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LEAGUE OF NATIONS EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON RURAL LIFE 1939 Technical Documentation THE LAND TENURE SYSTEMS IN EUROPE CONTRIBUTIONS BY THE INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE (DOCUMENT No. 2) Published previously: Report on SYSTEMS OF AGRICULTURAL CREDIT AND INSURANCE Submitted by M. Louis Tardy, Honorary Director of the Caisse nationale de Crédit agricole, Paris. 116 pages 2/6 S 0,69 An enquiry into the organisation and working of the principal credit and savings establishments which have relations with agriculture, and the agricultural insurance and co-operative organisations was used as a basis for M. Tardy’s Report, which is accompanied by a number of brief monographs relating to the working of agricultural credit in about forty countries. In; the conclusions to his report M. Tardy points out that farmery to be able to carry on and to ensure agricultural prosperity, must [have the support of a properly organised system of agricultural credit with adequate funds. He makes a series of recommendations and adds certain observations concerning the working of agricultural credit and agricul­ tural insurance systems. SURVEY OF NATIONAL NUTRITION POLICIES, 1937/1938 120 pages 2/6 $ 0.60 Is a continuation of the works on the problem of nutrition hitherto published by the League of Nations. Contains a mass of facts collected from official sources in a large number of countries. Not merely a work of reference but also a document in which even experts can learn what is being done in other countries than their own. Written in a style which is readily comprehensible to the ordinary man or woman, this study is of interest not only to those directly con­ cerned with the problem of nutrition but to the general public of the various countries covered. Official No.: C. 19, M. 11. 1939. Conî. E. V. R, 7. LEAGUE OF NATIONS EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON RURAL LIFE 1939 Technical Documentation THE LAND TENURE SYSTEMS IN EUROPE CONTRIBUTIONS BY THE INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE (DOCUMENT No. 2) Series of League ol Nations Publications EUROPEAN CONFERENCE • ON RURAL LIFE TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE I. — Main Types of European Land Tenure System s ........................................ 7 II. — L and S e t t l e m e n t z o n e ......................................................................................................... 10 Land Tenure System in : United K in g d o m ............................................................................................... 11 P ra n c e .................................................................................................................. 14 G erm an y .............................................................................................................. 20 I t a l y ...................................................................................................................... 25 Belgium Denmark, Holland ) Norway, Sweden, Switzerland \ ^ III. — Zone of Agrarian Collectivism: the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 40 IV. — A g r a r ia n R e fo r m z o n e .................................................................................... 44 Chief characteristics - Classification of Agrarian R e f o r m ....................... 44 Agrarian Reform in: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania ............................................................................ 46 Czecho-Slovakia, Poland, Romania, Y u g o slav ia....................................... 52 H u n g a ry .............................................................................................................. 64 B u lg a ria .............................................................................................................. 66 F in la n d ............................................................................................................... 69 THE LAND TENURE SYSTEMS IN EUROPE <’> (*) This Report has been prepared by M. MORDUCH TCHERKINSKY, Counsellor of the Bureau of Economic and Social Studies of th e I. I. A. I I 2-ingl. I. MAIN TYPES OF EUROPEAN LAND TENURE SYSTEMS. In modern Europe the development of rural life, and indeed of the life of the community in general, is dependent upon a number of extremely varied factors. To attempt to distinguish the one most important factor among them would be an arduous and perhaps fruitless task. Innumerable forces influence the development of society. Among the most prominent, a place must certainly be allotted to the land tenure system, i. e. the manner in which man draws wealth from the soil and is at liberty to dispose of land by law. Land settlement, the system under which land is worked, the devolution of rural property, etc., are all factors which exert a profound in­ fluence upon the communal life of the countryside, and which combine to form the basis of the economic structure of agriculture. The system of land tenure in present-day Europe is the outcome of a long process of evolution; its complexities would be practically incomprehensible if the historical factor were not taken into consideration. At no time has the system remained static for long; it has undergone practically continuous change under the influence, partly of government intervention, but mainly of economic and social forces. The evolution, through past centuries, of the relations between owners and tenants can be traced; from them spring the present land tenure systems of the various European countries. “ The plough and the furrow ” states Prof. Acerbo [Compiti e Prospettive dell’Agricoltura nei Sistemi di Economia Regolata, Città di Gastello, 1935, p. 17), “ symbolise a millenary civilisation which first Italy, then in turn all the other European countries, inherited from Rome as the fruit of her physical and moral power. Since those times, agriculture has throughout been looked upon not only as a productive form of activity but as a mode of life and the pivot of the social structure ” , Examination of the recent history of European land tenure reveals a slow development, during the last half-century, of the legal relationships which de­ termine the structure of agriculture in the four great western countries. The change has been most marked in Germany, less so in the three other main countries, the United Kingdom, France and Italy. In all four countries the obJect has been gradually to modify the land tenure system, through the application of various laws relating to land settlement, without destroying pre-existing systems, and hence without causing a sudden change in the national economic structure. The same slow modification of the system of tenure has occurred in the northern countries—Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark, Norway and Sweden— 8 THE LAND TENURE SYSTEMS IN EUROPE as also in Switzerland, where the agrarian system is similar to that found in Northern Europe. Land settlement consists in the creation of new undertakings and the ex­ tension of the area under cultivation, mainly by the allocation of lands owned by the State. It is the most moderate way of transforming a country's land tenure system but it is also a long-term type of agrarian reform, which only gradually changes the distribution of landed property. In none of these Western European countries have the distribution of land and the optimum use of the soil been imposed by outstanding occurrences such as war or peasant revolutions. In most cases they were the outcome of the application of an agrarian policy harmonising with historical developments and designed to counteract effectively a social evil which, although in its early stages was growing in in ten s^. A very different situation to that obtaining in the west is found in Eastern Europe, namely the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Agrarian develop­ ments here differ entirely from those briefly outlined above, not only in degree but also in their nature. The agrarian system in the U. S. S. R. has nothing, or practically nothing, in common, either with that of the former Russian Em­ pire, or with that found in Western Europe. The muzhik has become a member of the collective farm, while the former large estates are now State farms, estab­ lished on communist lines after the 1917 Revolution. The relative power of the various social classes and their relative importance in the country’s economic life have altered completely. The chief change though, has been in regard to the principle of land ownership. Private possession of the soil is now looked upon as an obsolete notion, while the collective principle has become the found­ ation of land tenure, as of the entire social organisation of the U. S. S. R. Between these two extremes—the evolution of the Western European system of land tenure, and the agrarian revolution in the U. S. S. R.—■ we may place, not only on geographical grounds but also by virtue of their type of or­ ganisation, the land tenure systems of North-Eastern Europe (Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania), and of Central and Southern Europe (Poland, Czecho-Slovakia, Romania, Yugoslavia, Hungary, Bulgaria and Greece); in each of these countries agrarian reforms have been introduced, and the former situation changed. Those reforms, which vary according to the country concerned, depending on the social and racial composition of the population and the salient factors in the country’s agrarian development, display characteristics which recall in varying degrees either the land settlement system, or the revolutionary methods of the U. S. S. R. at any rate during the immediate post-War period. As a result of these agrarian reforms land ownership
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