Annual Report 2006

annual report 2006

grand challenges

great opportunities

The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) is the world’s largest general scientific society and publisher of the journal, Science (www.sciencemag.org). AAAS was founded in 1848, and serves 262 affiliated societies and academies of science, reaching 10 million individuals. Science has the largest paid circulation of any peer-reviewed general science journal in the world, with an estimated total readership of 1 million. The non-profit AAAS (www.aaas.org) is open to all and fulfills its mission to “advance science and serve society” through initia- tives in science policy; international programs; science education; and more. For the latest research news, log onto EurekAlert!, www.eurekalert.org, the premier science-news Web site, a service of AAAS.

on the cover: Illustration of the sunrise over Neptune.

Table of Contents

2 Year in Review

4 2006 Public Statements

6 Policy and Society

8 Education, Capacity, and Careers

10 International Impacts

12 Science Breakthroughs

14 Engaging the Public

16 Science, Technology, and Security

17 AAAS Awards

20 Golden Fund Update — 2006

22 AAAS Fellows

24 Acknowledgment of Contributors and Patron Members

32 Financial Summary for 2006

33 AAAS Board of Directors, Officers, and Information

1 Year in Review: 2006

Welcome From the Chair, Gilbert S. Omenn, and the CEO, Alan I. Leshner

Polio was still paralyzing an average of 1,000 children per day in 1988, when the World Health Organization (WHO), UNICEF, Rotary International, and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control spearheaded the Global Polio Eradication Initiative. Even after the year 2000 — eradication deadline — polio persists in four countries. As debate over the best public-health response intensified in 2006, Nicholas Grassly of Imperial College London and col- gilbert s. omenn alan i. leshner leagues published an optimistic analysis in Science, and partici- pated in a related press conference organized by AAAS. “The world must not give up on eradicating polio,” Grassly and his coauthors announced. “Finishing the job is very important.” The press conference at London’s Science Media Centre was one of many AAAS efforts in 2006 to help address global challenges by communicating peer-reviewed research and by raising awareness of key science, technology, and education issues. The Association also continued to provide authoritative, nonpartisan information to guide U.S. science and security policy; cradle-to-grave support for science careers; and assistance for researchers worldwide who are working together toward common goals. The most urgent, formidable challenges of the modern era — from persistent diseases and unimaginable poverty, to melting ice sheets, affronts to science education, and the threat of avian influenza — will not easily be resolved. But, the innovative, responsible use of science and technology continues to promise new opportunities for improv- ing human welfare, international security, and economic prosperity. AAAS contributions to public discourse in 2006 included letters to policy-makers, opinion essays in local newspa- pers, and major public events such as “Evolution on the Front Line,” a town hall-style forum focusing on the teaching of evolution. Some 500 teachers, scientists, and members of the public participated in the town hall as part of the AAAS Annual Meeting in St. Louis. Meanwhile, in keeping with the Association’s strategy to communicate global issues at the local level — an approach dubbed “glocal” — AAAS placed opinion pieces in newspapers ranging from the San Francisco Chronicle to the Wichita Eagle. When U.S. policy-makers were evaluating the Stem Cell Research Enhancement Act, for example, AAAS wrote to the U.S. Senate and to the Washington Post, noting that human embryonic stem cells hold “the greatest therapeutic promise” as possible replacement cells for those with diabetes, spinal cord injuries, and Parkinson and Alzheimer dis- eases. In the midst of a major partisan power shift within the U.S. House and Senate, AAAS also urged lawmakers to

2 pass 2007 research-spending bills, and to invest in mathematics and science education, energy technologies, and R&D tax credits to enhance innovation and workforce preparation for a prosperous economic future. On other fronts, the science-education reform activities of Project 2061 remained a central focus of AAAS contribu- tions in 2006, along with expanding resources on ScienceCareers.org and fostering cooperation among researchers, from the Middle East to Asia and Africa. AAAS science-education leadership earned special recognition when Shirley Malcom, head of Education and Human Resources, and AAAS Past President Leon Lederman were tapped to co-chair the National Science Board’s Commission on 21st Century Education in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics. At the same time, the AAAS Center for Science, Technology, and Security Policy continues to provide policy-makers with authoritative technical advice on such critical issues as safeguarding ports and missile detection. Read more on pages 4–5 about AAAS efforts to serve as a voice of scientific leadership on our rapidly advancing knowledge about evolution, the urgency of moderating global climate change, the need for research funding, and the importance of free and open communication among scientists. Other pages highlight a diverse spectrum of AAAS contributions to science policy, security, education, careers, international cooperation, and public engagement with science and technology. As we reflect upon AAAS contributions in 2006, we remain grateful for members, donors, and others who support scientific and engineering innovations to improve the lives of people everywhere. We applaud all those who recog- nize and work to seize the great opportunities within every grand challenge, the AAAS theme for 2006 (see Science, 15 December 2006; 314:1696–1704).

Gilbert S. Omenn Alan I. Leshner AAAS President (2006–2007) AAAS CEO and Professor of Medicine, Genetics, Executive Publisher, and Public Health Science University of Michigan

3 2006 Public Statements

AAAS letters to policy-makers, opinion essays in local newspapers, and major public-engagement events in 2006 helped to raise awareness of key issues, while stimulating dialogue regarding science and technology.

Global Climate Change • 7 March “Threats to science education hurt religion, • 30 July “Time to get serious about climate change,” too,” op-ed, Greenville News, by Baxter M. Wynn, op-ed, San Francisco Chronicle, by AAAS President- D. Min., First Baptist Church, Greenville, with the Elect John P. Holdren (2006–2007), director of the AAAS CEO. Woods Hole Research Center and Teresa and John Heinz Professor of Environmental Policy at Harvard • 8 March “Intelligent standards or religious design? University, with AAAS CEO Alan I. Leshner, executive Keep religion out of science classrooms,” op-ed, publisher of Science. Detroit Free Press, by AAAS President Gilbert S. Omenn (2006–2007), professor of medicine, genet- Teaching Evolution ics, and public health at the University of Michigan, • 28 January “Let’s teach science in the science class- with the AAAS CEO. room,” op-ed, Salt Lake Tribune, by the AAAS CEO. • 19 March “Science education: Protecting science, reli- • 19 February Noting that “evolution is one of the gion,” op-ed, The Oklahoman, by the AAAS CEO. most robust and widely accepted principles of mod- AAAS also wrote to Oklahoma legislators, urging ern science,” the AAAS Board of Directors strongly them to reject an “academic freedom” measure opposed efforts to undermine the teaching of evolu- undermining evolution. tion. The Board statement was released during “Evolution on the Front Line,” a town hall-style event • 31 July “No Conflict Between Science and Religion,” op- for 500 participants. ed, Wichita Eagle, by the AAAS President, with the CEO.

• February 2006 “Should U.S. schools teach ‘intelligent • 11 September “Intelligent Design: Critical Deception?” design?’ No — Intelligent design: A dangerous dis- op-ed, Akron Beacon Journal, by the AAAS CEO. traction,” op-ed, Nevada Business Journal, by the AAAS CEO. Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research • 27 June AAAS testimony before a U.S. Senate sub- committee urged support for “research on a wide range of approaches toward deriving cells that have the potential for replacing damaged or deteriorating parts of the body.”

“The government is spending a smaller and smaller amount of our economy on R&D, and that comes at a time when other countries are dramatically increasing their investments. It raises big concerns for the future of U.S. innovation.”

Kei Koizumi, director, AAAS R&D Budget and Policy Program, quoted in the New York Times, 3 September 2006.

4 • 18 July “Balancing values in the stem cell debate,” let- ter to the editors, Washington Post, by the AAAS CEO. AAAS officials also wrote to U.S. policy-makers to support the Stem Cell Research Enhancement Act.

Support for the Scientific Enterprise • 21 April The Association released its analysis of the U.S. Administration’s 2007 federal-research budget proposal: While the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF), the U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Science, and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) stood to gain from the White House Competitiveness Initiative, AAAS reported, spending at most other R&D agencies would fall. a

• 2 May “A great amount of very important work will go tesy of usd

unfunded,” the AAAS CEO testified during a U.S. pol- our icy hearing. The 2007 Presidential budget proposal ge c ima would require NSF to turn down almost $2 billion in highly rated research proposals, he said.

• 18 May AAAS advised against reducing NSF research Free and Open Exchange funding, and voiced concern about a pending law • 27 February Censorship, intimidation, or other restric- funding some awards outside the usual peer-review tions on the freedom of scientists employed or funded process. Directing resources solely to the physical by government agencies hinders advancement, the sciences, engineering, and mathematics, while ignor- AAAS Council resolved. The Council also applauded a ing social and natural sciences would threaten NASA administrator’s pledge to ensure “open scientif- progress, AAAS said. ic and technical inquiry and dialogue with the public.”

• 11 July AAAS called for a broad, balanced portfolio • 26 May The AAAS Board declared its opposition to a of R&D investments as part of the American resolution by some educators to “refrain from partic- Competitiveness Initiative. ipation in any form of academic and cultural coopera- tion, or joint projects” with two universities in Israel. • 25 July Albert Teich, director of Science and Policy at AAAS, testified on the urgent need for more timely Science and Public Engagement scientific and technical advice to guide policies on • 12 October “Science and Public Engagement,” op-ed, stem cell research, climate change, fuel cells, energy The Chronicle of Higher Education, by the AAAS CEO. policy, and agricultural policy.

• 7 September The AAAS Board President wrote to poli- cy-makers, expressing support for a bill to strengthen laws against harassment, threats, or intimidation of researchers whose work involves laboratory animals.

5 Policy and Society

AAAS promotes increased support for research and development (R&D) by remaining alert to relevant policy events, and by assisting policy-makers as a trusted, authoritative source of objective analysis. Throughout 2006, AAAS offered testimony and sent letters to lawmakers as well as influential media outlets regarding federal research funding and key proposals. Continuing contributions to science policy include a prestigious fellowships program and guidance regarding research competitiveness and the responsible use of science in society.

All-Star Forum Lineup “The IVSL is an excellent example of the creativity and col- More than 500 scientists, policy-makers, educators, stu- laboration that has been a hallmark of the Fellowships for dents, and others took part in the 31st annual AAAS more than 30 years,” said Program Director Cynthia Forum on Science and Technology Policy in Washington, Robinson. “AAAS Fellows serve as catalysts.” D.C., showcasing a closely watched R&D analysis and an As another example, Former Diplomacy Fellows all-star lineup of Capitol Hill insiders. A deep partisan Marsha Goldberg and Fernando Echavarria organized a divide would leave 2007 research allocations in limbo, forum on geographic information systems (GIS) and experts warned, while falling short of proposals. John H. sustainable urban development in Amman, Jordan. Such Marburger III, director of the White House Office of events “can assist people living in the Middle East in Science and Technology Policy (OSTP), acknowledged dealing with the critical and extremely complex chal- constraints, but predicted that the President’s proposed lenges that characterize the region in the political, American Competitiveness Initiative would “assure the social, and economical realms,” said Nidal Saliba, GIS future economic competitiveness of our nation.” manager for the Water Authority of Jordan. That, in turn, Kei Koizumi, director of the AAAS R&D budget pro- promotes the “enhancement of people’s everyday gram, unveiled his highly regarded annual analysis of lives.” See www.fellowships.aaas.org. the U.S. Administration’s budget proposal: “In this very tight budget, for every increase, there would be steep Dialogues on Evolution cuts elsewhere.” He predicted that the trend would con- Featuring a fictional college student who struggles to rec- tinue for several years, with some agencies facing real oncile her traditionalist Christian upbringing with her sci- cuts of 10 to 30 percent and “fierce competition” for entific interests, The Evolution Dialogues, a book from the 2007 research dollars. G. William Hoagland, director of AAAS Dialogue on Science, Ethics, and Religion (DoSER), budget and appropriations for Senate Majority Leader offers a path toward common ground on evolution. Bill Frist (R–Tenn.), said that the Iraq war, hurricane The new resource and a related study guide are part of relief, and a tax-reduction measure had all strained the the Association’s broader response to the evolution 2006 budget, significantly increasing the 2005 federal issue. Also in 2006, DoSER staff met with evangelical deficit of $319 billion. See www.aaas.org/forum. leaders, scientists, and other constituent groups to begin planning AAAS efforts over the next five years. Father Policy Fellows at the Forefront George V. Coyne, director of The Vatican Observatory, pro- The AAAS Science and Technology Policy Fellowships pro- vided a moving public lecture at AAAS on how modern gram, involving some 2,000 scientists and engineers science has revealed a cosmos shaped by the interplay of since 1973, has seeded top-level positions on Capitol Hill randomness and necessity over the past 14 billion years. and in academia, and continues to promote innovation Speakers at yet another DoSER event called for greater and international cooperation. In 2006, for example, a educational emphasis on scientific evidence as well as small group of AAAS S&T Fellows helped unveil the Iraqi proactive responses to anti-evolution efforts. Virtual Science Library (IVSF), with a goal to deliver mil- Extending DoSER ’s contributions, the AAAS Center for lions of full-text scientific articles from 17,000 science and Public Engagement with Science and Technology organ- engineering journals to Iraqi researchers and students. ized a town hall meeting, “Evolution on the Front Line,”

6 for 500 educators and others in St. Louis, Mo., and pub- lished more than a half-dozen op-ed pieces in regional newspapers in 2006. See www.aaas.org/spp/dser.

S&T Leadership from AAAS According to David Kay, former chief U.S. weapons inspector in Iraq, focusing on massive weapons systems and state-to-state conflict could leave the United States ill-prepared to address terrorist and nuclear rogue-state threats. Kay — one of many leading experts to speak during the third annual AAAS Leadership Seminar in Science and Technology Policy — argued that institu- tions and world views dating to the Cold War still domi- nate U.S. policy planning, which should focus more on improving on-the-ground intelligence resources and a securing weapons stockpiles. Other influential speakers tesy of usd

at the 2006 AAAS S&T Leadership Seminar were: David our ge c

Rejeski, director of the Project on Emerging ima Nanotechnologies at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars; Rachel E. Levinson, formerly assis- tant director for life sciences at OSTP; Bob Simon, cur- teamed up with the National Center for State Courts and rently minority staff director on the U.S. Senate the Federal Judicial Center in 2006 to convene judicial Committee on Energy and Natural Resources; and seminars on “Emerging Issues in Neuroscience.” A new author and space scholar Howard McCurdy. book, Wrestling with Behavioral Genetics, and the Launched with a grant from the William T. Golden results of a project on “Challenges of Ethics Consulting in Endowment Fund for Program Innovation, the S&T the Biotechnology Industry,” were released, too. See Leadership Seminar offers a crash course in the work- www.aaas.org/spp/sfrl. ings of the U.S. White House, Capitol Hill, budget-mak- ing, lobbying, and the federal science bureaucracy. See Influencing U.S. Science Policy www.aaas.org/spp/leadership. AAAS science policy experts routinely seize opportunities to influence U.S. research funding, human embryonic Science Ethics and Integrity stem cell research, global climate change, the free and Practices that pose a serious threat to the integrity of sci- open exchange of information, and other key issues, while ence and public trust in the scientific enterprise, from fal- working with colleagues Association-wide to promote sification, fabrication, and plagiarism to more subtle eth- international research, too. “Real-time, day-by-day track- ical breaches, were a focus during the 2006 AAAS Forum ing of legislative proposals allows us to provide timely, on Science and Technology. At another event, organized objective information, and that heightens the impact of all by the AAAS Scientific Freedom, Responsibility, and Law our U.S. policy work,” explained Joanne Carney, head of (SFRL) program, scientists, and ethicists weighed the the Center for Science, Technology and Congress. As out- impacts of human enhancements such as steroid use by lined on pages 4–5, policy efforts work in tandem with let- athletes, implanted devices for treating depression, and ters to policy-makers and op-eds as well as briefings and the possibility of genetic manipulations to prolong more. See www.aaas.org/spp/cstc. human life. The SFRL program, which helps to uphold high ethical standards for science and engineering, also

7 Education, Capacity, and Careers

An array of AAAS activities and ScienceCareers.org resources support innovation by enhancing and diversify- ing the science and technology workforce, and by helping early-career Ph.D.s identify the full range of oppor- tunities. Staff within the highly regarded science-education reform initiative, Project 2061, and the AAAS Education and Human Resources (EHR) program are improving science education for all students — through programs for teachers, schools, libraries, policy-makers, and curriculum and textbook developers.

Project 2061: Science for All the mastermind behind “Kinetic City: Mission to As U.S. teachers prepare to help K–12 students meet new Vearth,” a popular Web-based after-school science edu- science-learning requirements under the No Child Left cation program. (See www.kineticcity.com.) Designed Behind law, in 2007–08 Project 2061, the Association’s for children aged 8 through 11, Kinetic City combines science-education reform initiative, is working to “test exciting online activities with hands-on science experi- the tests.” Too often, Project 2061 Director Jo Ellen ments, culminating in games that test their skill and Roseman said: “Questions in such tests are confusing or knowledge. Some 180 U.S. clubs and 30 in Singapore not well aligned to the key science ideas and skills that are licensed to take part in the Kinetic City program. students are expected to learn.” So, Project 2061 is align- Hirshon also serves as executive producer and host of ing assessments with science standards as well as infor- the syndicated AAAS science radio program, Science mation on students’ experiences. The results will allow Update (www.scienceupdate.com). Now in its 19th year, further development to improve science assessments, Science Update airs daily on about 50 commercial sta- and ultimately, science literacy. tions, and also regularly on hundreds of additional sta- Project 2061 was launched in 1985 — the year Halley’s tions through the Westwood One show, “America in the Comet was last visible from Earth — and its name is a Morning.” Yet another AAAS Web-based program, Science reminder of the importance of science, mathematics, NetLinks (www.sciencenetlinks.com) got its start from and technology to those who will come of age before the Hirshon, and now provides standards-based resources for Comet’s return in 2061. In 1989, Project 2061 released K–12 science educators — including lesson plans, interac- Science for All Americans, describing the knowledge and tive activities and various Internet resources. abilities required for adult science literacy. Benchmarks for Science Literacy, the landmark description of stu- Enhancing ScienceCareers.org dent-learning goals in science, mathematics and tech- The single most comprehensive, freely accessible nology at various grades, followed in 1993. Project 2061, source of online resources for science and technology with the National Science Teachers Association, also has career support keeps getting better. In 2006, for published two volumes of the Atlas of Science Literacy. instance, ScienceCareers.org added a Social, To order, log onto http://www.project2061.org. Behavioral, and Economic Sciences component, sup- ported by the U.S. National Science Foundation, with a Many Settings for Science Teaching focus on career paths followed by real practitioners. “Bait them with the fun and excitement, and then teach Profiles of scientists like Joan Brenner Coltrain of the them something, even when they have no idea that is University of Utah — who sought her undergraduate what you are trying to do,” suggests Bob Hirshon, sen- degree after enrolling the youngest of her six children in ior project director of AAAS Media Programs. Hirshon, kindergarten — offer lessons and practical tips for who won the Washington Academy of Sciences (WAS) career seekers at all stages. Brenner Coltrain’s situation Krupsaw Award for non-traditional teaching in 2006, is was extreme, but her experiences were universal: “I love my research,” she said, “but it had to be negotiated rel- ative to my family responsibilities.” News articles, job listings, a keyword-searchable grants database and

8 other features on ScienceCareers.org are constantly being enhanced. At the same time, Outreach Director Garth Fowler offers lectures and workshops for thou- sands of early-career Ph.D.s each year, helping

researchers identify both traditional and non-traditional a job choices. See http://sciencecareers.org. tesy of usd our

Capacity Center Takes Off ge c The AAAS Center for Advancing Science and ima Engineering Capacity — a trusted source of advice for universities and colleges seeking to increase the par- ticipation of all students, especially women and under- a represented minorities, in science and engineering tesy of usd

careers — gained significant new momentum in 2006. our ge c

Two years after its inception, thanks to a grant from the ima Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the Center took on multiple new clients, disseminated its research findings at con- ferences, workshops, and in publications, and raised more than a half-million dollars in revenue, said Center Director Daryl E. Chubin. “We understand the demo- Education Leadership and Diversity graphic, financial, and legal pressures that universities When the National Science Board’s Commission on 21st must balance” as they broaden educational impacts, Century Education in Science, Technology, Engineering, Chubin said. “The problems that emerge from imbal- and Mathematics was asked to develop recommenda- ances require tailor-made solutions.” Go to tions on how to use federal resources to ensure science www.aaas.org/programs/centers/capacity. and mathematics literacy for all, they tapped Shirley Malcom, director of Education and Human Resources Media Fellows Celebrate 32 Years (EHR) at AAAS, and AAAS Past President Leon M. Every summer, prominent media outlets such as Lederman, a Nobel laureate. The co-chairs were charged National Public Radio and the Los Angeles Times open with creating an action plan for educating young people their doors to more than a dozen science, mathematics, to build S&T capacity. and engineering students participating in competitive Also in 2006, the U.S. National Science Foundation AAAS fellowships. During a 10-week program, graduate- awarded AAAS a grant to organize conferences for NSF and post-graduate level students apply their academic awardees of the Historically Black Colleges and training to reporting science news. “At a time when sci- Universities Undergraduate Program. The strategy, said ence departments at U.S. newspapers are suffering Yolanda George, deputy director of EHR, is to broaden from cutbacks and science literacy among the country’s student participation across the fields of science, tech- youth is either stagnant or declining, this AAAS program nology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). Through is especially important in training the next generation of another NSF program, Alliances for Graduate Education scientists to communicate effectively with the public,” in the Professoriate, AAAS hosted discussions on the said Senior Project Director Judy Kass. In 2006, addition- experiences of underrepresented minority social, al program support from the Annenberg Foundation behavioral, and economic sciences graduate students. allowed four environmental scientists to work at the Los Angeles Times. Log onto www.aaas.org/programs/edu- cation/MassMedia.

9 International Impacts

As the scientific enterprise becomes ever-more global, AAAS is helping to build networks of researchers focused on addressing world challenges. Key goals, according to AAAS Chief International Officer Vaughan Turekian, are to promote multi-national research and sustainable solutions to social, economic, and environ- mental problems, while working to increase global science capacity. International programs at AAAS also seek to build bridges among scientific communities, to enhance the role of women scientists and engineers, and to apply science in support of human rights. See www.aaas.org/programs/international.

Geospatial Imaging and Human Rights ment of a legal framework to encourage S&T growth in Satellite images captured under a pioneering AAAS pro- their country. In July, AAAS helped to organize a high-level gram, supported by the John D. and Catherine T. development conference in Hanoi. And, Vice Minister Tran MacArthur Foundation, offer powerful evidence that the Quoc Thang of Vietnam’s Ministry of Science and government of Zimbabwe has destroyed an entire set- Technology paid a visit to AAAS in December. tlement and relocated thousands of residents. The “Vietnamese leaders have a very clear understanding images, analyzed by Lars Bromley of AAAS, show two of the importance of S&T investment,” said Vaughan views of the settlement of Porta Farm, located just west Turekian of AAAS. “They see China, they see Korea, and of the Zimbabwean capital of Harare. Between 2002 and Japan, and they see that these countries are all investing 2006, images reveal, Zimbabwe’s Porta Farm, home to heavily in science and technology.” 6,000 to 10,000 people, was leveled. Images were released as central evidence in a report compiled by S&T Ministers Address Innovation Amnesty International in London and Zimbabwe Top ministers from Australia and Japan shared strate- Lawyers for Human Rights in Harare. gies for increasing science and innovation during 2006 The AAAS program explores how satellite imagery and events at AAAS. Iwao Matsuda, Japan’s minister of state other cutting-edge geospatial technologies can be used for science and technology policy, selected AAAS as the to assess potential human rights violations and prevent setting for his first-ever U.S. address regarding Japan’s new ones before they develop. “The imaging initiative is innovation strategies. Japan has now entered a period of an excellent example of how science and technology can sustainable expansion and is pursuing a visionary sci- be applied to help expose human rights violations,” said ence and technology plan to make the country a global Mona Younis, director of the Science and Human Rights innovation leader, he said. The country is strongly com- program at AAAS. “The project is the latest in a 30-year mitted to S&T innovation for a number of pressing rea- effort by AAAS that has included documenting atrocities sons, he added, including Japan’s dependence on other from Guatemala to Kosovo, while also working to pro- countries for energy. Some 62 strategic S&T priorities mote basic human rights worldwide.” include global environment observation technology, medical technology for the early detection of microscop- Building Ties with Vietnam ic cancers, and the development of automobiles that do China and India continue to generate headlines, but not use petroleum. Vietnam is quietly emerging as a powerhouse of Asian Julie Bishop, Australian federal minister for educa- economic development. AAAS, joined by partners in U.S. tion, science, and training, said her nation has government and education, is working with high-ranking embarked on a multi-billion dollar investment in innova- Vietnamese leaders to promote S&T cooperation tion, with funds devoted to S&T research, talent devel- between the two countries and to encourage sustainable opment, and education. A combination of S&T invest- urban development and improved science education. In ments, critical global partnerships, and a commitment May 2006, a high-level delegation from Vietnam’s to education are central features in Australia’s plan to National Assembly visited AAAS to discuss the develop- address global challenges in the 21st century, she said.

10 “We are facing global issues such as climate change, clean energy production, access to water, security, and disease epidemics,” Bishop told reporters convened by AAAS. “It is incumbent upon all of us to work together for the common good.”

Sustainability Science Amid rising global interest in sustainability science and related social issues, AAAS’s Center for Science, Innovation, and Sustainability launched an online hub for an international research network. Even in its earliest stages, the site drew thousands of readers from around the world. The site, http://sustainabilityscience.org, offers an advanced, one-stop shop for scholars, govern- ments, agencies, and others working to understand how humanity can grow and develop in an environmentally sustainable way. Including a virtual library, discussion forums, commentary, and international listings of events and programs on sustainability, the forum is bringing together researchers from developed and Euroscience 2006 in Munich. By comparison, non-U.S. developing countries to focus on some of the key issues reporters said their audiences were more interested in linking humans and the natural environment. the environment, climate-change research, natural disasters, and animals. See www.aaas.org/news/ Support for Science Reporting releases/2006/0718euroscience.shtml. In December, six young Chinese journalists were named by EurekAlert!, the AAAS science-news service, to International Press Briefings receive AAAS Fellowships for Science Reporters in The 2 June issue of Science, a special issue on the space Developing Regions. With support from Elsevier, the fel- mission to the Asteroid Itokawa, was a landmark in the lowships brought science reporters to the AAAS Annual journal’s history: The first special issue focusing on orig- Meeting to cover the latest research and to mingle with inal, peer-reviewed research primarily by Japanese sci- colleagues from around the world. Winners in 2006 entists. AAAS supported the effort with its first jointly were Gong Yidong, China Features; Wu Chong, China organized press conference in Tokyo related to a forth- Daily; Yanhong Wang, Xinhua News; and Guo Kun, coming Science paper. The briefing by mission scientists Beijing Times, along with honorary fellows Ding Yimin, from the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency drew Xinhua News, and Jia Hepeng, SciDev.net. William more than two dozen journalists from Japan’s top news- Chang of the U.S. National Science Foundation’s Beijing papers and broadcast stations — and generated exten- office served as an independent judge. sive news coverage of the Japanese scientists’ pioneer- AAAS efforts to support science reporting worldwide ing success in understanding the structure and also included an informal, online survey of 614 composition of near-Earth asteroids. reporters and 445 public information officers. U.S. The Japan event was one of a half-dozen internation- reporters listed stem cells and cloning, followed by psy- al press briefings organized each year by the AAAS chology and neuroscience, technology, and the envi- Office of Public Programs. In 2006, such efforts also ronment as their readers’ top picks in the survey, which included communicating a new analysis of efforts to was conducted by EurekAlert!, and released during combat polio in India.

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Science Breakthroughs

From the origins of the universe, to the mysteries of the ocean floor, articles published in Science offer intriguing glimpses of leading-edge discoveries, and expand human knowledge as research moves ever-forward. See www.sciencemag.org. In 2006, Science highlights included these and other breakthroughs:

Stardust Surprise Sea Urchin Genome The first samples from a comet, captured by The genomic sequence of the purple sea the Stardust Discovery Mission, offered a sur- urchin, one of biology’s most beloved organ- prise: Instead of seeing the expected inter- isms — more closely related to humans and stellar space materials, researchers discov- other vertebrates than fruit flies or nema- ered a wide range of mineral grains of vastly different origins todes, and capable of living more than a century — promises mixed together. The materials were formed under hot and cold new insights regarding development, evolution, immunology, conditions, in the inner and outer parts of the solar system. gene regulations, and other topics. (Image courtesy of Charles Hollahan) Real-Time Changes on Mars By comparing images of Mars’ surface taken Fisheries Collapse Predicted seven years apart, researchers documented The rate of marine biodiversity loss is accel- the formation of new craters and found pos- erating so rapidly that, at current rates, little sible evidence for liquid water trickling sustainable fish or sea food may remain by down crater walls. (Image courtesy of NASA) 2048, according to the first “meta-analysis” of data related to the world’s marine ecosystems. Still, scien- Neanderthal DNA tists said, it’s not too late to reverse the trend. (Image courtesy Based on fragments of nuclear DNA from a of USDA) 38,000 year-old Croatian Neanderthal bone, researchers said that the most recent com- Macular Degeneration Gene mon ancestor of modern humans and The identification of a specific variation with- Neanderthals lived about 706,000 years ago, and the two pop- in the HTRA1 gene seems to put certain indi- ulations had split into separate species by about 370,000 viduals at much greater risk for developing a years ago. The Neanderthal and modern human genomes are rapid form of age-related macular degenera- more than 99.5 percent identical, they said, though there is lit- tion (AMD), the most common cause of blindness in people tle evidence that Neanderthals contributed to the modern over 50. Such insights may ultimately lead to improved diagno- human gene pool. sis and treatment of AMD.

PTSD and Vietnam Vets Research based on improved diagnostic methods and military records (rather than self-reports) confirmed that the Vietnam War exacted a substantial psychological toll on returning U.S. soldiers. New investigations revealed a lifetime post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) rate of 18.7 percent among veterans as well as a strong “dose-response” relation- ship to trauma.

12 Climate Change and Wildfires satellites, revealed it to be surprisingly dynamic: A vast plume of Climate change in the western United States water vapor gilds its bright surface with fresh ice, and Enceladus seems to have amplified forest wildfire activ- also features a distinctive “tiger stripe” pattern at its southern ity in the region over the last 35 years, pole. (Image courtesy of NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute) researchers found. A database of large forest wildfires from 1970 to 2003, compared with climate, hydrology, Bee and Flowering Plant Diversity and land-surface conditions, showed a jump in wildfires in the The diversity of bees and the plants they pol- mid-1980s. linate has declined in Britain and the Netherlands, scientists reported. Many agri- Science of Invisibility Cloaks cultural crops and natural plant communities Who hasn’t imagined how much easier life depend on pollination, often by wild populations of insects. might be with Harry Potter’s invisibility (Image courtesy of Mike Edwards, UK) cloak? Two studies offered a hypothetical explanation for how a cloaking device could work, by guiding waves of light around an object, using meta- materials to produce neither reflection nor shadow. A third Science News paper described a real “cloak” for shielding objects from microwave radiation. HIV/AIDS Special News Section In a free special section of Science, correspon- Influenza Issue dent Jon Cohen, with photographer Malcolm Contributors to the special influenza issue of Linton, outlined the shape of the HIV/AIDS Science described strategies for marshalling epidemic in Latin America and the Caribbean, existing concern about the H5N1 strain of the overlapping forces that have driven the spread of the dis- avian influenza to build a long-standing inter- ease. A related video presentation put a human face on the dis- national infrastructure to monitor and thwart threats from such ease. See http://www.sciencemag.org/sciext/aidsamericas/. emerging infections. Less Ice, Higher Seas Future Sea Level Rise Reporter Richard A. Kerr Startling reported The Earth may be warm enough by 2100 for that amounts of ice slipping into the sea have widespread melting of the Greenland Ice taken glaciologists by surprise; now they fear Sheet and partial collapse of the Antarctic Ice that this century’s greenhouse emissions Sheet, according to two papers featuring could be committing the world to a catastrophic sea-level rise. model comparisons of Earth’s climate 129,000 years ago and over the next century. If the past is a guide, conditions with the ScienceNOW Celebrates 10 Years potential to melt enough of the Greenland and Antarctic ice Science’s premier Web portal, ScienceNOW, sheets to raise sea level by several meters may exist by the end marked 10 years of daily dispatches, making of the 21st century, researchers said. it an official pioneer of online science news. Every weekday, reporters with ScienceNOW Cassini Mission to Enceladus deliver short, intriguing stories on beetle horns, stem cell poli- The Cassini space probe, orbiting Saturn cy, and more. since 2004, explores the planet’s well-known rings and dozens of moons. Three flybys of Enceladus, one of Saturn’s most intriguing

13 Engaging the Public

Issues at the intersection of science and personal values — from the teaching of evolution, to stem cell research, to global climate change — increasingly strain the science-society relationship. Through its Center for Public Engagement with Science and Technology as well as public understanding activities, AAAS provides essential information to conduit audiences, including K–12 teachers, and works to promote respectful dia- logue among all stakeholders. Outreach in 2006 included events and resources for families, teachers, reporters, and the public. See www.aaas.org/programs/centers/pe.

Evolution on the Front Line dents, parents, or local school officials pressure them to Teachers from Pennsylvania and Georgia who are resist- avoid teaching evolution or to introduce creationism or ing efforts to insert religion into science classrooms intelligent design doctrines into classes. received a standing ovation in a packed IMAX theater at The event, plus a related AAAS Board statement the start of “Evolution on the Front Line,” a town hall- opposing efforts to undermine the teaching of evolu- style event in St. Louis, Mo. Some 500 teachers, scien- tion, generated news coverage by the Associated tists, students, and others took part in the public- Press, Reuters, the BBC, the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, engagement event, backed by three dozen of the the Chronicle of Higher Education, and many other nation’s biggest science and education organizations, media outlets, thus raising awareness of the issue. Go during the 2006 AAAS Annual Meeting. Participants to www.aaas.org/evolution. heard elegant discourse on the origins of life and received practical advice on how to respond when stu- Science for Families Families with children, teachers, early-career scientists, and others with a curious mind were once again invited to take part in free Family Science Days during the 2006 AAAS Annual Meeting. Children were encouraged to explore ocean and prairie environments, crawl through a limestone cave, and study the parts of trees and ani- mals — without ever leaving a MySci mobile science van. The rolling classroom from Monsanto offered would-be scientists a chance to get their head, hands, feet, legs, and arms into science. Another Family Science Days collaborator, the St. Louis Science Center, provided Segway Human Transporter demonstrations. And, in keeping with the mandate of the AAAS Center for Public Engagement with Science and Technology, the Saint Louis Zoo’s Wildcare Institute invited children to touch pelts, skulls, and other items from cheetahs, pen- “The event started with a movie, projected onto the giant IMAX screen, guins, and lemurs. Annual Meeting information is online that celebrated science teachers who have been fighting for evolution at www.aaasmeeting.org. education in the face of pressure from their school boards and admin- istrators. After that, teachers from Dover High School and from Cobb EurekAlert! Online Climate Chat County, in Georgia — the site of another legal battle over evolution — “There’s little doubt that humans are largely responsible were introduced and given a standing ovation by the audience.” for the warming that has occurred over the last few decades,” said Michael Oppenheimer of Princeton The Chronicle of Higher Education, 10 March 2006, describing the AAAS town hall-style event, Evolution on the Front Line. University, during an online chat organized by

14 EurekAlert!, the Association’s premier science-news service for reporters. “And even more important, there’s a certainty that if the greenhouse gases build up at cur- rent rates, the Earth will warm over the century to levels m o .c

that haven’t been seen in a million years.” Oppenheimer o t took part in the chat, sponsored by the New York Times lapho

Company Foundation, along with Daniel Schrag of olel o: c t

Harvard and moderator Jesse Smith of Science. The 5 pho October event followed an earlier, 2005 online discus- sion focusing on evolution. Climate experts fielded questions from reporters with such diverse media out- lets as Die Zeit of Germany, The Independent of London, BBC, and The Australian. “We are sending the Earth back to a state it hasn’t been in for more than 30 million years, and no human being can know exactly what is going to happen,” Schrag warned. “There will be sur- prises.” See www.eurekalert.org/expertchat/.

The Power of Two During an evening, salon-style event at AAAS with Hana and Francisco J. Ayala, the conversation addressed the origins of the simplest life on Earth, the preservation and study of nature, and rare insights to married life for ing science literacy, slipping federal investment in a multi-disciplinary scientific power couple. The 90- research and development, and other factors that may minute public-engagement event, held in the jammed jeopardize U.S. innovation. AAAS Auditorium, was moderated by the AAAS CEO, and offered a tour of exotic places like Fiji and Panama, Outlining AAAS Strategies where Hana Ayala is working to develop a visionary eco- “The abutment of science with moral or religious values nomic development model. is straining the relationship between science and socie- The Ayalas’ discussion marked the second AAAS pub- ty,” AAAS CEO Alan I. Leshner, executive publisher of lic-engagement “salon.” The first such event featured Science, wrote in the Chronicle of Higher Education (13 popular novelist Herman Wouk and his brother, the late October 2006, Chronicle Review, Vol. 53, Issue 8, Page Victor Wouk, a visionary scientist and engineer. B20). Outlining seven “important — and often humbling lessons” about public engagement, Leshner called for Celebrating “Global Horizons” an expansion of traditional public understanding activi- Leading science thinkers gathered in Los Angeles for a ties, to include bi-directional dialogue on issues such as symposium, organized by the University of Southern evolution and stem cell research. “It is not yet clear California and the journal Science, focused on whether the public-engagement approach will signifi- research, financial, and cultural issues related to stem cantly reduce the tension that is weakening science’s cell research, rising global competition, and other crit- relationship with society,” Leshner conceded. “But at a ical issues at the forefront of innovation. Conceived minimum, it should bring scientists into closer proximi- during the 125th anniversaries of USC and of Science, ty with their fellow citizens, which in turn should give “Global Horizons: America’s Challenge in Science and each group a far better understanding and greater Innovation” was triggered by growing concerns regard- empathy for the perspective of the other.”

15 Science, Technology, and Security

Policy-makers facing critical decisions related to technical issues such as the risk of “dirty bombs” or how best to invest in missile-detection and warning systems can turn to the AAAS Center for Science, Technology, and Security Policy, supported by the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. By providing high-qual- ity and rigorously nonpartisan technical information, the Center serves as a credible, single-stop resource for lawmakers. See http://cstsp.aaas.org.

Policy-Maker Briefings Defense Media Briefings AAAS security-policy staff annually work with hundreds of With the correct expertise and access to highly enriched U.S. policy-makers, including Republicans as well as uranium, terrorists could build a “backyard atomic bomb” Democrats, through one-on-one meetings and Capitol Hill for less than $10 million, experts cautioned during a brief- briefings. The internationalization of the nuclear fuel cycle ing for defense reporters. Backyard bombs are a low-prob- was the topic of one recent Hill briefing, for example. ability risk, according to Peter D. Zimmerman, former chief Expert Nikolai Laverov, vice president of the Russian scientist for the U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Academy of Sciences, said that Russia plans an interna- and Jeffrey G. Lewis, Managing the Atom Project director at tional center for delivering fresh nuclear fuel to participat- Harvard. But, such a scenario underscores the need for ing nations, along with procedures for recovering the governments to restrict funding to terrorist groups and use spent fuel. the best possible intelligence methods, they said. Other Another briefing focused on a nuclear agreement media briefings in 2006 addressed new measures for between the United States and India. Under the pact, prompt warning of bioterrorism or disease outbreaks, and India would receive assistance to further its civilian the need for increased oversight of electronic surveillance. nuclear energy program, and in return, pledge to separate its civilian efforts from its military nuclear initiative, while Informing the Public complying with full-scope inspections from the Physicist Richard Garwin, an adviser to the U.S. govern- International Atomic Energy Agency. Speaker Scott Sagan ment on national security matters since the 1950s and of Stanford University said that the pact does raise seri- designer of the first nuclear fusion explosion involving a ous security concerns, but it also offers the potential for hydrogen bomb, offered chilling predictions during one increased technology and information sharing. of many 2006 security-policy events for the public. The risk of terrorists exploding a nuclear bomb in the United States is real, he said, and “we ought to be doing what we can to prevent it.” Anthony Zinni, a retired Marine general, sketched a stark but ultimately more hopeful view regarding future prospects for stability in Iraq, as part of another public event. Expert Reza Mansouri, former Iranian Deputy Minister for the Ministry for Science, Research, and Technology, addressed the difficulty in translating evi- dence-based science within Islamic society. Three films shown in the AAAS Auditorium — focus- ing on the dangers of stolen nuclear material (“Last Best Chance”), the potential impacts of a radioactive dispersal device in London (“Dirty War”), and an historic Islamic uprising (“The Battle of Algiers”) — also helped to raise awareness of critical security risks.

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AAAS Awards

The AAAS Awards celebrate the achievements of extraordinary scientists, engineers, and journalists. We congratulate each of our distinguished Award winners.

AAAS Awards Highlights

Philip Hauge Abelson Prize The coveted Abelson Prize honors a public servant for exceptional contributions to advancing science, or a scientist or engineer for a distinguished career of scientific achievement and service to the community.

Charles M. Vest was recognized for his effective leadership and outstanding contributions to the areas of public policy, university research, and education.

CHARLES M. VEST

Award for Public Understanding of Science and Technology The award recognizes working scientists and engineers who make outstanding contribu- tions to the “popularization of science.”

S. James Gates, Jr. was honored for sustained and career-long contributions to the public understanding of physics.

S. JAMES GATES, JR.

Award for International Scientific Cooperation The award recognizes extraordinary contributions to furthering international cooperation in science and engineering.

Jianguo Wu was honored for pioneering efforts and outstanding contributions to interna- tional initiatives in support of sustainability science, specifically his conceptual modeling activities, commitment to landscape ecological research, and mentoring of young scholars.

JIANGUO WU

17 AAAS Awards

Scientific Freedom and Responsibility Award The award honors scientists and engineers whose exemplary actions, often taken at significant personal cost, have served to foster scientific freedom and responsibility.

These dedicated individuals were honored for their determination to defend sound education in U.S. public schools by vigorously challenging attempts to introduce intelligent design into science classes.

EUGENIE SCOTT R. WESLEY MCCOY

DOVER HIGH SCHOOL SCIENCE DEPARTMENT

FRONT ROW (LEFT TO RIGHT) BERTHA SPAHR (DEPARTMENT CHAIR), LESLIE PRALL, JENNIFER MILLER; BACK ROW (LEFT TO RIGHT) DAVID TAYLOR,

ROBERT LINKER, BRIAN BAHN, ROBERT ESHBACH

Mentor Award The award honors early or mid-career members who have mentored and guided signifi- cant numbers of underrepresented students toward a Ph.D. degree in the sciences, as well as scholarship, activism, and community-building for underrepresented groups.

Gary S. May was recognized for his outstanding contributions in recruiting, mentoring, and educating members of underrepresented groups in science and engineering careers.

GARY S. MAY

Mentor Award for Lifetime Achievement The award honors members who, for more than 25 years, have mentored and guided sig- nificant numbers of underrepresented students toward a Ph.D. degree in the sciences, as well as scholarship, activism, and community-building for underrepresented groups.

Raymond L. Johnson was honored for his substantial contributions to mentoring students and for leadership in promoting Ph.D. careers among underrepresented groups in mathe- matical science. RAYMOND L. JOHNSON

18 Science Journalism Awards • Magazine Reporting – Craig Canine, Smithsonian The awards recognize outstanding reporting for a • Television Reporting – Samuel Fine, Julia Cort, general audience and honor individual reporters for Vincent Liota, Peter Doyle and Dean Irwin, NOVA their coverage of the sciences, engineering, and math- scienceNOW ematics. The independently judged competition is • Radio Reporting – Bruce Gellerman, Steve Curwood, sponsored by Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Terry Fitzpatrick, Chris Ballman, Public Radio Research & Development, L.L.C. International’s “Living on Earth” program • Online Reporting – Larisa Epatko, Leah Clapman, • Large Newspaper – Stacey Burling, The Philadelphia Rich Vary, and Katie Kleinman, Online NewsHour Inquirer with Jim Lehrer • Small Newspaper – Michelle Nijhuis, High Country • Children’s Science News – Beth Geiger, Current News Science

Co-Sponsored AAAS Prizes

The Young Scientists Award AAAS/Subaru SB&F Prizes for Excellence SUPPORTED BY GE HEALTHCARE in Science Books This prize recognizes outstanding Ph.D. thesis work in The prizes, sponsored by Subaru of America Inc., cele- molecular biology worldwide. brate outstanding science writing and illustration for children and young adults. Grand Prize Winner: Irene A. Chen investigated how simple protocells, formed by encapsulating RNA inside CHILDREN’S SCIENCE PICTURE BOOK vesicles, interactions between the RNA and the mem- Dianna Aston, Author brane lead to the emergence of essential cellular Sylvia Long, Illustrator behaviors. An Egg Is Quiet Regional Winners: (Chronicle Books LLC, 2006) • North America – Dianne Schwarz • Europe – Bernhard Loll MIDDLE GRADES SCIENCE BOOK • All Other Countries – Ron Milo Catherine Thimmesh, Author Team Moon: How 400,000 People Landed Apollo 11 Newcomb Cleveland Prize on the Moon SUPPORTED BY AFFYMETRIX (Houghton Mifflin Co., 2006) The prize acknowledges an outstanding paper published in the Research Articles or Reports sections of Science. YOUNG ADULT SCIENCE BOOK Eric Dinerstein, Author Jason R. Petta, Alexander C. Johnson, Jacob M. Taylor, Tigerland and Other Unintended Destinations Edward A. Laird, Amir Yacoby, Mikhail D. Lukin, Charles (Island Press, 2005) M. Marcus, Micah P. Hanson, Arthur C. Gossard for the research article “Coherent Manipulation of Coupled HANDS-ON SCIENCE/ACTIVITY BOOK Electron Spins in Semiconductor Quantum Dots,” pub- Laurie Carlson, Author lished online in Science Express 1 September 2005, Thomas Edison: His Life and Ideas published in print 30 September 2005, pp. 2180–2184. (Chicago Review Press, 2006)

19 Golden Fund Update — 2006

An extremely generous, historic gift from William T. Golden, AAAS’s treasurer emeritus, stimulates program- matic innovation by funding activities not normally supported by the general budget. The following sum- maries offer a snapshot of programs and activities that were made possible in 2006 by the William T. Golden Endowment Fund for Program Innovation.

Promoting High-Quality Instructional Materials Support for Informal Science Institutions Project 2061, the science-education reform initiative at Project 2061 is customizing its professional-develop- AAAS, is developing a Consumer’s Guide to Selecting ment offerings to meet the needs of informal science High-Quality Instructional Materials. Evaluations have institutions and the teachers they serve. While Project shown that most textbooks fail to help students meet 2061’s emphasis thus far has been on science-education Project 2061’s Benchmarks for Science Literacy (1993) or reform within the context of formal education, it recog- the National Research Council’s National Science nizes that informal science institutions play an impor- Education Standards (1996), which represent a broad tant role in supporting classroom-based learning, too. consensus on the specific knowledge and skills that stu- As education experts at many science centers and dents should have at each grade level, from kinder- museums are already working with teachers in their garten to 12th grade. The Consumer’s Guide will address communities, Project 2061 plans additional support as the need for instructional materials targeting content schools get ready for testing in science under the feder- specified in those standards. al No Child Left Behind legislation.

Travel Awards for Young Science Journalists Under a Golden Grant to the AAAS Office of Public Programs, 10 student journalists in 2006 received up to $1,000 for expenses related to travel to the AAAS Annual Meeting in San Francisco. The awards, adminis- tered by the National Association of Science Writers (NASW), allowed deserving students to attend the 2007 meeting and to participate in the NASW mentorship pro- gram. One student commented: “Being able to attend meetings on topics ranging from deep-sea fishing to advances in our understanding of brain function expanded my science knowledge base and sparked my interest in new areas of science.”

20 EurekAlert! Multimedia Gallery a The EurekAlert! Multimedia Gallery was established as

a service to an increasingly diverse science-reporting tesy of usd community. Within its first year of operation, the site our ge c had grown to include more than 3,000 high-quality, sci- ima ence-related images — from purple sea urchins to robots, and from dinosaurs to nanotubes. At press time, the Gallery was receiving some 300,000 hits per month. In the coming year, the EurekAlert! Multimedia Gallery will expand further to include high-quality audio and video files. Significant infrastructure improvements are underway to accommodate expan- sions. See www.eurekalert.org/multimedia.

Advising Research Competitiveness The AAAS Research and Competitiveness Program is developing and producing a book of lessons learned in building competitive research programs at the universi- ty and state level, based on their experience with an array of clients over the past 10 years. The program assists universities, government agencies, research consortia, and other institutions in planning, reviewing, or evaluating programs, and initiatives in research, development, and innovation. Science for the Developing World AAAS provides science communities in developing coun- State Science and Policy Programs tries with free access to the archives of the journal A new marketing campaign directed at American states’ Science through an array of outlets, such as the Health needs in science education, workforce, and innovation is InterNetwork Access to Research Initiative (HINARI), the now under development, thanks to a Golden Grant. As Access to Global Online Research in Agriculture states have begun paying considerable attention to these (AGORA), and the Online Access to Research in the issues, AAAS program offices are gearing up to serve Environment (OARE) programs. But, these programs many needs — from advising on the design, review, and depend on Internet-based delivery systems, and Internet evaluation of programs in STEM education, to workforce, connections may be expensive, unreliable, slow, or non- research and innovation, to strategic planning for science existent throughout most African countries. To help and technology investments at the state level. bridge this gap, AAAS’s International Office is spear- heading an initiative to provide content from Science in PDF format on a portable USB flash drive to scientists at universities and research institutions in some of the least developed countries in Africa.

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AAAS Fellows

AAAS Fellows are elected annually by the AAAS Council for meritorious efforts to advance science or its applications. Fellows have made significant contributions in areas such as research, teaching, technology, services to professional societies, and the communication of science to the public.

The following members were elected Fellows in 2006. AAAS congratulates them and thanks them for their service to science and technology. agriculture, food, atmospheric Barbara B. Kahn Inder M. Verma Mary M. Kirchhoff and renewable and hydrospheric Leonard Katz Jean-Philippe Jack F. Kirsch resources sciences Kenneth Keegstra Vielle-Calzada James M. Lisy Robert E. Davis Paulo Artaxo Thomas J. Kelly P. Kirk Visscher Thomas E. Mallouk Paul E. Fixen James Alexander Bruce E. Kemp Robert Carsten Todd J. Martinez Jacqueline Fletcher Coakley, Jr. Judith Kimble Von Borstel James A. Miller David R. Gealy Franco Einaudi Donald T. Krizek Daniel F. Voytas Udayan Mohanty Robert L. Gilbertson Michael C. Gregg James W. Kronstad Barbara T. Wakimoto Gaetano T. Montelione Tissa H. Illangasekare William R. Holland Raju S. Kucherlapati Teresa S. F. Wang David W. Oxtoby Molly Jahn Eugenia Kalnay Kyung J. (June) Clifford F. Weil Reginald M. Penner Richard L. Lindroth Ray Franklin Weiss Kwon-Chung William B. Whitman William F. Polik Karen Ann Kuenzel Hugh Edward Willoughby Ulrich K. Laemmli Juergen K. Wiegel Buddy D. Ratner Moldenhauer Amy S. Lee Susan L. Williams Mary Fedarko Roberts Joseph G. Morse biological sciences Bai-Lian Li Jeffrey J. Wine Peter J. Rossky William A. Payne Michael Edwin Akam Howard B. Lieberman Mariana F. Wolfner William R. Roush Ian L. Pepper Robert R. H. Anholt Jennifer J. Loros H. Boyd Woodruff Steven J. Sibener Pamela C. Ronald Dipak K. Banerjee Scott William Lowe Eleanore T. Wurtzel Richard D. Smith Cynthia Rosenzweig David A. Baum Arthur J. Lustig Shizhong Xu Brian Stoltz Coby Schal Stewart H. Berlocher Paul T. Magee Ning-Sun Yang Steven R. Tannenbaum David Warren Stanley Katherine A. Borkovich Lynne E. Maquat Martin F. Yanofsky Shelby Freland Thames Chris Van Kessel George Timothy Bowden Kenneth J. Marians Marylynn Yates David M. Tiede Joachim Von Braun Wlodzimierz Marian Steven L. McKnight Peter A. Tipton Bujalowski Thomas Melendy chemistry Douglas J. Tobias anthropology Sydney A. Cameron Janet E. Mertz Hector D. Abruna William B. Tolman Marina Cords Vincent L. Chiang Kenneth R. Miller Joanna Aizenberg Albert F. Wagner Christine Ward Gailey Akira Chiba G. Wayne Minshall Louis J. Allamandola Roderick E. Wasylishen Terry Harrison John S. Condeelis Mark E. Nelson Philip Anfinrud David F. Wiemer Clark Spencer Larsen William E. Conner Carol S. Newlon Eric V. Anslyn Christian P. Whitman William Leonard M. Fevzi Daldal Timothy W. Nilsen Andreja Bakac Alec M. Wodtke Jonathan M. Marks Julie Sloan Denslow Howard Ochman Barbara A. Baird Kurt W. Zilm Margaret C. Nelson Shou-Wei Ding Scott O’Neill David Penfield Ballou Alfred L. Rosenberger Evan Eichler Stephen A. Osmani Rudy M. Baum dentistry and oral Margaret J. Schoeninger Shelagh M. Deborah S. Parris Guy Bertrand health sciences Jeffrey H. Schwartz Ferguson-Miller John C. Priscu Rafael P. Bruschweiler Mary MacDougall Elwyn Laverne Simons Malcolm J. Fraser, Jr. Robert R. Reisz Stephen Z. D. Cheng David T. Wong Olga Soffer James K. Fredrickson William Robertson IV Geoffrey William Coates Carol V. Ward David Michael Geiser F. James Rohlf M. Bonner Denton education Gregory C. Gibson Forest Rohwer Joseph M. Desimone Jan Blacher astronomy Pamela J. Green Oliver A. Ryder Olof Einarsdottir Melanie Margaret Steven V. W. Beckwith Patrick L. Green Oswald Joseph Schmitz Jonathan Ellman Cooper France A. Cordova Joanna Groden Olaf Schneewind Carol Ann Fierke Goéry Delacôte Philip E. Kaaret James R. Halpert Julian I. Schroeder Gregory C. Fu Carol Dwyer Kwok-Yung Lo John J. Harada Lawrence J. Shimkets Joseph A. Gardella, Jr. Bat-Sheva Eylon Rosaly M. C. Lopes Gerhard J. Haas Sandra Shumway Robert E. Gawley Michael Feuer David J. McComas Nyla A. Heerema Shauna Somerville Wayne L. Gladfelter Maria Alicia Lopez William B. McKinnon Jodie S. Holt David Lawrence Stern Craig L. Hill Freeman Jean L. Turner Barry Honig Ann M. Stock Keith O. Hodgson George Hammons William R. Ward Arthur Horwich Jack W. Szostak Angela M. Hoffman Jack G. Hehn Tim Hui-Ming Huang William A. Toscano, Jr. Catherine T. Hunt Paul Horwitz Barbara L. Illman Hans D. Van Etten Kenneth Allen Johnson Shirley Ann Jackson John Jaenike Elizabeth Van Kenneth David Jordan Mary Nakhleh H. Mark Johnston Volkenburgh Pravin T. P. Kaumaya Nancy Nersessian

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Su-Seng Pang M. Duane Nellis Charles C. Capen Alan Douglas Kinghorn societal impacts Nancy Songer Bernardus A. Martin A. Cheever H. George Mandel of science and Barbara S. Spector Van Der Pluijm George Q. Daley engineering Douglas J. Sherman Beverly Davidson physics Frederick M. Bernthal engineering Nobumichi Shimizu Betty Diamond Daniel N. Baker Matthew Bunn Reza Abbaschian Richard H. Sibson Paul E. DiCorleto Alan Reginald Bishop Vary Coates Dereje Agonafer Lars Stixrude Richard W. Dutton Steven M. Block John De La Mothe Kristi S. Anseth Peter K. Swart Michael Aaron Edidin Felix Hans Boehm Barry D. Gold Norman L. Augustine Stephen Walsh Serpil C. Erzurum Aviva Brecher Henry T. Greely David D. Awschalom Pinxian Wang Alan Ezekowitz Joseph I. Budnick Andrew A. Rosenberg Supriyo Bandyopadhyay John M. Zachara Raif Geha Moses Chan Daniel Sarewitz Ray M. Bowen Philip D. Greenberg Robert F. Christy Robert M. Simon Linda J. Broadbelt history and Randal J. Kaufman Gordon T. Danby Caroline Wagner Robert J. Budnitz philosophy of Elliott Dan Kieff Sara L. Dawson Chris G. Whipple Wilfred Chen science Norman L. Letvin Stuart J. Freedman Marc Deshusses James R. Bartholomew, Joseph S. Lipsick Roy W. Gould statistics Yasuhiko Fujii Sandra Herbert Joann Manson Deborah S. Jin William G. Cumberland Alice P. Gast Robert Pennock Nina A. Mayr V. Alan Kostelecky Marie Davidian Chris T. Hendrickson William C. Wimsatt Dimitrios Morikis Dennis Kovar Joseph F. Heyse Linda P. B. Katehi Hugo Wolfgang Moser* Vasudevan Edward L. Korn Mujid S. Kazimi industrial science Kenrad E. Nelson Lakshminarayanan David J. Marchette Robert M. Kelly And technology Alison Davis O’Brien Steven G. Louie Hans-Georg Muller Chaitan Khosla Manuel Gomez Anne O’Garra Derek I. Lowenstein Javier Rojo Gyungho Lee Boris Mizaikoff Richard A. Rudick Aden Baker Meinel Peter H. Westfall Sang Yup Lee Charles E. Samuel Umar Mohideen S. Stanley Young Mark S. Lundstrom information, Philippe Joseph Roberto Peccei Susan McCahan computing, and Sansonetti Martin Perl Robert G. Parker communication Andrew I. Schafer Robert J. Perry Victor G. J. Rogers Hsinchun Chen Alan L. Schwartz Peter Pesic A. David Rossin Susan J. Eggers Ronald H. Schwartz Jorge Pullin Kirk H. Schulz Ronald Fagin Arlene H. Sharpe Daniel Rugar Krishna Shenai Tao Jiang Susan L. Swain Sashi Satpathy Michael L. Shuler Michael Jordan Dennis J. Thiele Arthur L. Smirl William H. Steier Henry A. Kautz Bert Vogelstein Antoinette J. Taylor S. K. Sundaram Vipin Kumar Christopher M. Walker John M. Tranquada Thomas George Thundat David D. Lewis Thomas E. Wellems Karl A. Van Bibber Fawwaz T. Ulaby Michael Rung-Tsong Lyu Mary Ellen Wewers Evgeny Pavlovich Usha Varshney Sanjay Ranka *Awarded Posthumously Velikhov Zhong Lin Wang Daniel A. Reed Tassilo Andreas Richard C. Warder, Jr. Terrence J. Sejnowski neuroscience Reisenegger Charles Wyman Marc Snir Cornelia Bargmann Von Oepen Robert F. Sproull John R. Carlson Gwo-Ching Wang general interest Albert Y. Zomaya Vivien A. Casagrande William J. Weber in science and Susan Fitzpatrick Jory A. Yarmoff engineering linguistics and Lloyd A. Greene Edwin M. Brogie language science Duane E. Haines psychology Marilee A. Long Brian Daniel Joseph Nathaniel Heintz Jeffrey Reiss Alberts Dennis L. Meredith Bjorn Lindblom Thomas M. Jessell Judy S. Deloache Joan Messer Kenji Hakuta Eugene M. Johnson Martha Julia Farah Donna Gerardi Riordan Johanna Nichols Carol A. Mason Klaus A. Miczek Jocelyn D. Steinke William C. Mobley Peter Shizgal William J. Valdez mathematics Robert Y. Moore Michael Tanenhaus Amy Cohen John H. Morrison Janet F. Werker geology and Evans M. Harrell II Henry J. Ralston III geography Warren Page Robert L. Sprague social, economic, Timothy Beach Alan S. Perelson Susumu Tonegawa and political Robert Bodnar sciences Gregor Paul Eberli medical sciences pharmaceutical Henry Brady Lucy E. Edwards James Allison sciences Richard B. Freeman Glen MacDonald Nancy Andrews William T. Beck Douglas S. Massey Marcus E. Milling Arleen D. Auerbach Charles Chavkin Constance Nathanson Samuel B. Mukasa Sanford H. Barsky Charles N. Falany Harold Shapiro

23

Acknowledgement of Contributors and Patron Members

The AAAS Board of Directors gratefully acknowledges the following individuals, foundations, corporations, and government agencies whose generous support has enabled AAAS to undertake new initiatives, supplement program funding, and address the issues and concerns of the scientific community founder’s society Fred Massarik John E. Hiatt galileo sphere R. H. Garstang ($50,000 & above) Richard A. Meserve Melvin J. Hill ($250 – $499) Forrest R. Gilmore David E. Shaw & Beth Ronald D. Miller Jacquelyn Hoke Gillian M. Air Andrew M. Gleason Kobliner Shaw David D. Moir William F. Holmes Allan Alcorn Robert G. Goelet Peter O’Donnell, Jr. Albert Hopkins, Jr. Anonymous (2) Edward J. Goetzl chair’s circle Gilbert S. Omenn & John E. Irsak Kenneth B. Armitage Donn S. Gorsline ($10,000 – $49,999) Martha A. Darling James F. Jackson Casper J. Aronson Robert G. Greenler Paul & Evelyn Baran John S. Reed Elaine Kant Roger N. Beachy Andrew Gunn Simon Foner Nat C. Robertson Terry Karl Jean Beard Fred T. Hansen Alan I. & Agnes Leshner Beth A. Rosner Joseph E. Kist Gary K. Beauchamp Cynthia O. Harris Robert L. Stout Leon M. Lederman Christine Sasso Leo O. Harris president’s club Jocelyn M. Wallace Matthew Lekson Beechhold Scott M. Harvey ($5,000 – $9,999) Charles M. Weiss Hugh B. Lewis Henry F. Beechhold Glenn I. Hatton Norman R. Augustine Charles M. Zegar F. W. Light, Jr. Nicholas A. Begovich Marye Priscilla Hele Chet Britten Charlotte M. Zitrin Arnys C. Lilly, Jr. Jerry A. Bell Thomas L. Henson Eric Elenko Hong Ma Dennis M. Bier Leon Hyman Jeffrey L. Kodosky franklin society George H. Madany Herman Birch Jerome J. Jacoby ($500 – $999) M. Maitland C. John Blankley Janet Jaeger director’s guild Heman P. Adams Shirley & Horace Malcom James N. Bradbury Samson A. Jenekhe Thomas J. Marlowe Erik D. Johnson ($2,500 – $4,999) J. Frances Allen Joan E. Brooks J. Howard Marshall III Richard A. Jorgensen Phillip L. Blair Ellsworth C. Alvord, Jr. Eleanor R. Brown Forman S. Meachem Robert F. Karlak Nirupa Chaudhari & Anonymous Dennis E. Buetow Bayard H. Morrison Kern E. Kenyon Stephen Roper Robert L. Bergen, Jr. Robert W. Bundtzen Peter B. Myers Mark T. Kingsley Sarah B. Glickenhaus Patricia W. Berger Peter M. Bungay Colin J. Norman Paul H. Klingbiel Nancy G. Kling Margaret B. Binette Kenneth A. Burkholder Robert E. Palmer John M. Kopper Robert E. Shafer Edward A. Birge James D. Byrne Vivian Pan Steven A. Kuhl Brett Taylor Floyd E. Bloom Robert P. Caren Adele Boskey Philip Y. Paterson Luther J. Carter Victor W. Laurie edison’s alliance H. Kent Bowen John F. Pelton Lloyd F. Chase Charles A. Lawson Sarane T. Bowen Ginger Pinholster & M. Lela Lee & Norman Wikner ($1,000 -$2,499) James F. Cherry Andrew L. Brill Otto Stahley S. David Leonard Anonymous (2) Eloise E. Clark Patrick G. Butler Steven Popok Howard Leventhal Robert E. Anspaugh John S. Cook Paul A. Carlson Simon Ramo Ann M. Lewicki Jana L. Asher James D. Cox Harry Charbonneau Charles E. Reed Barbara Lozar Janet J. Asimov Stephen H. Crandall Tom D. Y. Chin Frederick H. Rindge Jane Lubchenco Edmund J. Bradford Charles Crowell Aaron C. Clark Roy Ringo Suzanne M. Mahoney Monica M. Bradford John T. Deane Mary E. Clutter Robert Rosenthal David Marlowe Jean B. Burnett Robin L. Dennis Stirling A. Colgate F. Sherwood Rowland Thomas J. Marlowe Nathaniel Chafee Joe Dietzgen Max D. Cooper Paul S. Russell Michael M. May Lucio Chiaraviglio Loyal Durand Michael F. Cronin John Shigeoka Dorothy Mayer William H. Danforth Seyhan N. Ege Edmund A. C. Crouch Jean’ne M. Shreeve William D. McCormick Florence D. Fasanelli Roger Eichhorn Peter V. Czipott Roy W. Simonson Marcia K. McNutt Robert C. Forney Charles W. Eigenbrot Edward E. David, Jr. Charles G. Smith John T. Melson Donald P. Gaver, Jr. David E. Elder John J. Deyst, Jr. Donald K. Smith Thomas N. Metcalf III Joseph G. Gavin, Jr. Edwin P. Ewing, Jr. Charles Dickinson III Allan Spradling David Middleton William T. Golden Gregory S. Ferriss Rodger E. Doxsey Peter F. Stevens Beatrice Mintz Mary L. Good Brigitte Fleeman Federico Faggin Horton G. Stever Ernest J. Moniz Jeffrey C. Gore Alison A. Fleming Alison & Craig Fields Frank M. Stewart John P. Nelson Sita Halperin Warren T. Ford James Fordyce Edward C. Stone Mary L. Nelson Pembroke J. Hart Thomas R. Fowler Naomi C. Franklin William A. Thomas Uwe D. Neue Marvin Hoffenberg Paul J. Friedman Robert F. Furchgott Philip Trackman Owen J. Newlin Irving & Alwyn Johnson John C. Fuhr Theodore H. Geballe Thomas E. Twitchell Concepcion Nierras Michael M. Kaback Horace W. Furumoto Craig A. Grimes Duard L. Walker Kevin E. Noonan Nicholas R. Karp A. K. Ganguly Helen K. Groves Clayton A. Wiley Walter A. Orenstein Kathleen Kraemer James I. Garrels & Joan Hans Hasche-Kluender Bruce W. Worster Joseph C. Parker, Jr. Joseph Lach E. Brooks

24 William G. Parzybok, Jr. copernicus club Lee A. Bertram & Ralph M. Clark Elvira Doman Mary A. Pelleymounter ($100 – $249) Mary Beth Acuff Kelly H. Clifton Theodore Donaldson Jeffrey W. Pferd John Aach Hans Albrecht Bethe* Albert M. Clogston Virginia H. Donaldson Mary Anne Player Joan Abbott William Bevan John M. Clough Daniel G. Dow Ray Pollock William L. Ackerman John G. Bieri Stella M. Coakley M. W. Downey John Ware Poston, Sr. Loren W. Acton Jacob Bigeleisen George G. Cocks Richard D. Drake William M. Protheroe Ernest C. Adams Herman P. Binger Edward Coe, Jr. Abraham I. Dranetz Mitchell T. Rabkin Ernest Z. Adelman Fred Bingham III E. Richard Cohen George Driesen Stephen C. Ragatz Mihran S. Agbabian Mary Lynne Bird Jules Cohen Michael Driver William E. Ramsden Philip D. Aines Beverly Bishop Michael P. Cohen Gary J. Drtina Mark A. Ratner Gordon Aitken Mina J. Bissell Morrel H. Cohen Arthur K. Dunlop Ellen C. Revelle Ingrid Akerblom Kurt Blanchett Joseph M. Colacino Robert C. Dunnell Barbara Rice Claudia P. Alfonso & Benjamin P. Blasingame Dale K. Colyer Thomas H. & William L. Richey F. Brian Dilley Miles P. Blencowe Ellsworth B. Cook Sylvia A. M. Dunning Juan G. Roederer Robert W. Allington* Robert J. Blendon Robert Cook-Deegan Ira Dyer Laurens N. Ruben Adelbert Ames III John B. Bockelmann* Sheryl L. Coombs Peter S. Eagleson Joyce E. Rundhaug James Amon Frederick J. Bonte Jonathan Coopersmith Wayne F. Echelberger, Jr. Dennis S. Santella Gordon W. Anderson D. Randolph Booken Faun L. Cordes Frances B. Edens Norbert P. Sarnow Lloyd L. Anderson John G. Bordie Francesco Costagliola Frank K. Edmondson Claire L. Schelske Scott R. Anderson Terry F. Bower Jack D. Cowan Vernon J. Ehlers Thomas J. Schuetz Anonymous (22) Milton J. Boyd James K. Coward Elizabeth E. Ehrenfeld Murray Senkus Phipps Arabie Michael Bozoian Robert C. Cowen Henry L. Ehrlich Andrew M. Sessler Ronald L. Ariagno Marilyn C. Bracken Richard H. Cox Franco Einaudi John W. Severinghaus Aloysius J. Arko Eric Bradford H. Richard Crane Linda Eisenschenk Nobumichi Shimizu Kristina Arko Roscoe R. Braham, Jr. H. Vance Crawford Wolfgang E. Elston Thomas E. Shipley Edward M. Arnett Jack W. Brehm Richard V. Crisera David W. Emerson Victor M. Showalter Robert G. Arnold Joseph X. Brennan Alfred J. Crowle Sol W. Englander Ricardo A. Sierra Beatrice Arnowich Robert M. Brenner Stephen J. Cuchel Edward W. Ernst Charles A. Simenstad Samuel Aronson Matthew D. Breyer B. Wesley Catlin W. Gary Ernst David J. Simons Frank Asaro Leland W. Briggle Cunningham Walter H. Esselman Jack W. Sites, Jr. William C. Ashby W. Elwood Briles Laurence W. Curtis Joann L. Evans Norman Skinner Roger Atkinson Arnold R. Brody G. Conrad Dalman Thomas W. Evans Cedomir M. Sliepcevich Alfred E. Attard Marinus J. Broekman Bruce H. Dana Emmanuel Farber Jeffrey A. Smith Ann E. Aulabaugh Kathleen O. Brown Diane W. Davidson Charles S. Faulkner II Linda C. Smith Robert Austrian Robert D. Brown Harold A. Davis Sherwood L. Fawcett Mary C. St. John R. Clifton Bailey Peter F. Brussard Leslie N. Davis Gillian M. Fenton Harry T. Stinson Gladys E. Baker Charlene Brusso Lynn R. Davis Shelagh Ferguson-Miller Shepard B. Stone David P. Balding Robert W. Bryant Richard L. Davis William K. Ferrell C. E. Sunderlin Joseph C. Barbaccia Glenn R. Buckley Ruth M. Davis James P. Ferris Marian E. Swendseid A. James Barkovich William A. Buehring William C. Davis Robert W. Field Albert H. Teich Adam E. Barnes Dwight A. Burkhardt Elba A. De Rodriguez Richard Tresch Fienberg James A. Tevepaugh Harry G. Barnes Donald L. Burkholder Jack N. Deeter Roman O. Filipowicz John F. Thompson Bobby L. Barnett John E. Burris Kenneth A. DeGhetto Laurence Finberg Alvin V. Tollestrup Franklin H. Barnwell Ralph Calder William P. Deiss Thomas H. Finlay Franklin H. Top, Jr. Marianne Barrier Margaret J. Callanan Albert & Mary Dekker Olivera J. Finn John W. Townsend, Jr. Thomas R. Baruch W. Barton Campbell Robert J. Delap Victoria Finnerty Francesco B. Trama Peter Beak Ronald E. Cape Armand H. Delsemme Gerald D. Fischbach Carole Travis Edward W. Beals William H. Card Robert Demar Ruth L. Fischbach Wanda E. Ward Roy H. Beaton* James M. Carhart Victor H. Denenberg T. Lloyd Fletcher Warren M. Washington Lloyd W. Beck Emery N. Castle Barbara Dengler John F. Foley Donald J. Waters Karen A. Becker Robert Chan Brewster C. Denny G. Edgar Folk, Jr. Thomas E. Wellems Sidney Beinfest Wei Jen Chang Paul M. Densen Margaret L. Fonda Milton W. Weller Leslie Z. Benet Walter J. Chazin Stephen R. Deppermann Richard M. Forester Stanley A. White Donald R. Bennett Donald B. Chesler Charles A. Desoer Arlington A. Forist* John S. & Judith H. Willis Carl S. Benson Maarten Chrispeels Roger Detels Donald W. Foss Helen R. Winter Leo L. Beranek Roger E. Christensen Paul A. Dewald Helen L. Foster Joseph A. Yager John Berech, Jr. Daryl Chubin Paula Diehr William Fothergill Charles Yanofsky Stanley A. Berger Kathleen Church Marshall Dinowitz Richard Frankel Jerome R. Berman Helen R. Churella Joseph R. DiPalma Arnold G. Fredrickson Leo D. Berner, Jr. Elmond L. Claridge Walter E. Ditmars, Jr. David Freedman Kevin P. Bertrand Alfred Clark, Jr. David A. Dixon Frank S. French Joe H. Clark Joe B. Dixon Carl Frieden

25 Edith Friedman William E. Hanson Henry R. Irons Zafra Lerman Thomas A. Mehlhorn Harold Friedman Harold D. Harby Sally T. Ishizaka Eric P. Lester James E. Melvin William Fulkerson Lawrence V. Harper Nina G. Jablonski William A. Lester, Jr. Clifford W. Mendel, Jr. Robert A. Fuller Donald Harrington Andre T. Jagendorf Duane J. LeTourneau Neil H. Mendelson Cyril R. Funk, Jr. James Harris John Jagger Paul R. Levesque John R. Menke Herbert I. Fusfeld James D. Harris Bernard W. Janicki C. Sandford Levings III James Merz Fred H. Gage Leonard Harris Leon Jaroff Richard M. LeVitt A. Richard Miller Joseph G. Gall Richard L. Harrison Stephen N. Jasperson Edward S. Lewis Alan S. Miller S. Raymond Gambino Fred Haruda Dana M. Jensen David A. Liberman William M. Miller Walter Gamble Robert H. Hasek William A. Jensen Philip Lichtenberg Don H. Mills Rajesh R. Gandhi Robert R. Haubrich John H. Jewell Kenneth Lifshitz John J. Mitchell William G. Gardner Alfred C. Haven, Jr. Erling Johansen Olga F. Linares Robert L. Molinari Robert Garrett Roy M. Havenhill George John David R. Lincicome Emilia Mollova Michael E. Garst Fernand Hayot Hollis R. Johnson Paul A. Lindberg Phillip O. Montgomery Clifford F. Gastineau Thomas Hazapis Julius E. Johnson William T. Lindsay, Jr. Ruth Ann Montgomery David M. Gates Jack W. Heberling, Jr. Steven Jonas Christopher J. Lingle Frank G. Moody Walter Gerhard John S. Hege Henry H. Jones John H. Litchfield Conrad T. Moore James A. Gibbs Earl R. Heithaus Elke Jordan Joseph A. Little Angelyn & Kevin Moore Anne E. Giblin Leon Heller Raymond F. Jurgens Lars Ljungdahl Thomas G. Moore Jon D. Gibson George R. Helmer, Jr. Marjorie M. Kade Felix J. Lockman J. Clifford Moos Michael A. Gibson Philip B. Hemmig George Karlin-Neumann Paul M. Loewenstein Jose O. Morales Paul T. Gieser Val G. Hemming Walter Kauzmann Robert B. Loftfield David W. Moreland Mark L. Gilberstadt Leon Henkin Carl Kaysen Gabrielle G. Long Richard M. Morrow Elmer G. Gilbert Mary Henle Howard H. Kendler Dr. and Ms. Long Robert A. Morse Leland H. Gile, Jr. Paul A. Herd Charles F. Kennel Sharon R. Long Bonnie R. Morton Walter L. Gillespie Edward C. Hermann Urban S. Kern Norman W. Lord Patricia H. Moyer Robert N. Ginsburg Charles M. Herndon Richard E. Kettler Kevin Lorentsen Peter K. Mueller Peter E. Glaser Jackson R. Herring David L. Kirk James F. Lotspeich J. Fraser Muirhead Robert J. Glaser Gayle M. Herrington Emil Kissel James D. Louck Stanley A. Mulaik Eli Glatstein Davis Hershey George Kitazawa Sara Elizabeth Lowe A. A. Mullin James E. Glogowski Richard J. Hertel Michael S. Klassen Howard C. Lucas Joe H. Mullins Arthur E. Goldberg John R. Hess Scott A. Kleiner R. Duncan Luce Lawrence S. Myers, Jr. Reginald G. Golledge James H. Heym Albert M. Kligman David A. Lupfer Stephen E. Myers Bernard Goodman James Hillier* Lucy W. Kluckhohn Jones Richard H. Lyon Gerald Nadler Albert E. & Mary William E. Himwich Jerry J. Kollros Anne Maddalena Nasif Nahle E. W. Goss M. Kiplinger Hine, Jr. Anthony L. Komaroff Clifford K. Madsen Jan A. Narud Kim L. Graham Albert Hirschman Niilo Koponen John J. Majnarich Joanne Narud William L. Green Mildred Hirschman Edward J. Kormondy Gladys R. Maley James W. Neel John & Deborah Basil I. Hirschowitz Igor L. Kosin Ralph Mansfield Roger J. Neill Greenspan David C. Hoaglin Stephen M. Krane Tag E. Mansour Paul Neiman Irene Greif Marcus E. Hobbs Bernard E. Kreger Paul W. Maraist Walter L. Nelson Donald F. Grether Ellen D. Hoffleit Rodney M. Krich Philip I. Marcus William G. Nelson Florence N. Greville Robert L. Hoguet III Lorenz A. Kull Hans M. Mark David E. Ness Nathaniel Grier Paul R. Hohenfeldt Bernard M. Kulwicki Mark Markham John R. Nesselroade Wilfred Guerra Frank Hole Anton Edward La Bonte Ronen Marmorstein Christian E. Newcomer William J. Guilford Richard D. Holland Gary Lagerloef Samuel P. Maroney, Jr. Jeffery L. Newmeyer C. David Gutsche Robert Holmgren Peter A. Lamal Leonard A. Marowitz Thomas W. Newton Jerrier A. Haddad B. Elizabeth Horner Robert L. Lambert Paul R. Marques Robert A. Nilan Mark E. Hahn Robert Horner Susan Landau Walter & Shirley Massey Harold M. Nitowsky Tico Hakobian Gabriel N. Hortobagyi William E. Lands James F. Mathis Larry Niven Albert L. Hale John T. Horton Neal F. Lane Randall Matthews Mark D. Nockleby Richard L. Hall Estil V. Hoversten Joseph S. Lappin Donald R. Mattison Ronald P. Nordgren Jerome & Barbara Chaohong Hu Richard K. Lashof Linda A. Mauck Christer E. Nordman Halperin John P. Huchra Patty H. Laswick Chris L. McAuliffe William T. Norton Charles H. Halsted George A. Hudock George H. Lauff Shirley A. McCormack Marie U. Nylen Mary G. Hamilton Roy M. Huffington Pauline O. Lawrence Candice McCoy Robert A. O’Dell James E. Hamos Randall G. Hulet Walter R. Lawson Camilla O. McCrory Donald O’Dowd Carleton T. Handy Eric Hunter Jacob Lebowitz Steve P. McGrew Bruce O’Gara Edward S. Hanrahan J. Stuart Hunter Albert C. Lee Wilbert J. McKeachie Stephen M. Olin Arthur G. Hansen Keith Huston Robert N. Leggett, Jr. Jean E. McKendry & Bruce D. Olsen George F. Hanson Robert H. Hutchinson Cecil E. Leith Gary E. Machlis John S. Olson Lincoln F. Hanson Frank W. Ingle Barry R. Lentz Michael R. Meadows William C. Orr

26 Carolyn L. Orthner Jack W. Reed Sean Simmons John G. Topliss John E. Wrobel, Jr. Thomas B. Owen Lester J. Reed Donald M. Simons Thomas K. Toyama Armon F. Yanders Lauren M. Pachman Ernest B. Reeve Ethan A. H. Sims Edward O. Treesh Charles Y. Yang Sarah L. Pallas James C. Register III Herbert E. Sloan M. C. Trichel Harry C. Yeatman Allison R. Palmer Leonard Reiffel James C. Smith Timothy N. Trick Kelvin Yen John D. Palmer Malcolm M. Renfrew James L. Smith A. Forrest Troyer Young Z. Yoon Raymond L. Palmer Minocher C. Reporter John T. Smith Gerard M. Turino Herbert F. York William H. Parker Mary E. Reuder Lex B. Smith Deborah Turski Quentin D. Young Thomas S. Parsons Charles M. Rice III M. Brewster Smith P. Douglas Tuttle James R. Youse Frank P. Parth Hal B. Richerson Louise M. Soares Gertrude M. Tyce Milton Zaitlin Duncan T. Patten David M. Richman Charles M. Sommerfield Arthur Uhlir, Jr. Felix E. Zajac James F. Patterson Lynn M. Riddiford Harold C. Sox, Jr. Edwin Ullman Anthony L. Zane Stanton J. Peale Dr. and Mrs. George Stephanie S. Spangler John E. Upledger Jan A. D. Zeevaart John S. Pearse Rieveschl, Jr. Scott Spear Lidia M. Vallarino Marvin Zelen Maurice Pease Donald A. Riley Edward J. Specht E. J. Van Scott Clive Zent Heather P. Peirce-Stern Lillian C. Robbins Edward S. Spoerl Ari van Tienhoven Tianlun Zhou John Peoples, Jr. Eugene Roberts Duane C. Spriestersbach Joseph Vanderhorst Paul C. Zmola Frank A. Pepe Julian L. Roberts, Jr. Gerald B. Spurr W. R. Smith Vaniz Novak Zuber Alea Peters H. Thomas Robertson Donald L. St. Germain Charles Varsel Alan & Missy Peterson Theodore Rockwell Stephen M. Stack Manfred S. Von Wittenau corporations and John E. Peterson Kenneth L. Rose David G. Stahl Charles P. Wales foundations Ralph H. Petrucci Norman Rosenberg Joshua D. Staller Frances Ann Walker Academy for Educational David J. Pettitt Donald A. Rowley Peter J. Stang Geoffrey K. Walters Development Richard M. Phelan Herman Rubin Cynthia Stauffacher Chun-Yeh Wang Affymetrix, Incorporated Lawrence E. Phillips James S. Ruhoff Albert T. Steegmann, Jr. Emmerson Ward Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Betty H. Pickett Rafael Ruiz-Gonzalez Lawrence Stein Robert T. Ward American Petroleum George F. Pieper Louise Russert-Kraemer Robertson Stevens Cynthia K. Warner Institute Richard N. Pierson R. Bruce Rutherford Nancy R. Stevenson Nancy E. Warner Amgen Inc. Wellington J. Pindar William J. Sacher James H. Stith David P. Warren The Annenberg Omer A. Pipkin David T. Salant Walther Stoeckenius Steven F. Warren Foundation Anne L. Plant William J. Saucier James Stolzenbach F. Morgan Warzel The Atlantic Marvin S. Platt Frank C. Savage William W. Stoner Marvin Wasserman Philanthropies James F. Pletcher Mary Savina Douglas C. Strain Gordon L. Watts Bigeleisen Living Trust Stanley A. Plotkin William W. Scales Barbara A. W. Streeten Richard C. Waugh Bracken Associates, L.L.C. Edward Pollak Elliott Schiffmann John Stringer Robert C. Weast Burroughs Wellcome Fund Lawrence R. Pomeroy Margo M. Schleman F. William Studier Mark E. Weaver C.T.C. Richard L. Portine Rudi Schmid Robert E. Stutz William F. Weeden Camille and Henry Barbara J. Potts Roland W. Schmitt Joan C. Suit Harrison Wein Dreyfus Foundation Rex F. Pratt George F. Schnack P. R. Sundaresan Frederick T. Weiss Canon U.S.A., Inc. David F. Preston Russell G. Schonberg Sigmund R. Suskind Margery L. Weitkamp Cargille Laboratories Herbert P. Price Lawrence B. Schonberger Glenn W. Suter II John H. Weitz Carnegie Corporation of Edward Prince Andrew C. Schuerger Donald A. Swanson Irwin Welber New York Alfred L. Putnam Victor L. Schuster Richard M. Swanson John E. Wessel Carneros Energy, Inc. Frank W. Putnam Benjamin Schwartz & Claude C. R. Swayze Peter Westfall Center for the Study Edward J. Quilligan Susan Cullen-Schwartz Richard L. Swent Maynard B. Wheeler of Violence & Robert W. Rader Nadrian C. Seeman Keith R. Symon Irvin L. White Reconciliation Robert P. Rafuse Cecily C. Selby Andrew G. Szent-Gyorgyi Thomas H. Whitesides Central and East Jacob R. Raitt Bert L. Semler Heinrich Taegtmeyer Anna M. Williams European Law Wilfrid Rall Walter E. Sepp Yoshihiko Takeda Brown F. Williams Charles A. Dana Edward R. Rang Richard B. Setlow Gerald H. Takei George C. Williams Foundation M. M. Rao William M. Shafer Marc Z. Talisman T. Walley Williams III Charlotte & Arthur Zitrin Samuel I. Rapaport Charles Shapiro Susan H. Tam George B. Wilmot Foundation Alan I. Rapoport Alan H. Shapley* Susan Y. Tamura Jeanette Winter The Commonwealth Fund Robert W. Rasch Carleton B. Shay Robert D. Tarver Joseph G. Wirth Congressional Fellows George B. Rathmann Emma Shelton Daniel T. Teitelbaum Steven P. Wise Connecticut Academy for Buddy D. Ratner Bruce A. Sherwood Haragopal Thadepalli* Evelyn M. Witkin Education Donald A. Rauh Maurice E. Shils Arthur R. Thomas Bertram Wolfe United States District Donald G. Rea Mary Jane C. Showers J. W. Thomas Leila Ann Wolfe Court, Northern District Abram Recht Duward F. Shriver Jeremy W. Thorner H. Boyd Woodruff of California James R. Redmond Hedvah Shuchman Robert W. Thresher Thomas A. Woolsey The David and Lucile Robert P. Redwine Frank V. Sica Maury Tigner Paul W. Worden, Jr. Packard Foundation David P. Reed Daniel P. Siewiorek David W. Tillay Charles C. Worthington

27

DC Children and Youth Lovett Collins Verizon Foundation Louisiana State University combined federal Investment Trust Associates, LLC Vira I. Heinz Endowment Maine Technology campaign Corporation The Joy McCann W. W. Grainger, Inc. Institute Athens Area Combined deCODE Genetics Foundation, Inc. Wodicka Family Trust Materials Research Society Federal Campaign Desert Research Institute Margaret and World Learning Mathematical Association Capital Region Combined EMJAYCO Ross McDonald of America Federal Campaign Ewing Marion Kauffman Charitable Fund other organizations Morgan State University Central Minnesota Foundation Mary L. and William J. American Academy The National Academies Combined Federal Fannie Mae Foundation Osher Foundation of Neurology National Aeronautics and Campaign Forney Family Foundation MCI Foundation American Chemical Space Administration Chambersburg Area Foundation for Child Melvina Foundation Society (NASA) Combined Federal Development Merck & Co., Inc. 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28 Eastern Massachusetts North Central Kentucky United Way for the Apple, Ted Brunn, Gregory J. Combined Federal & Southern Indiana Greater New Orleans Arbona, Carmen Burger, Eric Campaign Counties & Fort Knox Area Combined Federal Arlen, Myron Burian, Richard M. Eastern Shore Area Combined Federal Campaign Armbruster, Walter Bynum, Arlen Combined Federal Campaign United Way of Brevard Armstrong, John A. Cadet, Jean L. Campaign North Country Combined County Arnold, Joshua Calvert, Lee Fort Leonard Wood Federal Campaign United Way of Central Arnt, Lachelle Cameron, Douglas C. Combined Federal North Puget Sound Indiana, Inc. Asadov, Vadim Campbell, Mark Campaign Combined Federal United Way of Madison Auel, Jean Campbell, Wilbur H. Fort Polk-Central Campaign County Azarnoff, Daniel L. Caplan, Daniel B. Louisiana Northern New Jersey United Way of Banta, Scott Carberry, Charles Fresno/Madera Combined Federal Metropolitan Atlanta, Baran, Paul Carlson, Barbara E. Combined Federal Campaign Inc. Combined Federal Barber, Jerry R. Carlson, Paul A. Campaign of the United Okaloosa-Walton Campaign Barber, Mary C. Carroll, David T. Way of Fresno County Counties Combined United Way of Barela, Laura Case, James F. Gateway Combined Federal Campaign Metropolitan Dallas, Inc. Barnes, Peter D. Cavanaugh, James J Federal Campaign Onslow/Camp United Way of Miami- Barron, Lorena Caves, Carlton M. Global Impact Combined Lejeune/MCAS New Dade, Inc. Barrow, Thomas D. Cerniglia, Philip Federal Campaign of the River Combined United Way of Northeast Barry, Peter Chafee, Nathaniel National Capital Area Federal Campaign Florida Combined Bartram, Frederick Chase, Edgar M. 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Crumley, Kenneth Los Angeles Area Federal Campaign Yakima Kittitas Combined Blumenthal, Edward Cuadra, Adolfo Combined Federal Southeastern Michigan Federal Campaign Boettcher, Anne Curry, James H. Campaign Area Combined Federal Bogard, Terrence D. Czika, Joseph Maricopa County Campaign patron members Bolck, Joachim E. Czipott, Peter V. Combined Federal Southern Alaska Area Abbey, Leland Bomberger, Fred Dairaghi, Dan Campaign Combined Federal Aberg, Ashley Boughton, E. M. Dakolias, Dean Memphis Area Combined Campaign Aboufadel, Edward Boulanger, Rob Davidson, Lloyd A. Federal Campaign Southern Arizona Adams, Mary B. Brademas, John Davies, Todd H. Midlands Area Combined Combined Federal Adams, Thomas T Brady, Edward C. Davis, Ruth M. Federal Campaign Campaign-A Aftring, R. Paul Brainard, Suzanne Decarli, Paul S. Monongalia & Preston Suncoast Combined Allen, W. F. Brewer, Michael F. Dees, Craig County Combined Federal Campaign Almanaseer, Amrou Bridger, Joe L. Deghetto, Kenneth Federal Campaign Tri- Community Combined Alter, Orly Britten, Chet Devalpine, J. E. N.E. Pennsylvania Area Federal Campaign Altman, James W. Britz, Everett F. Devine, Daniel Combined Federal Triangle United Way Anderson, Albert F. Brooks, David Devlin, Michael Campaign (Combined Federal Anderson, Cris J. Brooks, Joan E. Dickhoff, Robert F. National City Combined Campaign) Anderson, David Brooks, Seth A. Dickinson, Charles Federal Campaign Twin Cities Area Anderson, Steve Brown, Richard I. Didsbury, Howard New York City Combined Combined Federal Angel, Michael F. Brown, Stephen Dietz, Richard D. Federal Campaign Campaign Angel, Ronald J. Browne, John C. Dietzgen, Joe

29 Disraeli, D. J. Garakani, Arman Hess, John R. Klosterman, John Majnarich, John J. Ditmars, Walter E. Garstang, R. H. Hess, Robert Kluender, Hanns Hasche Malin, Stephen F. Dittrich, Norbert Gavin, Joseph G. Hirschmann, Ralph F. Knight, Stephen Malone, J. David Doll, Robert B. Geballe, Adam P. Hirsh, Robin Knox, Mark Malyj, W. Dong, Wayland Gelatt, C. D. Ho, Yiu Kee Koci, Bruce Mammone, Tom Donnelly, Grace M. Germroth, J. Hoel, Elvin L. Koegel, Rita Mann, Edward Frederick Donoho, David C. Gfoeller, Joachim Hoffman, Stephen Koetzle, Thomas F. Mann, Scott E. Dosser, Albert T. Giuffre, Mauree Hofland, Brian Kohl, Candace Manning, T. E. Doty, Robert W. Glass, Eric Hofstra, John L. Kollmorgen, Leland S. Manske, Scott L. Doughty, Jerry A. Glatstein, Eli Hogan, William Koonin, Steven Elliot Markham, Mark Dubois, Phillip M. Glickenhaus, Sarah B. Holton, Raymond W. Korsmo, Fae L. Markman, Steven Dulin, Terence Gluck, John Hood, Ray Koshland, Catherine P. Marlay, Robert C. Dupre, Ellen Gobstein, Howard Hooper, John B. Krafft, Grant A. Marlowe, David Eberharter, Georg Goldberg, Alfred L. Horvath, Martin Per Kravitz, Edward A. Marlowe, T. J. Ebrahimi, Farah Goldberg, Michael Horwitz, Matthew Kris, Anton O. Marrett, Cora B. Eckel, Pete Goldberger, Marvin L. House, James Krohn, K. A. Martin, Patrick Thomas Edgcomb, John S. Golden, Ralph Howard, Russell Krueger, Robert E. Massagli, Michael Effenberger, John A. Golden, William T. Howard, Ruthie Labuda, E. F. Massey, Richard Ehlers, Vernon J. Good, Mary L. Hubbard, W. Lam, Arthur Lerner Masters, Michael Alan Eichten, Estia J. Goodrich, C. A. Huchra, John P. Lambert, Joseph Gordon Matalka, Edward S. Ellis, James B. Goodwin, Edward Hullender, Gregory Lane Brill, Andrew Matthews, Kathleen Engelberger, Carl Gorelick, David Hulswit, Frank T. Lankford, Ron Shive Engenito, Joseph S. Gower, James Hunze, Charles Lappi, D. A. Mattison, Donald R. Enger, Eldon D. Graustein, William C. Hurley, Daniel D. Laubach, Gerald Maunsell, John Eriksen, Charles W. Graves, Nicholas Hwang, Grace Laudamiel, Christophe Maurrasse, F. Esposito, Emilio Xavier Gray, John Inoue, Akira Lawrence, Jeff May, Michael M. Fachnie, H. Douglas Gray, Sheila Hafter Irani, Keki B. Le, Chi Huong Mazzuca, Paul A. Faggin, Federico Gray, Victoria Irsak, John E. Leboff, Gerald McMurry, Laura M. Farber, Steve Green, Richard F. Itoh, Masayoshi Lebowitz, Jacob McAllister, R. F. Fathauer, Theodore F. Greenblatt, Chip Ives, Charles Lederman, L. M. McCabe, Thomas A. Fay, Robert Grinberg, Mikus Janis Jackson, Robert L. Lee, Joe R. McCaffrey, Patricia Feil, Bobby R. Grochocinski, James M. Jackson, Shirley Lenzmeier, Charles McClellan, Roger Ferriera, Antonio M. Grossman, Joyce Jaffe, Karen Leshner, Alan I. McCormick, Michael Fields, Alison Fennessy Grossman, Richard Jaffe, Russell M. Lethin, Richard A. McCoy, Patrick Fischer, David Gruissem, Wilhelm Jakes, Karen S. Leventhal, Howard McIvor, William Fishman, Edward Grunstein, Max Janeway, William H. Leviton, Alan E. McManamon, Francis P. Fiske, Peter S. Guerin, Thomas P. Jannink, Jan Levy, Jerrold McSharry, James J. Fitch, Frank Guignon, E. Jason, Gary Lewis, Michael Meguid, Michael Fludzinski, Marek T Haggerty, Robert J. Jobst, Steven B. Libersky, Jason Meisner, Gregory P. Fodor, S. P. Haigwood, Nancy L. Johnson, Julius Linderman, John P. Melander-Dayton, Forbes, Scott Hall, Kelly Johnson, Matthew Linn, Peter Steven Ford, Warren T. Hamrick, Jerry Johnson, Richard A. Linton, Terry Melen, Ronald R. Forney, Robert C. Hansen, Dave Jones, Kenneth M. Lis, J. Melson, John Fraas, Arthur P. Hansen, Fred Jones, Mark Locksley, Norman Mercer, Robert Frame, Michael Hansford, Derek Jones Trower, Agnes Locksley, Richard M Meserve, Richard A. Frauenfelder, Hans Harchelroad, Fred P Jung, Edward Logsdon, Mark J. Meslin, Eric Friede, John Harcourt, Alexander Juszczak, Laura Longacre, William A. Metzger, Glenn L. Friedline, John A. Harms, Richard J. Kalz, Lotti Longo, Dan L. Michaels, David Friedman, Katherine L. Harris, James D. Kassed, Cheryl Lord, Norman W. Milberg, Michael Friedman, Richard Harvey, Scott M. Kaysen, Carl Loss, Christopher Milczarek, Gavin Fuentes, Gilda Diaz Haskell, Richard C. Kelly, Eamon Lubchenco, Jane Miller, A. Richard Fuhr, John C. Hattendorf, Elaine Kennedy, Donald Lucas, Fred V. Miller, Harry J. Fuller, Charles Hauenstein, Anthony Kernan, Anne Lukens, Jan Miller, Orlando J. Fuller, Tim Hayes, Peter Kerns, Jack D. Lum, Richard Miller, Steven L. Fung, Eric Haynes, Ross Kessler, Peter S. Lunn, Jadrian Miller, Suzanne E. Furumoto, Horace W. Heinrich, Andreas Kibbey, Alison Lutz, Julie Haynes Miller, William L. Fyfe, John C. Helmer, George R. King, Joseph A. Lyle, Herman O. Miller, Wm F. Gabrielli, Joseph R. Helmers, C. T. Kirchhoff, Mary Lynch, Carol Becker Minga, Todd Gaeke, R. F. Helvie, James Kirk, Randal Ma, Qinggao Mjolsness, Dan Gahbauer, Reinhard Herrick, Michael Kirshner, Robert P. Mack, Mark P. Moeller-Sally, Betsy Gambino, Raymond Hershey, Linda A. Klein, Miles V. Magilavy, Daniel Molinari, Robert L. Gamble, Walter Hertz, Howard Klemm, Rebecca Maher, John J. Moore, David

30 Mooring, F. Paul Pilarczyk, Dennis R. Schneider, Mark Stone, Shepard B. Walsh, Robert Morgan, Howard L. Pilcher, Carl Schneider, Robert F. Stout, Robert L. Wang, Liman Morris, Kevin Pirrung, Michael Schoen, Richard M. Strain, Douglas C. Wang-Iverson, Patsy Morrison, Sean Plano, Richard J. Schultz, John Stroupe, S. D. Ward, J. G. Mossman, James Pomerene, James H. Schultz, Kenneth R. Studer, Fred R. Ware, Matthew F. Mundkur, Yatin Potter, Ellen Searls, Ronald C. Sukumar, S. Washington, Warren M. Murray, Cherry Ann Potts, Barbara J. Seeger, John D. Sultzbaugh, Lance H. Watkins, David K. Murray, Kevin J. Powell, George M. Selman, Bart Sundquist, Eric Weaver, Dallas E. Mustillo, Michael Powers, Matt Selvey, Carol Suran, Jerome J. Weinland, John David Myers, Gordon Prabhala, Rao Seo, Christopher Swanson, G. Weinstock, Robert Nahle, Nasif Preston, Howard Seth, Charles E. Swanson, Linda Weisberg, Warren B. Nance, Joel Pufahl, Joseph Shabazz, Abdulalim Swingle, Roy C. Wellems, Thomas E. Narath, A. Pursey, Derek L. Shafer, Robert E. Swisher, Paul Wells, Bert Needham, Charles E. Putnam, Jim Shanklin, Douglas R. Tamirisa, Chandrashekar Wentroble, David Neitz, Maureen Pyatt, Kedar D. Sharp, David H. Tartar, Joy Westphal, Larry Edward Nelson, Priscilla Ragatz, Stephen C. Shekdar, Kambiz Taub, Robert A. Wetzel, Mary Christine Nenno, Tim Rahman, Habib Shigeoka, John Taylor, Jean E. Wharton, Ralph Nichols, Mark Ramsden, William E. Shulman, Lee Teague, Robert White, Harry C. Nicholson, Richard S. Ratzkin, Barry J. Shumate, Michael S. Telson, Michael L. Whitehurst, Garnett Nicolle, Michelle Rausser, Gordon C. Siemann, Robert Paul Terman, Lewis M. Wiedemann, Jay M. Niles, Richard K. Ravid, Gonen Silvers, Willys Thomas, Glenn E. Wilber, Dara H. Niles, Walter Dulany Rawson, John Silverstein, Samuel C. Thomas, Richard Wilkes, Robert Nilsen, Thor Reddick, Robert Simonson, Stewart, G. Thomas, William A. Wilkinson, Steven B. Nockleby, Mark Reed, Daniel A. Sims, James L. Thorgerson, Eric J. Williams, Billy Myles Nor, Jacques Reed, David P. Sloss, L. Thorner, Jeremy W. Williams, Clinton Nuckols, Beverly Reed, John S. Small, Prescott Tian, Bin Williams, D. J. Nyanzi, Susan A. Reedy, D. P. Smith, Edward Tiemeier, David C. Williams, George A. O’Brien, Don R. Reid, George Smith, Geoffrey Tilley, James A. Willis, Marlan O’Connor, John Reinhardt, William P. Smith, Lewis G. Tobacman, L. Wilson, Christopher B. O’Donnell, Peter Renstrom, Mary Pat Smith, Linda Tollestrup, A. V. Winograd, Isaac J. Offield, Paxson H. Reppas, John Smith, Linda C. Tompkins, John Wischer, Thomas O’Keefe, P. Reynolds, Robert Smith, Scott Tormey, Jill O’Donnell Wisoff, Carl P. Olson, J. S. Rice, Edward K. Smith, Steven W. Totty, Brian Witschey, Walter R. T. Omenn, Gilbert S. Richardson, Karlin Smoller, J. W. Touchberry, Robert W. Wood, Scott O’Neill, Ynez Viole Richardson, Robert C. Snider, Dale R. Tozzi, Jim Woodley, David Osgood, Garry Richey, William Snyder, Richard Trocki, Linda Woolley, Mary Ott, Mark Richter, Burton Sohnis, Jonathan Troxell, Paul Worster, Bruce W. Overend, Ralph P. Robbin, Robert R. Solters, John Tsang, James C. Wright, S. Courtenay Owens, Albert Robbins, P. W. Somerville, Judson Tsuboi, Clifford P. Wu, Lawren Painter, Buz Robinson, A. R. Sonleitner, Frank J. Turk, Ben Yahnke, Jim Pamidighantam, Robinson, Kirk Sorgi, Anthony Turnacioglu, Kenan Yamaguchi, Shunichi Sudhakar Roosevelt, Alexandra Sox, H. Turner, Stephen R. Yen, Yung Tsai Pao, William Roosevelt, Anna C. Specht, Kimberly Tutas, Daniel Young, Charles Papadopoulos, Stelios Rowe, J. E. St John, Mary C. Tymes, Adrian Young, David E. Parker, John Rowland, F. S. Staal, David Urquhart, John Zar, Jerrold H. Parker, William Royer, Thomas C. Stanton, Barbara H. Valenzuela, Pablo Zegar, Charles Pasha, Muhamed Rubin, Philip Starrett, Andrew Van Artsdalen, James Zehrer, Terrence Patel, C. Kumar N. Russakoff, L. M. Stauffacher, Cynthia Vanderhorst, Joseph Ziff, Robert Payne Iv, James Rust, Francis G. Steele, K. E. Vates, G. Edward Zihlman, Adrienne L. Peach, H. Gil Ryberg, August Stefoski, Dusan Vercoutere, Wenonah A. Zink, David Pedalino, Ronald Samec, Thomas K. Steiner, Richard L. Villa Komaroff, Lydia Zuiches, James J. Peltier, Melissa Sanders, David Steininger, Bob Wada, Hiroaki Zwicky, Arnold Peng, Chin Tzu Sanders, Laurence F. Stenkamp, Deborah L. Walker, Howard * Deceased Penhoet, Edward E. Sandhu, Raj Stern, David Penniman, David Sanes, Jerome N. Stern, John A. Perez, Kerry Sanger, T. D. Stern, Julius J. This report reflects financial support received from 1 Petersen, Christine Sather, Andrew R. Stern, Lawrence J. January 2006 through 31 December 2006. The compilers Peterson, D. E. Saucier, William J. Stevens, H Adam have carefully reviewed the names that appear. However, Pferd, Jeffrey W. Schaaf, Rainer Stewart, John H. errors and omissions may occasionally occur. If your Pfuetze, Bruce Schechter, David Stinnette, William name is listed incorrectly, please accept our apologies, Phelan, Richard M. Schierer, Ted Stoddard, Peter and do not hesitate to bring the mistake to our attention Philips, Laura A. Schiffer, Wynne Stone, S. S. by calling (202) 326–6636. Thank you.

31 Financial Summary for 2006

Consolidated Statement of Financial Position for the years ended Consolidated Statement of Changes in Net Assets for the years December 31, 2006 and 2005 ended December 31, 2006 and 2005

($ IN THOUSANDS) 2006 2005 ($ IN THOUSANDS) 2006 2005

ASSETS OPERATING REVENUE:

Cash 3,308 6,367 Member dues 13,693 13,739

Accounts receivable, net 6,588 5,354 Publishing 39,580 38,902

Grants and contributions receivable, net 4,942 6,689 Grants and other program support 23,559 21,107

Prepaid expenses and other 2,647 3,697 Leasing, investments and other 8,658 7,958

Investments 101,337 91,877 Total operating revenue 85,490 81,706

Property, plant and equipment, net 57,012 56,443 OPERATING EXPENSES: Total assets 175,834 170,427 Publishing 36,881 37,307

Education, policy and other programs 31,481 28,165 LIABILITIES AND NET ASSETS General and administrative expenses 12,172 11,370 Accounts payable and accrued expenses 12,247 11,019 Total operating expenses 80,534 76,842 Deferred dues, subscriptions revenue and other 24,609 23,001 Operating income, before tax 4,956 4,864 Bonds payable 35,915 37,124 Provision for income tax 1,844 397 Total Liabilities 72,771 71,144 Nonoperating revenue and expense 4,583 1,132

Unrestricted net assets 86,806 79,111 Change in unrestricted net assets 7,695 5,598

Temporarily restricted net assets 10,363 14,322 Change in restricted net assets (3,915) (1,003)

Permanently restricted net assets 5,893 5,850 Total change in net assets 3,780 4,596

Total net assets 103,063 99,283 Net Assets, beginning of year 99,283 94,687

Total liabilities and net assets 175,834 170,427 Net Assets, end of year 103,063 99,283

These financial statements are a condensed version of the audited statements of AAAS for the year ending December 31, 2006. AAAS will be pleased to provide complete copies along with all footnotes and the unqualified report of our auditors, upon request.

32 AAAS Board of Directors, Officers, and Information

Board of Directors 2006-2007 AAAS Management Association Information chair chief executive officer and Association Headquarters Gilbert S. Omenn executive publisher American Association for the University of Michigan Health System Alan I. Leshner Advancement of Science 1200 New York Avenue, NW president chief financial and Washington, DC 20005 USA John P. Holdren administrative officer Tel: 202-326-6400 Harvard University and Phillip Blair The Woods Hole Research Center AAAS Annual Meeting executive office affairs Dates: 14–18 February 2008 president–elect Gretchen Seiler, Director David Baltimore Location: Boston, MA California Institute of Technology education and human resources www.aaasmeeting.org Shirley M. Malcom, Director Find an archive of past meetings. treasurer David E. Shaw international office D.E. Shaw & Co., Inc. Vaughan Turekian, Chief Electronic Resources International Officer treasurer emeritus AAAS www.aaas.org William T. Golden project 2061 Find breaking AAAS news and Jo Ellen Roseman, Director aaas chief executive officer membership information. Alan I. Leshner science and policy Albert H. Teich, Director Science other members: www.sciencemag.org Rosina Bierbaum science editorial Search the journal’s news and University of Michigan Donald Kennedy, Editor-in-Chief research archives. Monica Bradford, Executive Editor John E. Dowling ScienceCareers Harvard University science news www.sciencecareers.org Colin Norman, News Editor Look for career advice, how-to Lynn W. Enquist information, and more. Princeton University office of human resources Alison French, Director EurekAlert! Susan M. Fitzpatrick www.eurekalert.org The James S. McDonnell Foundation office of public programs Read breaking research news in Ginger Pinholster, Director multiple languages. Alice Gast Lehigh University office of publishing and Make a Gift member services www.aaas.org/makeagift.shtml Beth Rosner, Publisher Thomas D. Pollard View the Abelson Legacy video and Yale University donate online. CFC 10134

Peter Stang Join AAAS University of Utah www.aaas.org/join Advance science, serve society, Kathryn D. Sullivan and read Science, too. Ohio State University

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