RF1212_PPglossary NUMBERED_V3 9/9/08 10:34 Page 55 Glossary Glossary Abbreviations adhesion Union of two normally separate ad-hee-shun surfaces, such as the moving surfaces of ADL Activities of daily living joints, by fibrous tissue developing in a CMC Carpometacarpal joint area of inflammation or damage. DIP Distal interphalangeal joint (The fibrous tissue itself is also called GALS Gait, Arms, Legs, Spine the adhesion.) MTP Metatarsophalangeal joints adhesive capsulitis Fibrous adhesion* of the glenohumeral OA Osteoarthritis ad-he-siv caps-yew-ly-tis joint capsule* resulting in frozen PIP Proximal interphalangeal joint shoulder. RA Rheumatoid arthritis SLE Systemic lupus erythematosus alignment change Arrangement of body structures such as al-ine-ment bones that differs from the usual anatomical position. Osteoarthritis and Glossary rheumatoid arthritis can cause bones to shift and move, causing changes in An asterisk by a word denotes that this word is also defined in the alignment. glossary. anatomical position A person is in the anatomical position when they are standing erect, facing A forwards, arms down by their sides and abduction Lateral movement away from the palms facing forward. This position is ab-duk-shun midline of the body. used as the starting point to describe anatomical terms and relationships. abnormality A condition of some aspect of the body that is outside the range of values ankylosis Fusion of bones across a joint space, usually seen in the population. an-key-lo-sis either by bony tissue (bony ankylosis) or by shortening of fibrous tissue acetabulum A shallow, cup-shaped cavity on the (fibrous ankylosis). It may occur as a ah-se-tab-yew-lum lateral surface of the hip bone where complication of prolonged joint the head of the femur attaches (the inflammation. socket portion of the hip joint). ankylosing spondylitis A type of arthritis that affects the Achilles tendon Tendon which connects the back of the an-key-lo-sing spon-dee-li-tus backbone. It involves inflammation of ah-kill-eez ten-don calcaneus* to the calf of the lower leg. the joint capsule their attached ligaments and tendons of the acromioclavicular The joint formed by the articulation of intervertebral and sacroiliac joints*. It a-krow-me-o-kla-vik-yew-lar the acromion process* of the scapula* results in pain and stiffness that is with the clavicle*. treated by analgesics and regular daily acromion process A flat, triangular plate at the end of the exercises. It can lead to severe a-krow-me-on pro-cess scapula*. deformities of the spine. It is a type of spondyloarthropathy*. activities of daily living (ADL) The activities usually performed in the course of a normal day in a person’s anserine bursa One of the knee bursae*; located on the life, such as bathing, grooming, an-se-reen bur-sa medial aspect. dressing, eating and toileting. anterior Describing or relating to the front part acute Describing a disease of rapid onset, an-tee-ri-or of the body or limbs. It can also be used severe symptoms and brief duration. to describe a relative position, so if A is Also used to describe an intense anterior to B, then A is in front of B. symptom, e.g. acute pain is severe pain. anterior cruciate ligament One of the ligaments* arranged in a Compare chronic. an-tee-ri-or krew-she-ate cross formation inside the knee joint adduction Movement towards the midline of the lig-a-ment which provides stability. Cruciate ad-duk-shun body. ligament damage is common in sports injuries. 54 55 RF1212_PPglossary NUMBERED_V3 9/9/08 10:34 Page 57 Glossary Glossary anterior longitudinal ligament A broad ligament* that runs along the bony enlargement Change or enlargement at joint due to an-tee-ri-or long-i-tude-i-nal front and side of the vertebrae* to (bony swelling of joints) excessive bone growth. lig-a-ment stabilise the spinal column. Bouchard’s node Bony enlargement at or near the anterior superior iliac spine The bony ridge of the pelvis that can be Boo-shards proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint*, an-tee-ri-or su-pee-ri-or felt just below the waist on the anterior usually occurring in osteoarthritis*. ill-ee-ac spine aspect of the body. Boutonnière deformity Flexion contracture* of the proximal articular Relating to a joint or the involvement Boo-ton-ee-air interphalangeal (PIP)* and ar-tic-yew-lar of joints. hyperextension* of the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint*, usually atrophy Wasting of tissue due to age, disease occurring in rheumatoid arthritis*. ah-tro-fee process, non-use or undernourishment. Bulge sign This is a diagnostic test for the knee autoimmune disease A disease where the body’s own effusion. A small wave or bulge of fluid immune system produces antibodies within the joint appears on the medial that attack the body’s own tissue. aspect of the knee subsequent to performing the test. A positive bulge B sign confirms knee effusion. Baker’s cyst A swelling behind the knee bunion The common name for hallux valgus*. (in the popliteal fossa*) filled with bun-yon synovial fluid*. bursa (pl bursae) The fibrous sac of protective tissue ballotte To tap or push down. bur-sa (bur-see) that forms a cushion between certain ba-lot tendons* and the bones beneath them. biceps The muscle of the upper arm that flexes bursitis Inflammation of a bursa* which can bi-seps the arm and forearm and supinates the bur-sy-tis cause severe pain in the affected joint, hand. (Biceps literally means “two particularly on movement. Arthritis is heads” because the muscle tendon has one of the causes of bursitis. two heads.) bicipital tendon The tendon which attaches the biceps C by-sip-i-tal ten-don muscle to the shoulder. The long head calcaneus Heel of bone of foot, one of the seven of the tendon lies in the bicipital cal-cane-ee-us tarsal bones*. groove* on the anterior surface of the humerus* and attaches to the glenoid carpal bones The eight small bones of the wrist. fossa*; the short head attaches to the kar-pal coracoid process on the scapula. This tendon provides stability to the carpal tunnel A “tunnel” or space formed by shoulder. kar-pal the carpal bones* in the wrist and connective tissue that overlies the flexor bicipital groove A groove between the greater and lesser tendons* and the median nerve*. by-sip-i-tal groove tubercles of the humerus* for passage of the long head of the biceps muscle. carpal tunnel syndrome A common painful disorder of the wrist kar-pal and hand, induced by compression of bilaterally Pertaining to, affecting, or relating to the median nerve* as it passes through by-lat-er-a-lee both sides of the body. the carpal tunnel*. bogginess Swelling of the synovial membrane* carpometacarpal (CMC) joint The joint between the carpal bones* which feels spongy or doughy upon car-po-met-a-kar-pal of the wrist and the metacarpal* of palpation. the thumb. bone spur A hard projection of bone, still attached cartilage Connective tissue that covers the ends but protruding from normal bone. kar-te-lij of bones that make contact with each 56 other inside joints. Cartilage is firm and 57 dense, and can withstand considerable pressure. RF1212_PPglossary NUMBERED_V3 9/9/08 10:34 Page 59 Glossary Glossary cartilaginous joint Joints where the articular surfaces of the crepitus The audible or palpable grating bones are attached to each other by krep-i-tuss sensation caused by roughened surfaces fibrocartilaginous discs. This type of within a joint rubbing against each joint is only partly moveable. Examples other. Crepitus can be present in normal are the joints between the vertebrae of joints, but severe crepitus is usually the spine. indicative of chronic joint degeneration. cauda eqina A bundle of nerve roots containing the crepitation Same as crepitus. cor-da ee-quine-ah lumbar, sacral and coccygeal nerves krep-i-tay-shun that descend vertically from the spinal cord inside the vertebrae* until they cruciate ligaments Two of the ligaments of the knee that reach their respective openings in the krew-she-ate lig-a-ments connect the femur* and the tibia* vertebral column. bones. The anterior cruciate (which resists hyperextension of the knee) cervical Relating to the neck. passes in front of the posterior cruciate ser-vi-kul (which resists hyperflexion of the joint) forming a cross (cruciate) pattern within cervical rotation To turn the head 60°– 80° to either the joint. ser-vi-kul side. cervicle spine The portion of the spine in the neck. D ser-vi-cle deformity A joint deformity refers to misalignment cervicle vertebrae The vertebrae in the neck. of two bones that move against each ser-vi-cle ver-te-bray other in a joint. Bone deformity is the chronic Describing a disease of long duration abnormal shape of a bone or bones. involving very slow changes. Such deltoid muscle The large, thick, triangular muscle that diseases often show a gradual onset. The del-toid covers the shoulder joint. term does not imply anything about the severity of the disease. de Quervain’s tenosynovitis Tenosynovitis* of the tendon sheath* of de Ker-vane-z the extensor and flexor muscles of the clavicle The collarbone. tee-no-sy-no-vi-tus hand at the radial syloid. A cause of klav-i-kl wrist pain. coccyx Triangular shaped bone formed from the Dimples of Venus The two dimples on the posterior cox-icks fusion of four rudimentary vertebrae*. surface of the body at the level of the It articulates with the sacrum* and is the sacral spine.