Joints = Articulations Chapter 9 Joints = Articulations Bony Joints or Synostoses: immobile joint Fibrous Joints or Synarthroses: Sutures of skull bones, gomphoses, and syndesmoses Cartilaginous Joints or Synchondroses,for example, inter-vertebral joints and pubic symphysis Synovial Joints: are Freely Movable Joints, for example, hip and shoulder Bony joints = Synostoses Are immobile joints formed due to ossification of fibrous or cartilaginous joints Separate bones in children become seamlessly fused single bones, e.g., left and right frontals and mandibles Fibrous Joints = Synarthroses Collagen fibers arise from 1st bone pass through the joint and enter into the 2nd bone Sutures: immobile or slightly movable, 3 kinds are serrate, lap and plane Gomphoses: similar to a nail hammered into wood, formed between tooth and jaw bone, slightly movable Syndesmoses: long fibers between shafts of 2 long bones, e.g., tibia and fibula, and radius and ulna Cartilaginous Joints = Amphiarthroses 2 bones are joined by a cartilage Synchondrosis: 2 bones joined by hyaline cartilage, e.g., epiphysis and diaphysis of a long bone, 1st rib and sternum Symphysis: 2 bones joined by a fibrocartilage, e.g., pubic symphysis, joint between bodies of 2 vertebrae Synovial Joints = Diarthroses Ball and Socket joint (humeroscapular): multiaxial, hemispherical head fits into socket; femorocoxal joint Condylar j.= Ellipsoidal (metacarpophalangeal): biaxial, oval convex surface fits into similar shaped depression, Saddle j. (trapeziometacarpal): biaxial, both bones are saddle shaped, concave in one and convex in other direction; sternoclavicular joint Plane = Gliding j. slightly movable, between carpals or tarsals or vertebrae, most are biaxial

Synovial Joints - 2 Hinge Joints are monoaxial, elbow, knee and interphalngeal joints, one convex end fits into depression on other cavity, trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch of ulna Pivot joints are monoaxial, one bone spins on its longitudinal axis, radioulnar joint and atlantoaxial joint Slightly movable joint is 1. synostosis 2. symphysis 3. Synovial Movements of Synovial Joints Flexion and Extension Abduction and Adduction Elevation and Depression Protraction and Retraction Circumduction Rotation – medial and lateral, folded elbow Supination and Pronation Dorsiflexion and Plantar flexion; inversion and eversion of foot; radial flexion and ulnar flexion

In a joint ends of bones are covered by ----cartilage 1. Hyaline 2. Fibrocartilage 3. Elastic 4. Articular All flexion movements are anterior except 1. Elbow 2. Shoulder 3. Neck 4. Wrist 5. knee Supination is 1. Medial rotation 2. Lateral rotation 3. Circumduction 4. Retraction Uniaxial joint is 1. Synovial 2. Saddle 3. Hinge 4. gliding Recap 1 Joints 1. In antebrachium ---is medial and ----is a lateral bone. 2. In leg --- is medial and ----is a lateral bone. 3. During ----- movement radius crosses over ulna. 4. In anatomical position the medial movement of wrist is ------5. Bending back the neck from anatomical position is ------movement 6. Lifting upper limb laterally is ---- and lifting it forward is ----- 7. ----is moving palm up/anterior and ------is moving palm back/post. 8. -----is fluid filled sac present in a joint and reduces friction; ---- is its inflammation and is very painful. 9. ---- are fibrocartilage pads present in knee joint and help to cushion 10. --- is upward lifting of foot and ----is downward bending of foot 11. ----is lifting of inner side of foot and ----is lifting of outer side of foot 12. ---is most complex joint in body; ---is a very stable synovial joint 13. ---is most freely moving joint in body