the hole and cover soil 4. Oromiya- Chineksan Low Land Immature 355 Chloropyrifos 20 Manually chop and kill eastern and Doba Low Land Mature 200 Chloropyrifos 100 Manually chop and kill south eastern Teltele Low Land Hopper 2000 Chloropyrifos 250 Dig trenches on the marching direction and make the hopper fall down inside the hole and cover soil Wachile Low Land Immature 1500 Chloropyrifos 300 Chase specific distance and manually kill settled swarm early in the morning before flying 5. Somali Erer Low Land Mature 1200 Malathion 120 Identify roosting site late afternoon and manually kill before flying

S.N Project Respective Agro-ecology Life cycle of Areas in Types and Areas in ha. Non pesticide intervention practiced intervention hot spot Zone DL vis-à-vis ha. amount of Planned to (Biological, physical and agronomical), and regions woredas seasons Planned pesticide treat with traditional to treat planed to be non- with sprayed : N.B pesticides pesticides Pesticide fall in covered spray WHO Classes 1A and 1B, or formulation of products in Class II not allowed for this project Aysha, Adigala Low Land Hopper 600 Malathion 50 Dig trenches on the marching direction and make the hopper fall down inside the hole and cover soil Denbel, Low Land Immature 500 Malathion 100 Identify roosting site late afternoon and Awubare manually kill before flying

Jijiga Low Land Mature 1000 Malathion 200 Identify roosting site late afternoon and manually kill before flying

6. SNNP- low land Benatsemay Low Land Mature 80,000 Chloropyrifos 10,000 Identify roosting site late afternoon and woredas of the manually kill before flying southern zones Male Low Land Hopper 6000 Chloropyrifos 200 Identify the marching direction and make the hopper fall down inside the hole and cover soil Karat Low Land Immature 12,000 Chloropyrifos 2000 Identify roosting site late afternoon and manually kill before flying Ale Low Land Mature 20,000 Chloropyrifos 3000 Identify roosting site late afternoon and manually kill before flying 7. Tigray- eastern Raya Azebo Low Land Hopper 2500 Malathion 1500 Dig trenches on the marching direction and and southern make the hopper fall down inside the hole lowlands and cover soil Raya Alamata Low Land Immature 450 Malathion 400 Identify roosting site late afternoon and manually kill before flying Gantaafishu Low Land Mature 300 Malathion 200 Identify roosting site late afternoon and manually kill before flying Hantalo Low Land Hopper 900 Malathion 100 Dig trenches on the marching direction and make the hopper fall down inside the hole and cover soil

The proposed actions for effective implementation of the IPMP are described here under Table 6.

Table 6. Action for the implementation of recommended strategies and activities of the IPMP S/N Activities Detailed description of the Period of Responsible body/Implementers Estimated Remark activity implementation and Budget/Cost4 frequency I. Capacity Building/Trainings 1.1 Make a Panel Creating common ground and End of June 2020 up to MoA, DLERP discussions among commitment with Project mid July 2020 Project coordinators coordinators, Steering and and Key Technical committees on the Governmental effective implementation of Ministries the Project’s IPMP 1.2 A day long awareness Conducting Awareness End Jun – End July 2020 MoA, DLERP, Regal Bureau of raising, refreshment raising workshops and agriculture and Regional Pastoral course and briefing refreshment course for Development Bureau workshops on IPM- Federal, Regional, Zonal, Basics Woreda experts, Das and Scouts 1.3 Conducting ToTs ToT on best practice (FAO August up to September MoA, DLERP, Regal Bureau of guidelines) of handling and 2020 agriculture and Regional Pastoral disposal of pesticide; and Development Bureau, Consultant locust biology and best control strategy for Federal and Regional Surveillance and control Team members 1.4 Cascading ToTs at Cascading ToTs to Woreda September up to October MoA, DLERP, Regal Bureau of lower level Experts and Das 2020 agriculture and Regional Pastoral Development Bureau with lead contribution of ToT trainees 1.5 Undertake basic Assessing and come with June up to September MoA and DLERP research on non- mapping and documenting 2020 pesticide techniques country wide best practices- Non pesticide control

4 Refer Budget summary of Project PIM document and Section 9(budget Summary) of this document for not stated in the budget column. While those fixed budget in the column either clearly fixed for activity mentioned or those activities not budgeted in the PIM but proposed for effective implementation of the IPMP

methods applying for all DL lifecycle stages 1.6 Research and trial on Research and trial on low July up to November 2020 MoA and DLERP low toxic pesticides toxic pesticides and and biopesticides. biopesticides. Such as Fipronil (pesticide) or blanket application of Metarhizium acridium (biopesticide), and others suggested as low toxic in trial carried out locust prone countries. II. Capacitating with Manpower 2.1 At Federal level Officially appoint the pest Up to June 30, 2020 MoA and DLERP Allocated budget for management specialist , who monitoring and lead Desert Locust survey and reporting control operation (Under project ) 2.2 At Federal Hire Environmental safeguard Up to June 30 MoA and DLERP Allocated budget for specialist monitoring and reporting 2.3 Regions Officially appoint safeguard Up to June 30 MoA, DLERP and Regional Allocated budget for specialists from BoAs and/or Bureaus monitoring and Bureau of Pastoral reporting developments (trained or to be trained) 2.5 Woredas Officially appoint safeguard Up to June 30 Regional Bureaus and Woreda Allocated budget for specialists from Agricultural offices monitoring and offices and/or Pastoral reporting development offices (trained or to be trained) III Insuring Safe use, application, storage and disposal of The Project by hiring Consultant Proportional The training of safe pesticides containers amount out of use application, and the budget etc have been earmarked covered in Section (Refer Budget 8.1 of this document summary Chapter 9 of this document) 3.1 Provision of PPE (Set) Provision of PPE (set) for Spring (March – June MoA, DLERP and FAO country 6,000,000.00 As specified in the about 30,000 people involved 2020) 35% of the PPE has office Project’s PIM for on DL pest control program. required

The type of PPEs to be Summer (June to specific provision of provided for all workers will September 2020) 40% of PPE be specified by FAO Desert the PPE has required Locust Guidelines 6. Safety Winter (October 2020 to and environmental January 2021) 25% of the precautions. The project PPE has required should strictly follow to this guideline and other related FAO guidelines 3.2 Ensuring storage Chemical store at National Starting from June 2020 MoA, DLERP 40,000.00 New proposed handling system up to with more than 400,000lt activity standard by improving capacity, in East Dire Dawa and making 100,000 lt, In Samara maintenance for major 100,000lt capacity, 100,000 lt pesticide stores in Jigjiga, 50,000 lt capacity in including rain flood Hawassa , 100,000lt capacity drainage system of in Bishoftu, Kombolcha these sores 100,000 lt Bahir Dar 100,000lt and Mekele 100,000 lt capacity and there are also medium storage in all zones in the country 3.3 Disposal of Pesticide Collecting and transporting In all operation periods MoA, DLERP 10,000.00 New proposed containers as per FAO these containers to be reused activity guidelines or back to manufacturer (with in country) or recycling

3.4 Disposal of pesticide Based on best practices When there is obsolete MoA, DLERP No disposal of supported with FAO pesticide pesticide will be guidelines. carried on in the Strictly follow Guideline on country- send to Prevention of Accumulation supplier or and Disposal of Obsolete manufacturers. This Stocks; 2009, 2011; and should be referred in the International Code of the bidding and Conduct on Pesticide contract document Management of the World Health Organization Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Rome, 2014

IV Monitoring, Evaluation and reporting 4.1 Assessment and -Pre and post health In all operation and post Project Implementing bodies monitoring of Status examination for people operation periods from Woreda up to Federal level; on human health and involved in pesticide and Environmental Protection ecological features. - Baseline unique Ecological organs from Woreda up to feature assessment (before Federal level (EFCCC), MoH from and after project Health centres up to Federal level interventions - Assessment of residual effect 4.2 Overall monitoring Monitoring and reporting will In all operation periods Project Implementing bodies This part should be and reporting of the DL be carried out from kebele, from Woreda up to Federal level; more or less much control program Woreda up to Federal level and Environmental Protection with this IPMP’s including the organs from Woreda up to monitoring plan implementation of this Federal level specified on Table 7 IPMP of this document

7.2. Monitoring, Inspection and reporting arrangements for the IPMP

7.2.1. Monitoring

The term monitoring is used here for the collection, analysis, interpretation and dissemination of data on the effects (both intentional and unintentional) of operational locust control. This includes control efficacy, effects on human health, impact on non-target organisms and the presence of insecticide residues. The objective of monitoring is to identify what goes right in operational locust control, and what can be improved. Monitoring is therefore an essential element of a locust control campaign. It aims to optimize control, improve cost efficacy and minimize adverse side-effects on human health and the environment.

According to the FAO Desert Locust Guidelines No. 4 – control, there are three types of operational monitoring: rapid assessments (done by locust control teams), dedicated operational monitoring (carried out by special monitoring teams) and in-depth monitoring (executed by specialized research teams). These three types of monitoring differ by the activities that are carried out, the time span in which the work has to be done and the functional links to the control campaign organization.

The overall responsibility for monitoring and supervision of IPMP lies with the MoA at Federal level, with the project following FAO guidelines: Desert Locust Guidelines 4. Control; Desert Locust Guidelines 6. Safety and environmental precautions; Desert Locust Guidelines 5. Campaign organization and execution; and Guideline 7 Appendixes 2.6 and 2.7. Furthermore, Apply FAO spraying monitoring form; FAO check list for general monitoring of desert locust control operations; and FAO Poisoning Incident Form (Locust control) attached in this document as Annex 8, 9 and 10 respectively.

7.2.1.1. DL control operational monitoring areas

i. Monitoring human health

Monitoring human health for Occupational exposure and External exposure, Internal exposure which is an indicator for organophosphate absorption is the depression of acetylcholinesterase (in red blood cells) and pseudocholinesterase (in blood plasma). This can be tested after taking a blood sample and subsequent analysis using a field test kit For Desert Locust control, cholinesterase field test kits preferred because these avoid transport of samples to a laboratory (which may be far away from the control site) and allow immediate corrective action, if needed. To monitor experts, farmers and pastoralists participated in pesticide application, in middle of operation blood test is carried out to detect amount of pesticide particles in RBC (Red Blood Cell) and WBC(White Blood Cell) and global standard for WBC count 3 3 6 3 10 /mm normal range is 4-11 and RBC count 10 /mm normal range 4.5-6. If the amounts of pesticide particles are above the normal range the workers and farming as well as pastoral community will be away from exposure for more than six months and the blood will be tested for further decision. Monitoring human health for Occupational exposure and External exposure, Internal exposure which is an indicator for organophosphate absorption is the depression of acetylcholinesterase (in red blood cells) and pseudocholinesterase (in blood plasma). This can be tested after taking a blood sample and subsequent analysis using a field test kit For Desert Locust control, cholinesterase field test kits preferred because these avoid transport of samples to a laboratory (which may be far away from the control site) and allow immediate corrective action, if needed.

• Occupational exposure. Locust control staffs run the highest risk of being exposed to, and possibly poisoned by, insecticides. It is therefore important that insecticide exposure is regularly monitored. • External exposure. External exposure to insecticides can be monitored using absorbent pads that are fixed, before insecticide spraying or handling, to certain parts of the body. The pads are stored after treatment in a refrigerator, transported to the laboratory, and analyzed for insecticide residues. If the pads are also fixed inside the protective clothing, the level of protection provided can be assessed too. A second method to assess external exposure is to mix a (fluorescent) tracer with the insecticide. Control staffs subsequently carry out handling and spraying as usual. The tracer can be visualized after the control operation (for fluorescent tracers this can be done at night, back at the camp, using a battery-powered UV light). This method is only qualitative but is an effective way of demonstrating potentially hazardous control practices. • Internal exposure. A commonly used indicator for organophosphate absorption is the depression of acetylcholinesterase (in red blood cells) and pseudocholinesterase (in blood plasma). This can be tested after taking a blood sample and subsequent analysis using a field test kit or in a specialized laboratory

ii. Monitoring ecological side-effects

One of the main constraints for ecological monitoring of Desert Locust control is that the exact location of the insecticide treatments will often only be known very shortly before spraying. Many spray targets are identified the evening before treatment, and sometimes only on the day itself. This means that pre- spray observations or sampling are generally impossible. As a result, the scope of the ecological monitoring that can be carried out is relatively limited.

Regarding ecological monitoring, no defended standard has been established in the country, some form of ecological monitoring being undertaken. For example, plant species exposure is evaluated by phyto-toxicity on the leaf surface of the plant. That tells the higher dose application.

The ground survey and control team evaluate efficacy of the target pest. If the efficacy or kill % is >95% this indicates either toxicity or higher dose of pesticide so based on the parameters of evaluation the spray plate forms will be calibrated to adjust the dose or other means will be applied to reduce the risk.

So far in Ethiopia pesticide residue level in water body is not tested and no result is found in this case. Good, robust and easy to use field test kits will be procured and made available for use. Monitoring insecticide residues useful to monitor insecticide residues after locust control treatments to evaluate whether the withholding periods recommended by the insecticide manufacturers are valid under local conditions or to confirm that no contamination of protected areas occurs when recommended buffer zones are respected. Emergency sampling; emergency situations, e.g. if wildlife mortality has been observed, accidental spillage has occurred; beekeepers have claimed that locust control has caused them damage, etc. In these cases, the monitoring team may need to take samples immediately, for later residue analysis.

Plant protection experts at federal MoA, Plant protection experts and environment and climate change offices in all region will carry out monitoring in collaboration.

Three approaches to operational ecological monitoring can generally be used in Desert Locust control: observations, measurements and experiments.

• Observations. Observations are (mostly) qualitative assessments of the direct impact of a treatment, e.g. fish kills, behavioural changes in birds, large bee mortality, etc. • Measurements. Measurements are all quantitative assessments of the impact of an insecticide treatment. Normally this will be the difference in a biological parameter between untreated and treated plots. • Blood cholinesterase (ChE) depression is an indicator of exposure to organophosphates and carbamates. It is a non-destructive technique, and useful for livestock. Brain ChE levels can only be measured in dead animals and may be used to confirm whether casualties were the result of spraying. Comparisons should be made with ChE levels in non-exposed organisms.

7.2.1.2. Monitoring on Implementation level of the IPMP

For successful implementation of the EELRP’s IPMP, regular monitoring and evaluation of activities undertaken by all actors involved in DL control program should be undertaken. The focus of monitoring and evaluation will be to assess effectiveness of the IPMP and the capacity level in all actors involved in DL prevention and control program. More importantly, to assess the involvement of Farmer Groups and the extent to which IPM techniques are being adopted in crop production, and the economic benefits that farmers derive by adopting IPM techniques. It is also crucial to evaluate the prevailing trends in the benefits of reducing pesticide distribution; application and misuse (see Table 7).

Indicators that require regular monitoring and evaluation during the IPMP implementation include the following:

• The IPM capacity building performance at all level: Number of program staffs, scouts and farmers who have successfully received IPM training in IPM methods; evaluation of the training content, methodology and trainee response to training through feedback • Numbers of Farmer Organizations that nominated members for IPM training; emphasize the number of women trained; assess Farmer Groups understanding of the importance of IPM for sustainable crop production • Numbers of farmers who have adopted IPM practices as crop protection strategy in their crop production efforts; evaluate the rate of IPM adoption • In how many crop production systems is applied IPM? Are the numbers increased and at what rate? • How has the adoption of IPM improved the plant protection and crop production derive? • Economic benefits: decreased loss as a result of DL infestation and increased crop productivity due to adoption of IPM practices; increase in farm revenue resulting from adoption of IPM practices, compared with farmer conventional practices • Social benefits: improvement in the health status of farmers • Numbers of IPM networks operational and types of activities undertaken • Extent to which pesticides are used for crop production • Efficiency of pesticide use and handling and reduction in pesticide poisoning and environmental contamination • Levels of reduction of pesticide use and reduction in pesticide poisoning and environmental contamination • Overall assessment of activities that are going according to plans; activities that need

improvements; and remedial actions required

Table 7. Summary of Monitoring and Evaluation of the implementation of IPMP S/ Activities Verifiable indicators Implication for pest Time frame Responsi Estimate Remar N description and pest and ble body d k management Frequency of Budget/C monitoring ost5 1 Capacity Building/ Training 1.1 Developing and -No. of project - Platform for End of July MoA, dispatching of coordinators and planning and 2020 – DLERP IPM Posters, Steering committee implementation of August 2020 Broachers and members attended in IPMP established (monitoring leaflets; and the panel discussion -Increasing the reports have make Panel -No. of Panel higher level IAs and to be discussion for discussion carried out experts in the produced) creating common - No, of Posters, involvement of the ground and Broachers and leaflets IPM implementation commitment with prepared and practices of the all actors dispatched to user country -% in increasing the involvement or support of IAs and experts on overall IPM program of the country 1.2 Conducting a day -No. of Expert, DAs -Inclination towards August 2020 MoA, long awareness and Scouts IPM approach (monitoring DLERP, raising workshops successfully attend in increased over the reports have Regal and refreshment the workshops conventional to be Bureau of course for -No. of workshops approach (Using produced) agricultur Federal, Regional, conducted at various only pesticide as the e and Zonal, Woreda level only solution) Regional experts, DAs and Pastoral Scouts on IPM- Developm Basics ent Bureau 1.3 Conducting ToTs -No. of Expert -Change in the October 2020 MoA, on best practice successfully attend in conventional pest monitoring DLERP, (FAO guidelines) the ToT program management reports have Regal of handling and -% in increasing the approach to IPM to be Bureau of disposal of involvement or occurred produced) agricultur pesticide; and support of IAs and e and locust biology and experts on overall IPM Regional best control program of the Pastoral strategy at country Developm Federal level- ent Regions will be Bureau, participated 1.4 Cascading ToTs at -No. of ToTs cascaded -The idea and November MoA, lower level to woreda DAs and practice of the IPM 2020 DLERP, (Woreda experts, experts approach and its monitoring Regal DA, Kebele implementation will reports have Bureau of leaders and KDCs be broadly accepted agricultur

5 Refer Budget summary of Project PIM document and mainly Section 9 (budget Summary) of this document for budget column for monitoring.

-No of participants by farmers who are to be e and attending in the in the DL infestation produced) Regional trainings prone areas Pastoral -% in increasing the Developm involvement or ent support of experts, Bureau, DA, Kebele Leaders and ToT and KDCs on overall trainees IPM program of the country 1.5 Undertake basic -No. of research -Enhancing the October 2020 MoA, researches on -Outcome of the ability of using non monitoring LERP and non-pesticide research which leads pesticide techniques reports have EFCCC techniques an increasing on the DL control to be opportunity of using throughout the produced) non pest side country techniques 1.6 Research and trial -Outcome of the -Enhancing the December MoA, on low toxic research which leads ability of using 2020 DLERP pesticides and an increasing variety of less toxic monitoring and biopesticides opportunity of using pesticides and reports have EFCCC P less toxic pesticides biopesticides on the to be and biopesticides DL control produced) throughout the country II. Capacitating with Manpower 2.1 At Federal level - One expert assigned - Effective July 2020 MoA and Officially appoint at federal level implementation of monitoring DLERP the pest - Amount of budget the IPMP realized reports have management allocated for to be specialist, who monitoring and produced) lead Desert reporting Locust survey and (operational budget) control operation (Under project) 2.2 At Federal hire - One expert assigned - Effective July 2020 MoA and EHS specialist as at federal level implementation of monitoring DLERP Environmental - Amount of budget the IPMP realized reports have safeguard allocated for to be specialist monitoring and produced) reporting (operational budget) 2.3 Regions Officially - One expert assigned - Effective July 2020 MoA, appoint at Regional level implementation of monitoring DLERP safeguard - Amount of budget the IPMP realized reports have and specialists from allocated for to be Regional BoAs and/or monitoring and produced) Bureaus Bureau of reporting (operational Pastoral budget) developments (trained or to be trained) 2.4 Woredas - One expert assigned - Effective July 2020 Regional Officially appoint at Woreda level implementation of monitoring Bureaus safeguard - Amount of budget the IPMP realized reports have and specialists from allocated for to be Woreda Agricultural monitoring and produced)30 offices offices and/or

Pastoral reporting (operational development budget) offices (trained or to be trained) III. Insuring Safe use, application, storage and disposal of pesticides containers 3.1 Provision of PPE -No. of PPEs -Safe working Spring MoA, (Set) and Training purchased and condition created Summer MOLSA, on their use dispatched for a Winter DLERP person involved in DL control program in various seasons of Locust out breaking, that is Spring, Summer and Winter No. of Persons and percent of total trained in use of PPE 3.2 Ensuring storage -No. of pesticide -Safe pesticide Starting from MoA, handling system stores renovated handling created June 2020 DLERP up to standard by improving and making maintenance for major DL control pesticide stores 3.3 Disposal of -No container Safe and In all MoA, Pesticide disposed environmentally operation DLERP, containers as per % of containers friendly pesticide periods EFCCC FAO guidelines returned back to container disposal manufacturer of the method created pesticide -% containers ordered for recycling 3.4 Disposal of % Amount of pesticide Safe and When there MoA, pesticide disposed environmentally is obsolete LERP, % Amount disposal of friendly obsolete pesticide EFCCC pesticide sent out of pesticides disposal country to method created IV. Overall implementation of the IPMP 4.1 Socioeconomic -% increasing in -Motivation and Through Woreda productivity trust will be whole Agricultur -% decreasing in crop developed on the operation e office, loss as a result of pests IPM process DA and -% increasing in farmers income -% increasing farmers in adopting IPM 4.2 environmental Decrease Number of Motivation and trust Through Regional complaints of will be developed on whole bureau environmental the IPM operation Environm pollution, especially and post ental surface water operation protectio pollution due to process n organs, pesticide use. Woreda Decrease number of Agricultur compliant of e office, environmental DA pollution on unique

ecological features due to pesticide use 4.3 Health and safety decrease in human Motivation and trust Through Regional poisoning accident will be developed on whole bureau of number the IPM operation Environm decreasing in number process ental complaining of health protectio problem related with n organs, pesticide workers crop Health loss as a result of pests centres, decrease in number Labour of accident report and Social related with pesticide Affaire offices, Woreda Agricultur e office, DA 4.4 Goal of the IPMP -% hectares Land Measuring the Through MoA, covered using non effectiveness and whole DLERP, pesticide DL control weakness of the operation EFCCC, -% lt. pesticide IPMP and lesson process Regions decreased for the learned for further and application of DL strengthening of the Woreda control system offices, DA and farmers V. Reporting 5.1 Overall -Address all issues in Creating best Monthly, MoA, monitoring and reporting format as communication Quarterly DLERP, reporting of the stated in ESMF mechanism through and annual Regions DL control -Timely report to the bottom up approach report of and program relevant organs as so as to facilitate IPMP reports Woredas including the stated in the ESMF timely decision- and EFCCC implementation making processes monitoring of this IPMP enhanced. reports

7.2.2. Reporting

Reporting mechanisms of the implementation of IPMP (Monthly, quarterly, and annual Reports) should be in line with ESMF. The quarter and annual year implementation report of the IPMP and monitoring reports will be part and parcel of the overall ESMF report. Hence the overall implementation of the IPMP should be captured in the overall reporting format of the ESMF implementation and monitoring report. Furthermore, the report should also include the following reports as specified in the Project’s ESCP.

REGULAR REPORTING: Prepare and submit to the Bank regular monitoring reports on the environmental, social, health and safety (ESHS) performance of the Project, including but not limited to, the implementation of the ESCP, status of preparation and implementation of E&S documents required under the ESCP, stakeholder engagement activities, and the grievance mechanism.

INCIDENTS AND ACCIDENTS: Promptly notify the Bank of any incident or accident related to the Project which has, or is likely to have, a significant adverse effect on the environment, communities, or workers.

INTERNATIONAL ALIGNMENT: An internationally renowned agricultural agency (FAO) shall regularly review the Project’s implementation, monitoring, and reporting provisions made under the project as specified in the ESCP.

Section 8. Training and Capacity Building

This section will describe the overall training and capacity building requirement for effective implementation of the IPMP in particular and ESMF in general based on training and capacity building need assessment made on the preparation of this document. Accordingly, gaps on human resource, training/Awareness, and research have been identified and possible measures also proposed.

8.1. Capacity Building on Training and Research

Capacity building in terms of training/Awareness raising and research are discussed in this section. Even though the capacity building efforts were made before, in order to build common ground and creating commitment at all level, some training needs and research areas have been identified for effective implementation of this IPMP as integral part of the Project’s ESMF.

A. Proposed awareness raising and Trainings

The following are the proposed awareness raising for large community and trainings for technicians and experts dealing on project activities:

• Make a Panel discussions among Project coordinators and Key Governmental Ministries • Sensitization and awareness raising workshops for large community members on the overall project activities including IPM basics and importance • ToT on safe use, application and disposal of pesticide for Federal and Regional Experts • Cascading this ToT to Zonal, Woreda experts and DAs • ToT on IPMP/ESMF and relevant Environmental and social frameworks, plans and instruments for Federal and Regions appointed safeguard specialists, relevant technical staff and regulatory body (respective environmental organs) • Cascading this ToT to Zonal, Woreda experts and DAs • Other trainings as required

Furthermore, for the workers dealing in the overall spraying operation topics of trainings has been proposed, see Table 8 below.

Table 8: Target campaign personnel and topical training areas Target Topics • Application techniques, equipment, maintenance • Equipment calibration • Safety measures, application of PPE, insecticide poisoning, first aid Control teams • Environmental precautions • Rapid assessments (efficacy, occupational health, environment)

• Proper handling and transport of drums and containers Insecticide transport • Safety measures, application of PPE, insecticide poisoning, first aid staff • Environmental precautions, clean-up of spills • Pesticide storage management Storekeepers • Safety measures, application of PPE, insecticide poisoning, first aid • Environmental precautions, clean-up of spills Flagmen • Safety measures, PPE, insecticide poisoning, first aid • Monitoring techniques • All the above topics (monitoring staff should preferably Monitoring teams participate in the training of all other campaign staff who they may need to evaluate) Medical staff • Recognition and treatment of insecticide poisoning

B. Proposed Research Areas

The following are the proposed research areas which has been required for effective implementation of the IPM of this project.

• assessing and come with mapping and documenting country wide best practices- Non pesticide control methods applying for all DL lifecycle stages, • Research and trial on low toxic pesticides and biopesticides. Such as Fipronil (pesticide) or blanket application of Metarhizium acridium (biopesticide), and others suggested as low toxic in trial carried out elsewhere in locust prone countries.

8.2. Institutional Arrangements and Capacity Building

As it was discussed above the implementation of the EELRP and the IPMP will take place through the existing government structures from the federal to the local or community level institutions. This structure has been believed strong and having best experience on DL control of the country. However, there are some areas need qualified personnel for the overall implementation of the ESMF and IPM. These are the following among others.

• Hire a consultant, pest management specialist , who lead the overall Desert Locust survey and control operation (Under project) as well as leading and coordinating the IPMP implementation at federal level, • Hire at least one Environmental and social safeguards officer working as Environmental and Social Safeguard Specialist (Under project), who lead the ESMF and other safeguard tools implementation including IPMP implementation at federal level, • Hire a monitoring and evaluation officer, • Hire an information technology officer, • Hire a communications and knowledge management officer, • At Regional level officially appoint safeguard specialists from BoAs and/or Bureau of Pastoral community developments (trained or to be trained) and allocate operational budget • At Woreda level officially appoint safeguard specialists from Agricultural offices and/or Pastoral development offices (trained or to be trained) and allocate operational budget .

Section 9. Summary of the Proposed Budget

Accordingly under Component 1, Provision of PPE for 30,000 persons with total amount of 6 million USD; Health and Environmental impact assessment including monitoring activities 2.5 million USD for two phases (Phase 1 and 2); for about 70,000 community and village leaders sensitization workshops about 980,000.00 USD; and for about 72,128 Technical and Experts training cost about 6,048,000 for 1st and 1,512,000.002nd phase have been budgeted. Under Component 4, for hiring consultant 150,000.00 USD has earmarked. Most of the proposed activities for the implementation of IPMP have covered and addressed in the IPM. For some proposed activities such as Research activities, renovation of big pesticide stores and transportation of empty or damaged containers to the center, an estimated cost has been allocated. The total estimated budget earmarked in the PIM and additional new proposed activities will be about 17 million USD.

a. Implementation and Monitoring of the IPMP

For implementation and monitoring of the IPMP the following budgets have been earmarked and it should be proportionally dispersed for each activity stated in the proposed action for the implementation of the IPMP and Monitoring (see Table 6 and Table 7). • Provision of set of PPEs for 30,000 persons with total amount of 6 million USD • For Health and Environmental impact assessment, which includes baseline ecological feature assessment (before & after project intervention) and monitoring; and pre and post health examination of persons involved in pesticide and related monitoring, a total of 2.5 Million USD has been budgeted • For renovation of big pesticide stores found in some part of the country 40,000.00 USD has been proposed (not indicated or specified in the PIM) • For collection and transportation of empty and damage pesticide containers to the center 10,000.00 USD has been proposed (not indicated or specified in the PIM)

b. Training and Capacity Building

For trainings and capacity building the following budgets have been earmarked and it should be proportionally dispersed for each activity stated here under. For some proposed activities not clearly addressed in the PIM, such as Research activities an estimated cost has been proposed.

other trainings as require about 6,048,000 for the1st and 1,512,000.00 for the 2nd phase have been budgeted. • For research activity, on assessing and come with mapping and documenting country wide best practices- Non pesticide control methods applying for all DL lifecycle stages, about 50,000.00 USD has been proposed (not indicated or specified in the PIM) • For research and trial on low toxic pesticides and biopesticides, such as Fipronil (pesticide) or blanket application of Metarhizium acridium (biopesticide), and others suggested as low toxic in trial carried out elsewhere in locust prone countries, about 70,000.00 USD has been proposed (not indicated or specified in the PIM) c. ES risk management staffing

• For hiring a consultant, pest management specialist , who lead the Desert Locust survey and control operation (Under project) about 150,000 budgets as salary has been earmarked • For hiring ESHS specialist (Under Project) working as Environmental and Social Safeguard Specialist budget has not earmarked in the PIM. But as a proposal 1000 USD/monthly has been proposed (not indicated or specified in the PIM) • At Regional level officially appoint safeguard specialists from BoAs and/or Bureau of Pastoral community developments (trained or to be trained) and allocate operational budget. The budget has not earmarked in the PIM. But as a proposal for each region assigned experts 200 USD/monthly budget for operational activities including monitoring and reporting has been proposed (not indicated or specified in the PIM but could be allocated from monitoring budget) • At Woreda level officially appoint safeguard specialists from Agricultural offices and/or Pastoral development offices (trained or to be trained) and allocate operational budget. The budget has not earmarked in the PIM. But as a proposal for each 157 woredas assigned experts 100 USD/monthly budget for operational activities including monitoring and reporting has been proposed (not indicated or specified in the PIM but could be allocated from monitoring budget).

Section 10. Conclusion

If the allocated budget in the Project’s PIM document properly and effectively applied for the intended purposes and if some activities not budgeted in the PIM has been considered, the implementation of IPMP will be effective and would be a good practice for other similar projects of the country

11. References

FAO. Desert Locust Guidelines on safety and environmental precautions. 2003, Rome. FDRE. Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development Crop Protection Department. Guidelines on the Implementation of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) for Small-Scale Irrigation Schemes in the Productive Safety Net Program. E1492. V2. FDRE. Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Growth Program II. Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF). 2015. Guideline for Pest management Plan, Annex 5. Ministry of agriculture and irrigation, Somalia Crisis Recovery Project (SRCP),Pest Management Plan (pmp), April 2020. Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) State Office. 2012. Integrated Pest Management Plan Criteria Practice/Activity Code (114) (No.). http://efotg.sc.egov.usda.gov//efotg_locator.aspx Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) State Office. 2012. Integrated Pest Management Plan Criteria Practice/Activity Code (114) (No.). http://directives.sc.egov.usda.gov/ The United Republic of Tanzania Agricultural Sector Development Program (ASDP) and Agriculture Service Support Program (ASSP). 2004. Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) Report. The World Bank. Environmental and Social Framework, Environment and Social Standard 5 (E&SS5) E&SS5 Pest and Pesticide Management. © 2017 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433

12. Annexes

Annex 1. Characterization of agro-ecological zones DL hot spot woredas, DL lifecycle season, and non pesticide techniques applying S.N Project Respective target and hot Agro Life cycle of DL Non pesticide intervention intervention spot woredas ecology vis-à-vis seasons practiced (Biological, physical regions Zone and agronomical) 1. Afar Chifra, Mile, Ewa, Gewane, Low land Mature adult Manual chopping and kill Awash, Ambera (summer),

Nymph Dig trenches and cover heavy soil on the top Immature adults Chase specific distance from crop field Adaar, yalo Megale, Lowland Nymph (Summer) Digging trench and cover soil Gulina, Bidu, Awura, Abiala, Kuri, Desert Immature adult Manual killing, smoking and Afambo, Asayita, Dufti, (Summer) chasing to go specified distance Elidar, Afdera, Erebiti if it is on crops 2. Amhara- Worababu, Bati, Low land Immature adult Chasing, Manual killing settled eastern (Summer) swarm early in the morning before take off Habru, Kobo Low land Immature adult Chasing, Manual killing settled (Summer) swarm early in the morning before take off Mature adult Manually kill settled swarm early in the morning 3. Dire Dawa C. Cluster I, II, III & IV Low land Mature (Summer For Mature and immature adults administration and Spring) (Manual killing and Chasing. Nymph(Spring) For Hopper digging trenches and Immature (Spring cover the soil on top) and summer)

4. Oromiya- Chineksan, Gursum, Low land Mature, (Spring) Chasing and manual killing by eastern and Babile, mature (Spring chopping early in the morning south eastern and summer) before take off Tulu, Kombolcha, Karsa, Low land Mature and Chasing and manual killing by Gorogutut, Meta,Doba Immature adults chopping early in the morning (Spring Summer) before take off Dawe serer Desert Nymph (spring) Dig trenches and cover soil on the top Rayitu, Dawe Kachan Desert Nymph (Spring) Dig trenches and cover soil on the top 5. Somali Erer, Shinile, , Awubare, Low land Mature, Nymph, For mature and immature adults Jijiga, Tugochale, Immature (Spring chase from the crop and follow and summer) then when settle chop and kill before flying

Adgala, Aysha, Denbel, Desert Mature adult, For mature adults manually kill Tulu hoppers early in the morning and dig (Summer) trench for hoppers following moving direction and cover soil and kill Harshin, Berano, Gode, Desert Nymph (Winter Dig trenches and cover soil on Elkere, Bare, Chereti, Emi and Spring) the top

S.N Project Respective target and hot Agro Life cycle of DL Non pesticide intervention intervention spot woredas ecology vis-à-vis seasons practiced (Biological, physical regions Zone and agronomical) Kabrdhar, Shilabo, Dolo, Desert Mature, Follow until settle and chop and Geladi, Kelafo, Mustehin, Immature kill before flying Ferfiri, Mustehin (Winter and Spring

6. SNNP- low land Banatsemayi, Male, Low land Mature, Nymph, For mature and immature woredas of the Hamer Immature swarms identify roosting site southern zones (Winter and and early kill by chopping and Spring) for Nymph dig trench and cover the soil on top Dasenech, Ngangato, Low land Mature, Nymph, For mature and immature Konso, Ale, Derashe, Immature swarms identify roosting site Garase, Kamba, Amaro, (Winter and and early kill by chopping and Burji Spring) for Nymph dig trench and cover the soil on top 7. Tigray- eastern Raya azebo, Raya Alamata, Low land Mature, Nymph, For mature and immature and southern Gantaafshu, Immature swarms identify roosting site low lands Atsibwonberta, (Summer) and early kill by chopping and Kilitaawulalo, for Nymph dig trench and cover the soil on top Enderta, Gulomekeda, Low land Immature For mature and immature Atsibiwomberta, Mature, swarms identify roosting site and Kilteawulalo, Low land (Summer) early kill by chopping and for Saasetseadeamba, Erobi Mature adult Nymph dig trench and cover the (Summer) soil on top

Annex 2. The Current Desert Locust control operation aerial bases, clusters and sub-clusters coordinating experts deployment No Aerial Base Clusters Sub-Clusters

1 Arbaminich South Omo Benatsemay Dasenech zone Male Gnangato Hammmer Konso kenea Burji Karat Amaro Segen Kamba Ale Marta Derashe Borana Yabelo Das Tetele Kuchi Dilo Arero Dire Mio Moyale Dubliki Gomole Guji Liben Alewiya Goro Dola Wachile Wadara Adola 2 Bale Robe East Bale Ginir Dawe Ka Goro Rayitu Dawe Ser Guradha 3 Arsi Asela Digelu Arsi robe Zewuay Dugda Shirka Aseko Merti 4 Dire Dawa Dire Dawa Shinile Denbel Erer Aysha Dure Harerghe East Harer Gorogutu Chinkisan Babile 5 Jijiga Somali Jijiga Shebele Fafen Nogob Jerer Dawa Koray Afider Dolo Liben 6 Samara Afar Samara Awash Abiala Dawe Chifira 7 Gambela Gambela Gambela

Annex 3. Regions and Respective Woredas IPMP of Ethiopian Emergency Locust Response Project and List of Regions and total woredas/districts 1. Reigns and Respective Woredas IPMP of Ethiopian Emergency Locust Response Project Types Areas in Areas in and ha. ha. Non pesticide Life cycle amount Project Respective Agro- Planned Planned intervention practiced of DL vis- of S.N intervention target ecology to treat to treat (Biological, physical and à-vis pesticide regions woredas Zone with with non- agronomical), and seasons planed to pesticides pesticides traditional be spray covered sprayed Identify night roosting sites, manually Chop and kill early in the morning settled swarm for mature and , Desert, Mature, Immature. Arid, Nymph 89,000 34,387 For hoppers dig Semiarid 1. Afar 25 districts and Malathion trenches and cover soil and immature on the top Low adults Dig trenches the Land crossing hopper fall down inside and cover the soil and egg field expose eggs to radiation. Identify night roosting sites, manually Chop and kill early in the morning settled swarm for mature and Mature, Immature. Nymph 99,000 22,375 For hoppers dig 35 Low 2 Oromia and Malathion trenches and cover soil districts land immature on the top adults Dig trenches the crossing hopper fall down inside and cover the soil and egg field expose eggs to radiation. Identify night roosting sites, manually Chop Mature, Desert, and kill early in the Nymph Arid, morning settled swarm and 91,140 Malathion 39,377 3 Somali 36 semiarid for mature and immature and Immature. adults lowland For hoppers dig trenches and cover soil on the top Dig trenches the Mature, 85,200 Malathion 24,375 crossing hopper fall 4 Amhara 15 Lowland Nymph down inside and cover and the soil and egg field

Types Areas in Areas in and ha. ha. Non pesticide Life cycle amount Project Respective Agro- Planned Planned intervention practiced of DL vis- of S.N intervention target ecology to treat to treat (Biological, physical and à-vis pesticide regions woredas Zone with with non- agronomical), and seasons planed to pesticides pesticides traditional be spray covered sprayed immature expose eggs to adults radiation.

Identify night roosting sites, manually Chop Mature, and kill early in the Arid , Nymph 98,000 27,375 morning settled swarm semiarid and Malathion 5 SNNPR 24 for mature and and immature Immature. lowland adults For hoppers dig trenches and cover soil on the top Mature, Dig trenches the Nymph crossing hopper fall and Malathion down inside and cover 6 Tigray 12 Lowland 84,000 21,375 immature the soil and egg field adults expose eggs to radiation. Identify night roosting sites, manually Chop Mature, and kill early in the Nymph 34,000 27,375 morning settled swarm and Malathion 7 Hareri 2 Lowland for mature and immature Immature. adults For hoppers dig trenches and cover soil on the top Mature, Dig trenches the Nymph crossing hopper fall 29,646 27,375 and Malathion down inside and cover 8 Dire Dawa 4 Lowland immature the soil and egg field

adults expose eggs to radiation. 609,986 224,014 Total 153

2. List of Regions, Zone and respective Woredas Affected by Desert Locust

Region /City administration Zone Invaded woredas Remark Kewot N/shewa Shewarobit Amhara Bati Oromia Dewe Harewa Artuma Fursi

Jile Timuga Argoba Werebabu N/Wollo Kalu Tehuledere Raya kobo Kobo ketema S/wollo Habiru Giden Gubalafito Raya Alamata Raya Azebo South Ofila Enda Mehoni Hintalo Wajirat Enderta South East Dega Temben Sarte Samire kilite Awulalo Tigry Atsibi Wonberta Hawuzin Eastern S/t/Emba Ganta Afeshum Gilo Mehida Tenkua Abergele Kola Temeben Central Mereb Lehe Aheferom Adewa Goro Gutu Meta Kersa Kombalcha Chinakisen East Hararge Babile Oromiya Mayu Mulk Fedis Jarso Midihaga Tola Gursum West Hararge Doba

East Bale Ginir East Bale Goro Borena Yabelo Borena Teltele West Hararge Miwos East Bale Raytu Bale Dawe Kachen Bale Guradamole Bale Harro Bale Delo Menna Bale Meda Welabu Guji Gum Eldolo Guji Liben Guji Goro Dolla Guji Wadara Guji Shakiso Guji Adolla West Guji Dugda Dawa West Guji Bulehora Borena Wachile Borna Das West Guji Guch Borena Moyale Borena Miho Borena Dire Borena Dubulique Borena Dillo Borena Elweya Arsi Galelcho West Guji Atoti Bilo Arsi Abomsa Arsi Robe Arsi Shirko E/hararge Arena Buluka Arsi Lemubilibilo Bale Agarfa Bale Gamole Bale Sinana Siti Ayisha Somali Siti Denbel Fafan Tulu Guled

Fafan Awebere Fafan Aroris Fafan Adigala Fafan Jigjiga Siti Earer Fafan Harshim Dollo Warder Koray Kebri Dahar Koray Shilabo Shebele Bereano Shebela Adalil Shebele Gode Fafan Gursum Shebele Danan Nogob Sigag Erer Yeahop Koray Eliogaden Koray Qudember Koray Mersin Dollo Galady Dollo Danot Afder Raso shebelle Abakero(New ) Erer Legehida Erer Wangay Jarer Gashamo Shebele Kelafo Shebele Mustahil Shebele Firfir Liben Filtu Liben Dollado Afder Chereti Nogob Duhun Nogob Ayun Shebelle East Imi Afder West Imi Dawa Hudat Afder Bare Afder Elkere Zone 5 Tellalak Afar Zone 5 Dewe

Zone 5 Dalifage Zone 3 Gewane Zone 1 Mile Zone 1 Adaar Zone 1 Chifra Zone 4 Ewa Zone 4 Awura Zone 4 Gulina Zone 4 Yalo Zone 2 Abala Zone 2 Arabti Zone 1 Kuri Zone 2 Afdera Zone 1 Eldar Zone 1 Afambo Zone 1 Asaita Zone 1 Duffty Zone 2 Megale Zone 4 Teru Zone 3 Haruka Zone 3 Dulecha Zone 2 Bidu Special Woreda Amaroo Sidama Dera South Omo Bena Tsemay Halaba zone Weyira Silte Warabe Kembata Angecha Wolayita Damot Palsta Kembata Demboya Wolayita Dugina Fango SNNP Hadia Badwato South Omo Egnangatom South Omo Dasenech South Omo Hammer South Omo Ari South Omo Male Konso Karat Zuria Konso Colme Cluster Konso Kena

Gedio Rape Gedio Bulle

Specila Woreda Alle special woreda Sidama Shebedeno Wahil Cluster Jeldisa Cluster Dire City Adimin. Dire Dawa Aseliso Cluster Bio Awelle Erer Harari Harar Sofi

Annex 4. Questions Related to Environmental Issues for KII (Federal Levels Stakeholders) S/N Issues to be assed responses Remark I. Assessment on existing locust control using pesticides As an1. organization, do you think IPM will have a room to The key informant from MOA said that, IPM will reduce the application of pesticides? How? Please describe definitely reduce chemical use for it deals with it with tangible evidences. cultural practices and other methods that reduce N.B: Please attach published documents, if pest which is good agronomic practice. The key any. informant also raised that though they have a certain level of toxicity these pesticides are lethal dose limited for desert locust. 2. Evaluate and discuss the nature of proposed The Key informant explained that the effectiveness pesticides for Locust control: Malathion 50% of the proposed pesticides for Locust control: EC, Malathion 95% ULV, and Chlorpyrifos 24% Malathion 50% EC, Malathion 95% ULV, and ULV in terms toxicity & efficacy referring the Chlorpyrifos 24% ULV when operated manually it national regulation and registry; FAO; and the is effectiveness is between 94-96% and when WHO and other standards. sprayed with aircraft it about 90%. On average its effectively is about 95%.

Regarding toxicity he claimed that first of all the use of chemical should be and is a last resort, when it is difficult to control with cultural practices. Apart from that these chemicals are toxic to a certain level. The natal dose for killing locusts. Their toxicity can be reduced through the use of appropriate PPE and following good spraying practice taking into consideration wind direction, time, and the characteristics of the locust 3. As an organization do you have any pesticide There are no alternative pesticides apart from alternatives which have less toxicity but high these pesticides efficacy for locust control? If any, please list out 4. As an organization, do you have proper storage The key informant confirmed that the project will facilities? Where and how is it being properly be using the existing pesticides storage in the stored in terms of bulk pesticide storage? target mainly Arba Minch airport, Bale Robe Please describe it in detail airport, Jig Jiga airports and Borena Tele Tele airport. This storage are meant for chemicals storage and is guarded to avoid local people exposure to the insecticides. In terms of distance from the community the storage are well situated.

One key informant said, we have chemical store at National with more than 400,000lt capacity, in East Dire Dawa 100,000 lt, In Samara 100,000lt

capacity, 100,000 lt in Jigjiga, 50,000 lt capacity in Hawassa , 100,000lt capacity in Bishoftu, Kombolcha 100,000 lt Bahir Dar 100,000lt and Mekele 100,000 lt capacity and there are also medium storage in all zones in the country However, the storage handling system and standard may need improvement 5. -As an organization do you have solid waste Previously there was system in which empty management plan. Especially pesticide containers collected from sites and sent back to containers. Please describe it in detail. Kality from all over the country where it is crushed using dram crusher. However, this time the dram crusher is not functioning as a result currently being done with regard to container is collection and transporting back to Kality site and where it is stored. . - Do you have procedure and practices in disposal of expired or leftover pesticides? The key informant confirmed that we have no clear What standard experience of disposal of an articulated procedure and practices in disposal pesticide do you have? Please describe it in of expired or leftover pesticides and this is the detail. problem as country as there expired chemicals disposing mechanisms are not available in the country. But disposal of expired or leftover pesticides has been done with the support of development partners mainly FAO. He also added that, search for financing/funding is on progress to dispose the remaining expired pesticides. 6. Describe actual measures and precautionary Before every mission the community are asked measures being carried out not to pollute the questions which include: do you know this?, What natural habitat in general and non-target is it?, what is the impact on you?, what do you species in particular during Arial pesticide want as to do? And then they ask for intervention spraying activity then the pesticide formulated for locust will be identified with natal dosage for killing the desert locust. Then the community will get information awareness creation and sensitization is carried out about the purpose of the spraying and the impact it has on them and their family, on water, etc. the community are asked where they drink water from? Beside the community are told to cover water. If the there are water bodies and other and non-target species the spray won`t be carried out until they are out of that sensitive area. Meanwhile the desert locust will be chased so as to protect the crops, pasture, and plants from being damaged by the desert locust. After chasing them to non- sensitive area the spray will be carried out either in area where they spent the night in the morning.

In addition, the spray is carried out taking into consideration factors such as wind direction, topography, water body, village, and schools are not within the range of the spraying area. Besides, buffer zone is defined. II. Assessment of traditional or agronomic practices of locust control 1. - List out best traditional and agronomical The federal key informant reported Various practice of the locust control. And at which cultural methods made use to control desert stage of Locust life cycle is these practices locust. For instance, when the locust lay their eggs being effective. N.B: Please attach published the area is ploughed so that to crush their eggs documents, if any. (this is done during the egg stage before hatching).

The other practice is hitting with stick (locusts are cold blooded insects, as a result they are inactive from min-night to the sun rise. They feel the hot after 1-2 hours and their body relax as their limb is full of fat. Hence, they start moving after their body relaxed with the sun, mainly their limb). This makes it simple for hitting with stick as they cannot escape during this time). The other method is using smoke and collecting with suck and kill and digging hole and bury them). The other key informant response on traditional or agronomic practices are:- 1. Digging or destruct egg fields after egg laying of adults 2. Mechanical killing of settled adults before their flying early in the morning. This is applied to Immature and Mature adults 3. Digging trenches and guide or push all hoppers in the surrounding towards trenches and cover the soil in the top. This works for 1st, 2nd and 3rd instar hoppers

III. Assessment on existing institutional and capacity building efforts 1. - Describe capacity building efforts made According to the key informant training has been related with locust control provided before a head of campaign. So far capacity building has been provided to SNNP, Oromia, Dire Dawa, Somali and Afar. The approach is through ToT. In this respect the Federal train the regions, the regions train or provide capacity building for the Zonal officials and experts, the zonal to the woreda, the woreda to kebele and elders, Development Agents and extension workers and through them to the community. Besides, technical assistance is continuously provided to the region on different areas including resources, technical support on survey and surveillance, identifying, treatment and control.

2. - Describe capacity building efforts made with In this regard the key informant confirmed that, safe use and application of pesticides on locust the experts in the devolving government structure control and the representatives of the community (clan leader, religious and traditional faith leaders, elders) on the purpose spraying and impact of pesticide use and precautionary measure they should be taken.

For officials, experts, scouts capacity building efforts made include provision of training on when, where, how and what pesticide to use; factors to be considered during use of pesticide use (wind direction, topography, time, spraying , calibration of machines ),proper Use of PPE; communication with community need to be taken before, during and after the spray are among efforts made.

FAO guideline on safety and environment precautionary Guideline 2003 is what using. Apart from this so far no capacity building has been provided ESMF and SA. But the documents for this project are under preparation.

- Describe capacity building efforts made on the environmental and social management - Responses from one key informants about EHS 1. instruments such as ESMF, SA and others During capacity building safe use and handling of pesticides and application equipment management is the major covered theoretically and practically 2. EHS (Environmental and Health Standard ) is a special topic and our locust officers trained by FAO/CRC 3. The country level in EHS during pest control operation evaluated by using software prepared by FAO. 3. We are not so much familiar with the - At Federal level, do you familiar with these instruments environmental and social management instruments? If yes please describe some. If no No, only FAO guideline on safety and environment please suggest some interventions precautionary Guideline 2003 is what we are using and well aware about.

3. Describe Existing Federal level institutional The key informant mentioned the MoA, arrangement on Locust control FAO/DLCO; and Plant protection Directorate , program/project 4. - Describe the institutional arrangement on Environment Forest Climate Change Commission Environmental, Social and Health and safety and MoLSA organs

- At Federal level for this and related program Currently we do not have ESSSs hired for this and/or projects, do you have Environmental project, but the AGP safeguard specialists are and Social safeguard specialist/s? please state supporting this project. But the project in the the existing condition process of hiring ESSS for this project.

IV. Assessment on communication means for surveillance of the occurrence of paste and control efforts 1. Describe technical support and According to the key informant the technical communication means with Regions in terms assistance provided to the region on different of locust surveillance and control areas including resources, on survey and surveillance, identifying, treatment and control of desert locust. He also confirmed that they are also in regular communications with regions in provision of early warning and control support the communications channel used include email, and RAMSAS and telephone, letter. However, The tablet used for RAMSEs are limited to federal and regions such as Afar, Somali, and Oromia regions. 2. Describe technical support and Assistance provided including resources, on communication means with Special Woredas survey and surveillance, identifying, treatment in terms of locust surveillance and control and control of desert locust. He also confirmed that they are also in regular communications through regions in provision of early warning and control support the communications channel used include email, telephone, and letter.

V. Assessment of technical support and communication with international organization dealing on locust control 1. Describe technical support and FAO is very much supporting us through provision communication means with FAO in terms of of information about the desert Locust and locust surveillance and control provision early warning and resources (pesticides) to control the desert locust. We are also in regular communications with FAO in terms of surveillance and control the communications channel used include email, The FAO/DCCO RAMSAS Inter locust interlinked, Elocust software and telephone and letter. 2. Describe technical support and Where the desert locust, its stage, its distribution communication means with East African Locust and direction. The communication channels Control Program in terms of locust surveillance include Email, information exchange and software and control elocust M3(recent version) VI. Stakeholders environmental and social concerns of this project 1. - List out all environmental and social concerns Pollution of the environment if the necessary of all stakeholders at Federal level precautionary measures are not taken; crop (implementing agencies, environmental damage, economic losses, health problem on the organs, project affected persons and sprayers and other operational staffs are among beneficiaries) related with this project the impacts mentioned by the key informant. VII. Recommendations 1. Please forward your recommendations to be Continues communication is crucial for the used as an input for realizing this project’s campaign so community should be informed (Project Development Objective) PDO and regularly and participated, operational staff sustainable development. With emphasis of should have appropriate quality and number of Environmental and Social management of this PPEs, and the necessary precautionary measure project should be taken for environment, people, crops and pasture during spraying are among the recommendation provided by the federal key informant.

Annex 5. Questions Related to Environmental Issues for KII (Regional and Woreda Levels Stakeholders) S/N Issues to be assed responses Remark I. Assessment on existing locust control using pesticides 1. As an organization with Regional or City The key informant from regions agreed that IPM helps to Administration perspective, do you reduce the use of chemical application through use of other think IPM will have a room to reduce the methods including biological, mechanical, and manual which application of pesticides? How? Please are not toxic. For instance, the use of cultural or traditional describe it with tangible evidences. method of control make use of hitting with stick, smoking, N.B: Please attach published making noise can reduce the use of the pesticides. documents, if any. Key informants from SNNP confirmed that IPM begins with attitude and learning the behaviour of the desert locust. It helps to make use of agronomic practices which reduce the use of pesticides. 2. Evaluate and discuss the nature of The key informants from almost all regions agreed that if proposed pesticides for Locust control: appropriately used it is effective. The key informant from Malathion 50% EC, Malathion 95% ULV, Oromia further explained the effectiveness of the pesticides on and Chlorpyrifos 24% ULV in terms average could range between 80-90%. He went on saying if the toxicity & efficacy referring the national spray is conducted while the desert locusts are moving the regulation and registry; FAO; and the effectiveness could be up to 50%. However, factors like wind WHO and other standards. direction, time of spray should be taken into account.

Regarding the toxicity, the regional key informants confirmed that these pesticides are registered in the country and among the recommended by the FAO. Accordingly, their toxicity level is less compared other chemicals. In this regard key informant from Somali reported that the chemical can only remain on pasture, crops and plants etc limited time not more than 48 hours. In addition, key informant from Oromia said as the pesticides lists are annually renewed and are less toxic.

Key informant from SNNP said that the Malathion 50% EC is water dilute and administered with equipment on the back of a person and less toxic. Whereas Malathion 95% ULV, and Chlorpyrifos 24% ULV are used for aircraft and vehicle mounted spray and are toxic. The latter two are not water dilute. 3. As an organization do you have any No, the region have no mandate to do this. In such cases it is pesticide alternatives which have less the federal government in charge of administer toxicity but high efficacy for locust control? If any, please list out 4. As an organization in your Region or City The key informants confirmed that the for this operation Administration, do you have proper purpose we have not prepared pesticide storage center as the storage facilities? Where and how is it operation of spraying is coordinated and lead by the federal being properly stored in terms of bulk government. But, for the regional purpose the storage regional pesticide storage? Please describe it in and zonal and woreda bureaus are used to store chemicals. detail Regarding storage the key informant from SNNP confirmed that there storage. However, some facilities are lacking such as showering and shelf. 5. -As an organization, in your Region/City All most all regional key informants reported that, they have Administration do you have solid waste solid waste management system and institution for solid waste management plan? Especially pesticide management their region and the city administration. containers. Please describe it in detail. However, is not realistic for pesticides container.

- Do you have procedure and practices in The key informants said that there is a procedure, but not disposal of expired or leftover realistic. As per the report from the regional key informants the pesticides? What standard experience mandate for disposal of expired or leftover pesticides is not of disposal of pesticide do you have? regional governments`. The Federal government is responsible Please describe it in detail. for their disposal.

In this regard key informants from the Amhara region said that it is not their mandate to dispose expired or leftover pesticides.

The key informant from SNNP in his part confirmed that they once it was disposed in Finland and the it is very expensive. 6. Describe actual measures and The regional key informants confirmed that the safe spray not precautionary measures being carried to spray in sensitive areas rather to chase or use cultural out not to pollute the natural habitat in method when feasible. Take in to account the wind direction, general and non-target species in use of better spray equipment particular during Arial pesticide spraying activity The key informant from Oromia also emphasized the taking GPS Coordinated in at night to effectively execute the operation.

II. Assessment of traditional or agronomic practices of locust control 1. - List out best traditional and Regarding traditional practices locust control practice the agronomical practice of the locust regional key informants confirmed that traditional method is one control in your Region/ City the most used methods. Among the traditional method Administration. And at which stage of mentioned by key informants include creation of noise using Locust life cycle is these practices different material and disturbing the locusts, plough areas when being effective. N.B: Please attach eggs are lied to crush the eggs before hatching, hitting with stick published documents, if any. hopper stage before it grow wings, digging trenches for hoppers to fall into or beating hoppers with sticks, smoke etc.

III. Assessment on existing institutional and capacity building efforts 1. - Describe capacity building efforts All regional key informants agreed that awareness creation for made related with locust control the community using different communication channels has been made so far. They also emphasize the role of community in the campaign to control and prevent the desert locust infestation. Previously mass mobilization of students, security staffs and the community was done; but currently due to COVID-19 and SOE the approach have been changed and is based on the direction of the command post. Accordingly, to reach the farmers and create awareness the use of communication channels such as community elderly, local Radio, devolving government structure from region to kebele and mainly development agents and extension workers in the locality are used.

The woredas trained by the regions and zones. After receiving the necessary information or Training the zone will reach all their woredas and the woreda will reach all their kebeles and DAs and agricultural extension workers and community representatives (elders).

A key informant from Harari reported that committees have been established from regional to kebele level and these committees at all level are responsible for awareness creation for the community.

A key informant from Amahara also reported that the agricultural extension workers at the kebelle level are providing information keeping their social distance from the audiences. 2. - Describe capacity building efforts As per the regional key informants capacity building on safety made with safe use and application of and spraying of pesticides on the locusts control has been pesticides on locust control provided for spraying teams, farmers, scouts, experts and officials at different levels or sensitization campaigns for community/village leaders. The capacity building efforts made include provision of training on when, where, how and what pesticide to use; factors to be considered during use of pesticide use (wind direction, topography, time, spraying , calibration of machines ),proper Use of PPE; communication with community need to be taken before, during and after the spray are among efforts made.

They raised that training cascaded from MoA to Regional, Regional to Zonal, Zonal to Woreda and DAs and kebelle and to the community.

During the training environmental, health and safety - Describe capacity building efforts components are incorporated. They all confirmed they did not made on the environmental and social receive capacity building on instruments such as ESMF and SA for management instruments such as this campaign. ESMF, SA and others

-At Regional/City Administration level, The key informants confirmed that they are familiar with in your organization do you familiar Environmental and social managements such as ESIA and RAP with these environmental and social management instruments? If yes please describe some. If no please suggest some interventions 3. Describe Existing Regional/ City Regional Bureau of Agriculture, Zonal Agricultural Bureau and Administration level institutional Plant protection; Woreda Agricultural Bureaus, Kebele level DAs arrangement on Locust control and Agricultural extension workers program/project 4. - Describe the Regional/City As per the key informant interview the regional government has Administration institutional body in charge of environmental issues though the structure arrangement on Environmental, Social varies from one region to the other. Accordingly, some regions and Health and safety organs have Environment, Forest and Climate change Authority/Agency; While the other Environmental Protection and Land Use Administration Authority (EPLUA). With regard to the safety and social issues the Regional, zonal and woreda Bureau of Labor and Social Affairs are in charge of the social and safety issues. But at regional Agricultural Bureau or Zonal or Woreda have no Environmental and Social expert. Hence, the plant protection experts at the regions are also covering this vacuum.

Regional key informants confirmed that they do not have Environmental and Social Safeguard Specialist - At Regional/City Administration level for this and related program and/or projects, do you have Environmental and Social safeguard specialist/s? please state the existing condition

IV. Assessment on communication means for surveillance of the occurrence of paste and control efforts 1. Describe technical support and The regional key informants made clear that they provide communication means with bottom training, including technical assistances to regional and woreda up approach, that is with Woredas and based on the Technical support they received from the Federal. Federal in terms of locust surveillance and control They communication on the locust surveillance and control the woreda exchange information with the kebele and zonal staffs. Whereas Zonal exchanges information with the Woreda and Regional government and the region exchange information both bottom up from the zonal to Federal and top down from federal to zones. The communication means email, telephone, letter and face to face etc

They further explained that the communication also exists between the neighbouring regions and between zones and woredas with in a region. In this regard, the key informant from Tigray informed that they are coordinating and working with Afar region on areas where the desert locust, its stage, coverage and distribution. The key informant from Dire Dawa also confirmed that they are working with Somali and Oromia regions. Like with key informant from Harari also confirmed that they communicate with Oromia region.

2. Describe technical support and See the above communication means with your respective Special Woredas in terms of locust surveillance and control V. Assessment of technical support and communication with international organization dealing on locust control 1. Describe technical support and According to information from the regional key informants, the communication means with Federal Federal government provide the regional governments with Implementing Organ/s, FAO, and East information on areas where the desert locust, its stage, coverage African Locust Control Program, in and distribution and the resources used to prevent and control terms of locust surveillance and desert locust. The communication channels used include email, control and RAMSAS and telephone, letter. However, the tablet used for RAMSEs are limited to federal and regions such as Afar, Somali, and Oromia regions.

VI. Stakeholders environmental and social concerns of this project 1. - List out all environmental and social concerns of all stakeholders at The environmental impact mentioned by the key informants Regional/City Administration level include environmental pollution if not well administered or (implementing agencies, potential spillage of pesticides, improper disposal of empty environmental organs, project containers, potential lack of or less quality PPE, etc. affected persons and beneficiaries) related with this project The impacts include loss of yield, food insecurity and loss of means of their livelihood, migration of family including women and children in search of pasture for their livestock and employment away from home, and potential conflict on resources such as water and pasture mainly among pastoralists and agro-pastoralists. Key informant from Oromia also added the potential for family disintegration. Key informant from Amhara also raised the psychological impact of the infestation. The Key informant from Tigray in his part added the increase in labor coast to harvest as a result of demand raise and urgency to harvest to harvest.

VII. Concerns and Recommendations

Concerns The fact that the locust can travel 42km2/hour ;the desert locusts are beyond the controlling capacity of the regions; Budget and logistic(cars/transportation, motorbike,) related challenges; favourable/conducive condition i.e, temperature and presence green vegetation, rain for desert locust; limited praying apparatus compared with the scale of invasion ;Climate change(which has made conducive environment for the locust); the Covid-19 pandemic; lack of spraying machine which fits to the topography of the country(e.g. Drone) in areas difficult for the aircraft; PPE compared to the massive force engaged in the campaign, pesticide impact on the health of operational staffs and community. Are among the concerns mentioned by key informants; 100% substitution of all pesticides with ULV might affect the campaign; lack of elocust ; 1. Please forward your The key informants provided the following recommendations. recommendations to be used as an These include input for realizing this project’s Allocation of sufficient budget, ongoing information provision (Project Development Objective) PDO ,awareness creation and sensitization for all parties with and sustainable development. With different means; provision of appropriate quality and number of emphasis of Environmental and Social PPE; use of drones for topographic areas difficult to use air craft management of this project and traditional methods; making available vehicle, vehicle mount sprays, motor bikes; extensive media coverage with different language about the Desert locust infestation and scale and magnitude of damage; Information linkage between regions, zones and woredas and provision of latest information from WHO/DLCO; provision of training based gap and need assessment for experts, scouts and DA and extension workers;

Annex 6: Possible Insecticides for Management of Desert Locust S.N Recommended Formulation Application Means of Effective Registration Status Evaluation of the pesticide rate and spraying at what in Ethiopia pesticide & total stage of recommendation quantity of DL life less toxic pesticide spraying of cycle (if any) pesticide Malathion 50% EC 2lt/ha Knapsack 1st to 3rd Registered Less toxic Ec instar hoppers Malathion 95% ULV 0.5-1lt/ha Motorized Immature Registered Less toxic ULV sprayer swarm and Aircraft Chloropyrifos ULV Llt/ha Motorized Immature Registered Less toxic, 24% ULV sprayer swarm moderately and hazardous however Aircraft it has high LD 50 level

Note: This is a provisional list as per Natural Resource Institution (NRI) locust handbook oversees development administration provided by Desert Locust Control Organization for East Africa (DLCO-EA). As recommend by FAO only ULV formulations of either Fenitrothion, Chlorpyrifos, Malathion, Deltamethrin will be considered for procurement based on availability of stock from prequalified suppliers.

Annex 7. Grievance Redressing Mechanism (GRM) Under the ESF of the World Bank ESSs, Bank-supported projects are required to facilitate mechanisms that address concerns and grievances that arise in connection with a project. One of the key objectives of ESS 10 (Stakeholder Engagement and Information Disclosure) is ‘to provide project-affected parties with accessible and inclusive means to raise issues and grievances and allow borrowers to respond and manage such grievances’. This Project GRM should facilitate the Project to respond to concerns and grievances of the project-affected parties related to the environmental and social performance of the project. The EELRP will provide mechanisms to receive and facilitate resolutions to such concerns. This section lays out the grievance redressing mechanisms (GRM) for this project. As per World Bank standards, the GRM will be operated in addition to a separate GBV/SEA and Child Protection Risk Action Plan, which includes reporting and referral guidelines (see GBV/SEA and Child Abuse Action Plan). It will also operate in a addition to specific workers’ grievance redress mechanisms, which are laid out in the LMP.

The GRM are designed to capture the high potential for conflict in some remote area of the country . There is concern that there may be disagreements over local level planning and implementation processes. Furthermore, the project itself may cause grievances, or existing community and inter- community tensions may play out through the project. The source of grievances in regards to project implementation can also sometimes be the very nature local governance or power distribution itself.

It will therefore be key in the fragile environment of some part of the country to ensure that grievances and perceived injustices are handled by the project, and that the project aides mitigating general conflict stresses by channelling grievances that occur between people, groups, government actors and beneficiaries and project staff, NGOs, CSOs or contractors. Aggrieved parties need to be able to refer to institutions, instruments, methods and processes by which a resolution to a grievance is sought and provided. The GRM provides an effective avenue for expressing concerns, providing redress, and allowing for general feedback from community members.

The GRM aims to address concerns in a timely and transparent manner and effectively. It is readily accessible for all project-affected parties. It does not prevent access to judicial and administrative remedies. It is designed in a culturally appropriate way and is able to respond to all needs and concerns of project-affected parties.

Assess and Clarify

Through radio, mobile phones, community meetings, email and websites information about the Project and its sub-component activities will be publicly disclosed (see above).

The type of information disclosed includes details about the Project structure, activities, budgets, consultation and information disclosure plans (SEP), the Environmental and Social Commitment Plan (ESCP), the Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF), activity-specific Environmental and Social Assessments (ESAs), activity-specific Environmental and Social Management Plans (ESMPs), the GBV/SEA and child protection referral systems, as well as detailed information about the Project GRM.

Based on the information made available, aggrieved parties can decide whether they have a case to report or whether the available information clarifies their concern. This will allow the aggrieved party to decide on the appropriate next step in order to report a grievance, comment, or provide feedback to the Project.

The provision of multiple grievance channels allows an aggrieved party to select the most efficient institution, accessibility, circumvent partial stakeholders, and creates the ability to bypass channels that are not responsive.

Intake, Acknowledge and Follow-Up

Grievances received through the GRM reporting mechanisms will be taken in by the respective IP. The Hotline Operator reviews information received and transfers it to the respective IP; Community Project facilitators will file grievances and pass them to the respective IP at state or national level. Community facilitators will also man the help desks or be responsible for suggestion boxes. All cases received through these; the community facilitator reports to the IP. All cases will thereby be treated confidentially.

Incident reporting: Severe incidents (an incident that caused significant adverse effect on the environment, the affected communities, the public or workers, e.g. fatality, GBV, forced or child labor) will be reported by the IP - within 48 - to the PIU and the World Bank.

Where grievances are of sexual nature and can be categorized as GBV/SEA or child protection risk, the IP must handle the case appropriately, and refer the case to the GBV referral system, defined in the GBV/SEA and Child Abuse Action Plan.

For all other grievances, the respective IP will decide whether the grievance can be solved locally, with local authorities, implementers, NGOs, CSOs or contractors, and whether an investigation is required. The first ports of call will have in-depth knowledge of communal socio- political structures and will therefore be able to address the appropriate individuals, if the case can be solved at the local level.

At all times, the IP will provide feedback promptly to the aggrieved party, for example through the phone or through the community facilitator. Feedback is also communicated through stakeholder meetings and beneficiary meetings during Project activities. For sensitive issues, feedback is given to the concerned persons bilaterally.

Records of all feedback and grievances reported will be established by the IP. All feedback is documented and categorized for reporting and/ or follow-up if necessary. For all mechanisms, data will be captured in an excel spreadsheet. The information collected, where possible, should include the name of the person provided feedback, district, State, cooperating partner where applicable, project activity, and the nature of feedback or complaint.

Verify, Investigate and Act

The IP will investigate the claim within 5 working days and share findings with relevant stakeholders. Where an incident was reported, the IP will, in addition, follow the incident management protocol.

Where a negotiated grievance solution is required, the IP will invite the aggrieved party (or a representative) and decide on a solution, which is acceptable to both parties and allows for the case to be closed – based on the agreement of both parties.

After deciding a case, the IP has to provide an appeals mechanism to the aggrieved party, which is constituted through the PIU. This is important in cases in which the aggrieved party is dissatisfied with the solution provided by the IP. In these instances, the PIU will step in and provide an appeals mechanism. The appeal should be sent to the PIU directly (a phone number will be provided), where it will be reviewed

by the PMU Risk Management Unit and will be decided on jointly with the Head of the PIU. Where aggrieved parties are dissatisfied with the response of the PIU, they can report cases directly to the World Bank (see below).

Monitor, Evaluate and Feedback

The IP will provide first feedback on the case to the aggrieved party within one week, if the case was not filed anonymously. Further feedback and action will depend on the nature of the case, and whether cases are decided upon within the respective IP. The IP will show to the PIU that action has been taken within a reasonable amount of time.

Most importantly, all cases filed need to be logged and monitored by the IP. The IP will analyse all complaints and feedback on a quarterly basis, and share a synthesis report of the analysis with the PIU.

EELRP Grievance Redress Mechanisms Flowchart

Monitoring and Reporting of GRM

The PIU, specifically the Social Specialist, will be responsible for the monitoring of the availability and implementation of the GRM by all IPs. The Specialist will include the GRM into his supervision and monitoring missions to the field and conduct spot checks in regards to its implementation, or, where access is difficult recruit IVA to do so.

IPs will provide analytical synthesis reports on a quarterly basis to the PIU, which include the number, status and nature of grievances. These reports will form the basis of all regular reports from the PIU to the World Bank.

IPs will further provide an excel sheet summary of the feedback and grievances reported, which will be linked to the Project’s Management Information System (MIS) and to the M&E Results Framework. They will further maintain a documented record of stakeholder engagements, including a description of the stakeholders consulted, a summary of the feedback/grievances received during community consultations.

The PIU will further extract lessons learnt from the GRM and implement analysis on the overall grievances, and share them with all IPs.

WB’s Grievance Redress Service (GRS)

Communities and individuals who believe that they are adversely affected by a World Bank supported project may submit complaints to existing project-level grievance redress mechanisms or the WB’s Grievance Redress Service (GRS). The GRS ensures that complaints received are promptly reviewed in order to address project-related concerns. Project affected communities and individuals may submit their complaint to the WB’s independent Inspection Panel which determines whether harm occurred, or could occur, as a result of WB non-compliance with its policies and procedures. Complaints may be submitted at any time after concerns have been brought directly to the World Bank's attention, and Bank Management has been given an opportunity to respond. For information on how to submit complaints to the World Bank’s corporate Grievance Redress Service (GRS), please visit http://www.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/products-and-services/grievance-redress- service. For information on how to submit complaints to the World Bank Inspection Panel, please visit www.inspectionpanel.org

Annex 8. FAO Spray Monitoring Form

1 CONTROL LOCATION 1 2 3 4 5 6 1-1 Date name (from DL Survey Form) 12- 2 VEGETATION DATA 2-1 vegetation type

(Grass,height (m)Bushes, Trees, Crop) G B T C G B T C G B T C G B T C G B T C G B T C crop names and damage (%) 23- 2 INSECTICIDE DATA 3-1 trade name 2-3 concentration (g a.i./l or %) 3-2 formulation (EC, ULV, Dust) E U D E U D E U D E U D E U D E U D expiry date 3-3 is insecticide mixed with water or solvent? Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N if yes, what solvent and mixing ratio 34- 4 WEATHER CONDITIONS start and end of control operations: start End start end start end start end start end start end 3-5 Time 4-1 temperature (°C) 3-6 relative humidity (%) 4-2 wind speed (m/s) wind direction (degrees from N) 4-3 spray direction (degrees from N) 5 SPRAY APPLICATION 54-14 sprayer type R A E R A E R A E R A E R A E R A E H O H O H O H O H O H O 4-5 (Rotary,sprayer operatorAirblast, ENS, Hydraulic, Other) P D L P D L P D L P D L P D L P D L H O H O H O H O H O H O 54-26 (Pilot,sprayer Driver, manufacturer Locust officer, Hired, Other) sprayer model sprayer platform (Aerial, Vehicle, Handheld) A V H A V H A V H A V H A V H A V H date of last calibration 5-3 atomizer height above ground (m) ROTARY SPRAYERS: speed setting 5-4 speed(blade ofangle, atomizer pulley (rpm) setting, no. batteries) 5-5 flow rate setting

5-6 flow(which rate/atomizer nozzle or restrictor (l/min) used) number of atomizers 5-7 track spacing (m) BARRIERS ONLY: width and spacing (m) 5-8 forward speed (km/h) AERIAL SPRAYING: GP = ground party available RC = radio communication with aircraft TG = DGPS track guidance GP RC TG GP RC TG GP RC TG GP RC TG GP RC TG GP RC TG supportground markingsupplied G F M G F M G F M G F M G F M G F 5-9 S V N S V N S V N S V N S V N M S V 6 (GPS,CONTROL Flag, Mirror, EFFICACY Smoke, Vehicle, None) N 56-101 locust mortality (% dead) time after treatment (hours) 6-2 method of mortality estimation Q T V Q T V Q T V Q T V Q T V Q T C O C O C O C O C O V C 567- 113 (Quadrats,SAFETY AND Target ENVIRONMENT size, Visual, Cages, Other) O 7-1 protective clothing: G = goggles M = mask L = gloves O = overalls B = boots 5-12 G M L O B G M L O B G M L O B G M L O B G M L O B G M L O B whatwas soap did the and operator water available? wear? Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N 5-13 who was informed of spraying? F N V F N V F N V F N V F N V F N V 7-2 O B O B O B O B O B O B 5-14 (Farmer,effect on Nomad,non-target Villager, organisms Official, Beekeeper) Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N 7-3 if yes, what 5-15 details of anyone who felt unwell or if other problems were encountered: 5-16 7-4 98 7-5 5-17 7-6

Annex 9. FAO check list for general monitoring of desert locust control operations

Fill out this check list for each monitoring exercise; use field notebook or specific forms for more detailed descriptions

1 DATE & LOCATION OF MONITORING EXCERCISE 1-1 date: 1-2 location (name;latitude/longitude): 2 INSECTICIDE DATA (of product involved in monitoring) 2-1 trade name: 2-2 common name: 2-3 concentration (g a.i./l or %): 2-4 formulation type: 3 SPRAY MONITORING 3-1 spray monitoring form filled in (tick one box; if yes, write reference to relevant form/page number):  yes  no form/page reference:  yes, this  yes, last 3-2 same area sprayed for locust control before  no, not recently campaign year 4 EFFICACY MONITORING 4-1 efficacy monitoring carried out:  yes  no  pre- and post-spray 4-2 mortality/survival how assessed:  visual estimates  cages counts 4-3 provide details on methodology, replicates, results, etc. in field notebook notebook page reference: 5 OCCUPATIONAL POISONING INCIDENTS 5-1 case(s) of occupational poisoning observed:  yes  no occupational poisoning incident form filled in (tick one box; if yes, write reference to relevant form/page 5-2 number):  yes  no form/page reference: 6 RISK ASSESSMENT FOR GENERAL POPULATION 6-1 human habitations nearby (within 5 km of spray site, air strip or camp):  yes  no 6-2 name(s) of nearest human habitations and distance(s) to spray sites; were they informed about control operations: habitation 1 habitation 2 habitation 3 name: distance (km): informed about spraying:  yes  no  yes  no  yes  no 6-3 open drinking water sources nearby (e.g. wells, rivers, within 2 km of spray site):  yes  no i - between human habitations and spray 6-4 buffer zones applied:  yes  no buffer distance used (m): site: ii - between water sources and spray  yes  no buffer distance used (m): site: 6-5 populations informed about re-entry interval into sprayed sites:  yes  no 6-6 any crops sprayed:  yes  no if yes, specify which crops: if yes, farmers informed about pre-harvest  yes  no interval: 7 ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSESSMENT 7-1 ecologically sensitive areas nearby (< 2 km of spray site) (e.g. protected areas, biocontrol sites):  yes  no if yes, specify what type of areas: if yes, buffer zones applied between such areas and spray site:  yes  no buffer distance used (m): 7-2 aquatic ecosystems nearby (e.g rivers, lakes, ponds)  yes  no if yes, buffer zones applied between aquatic ecosystems and spray site:  yes  no buffer distance used (m): 7-3 beekeeping areas nearby (within 5 km of spray site)  yes  no if yes, what measures taken to reduce risk of bee kills: if yes, herders informed about livestock withholding  7-4 any grazing land sprayed:  yes  no  yes period: no 7-5 mortality or abnormal behavior observed after treatment, in: if yes, which groups (also note details of observations,

i - terrestrial non-target arthropods:  yes  no e.g. mortality, behavioral changes, etc.): ii - mammals:  yes  no iii - birds:  yes  no iv - fish:  yes  no v - aquatic arthropods:  yes  no 7-6 experiments or more detailed observations carried out  yes  no if yes, which ones (describe): provide details on methodology, results, etc. in field notebook notebook page reference: 8 RESIDUE SAMPLING  8-1 residue samples taken (tick one box; if yes, write reference to relevant form/page number):  yes no if yes, provide details on type, number, methodology, etc. in field notebook notebook page reference: 9 REPORTING 9-1 name of person who filled out this form:

100

Annex 10. FAO Poisoning Incident Form (Locust control)

1 DATE & LOCATION OF POISONING INCIDENT date of the 1-1 incident: 1-2 location of the incident (name; latitute/longitude): 1-3 reference to Spray Monitoring Form (if relevant; page number): 2 INSECTICIDE DATA (of product involved in poisoning case) 2-1 trade name: 2-2 common name: 2-3 concentration (g a.i./l or %): 2-4 formulation type: 2-5 batch number: 2-6 production and/or expiry date: 2-7 solvent and mixing ratio (if relevant): PERSONAL DETAILS (of suspected poisoned 3 person) 3-1 name: 3-2 sex:  male  female 3-3 age (years): 3-4 staff position (e.g. applicator, flag man, driver): INCIDENT 4 DETAILS 4-1 activity while exposed to insecticide (e.g. spraying, filling aircraft hopper, etc): 4-2 personal protective equipment used (tick one or more boxes):  boots  hat  apron  coveralls  face shield / goggles  respirator  gloves  dust mask  other (specify): 4-3 way of exposure (tick one or more boxes):  on skin  by ingestion  by inhalation 4-4 estimate of quantity of exposure (e.g. spray cloud droplets, coveralls entirely drenched, drank 1-litre bottle, etc.):

4-5 duration of exposure (hours until decontamination / treatment): 4-6 other persons also exposed to insecticide:  yes  no 4-7 other relevant details about the incident (describe):

5 SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS 5-1 observed signs and symptoms of poisoning (tick one or more boxes):  skin irritation / rashes  tingling or numbness of face or hands  abdominal pain (stomach, belly)  sweating  headache  nausea, vomiting  tearing of  confusion, disorientation, incoordination  diarrhea eye(s)  double  muscle twitching, tremor  respiratory failure, coma vision  contraction of pupils  runny nose  seizures, convulsions  abnormal  salivation  death breathing first onset of symptoms (hours or days after last 5-2 exposure):

101

5-3 cholinesterase measurement carried out:  yes  no  whole 5-4 type of cholinesterase measurement carried out (tick one box):  plasma  red blood cells blood 6 TREATMENT 6-1 treatment given:  yes  no 6-2 type of treatment or antidote given (provide details): 6-3 person taken to hospital or medical post:  yes  no period that person will be taken off insecticide application 6-4 (days): 7 REPORTING 7-1 name of person who filled out this form:  7-2 staff category (tick one box):  medical  non medical (specify) paramedical

102

Annex 11. FAO Validation (Spot-VGT) Form

1 SURVEY STOP 1 2 3 4 5 6 1-1 date name latitude (N) 1-2 longitude (O or E) 1-3

12- 4 VEGETATION 2-1 area of survey (ha)

2-2 2-3 grasshabitat layer (wadi, (status) plains, dunes, crops) Gng G Dng D Gng G Dng D Gng G Dng D Gng G Dng D Gng G Dng D Gng G Dng D

2-4 gras(greenings laye,r green(density), drying , dry) 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5

2-5 Principal(0-20%, 20 species-40%, of40 -grass60%, 60-80%, 80-100%)

2-6 shrub/tree layer (status) Gng G Dng D Gng G Dng D Gng G Dng D Gng G Dng D Gng G Dng D Gng G Dng D (greening, green, drying, dry) 2-7 shrub/tree layer (density) 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5

2-8 Principal(0-20%, 20 species-40%, of40 -shrub/tree60%, 60-80% , 80-100%)

3 RAIN 3-1 date of last rain

3-2 rain amount (mm or LOW MODERATE HIGH) L M H L M H L M H L M H L M H L M H 4 SOIL 4-1 type of soil

4-2 soil moisture (wet/dry) W D W D W D W D W D W D 5 COMMENTS

Was a GPS used to determine locations? yes no country:

Locust Officer : date :

cleared by:

103

Annex 12. FAO Desert Locust Standard Survey/Control Country:

Date:

1 Survey Stop 1 2 3 1.1 Location name 1.2 Time 1.3 Latitude (DD MM SSS) 1.4 Longitude (DD MM SSS / W, E) 1.5 Surveyed area (ha) 1.6 Locust (Present or Absent) 1.7 4 GPS corner points of area to be treated 1 : 1 : 1 : 2 : 2 : 2 : 1 2

4 3 3 : 3 : 3 :

4 : 4 : 4 : 1.8 Area to be treated (ha) Vegetation 2.5 State (Greening, Green, Drying, Dry) 2.6 Density (Low, Medium, Dense) 2.7 Annual species (list the 3 dominant species) 2.8 State (Greening, Green, Drying, Dry) 2.9 Cover (%) 2.10 Drying (%) 2.11 Development stage (1,2,3,4,5) 2.12 Perennial species (list the 3 dominant species) 2.13 State (Re-greening, Green, Drying, Dry) 2.14 Cover (%) 2.15 Drying (%) 2.16 Greening (%) Weather 2.17 Date of last rain 2.18 Approximative quantity (Light, Moderate, Heavy) 2.19 Quantity (mm) 2.20 Temperature (°C) 2.21 Wind coming from (N, NW, NE, W, E, S, SW, SE) 2.22 Wind speed (m/s) 3 Locust Hoppers 3.1 Stage (E-1-2-3-4-5-6-F) 3.2 Dominant stage (E-1-2-3-4-5-6-F) 3.3 Appearance (Solitary, Transiens, T/congregans, T/dissocians, 3.4 BGehaviourregarious )( Isolated, Scattered, Groups) 3.5 Colour (Green, Green/Yellow, Green/Black, Yellow/Black, 3.6 DensityBlack) (Low, Medium, High) 3.7 Density minimum, average, maximum (per tuft or m²) 3.8 Average distance between tufts (m) 3.9 Activity (Hatching, Marching, Feeding, Roosting, Moulting) Bands

104

3.10 Stage (E-1-2-3-4-5-F) 3.11 Dominant stage (E-1-2-3-4-5-F) 3.12 Density (Low, Medium, High 3.13 Density minimum, average, maximum (per m²) 3.14 S ize minimum, average, maximum (m² or ha) 3.15 Number of bands 3.16 A verage distance between bands (m) 3.17 Colour (Black, Yellow/Black, Green)

3.18 Activity (Hatching, Marching, Feeding, Roosting, Moulting) Adults 3.19 Stage (Immature, Maturing, Mature) 3.20 Dominant stage (Immature, Maturing, Mature) 3.21 Colour (Gray, Brown, Yellow Wings, Pink, Yellow) 3.22 Appearance (Solitary, Transiens, T/congregans, T/dissocians, 3.23 BGehaviourregarious )( Isolated, Scattered, Groups) 3.24 Breeding (Copulating, Laying) 3.25 Density (Low, Medium, High) 3.26 Number (per transect) 3.27 Length (m) and width (m) of transect Swarms 3.28 Stage (Immature, Maturing, Mature) 3.29 Dominant stage (Immature, Maturing, Mature) 3.30 Colour (Pink, Yellow) 3.31 Breeding (Copulating, Laying) 3.32 Activity (Settled, Takeoff, Milling, Flying) 3.33 Density minimum and maximum (per m²) 3.34 Density (Low, Medium, High) 3.35 Size (ha, km²)) 3.36 Flying from (N, NW, NE, W, E, S, SW, SE) 3.37 Flying to (N, NW, NE, W, E, S, SW, SE) 3.38 Flying height (Low, Medium, High) 3.39 Flying duration (h and min) 3.40 Cohesion (Weak, Medium, Strong) 3.41 Shape (Cumuliform, Stratiform) 4 Control 4.1 Application type (Full cover, Barrier) 4.2 Area treated (ha) and area protected (ha) 4.3 Pesticide name 4.4 Formulation (EC, ULV) 4.5 Concentration (g a.i./L or %) 4.6 Application rate (L/ha or g/ha) 4.7 Quantity used (L or G) 4.8 Method (Handheld, Backpack, Vehicle, Air) 4.9 Treatment duration (h and min) 4.10 Mortality rate (%) 4.11 Time after treatment (hours) 4.12 Phytotoxicity (Present, Absent) 4.13 Zootoxicity (Present, Absent) 5 Safety 5.1 Protective clothing used: Goggles, Mask, Overalls, Boots (L, M, C, B, G) 105

5.2 Intoxication (Yes, No) 5.3 Cholinesterase rate monitoring (Yes, No) 5.4 Crop damage (%) 5.5 Pasture damage (%) 6 Comments

106

Annex 13. List of professionals consulted with Telephone interview Name Organization and Title Mobile number Mr. Tamiru Kebede MoA, Plant Protection 09200229951 Director(Delegated) Mr. Abebe Anegaw Amahara Region, Crop Protection Expert 0918710715 Mr. Ketema Zeleke Dire Dawa, Senior Pest Management 0935649122 Expert Mr. Amare Benishangul Gumuz , Plant Protection 0917857831 Directorate Director Mr. Welega Gambella , Crop Protection and 0922950982 Productive Directorate , Director Mr. Mulugeta Adugna Harari Plant protection and Extension 0986336417 Directorate Director Mr. Mengistu Oli, Oromia Region Expert 0991077207 Mr Abdi Adem Somali Region PPD Director 0915769696 Mr. Mulualem Mersha SNNPR, Arbaminche Plant Health Clinic 0911855240 Mr. Zenebe Keberet Tigray Region, Pest Control Expert 0914749304 Dr.Mohammed Nure Mohammed, Afar Region , Plant protection Head 0913080959(not interviewed) 0913080959 Mr. Mohamednure 0910660961 Afar Region , Expert 0910660961(not interviewed )

107