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Morphologic Mapping of Lunar Impact Basins

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Morphologic Mapping of Lunar Impact Basins Western University Scholarship@Western Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository 12-3-2018 2:00 PM Morphologic Mapping of Lunar Impact Basins Zachary R. Morse The University of Western Ontario Supervisor Osinski, Gordon R. The University of Western Ontario Co-Supervisor Tornabene, Livio L. The University of Western Ontario Graduate Program in Geology A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree in Doctor of Philosophy © Zachary R. Morse 2018 Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd Part of the Geology Commons Recommended Citation Morse, Zachary R., "Morphologic Mapping of Lunar Impact Basins" (2018). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 5910. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/5910 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Western. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Western. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Abstract Modern high-resolution remote sensing datasets for the Moon provide a detailed view of the lunar surface and its features. This thesis uses visible, compositional, and topographic data to create the most detailed geomorphological maps to date of portions of three lunar impact structures: Orientale Basin, Tsiolkovsky Crater, and Schrödinger Basin, which are three of the best-preserved impact structures on the lunar farside. This thesis discusses the mapping and analysis of seven morphologically distinct ejecta units around Orientale, nine morphologically distinct units in and around Tsiolkovsky, and twelve units of surface materials in the central Schrödinger Basin region. This analysis utilized 100 m/pixel Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Wide Angle Camera (LROC-WAC) images, 0.5 m/pixel Narrow Angle Camera (LROC-NAC) images, 10 – 50 cm vertical resolution Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter elevation data, Circular Polarization Ratio (CPR) from radar data from the Miniature Radio Frequency (Mini RF) instrument onboard LRO, and FeO abundance maps derived from Clementine spectral data to observe lunar surface morphology and composition. The study regions were then subdivided into distinct morphologic untis based on observed surface texture, relative tonality, the expression of topographic structures, and relationship with preexisting topography. The extent of each unit was precisely mapped using the JAVA Mission-planning and Analysis for Remote Sensing (JMARS) mapping program. Patterns in the ejecta material around Orientale and Tsiolkovsky were identified, including a bilateral symmetry to both ejecta blankets and distinct “Forbidden Zones” lacking secondary impact crater chains. The geographic and stratigraphic distribution of different ejecta units and the interaction of these materials with preexisting topography indicates multistage ejecta emplacement, and specific impact directions and angles for these impacts. The Orientale- forming impact occurred toward the southwest at an angle of ~25°– 45° and the Tsiolkovsky- forming impact occurred toward the southeast at an angle of ~20º – 25º. Additionally, the mapping of the Schrödinger Basin interior enabled the design of a rover traverse path for use in future surface exploration as part of the Canadian Space Agency (CSA) Precursor to Humans And Scientific Rover (PHASR) initiative. This traverse plan includes twenty specific locations i where samples could be collected to further our understanding of impact cratering and lunar chronology. Keywords Moon, Lunar Geology, Impact Cratering, Impact Crater Ejecta, Morphologic Mapping, Remote Sensing, Image Analysis, Lunar Surface, Lunar Exploration, Rover Traverse, Orientale Basin, Tsiolkovsky Crater, Schrödinger Basin. ii Co-Authorship Statement Chapter 2: All data collection and processing and geomorphological mapping was completed by Zachary Morse. Manuscript was written by Zachary Morse. Comments and editing were provided by Dr. Gordon Osinski and Dr. Livio Tornabene. This manuscript has been published in the January 2018 issue of the journal Icarus. Reference: Morse, Z. R., Osinski, G. R., & Tornabene, L. L. (2018). New morphological mapping and interpretation of ejecta deposits from Orientale Basin on the Moon. Icarus, 299, 253-271. Chapter 3: All data collection and processing and geomorphological mapping was completed by Zachary Morse. Manuscript was written by Zachary Morse. Comments and editing were provided by Dr. Gordon Osinski, Dr. Livio Tornabene, and Dr. Catherine Neish. The LRO- Mini RF Circular Polarization Ratio color composite image in Figure 35 was produced and provided by Dr. Catherine Neish. Chapter 4: All data collection and processing and geomorphological mapping was completed by Zachary Morse. Manuscript was written by Zachary Morse. Comments and editing were provided by Dr. Gordon Osinski and Dr. Livio Tornabene. This manuscript was produced in concert with an ongoing Canadian Space Agency Science Maturation Study into the PHASR rover and sample return mission concept. Background information on this mission concept was produced along with other members of the Science Maturation Study team. The collection of points of interest within Schrödinger Basin presented in this chapter was produced as the result of a full day landing site selection workshop held at Western University with input from additional researchers from the Centre for Planetary Science and Exploration. iii Acknowledgments I am deeply grateful to my supervisors, Dr. Gordon Osinski, and Dr. Livio Tornabene, as well as Dr. Catherine Neish for all of their invaluable input, support, and guidance throughout the completion of this thesis. Additionally, I thank the students and faculty of the Centre for Planetary Science and Exploration (CPSX) and the Department of Earth Sciences at Western for all of their input and support throughout the research and writing process. I would also like to thank the PHASR Science Maturation Study team, CanMars Analogue Mission teams, and the members of HiRISE imaging cycle 273 for all of their incredible input and knowledge. This work was supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), the Canadian Space Agency, MDA, and the Centre for Excellence in Mining Innovation, through an Industrial Research Chair to GRO. Funding from the NSERC Discovery Grant is also gratefully acknowledged. We also thank the JMARS development team for their help and technical assistance as well as the NASA LROC team for their ongoing work providing breathtaking images of the lunar surface for the planetary science community. Last, but by no means least, I sincerely thank all of my Friends and Family, for without their continued love and support this work would not have been possible. iv Table of Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................................ i Co-Authorship Statement................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgments.............................................................................................................. iv List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... ix List of Figures ..................................................................................................................... x List of Appendices .......................................................................................................... xxv Dedication ...................................................................................................................... xxvi Chapter 1 ............................................................................................................................. 1 1 Literature Review and Thesis Introduction .................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Formation of the Moon ........................................................................................... 2 1.3 Lunar Interior .......................................................................................................... 2 1.3.1 Lunar Core .................................................................................................. 3 1.3.2 Lunar Mantle ............................................................................................... 5 1.4 Lunar Surface .......................................................................................................... 6 1.4.1 Lunar Highlands.......................................................................................... 6 1.4.2 Maria ........................................................................................................... 7 1.4.3 KREEP Terrain ........................................................................................... 8 1.4.4 Lunar Regolith ............................................................................................ 8 1.4.5 Crustal Thickness ........................................................................................ 9 1.5 Impact Cratering ..................................................................................................... 9 1.5.1 Impact Crater Formation ............................................................................
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