TREPONEMA PALLiDUM: A BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW 139 a 1'exterieur du corps - ou de l'augmenter lorsqu'elle En partant de l'hypothese que la virulence est liee a commence a diminuer. De telles etudes devraient a l'antigenicite et en se souvenant que pour une etude comprendre des recherches morphologiques, immu- scientifique il est infiniment plus important de nologiques et biochimiques pour determiner de faron pouvoir disposer du venin d'un serpent que du certaine ce qui se passe chez le treponeme lorsqu'il serpent tout entier, l'on doit souhaiter la poursuite perd sa virulence et dans quelle mesure la virulence des etudes sur la structure antigenique du treponeme est liee a la reproduction. et sur leur isolement par la methode du fractionne- En meme temps subsiste une certaine incertitude ment ou par d'autres techniques; de telles recherches sur l'identite des treponemes cultives et sur le point pourraient aboutir a la mise au point de methodes de savoir s'il s'agit seulement d'organismes sapro- d'epreuve de la virulence sans etre oblige de faire phytes accidentels (beaucoup le pensent) ou s'ils sont appel aux experiences longues et compliquees reellement derives de T. pallidum. Certains trepo- d'inoculation a l'animal. Des etudes biochimiques n6mes ont ete cultives a l'origine a partir de lesions sur les enzymes et sur les autres syst6mes intervenant syphilitiques et des recherches nouvelles devront etre dans le metabolisme des organismes - virulents faites au moment de cet isolement plutot que comme non virulents - pourraient fournir d'utiles d'attendre des mois ou des annees de sejour dans un renseignements non seulement sur les rapports entre tube 'a essai pour savoir si leurs proprietes immuno- les souches cultivsees et les souches animales de logiques et serologiques precoces sont identiques a T. pallidum mais encore entre T. pallidum virulent et celles qu'ils possedent A une epoque plus tardive ou T. pallidum mobile mais ayant perdu sa virulence. au contraire se rapprochent davantage de celles Du fait que la virulence peut 8tre maintenue, grace de T. pallidum virulent. Si ce rapprochement etait a la congelation, pendant plusieurs annees, le pro- prouve, un tel travail devrait s'accompagner d'etudes bleme le plus important qui est celui de la culture de sur les facteurs de la virulence, afin de savoir si une T. pallidum virulent en dehors du corps ne devrait virulence peut etre induite ou restauree. pas etre insoluble.

21. CUMULATIVE LIST OF REFERENCES

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(1962) A temperature-gradient bar and Brown, W. H., Pearce, L. P. & Van Allen, C. M. (1924) its application to the study of temperature effects on Solar energy. The animal organism and susceptibility the growth of Reiter's treponeme. J. Bact., 83, 708-10 to disease. Trans. Ass. Amer. Phycns, 39, 351-5 Cannefax, G. R. & Garson, W. (1959) The demonstration Brown, W. H., Pearce, L. P. & Witherbee, W. D. (1921) of a common antigen in Reiter's treponeme and Experimental syphilis in the rabbit. VI. Affections of virulent Treponema pallidum. J. Immunol., 82, 198-200 bone, cartilage, tendons and synovial membranes. Cannefax, G. R. & Hanson, A. W. (1963) Ineffectiveness Part 1. Lesions of the skeletal system. J. exp. Med., of lysozyme therapy in experimental syphilis in the 33, 495-514 rabbit. Brit. J. vener. Dis., 39, 192-4 Brown, W. H., Pearce, L.P. & Witherbee, W. D. (1921) Case, J. D. & Clark, J. W. (1956) Energy-yielding reactions Experimental syphilis in the rabbit. VI. Affections of ofTreponema pallidum as studied by motility inhibition. bone, cartilage, tendons and synovial membranes. Paper presented to the First International Symposium Part 2. Clinical aspects of the skeletal system. Affec- on Venereal Diseases and the Treponematoses, tions of the facial and cranial bones and the bones of Washington, D.C., 28 May-I June 1956 (Curr. Lit. the forearm. J. exp. Med., 33, 515-23 vener. Dis., 1956, p. 77; Abstr.) Brown, W. H., Pearce, L. P. & Witherbee, W. D. (1921) Castellani, A. (1905) On the presence of spirochaetes in Experimental syphilis in the rabbit. VI. Affections of two cases of ulcerated parangi (yaws). Brit. med. J., bone, cartilage, tendons and synovial membranes. 2, 1280 Part 3. Syphilis of the posterior extremities with other Censuales, S. & Garofalo, V. (1959) Anticorpi anti- affections of a miscellaneous type. J. exp. Med., 33, treponemici nella sifilide umana svelati con la reazione 525-38 di fluorescenza. Riv. Ist. sieroter. ital., 34, 161-7 Bruckner, 1. & Galasesco, P. (1910) Orchite syphilitique Chabaud, A. (1939) Infection de l'embryon de poule par chez le lapin par cultures impures des spirochetes. Spirochaeta duttoni et Spirochaeta icterohemorragiae. C.R. Soc. Biol. (Paris), 68, 684-5 Bull. Soc. Path. exot., 32, 483-5 Bruijn, J. H. de (1957) The application of a protein Charpy, J. (1936) Constatations de Treponema palli- fraction derived from Treponema pallidum (Reiter dum sous la muqueuse genitale pendant la periode strain) as an antigen in the serodiagnosis of syphilis. d'incubation du chancre, considerations th6oriques et Antonie v. Leeuwenhoek, 23, 201-6 pratiques. Bull. Soc. franC. Derm. Syph., 43, 32-9 Bruijn, J. H. de (1959) Investigations into the antigenic Chen, K. C. (1941) Growth of louse-borne relapsing fever structure of the Reiter strain of Treponema pallidum. spirochetes in chick embryo. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. II. The complex nature of the protein fraction. Antonie (N. Y.), 46, 638-9 v. Leeuwenhoek, 25, 41-5 Chesney, A. M. (1923) The influence of the factors of Bucca, M. A., Thayer, J. D., Roberts, H. B. & Tager, B. sex, age and method of inoculation upon the course (1951) Dehydrogenations produced by the Reiter of experimental syphilis in the rabbit. J. exp. Med., spirochaete. J. vener. Dis. Inform., 32, 6-12 38, 627-43 Burnier, R. (1913) La culture du Spirochaeta pallida. Chesney, A. M. (1927) Immunity in syphilis, Baltimore, Presse mid., 21, 136-7 Williams & Wilkins 144 R. R. WILLCOX & T. GUTHE

Chesney, A. M. & Kemp, J. E. (1925) Studies in experi- Clark, J. W., Yobs, A. R. & Post, W. E. (1963) Effect mental syphilis. I. The influence of the size of the of actinospectacin in experimental syphilis in the inoculum on the course of experimental syphilis in rabbit. I. Early lesion syphilis. Brit. J. vener. Dis., the rabbit. J. exp. Med., 41, 479 39, 184-9 Chesney, A. M. & Kemp, J. E. (1925) Studies in experi- Clark, J. W., Yobs, A. R. & Post, W. E. (1964) Effect mental syphilis. II. The influence of a non-specific of actinospectacin in experimental syphilis in the inflammatory reaction upon the development of the rabbit. II. In subclinical incubating syphilis. Brit. chancre. J. exp. Med., 41, 487 J. vener. Dis., 40, 53-4 Chesney, A. M. & Schipper, G. J. (1950) The effect of Clarkson, K. A. (1956) Technic of dark-field examina- the method of inoculation upon the course of experi- tion. Med. Tech. Bull. (Wash.), 7, 199-202 mental syphilis in the rabbit. Amer. J. Syph., 34, Cockburn, T. A. (1961) The origin of the treponematoses. 18-24 Bull. Wld Hlth Org., 24, 221-8 Chesney, A. M. & Turner, T. B. (1931) Studies in experi- Coles, A. C. (1909) Spirochaeta pallida: methods of mental syphilis. Distribution of resistance state in examination and detection, especially by means of the " immune rabbits ". Bull. Johns Hopk. Hosp., 48, dark-ground illumination. Brit. med. J., 1, 1117-20 90-103 Collart, P. (1962) Persistence oftreponemes in late syphilis Chesney, A. M., Turner, T. B. & Grauer, F. H. (1933) in man and in rabbits after treatment. Paper presented Studies in experimental syphilis. X. Observations on to the World Forum on Syphilis and other Treponema- cross-inoculations with heterologous strains of syphi- toses, Washington, D.C., September 1962 litic virus. Bull. Johns Hopk. Hosp., 52, 145-55 Collart, P., Borel, L.-J. & Burel, P. (1962) Etude de Chesney, A. M., Turner, T. B. & Halley, C. R. L. (1928) l'action de la penicilline dans la syphilis tardive. Studies in experimental syphilis. VIII. On the locali- Persistance du treponeme pale apres traitement. zation of syphilitic lesions in inflamed areas. Bull. I. La syphilis tardive experimentale. Ann. Inst. Pasteur, Johns Hopk. Hosp., 42, 319-34 102, 596-615 Chorpenning, F. W., Sanders, R. W. & Kent, J. F. (1952) Collart, P., Borel, L.-J. & Durel, P. (1962) Etude de Treponemal immobilization test using organisms from I'action de la penicilline dans la syphilis tardive. frozen testis. Amer. J. Syph., 36, 401-6 Persistance du treponeme pale apres traitement. Christiansen, A. H. (1962) Studies on the antigenic II. La syphilis tardive humaine. Ann. Inst. Pasteur, structure of Treponema pallidum. 2. Isolation and 102, 693-704 purification of polysaccharides from Reiter's apa- Collart, P., Borel, L.-J. & Durel, P. (1962) Etude de thogenic strain. Acta path. microbiol. scand., 56, l'action de la penicilline dans la syphilis tardive. 166-76 Persistance du tr6pon6me pale apres traitement. Christiansen, A. H. (1962) Studies of the antigenic HI. Traitement penicillinique massif chez le lapin. structure of Treponema pallidum. 3. Antigenic Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 103, 953-8 properties of polysaccharides from Reiter's apa- Collart, P., Borel, L.-J. & Durel, P. (1962) Recherches thogenic strain. Acta path. microbiol. scand., 56, sur l'efficacite de la penicillinotherapie au cours de 177-87 la syphilis tardive experimentale et humaine. Ann. Christiansen, A. H. (1963) The Reiter strain of Treponema Derm. Syph. (Paris), 89, 488-504 pallidum. Origin, cultivation and use in immunization Collart, P., Borel, L.-J. & Durel, P. (1963) Persistance of rabbits. Acta path. microbiol. scand., 57, 81-6 du Treponema pallidum au cours de la syphilis tardive Christiansen, A. H. (1964) Morphology of the colonies chez le lapin et chez l'homme malgre le traitement. of T. Reiter and T. Kazan grown on a solid medium. Proph. sanit. morale, 35, 114-25 Acta path. microbiol. scand., 60, 234-40 Collart, P., Borel, L.-J. & Durel, P. (1964) Significance Christiansen, A. H. (1964) Studies on the antigenic of spiral organisms found, after treatment, in late structure of Treponema pallidum. 4. Comparison human and experimental syphilis. Brit. J. vener. Dis., between the cultivable strains T. Reiter and T. Kazan 40, 81-9 II, applying agar gel diffusion technique and cross Costa, A. L. & Casciano, A. (1960) Azione del lisozima absorption experiments. Acta path. microbiol. scand., sul treponema di Reiter coltivabile in vitro. Dermato- 60, 123-30 logia (Napoli), 11, 194-6 Christiansen, A. H. (1964) Studies on the antigenic Coutts, W. E. & Coutts, W. R. (1953) Treponemapallidum structure of Treponema pallidum. 5. Attempts to buds, granules and cysts as found in human syphilitic isolate polysaccharide antigen from Nichols' patho- chancres and seen in fixed unstained smears observed genic strain. Acta path. microbiol. scand., 61, 141-9 under dark-ground illumination. Amer. J. Syph., 37, Christiansen, S. (1963) Protective layer covering patho- 29-36 genic treponemata. Lancet, 1, 423-5 Coutts, W. E., Silva-Inzunza, E. & Morales-Silva, G. Clark, J. W., jr (1962) Loss of virulence in vitro of (1952) Dark-ground illumination of unstained smears motile Treponema pallidum. Brit. J. vener. Dis., 38, and tissue sections for the diagnosis of Treponema 78-81 pallidum. Brit. J. vener. Dis., 28, 97-9 TREPONEMA PALLIDUM: A BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW 145

Coutts, W. E., Silva-Inzunza, E. & Morales-Silva, G. D'Alessandro, G., Oddo, F. G. & Dardanoni, L. (1950) (1952) Unstained slides for the diagnosis of certain The antigens of the cultured T. pallidum (Reiter strain) treponematoses. Publ. Hlth Rep. (Wash.), 67, 442 and the antispirochetal antibodies in human syphilis. Coutts, W. E., Silva-Inzunza, E. & Valladares-Prieto, J. J. vener. Dis. Inform., 31, 314-5 (1952) Comparative study of certain treponemata D'Alessandro, C. & Zaffiro, P. (1961) Sull'esistenza di found in human genitalia, specially referring to un involucro simil-capsulare nel T. pallidum. G. Micro- T. pallidum, T. macrodentium and T. microdentium. biol., 9, 151-8 Dermatologica (Basel), 105, 79-84 D'Alessandro, C. & Zaffiro, P. (1962) Sulla produzione Crespel, C. (1937) Note sur la culture du treponeme de di anticorpi immobilizanti il Treponema pallidum la syphilis. Arch. inst. prophyl. (Paris), 9, 87-90 patogeno di Nichols. Riv. Ist. sieroter. ital., 37, Crespel, C. 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Ist. sieroter. ital., Cumberland, M. C. & Turner, T. B. (1949) The rate of 32,489-500 multiplication of T. pallidum in normal and immune Davis, B. D. & Dubos, R. J. (1947) The binding of rabbits. Amer. J. Syph., 33, 201-12 fatty acids by serum albumin, a protective growth Curbelo, A., Palomino, J. C., Conde, E. & Garzon, L. factor in bacteriological media. J. exp. Med., 86, (1938) Ensayos experimentales sobre el agente causal 215-28 de la pinta encontrado en Cuba. Rev. Cienc. me'd. Deacon, W. W., Freeman, E. M. & Harris, E. (1960) (B. Aires), 1, 134-7 Fluorescent treponemal antibody test. Modification Czekalowski, J. W. & Eaves, G. (1955) The structure of based on quantitation (FTA-200). Proc. Soc. exp. leptospirae as revealed by electron microscopy. Biol. (N. Y.), 103, 827-9 J. Path. Bact., 69, 129-32 Deacon, W. E., Kellogg, D. S. Wende, R. D. & Moore, D'Agostino, M. (1957) Anecdotario de la sifilis. K. B. (1964) Fluorescent antibody darkfield. 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10 146 R. R. WILLCOX & T. GUTHE

DeLamater, E. D., Haanes, M. & Wiggall, R. (1951) Dubos, R. J. & Fenner, F. (1950) Production of BCG Studies on the life-cycle of spirochetes. VII. The life- vaccine in liquid medium containing Tween 80 and cycle of the Kazan non-pathogenic Treponema pallidum a soluble fraction of heated human serum. I. Produc- in culture. Amer. J. Syph., 35, 216-24 tion and viability of culture. J. exp. Med., 91, DeLamater, E. D., Haanes, M., Wiggall, R. & Pillsbury, 261-8 D. M. (1951) Studies on the life-cycle of spirochetes. Dunham, W. B., Hamre, D. M., McKee, C. M. & VIII. Summary and comparison of observations on Rake, G. (1944) Action of penicillin and other anti- various organisms. J. invest. Derm., 16, 231-56 biotics on T. pallidum. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N. Y.), DeLamater, E. D., Newcomer, V. D., Haanes, M. & 55, 158-60 Wiggall, R. H. (1950) Studies on the life-cycle of Dunham, W. B. & Rakl:. G. (1945) The relative activity spirochetes. I. The use of phase contrast microscopy. of partially purified jrenicillin and of crystalline Amer. J. Syph., 34, 122-5 penicillin G on Treponei: :? pamllidum. Amer. J. Syph., DeLamater, E. D., Saurino, V. R. & Urbach, F. (1952) 29, 214-28 Studies on the immunology of spirochetoses. I. Effects Dupouey, P. (1963) Comparais.c des structures antige- of cortisone on experimental spirochetosis. Amer. J. niques de 2 souches de trepon6mes de Kazan (souches Syph., 36, 127-39 n° V et no V. KIB) et du treponeme de Reiter. Rev. DeLamater, E. D., Wiggall, R. & Haanes, M. (1950) Immunol. (Paris), 27, 347-56 Studies on the life-cycle of spirochetes. III. The life- Dupouey, P. (1963) Etude immunologique des six esp&ces cycle of the Nichols pathogenic Treponema pallidum de treponeme ana6robies d'origine g6nitale: Treponema in the rabbit testis as seen by phase contrast microscopy. phagedenis, refringens, calligyra, minutum, Reiter et J. exp. Med., 92, 239-46 pallidum. I. 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(1963) Valeurs comparees des tr6ponemes con penicillina nella sifilide sperimentale del coniglio de Reiter et de Kazan et de Treponema phagedenis a diversa distanze dall'infezione. Rapporti fra presenza pour la production d'antigene tr6ponemique destine di anticorpi immobilizanti e persistenza dell'infezione. au serodiagnostic de la syphilis. Rev. Immunol. (Paris), Riv. Ist. sieroter. ital., 38, 166-73 27, 75-86 Derka6, V. S. & Kolesinskaja, A. P. (1941) [The effect of Durel, P., Borel, L. J. & Sausse, A. (1953) Technical nutrient media on the morphological and biological contributions to the treponemal immobilization test. properties of Spirochaeta pallida]. i! MikrobioL Amer. J. Syph., 37, 128-33 (Mosk.), 84-9 Durel, P. & Sausse, A. (1954) Rappel de l'origine de la Doak, G. O., Freedman, L. D. & Clark, J. W. (1959) souche tr6ponemique Nichols. Conservation de sa Ionic requirements of T. pallidum. I. Sodium and virulence pour l'homme apres 40 ans. Bull. Soc. potassium. J. 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Eagle, H. (1948) The spirochetes. In: Dubos, R. S., ed., Fegeler, F. & Knauer, I. (1961) tUber den Einfluss neuerer Bacterial and mycotic infections of man, Philadelphia, Antibiotica (Novobiocin, Kanamycin, Oleandomycin, Lippincott, chapter 27, pp. 527-55 Reverin) auf den Syphiliserreger in vitro und in vivo. Eagle, H. & Fleischman, R. (1948) The antibody response Klin. Wschr., 39, 546-8 in rabbits to killed suspensions of pathogenic T. palli- Fejlberg, F. J. (1913) Om Dyrkning af Spirochaeta dum. J. exp. Med., 87, 369-84 pallida med Demonstrationer af Renkulturer af denne Eagle, H. & Fleischman, R. (1948) The relative anti- og andre spirochaeter. Hospitalstidende, 6, 710-2 syphilitic activity of penicillin F, G, K and X and of Ferris, H. W. & Turner, T. B. (1937) Comparative bacitracin based on the amount required to abort histology of yaws and syphilis in Jamaica. Arch. early syphilitic infections in rabbits. J. Bact., 55, 341-6 Path. (Chicago), 24, 707-37 Eagle, H. & Germuth, F. G. (1948) Serologic relation- Ferris, H. W. & Turner, T. B. (1938) Comparison of ships between five cultured strains of supposed T. palli- cutaneous lesions produced in rabbits by intra- dum (Noguchi, Kro6, Nichols, Reiter and Kazan) cutaneous inoculation of spirochetes from yaws and and two strains of mouth treponemata. J. Immunol., syphilis. Arch. Path. (Chicago), 26, 491-500 60, 223-39 Festenstein, H. & Bokkenhauser, V. (1961) Attempted Eagle, H. & Hogan, R. B. (1940) On the presence in induction of immunological tolerance in rabbits using syphilitic serums of antibodies to spirochetes, their living Treponemapallidum. Brit. J. exp. Path., 42, 158-65 relation to so-called Wassermann reagin and their Fichera, C., Del Carpio, C. & Di Chiara, C. (1962) significance in the serodiagnosis of syphilis. J. exp. I1 lipopolisaccaride del treponema di Reiter. Ann. Med., 71, 215-30 Sclavo, 4, 477-88 Eagle, H., Hogan, R. B., Doak, G. 0. & Steinman, H. G. Finkel'stejn, J. A. (1912) [Experimental syphilis of (1940) Toxicity, treponemicidal activity and potential rabbits]. Russk. Vrac, 11, 715-21 therapeutic utility of substituted phenylarsenoxides; Finkel'stejn, J. A. & Gurevic, N. L. (1930) [Selective monosubstituted compounds; acids, esters, benzo- tropism in Spirochaeta pallida in symptomless syphilis phenone, methylsulfone. J. Pharmacol. exp. Ther., of mice]. Vener. Derm., 7, 65-9 70, 221-7 Finkel'stejn, J. A. & Orlov, S. S. (1931) [Experimental Eagle, H., Magnuson, H. J. & Fleischman, R. (1947) congenital syphilis of rabbits]. Vener. Derm., 8, 74-8 Effect of hyperpyrexia on the therapeutic efficacy of Finkel'stejn, J. A., Pankova, S. S. & Segal', M. B. (1930) penicillin in experimental syphilis. Amer. J. Syph., [The cerebrospinal fluid in experimental rabbit syphilis 31, 239-45 and its relationship to the problem of the isolated Eagle, H. & Musselman, N. M. (1944) The spirochetici- nerve virus]. Vener. Derm., 7, 72-7 dal action of penicillin in vitro and its temperature Foldvari, F. (1932) The conduct of the Spirochaeta coefficient. J. exp. Med., 80, 493 pallida in tissue explantations. Amer. J. Syph., 16, Eagle, H. & Steinman, H. G. (1948) The nutritional 145-54 requirements of treponemata. 1. Arginine, acetic acid, Fontana, A. (1912) Metodo per colorare, intensamente e sulfur-containing compounds, and serum albumin as rapidamente il treponema pauidum ed altri spirocheti. essential growth-promoting factors for the Reiter Pathologica, 4, 582 treponeme. J. Bact., 56, 163-76 Fortner, J. (1928) Ein einfaches Plattenverfahren zur Ecker, E. E. & Weed, L. A. (1931) Purification of cultures Ziichtung strenger Anaerobier (anaerobe Bazillen, of Treponema microdentium by centrifugation. J. infect. filtrierbare anaerobie Bakterien, Spirochaeta pallida). Dis., 49, 355-6 Zbl. Bakt., IAbt. Orig., 108, 155-9 Ehrenberg, C. G. (1838) Die Infusionsthierchen als voll- Fortner, J. (1929) Zur Technik der anaeroben Zuchtung. kommene Organismen, Leipzig, L. Voss Zur Differenzierung der Anaerobier. Zbl. Bakt., Ehrlich, P. & Hata, S. (1910) Die experimentelle Chemo- I Abt. Orig., 110, 233-56 therapie der Spirillosen (Syphilis, Ri*ckfallfleber, Fox, H. (1939) The discovery of the causative organism Huhnerspirillose, Frambdsie), Berlin, J. Springer of pinta. Arch. Derm. Syph. (Chicago), 39, 709-10 Emura, E. T. (1953) Rapid and easy method for staining (Editorial) spirochetes with fountain pen ink. A.M.A. Arch. Derm. Frankl, J. (1936) Le treponeme dans la peau intacte des Syph., 67, 210 individus syphilitiques. Rev. fran9. Derm. VJner., 12, Engley, P. B. (1956) The persistence (survival) of micro- 196-200 organisms. II. In the body and body materials. Frazier, C. N., Bensel, A. & Keuper, C. S. (1950) Pheno- Texas Rep. Biol. Med., 14, 10-64 mena of disease in rabbits fed cholesterol and inoculated Erickson, P. T. & Eagle, H. (1940) An evaluation of the with Treponema pallidum. II. Infectivity of blood. spirochete complement fixation reaction in comparison Amer. J. Syph., 34, 453-9 with the Eagle flocculation and Wassermann pro- Frazier, C. N., Bensel, A. & Keuper, C. S. (1952) Further cedures. J. vener. Dis. Inform., 21, 31-7 observations on the duration of spirochetemia in Fantham, H. B. (1916) Spirochaetes and their granule rabbits with asymptomatic syphilis. Amer. J. Syph., phase. Brit. med. J., 1, 409-11 36, 167-73 148 R. R. WILLCOX & T. GUTHE

Frazier, C. N., Boyd, C. D., Grunwald, E., Barker, E. Gastinel, P., Vaisman, A. & Hamelin, A. (1956) La place & Davis, M. (1948) Phenomena of disease in rabbits du treponeme de culture souche Reiter dans la serologie fed cholesterol and infected with T. pallidum. Amer. J. de la syphilis. Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 90, 249-57 Syph., 32, 480-2 Gastinel, P., Vaisman, A., Hamelin, A. & Dunoyer, F. Frazier, C. N. & Frieden, E. H. (1946) Action of peni- (1960) A propos du comportement antigenique de cillin, especially on T. pallidum. J. Amer. med. Ass., tr6poneme pallidum ultrasone. Proph. sanit. morale, 130, 677-83 32, 47-8 Frazier, C. N., Hu, C. K. & Ma, J. W. (1941) Relation Gates, F. L. (1923) The cultivation of anaerobic trepo- of the changes in testicular structure induced in the nemata on the surface of blood agar plates. J. exp. rabbit by estrogenic substance to resistance against Med., 37, 311-7 syphilis. Endocrinology, 23, 218-24 Gates, F. L. & Olitsky, P. K. (1921) Factors influencing Frazier, C. N., Ma, J. W. & Hu, C. K. (1935) Influence anaerobiosis with special reference to the use of fresh of estrogenic substance upon experimental syphilis tissue. J. exp. Med., 33, 51-68 of the adult male rabbit. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N. Y.), Geiman, Q. M. (1951) In: Harvard School of Public 33, 65-9 Health, Annual report, 1950-1951, Cambridge, Mass., Freedman, L. D., Doak, G. 0. & Clark, J. W. (1964) p. 140 The activity of phosphonic and phosphinic acids against Geiman, Q. M. & McKee, R. W. (1950) Experimental Treponema pallidum. Clin. Med., 71, 351-6 studies with pathogenic spirochetes. In: A Symposium Freeman, E. M. (1960) Quantitative re-evaluation of the on the latest advances in the study of venereal diseases, fluorescent treponemal antibody (FTA) test. In: Washington, D.C. Eleventh Annual Symposium on Recent Advances in the Gelperin, A. (1949) Morphology, cultural characteristics Study of Venereal Diseases. 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Thivolet, J. & Rolland, M. (1952) Sur la substitution de Turner, T. B. & Brayton, N. L. (1939) Factors influencing l'albumine humaine a l'albumen bovine dans le milieu the survival of spirochetes in the frozen state. J. exp. de survie de Nelson pour Treponema pallidum. Ann. Med., 70, 639-50 Inst. Pasteur, 83, 415-7 Turner, T. B. & Chambers, J. H. (1932) Experimental Thivolet, J. & Simeray, A. (1957) L'exploration de l'al- yaws. I. Comparison of the availability of the rabbit lergie cutanee au cours de la syphilis; interet actuel. and monkey for the isolation of strains of yaws. Bull. J. Med. Lyon, 38, 920 Johns Hopk. Hosp., 50, 253-69 Thomas, C. S. & Morgan, H. J. (1934) Single cell inocula- Turner, T. B. & Chesney, A. M. (1934) Experimental tions with Treponema pallidum. J. exp. Med., 59, yaws. II. Comparison of the infection with experi- 297-304 mental syphilis. Bull. Johns Hopk. Hosp., 54, 174-85 Tilden, E. B. (1937) Filtration of T. pallidum and T. novyi Turner, T. 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