DOCSLIB.ORG

5Rrepl'ococcus PYOGENES in Scarlel' FEVER and THEIR PENICILLIN SENSITIVITY

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
5Rrepl'ococcus PYOGENES in Scarlel' FEVER and THEIR PENICILLIN SENSITIVITY 5rREPl'OCOCCUS PYOGENES IN SCARLEl' FEVER AND THEIR PENICILLIN SENSITIVITY by Shirley Cahn A Thesis subndtted to the Faculty of Graduate studies and Research of McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science. Department of Baoteriology and Immunology August 1953 MoGill University Montreal, Quebeo. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In appreciation of help and guidance, l would like to eJq>ress IllY gratitude to Professor E.G.D. Murray. l wish to thank Dr. O. Morgante for her assistance and encouragement given me throughout the investi­ gation. l gratefully acknowledge the use of laboratory facilities and the co-operation of the staff of the Alexandra Hospital. TABLE OF CONI'ENI' S Page 1. Historical Review. 1. Etiology of scarlet fever ..•••••••••••.••••••••••• l 2. Mode of action of penicillin •.••••••••••••.••••••• 13 3. Bacterial resistance to antibiotics •.••.••••..•••• 15 4. Antibiotic inhibitors ••••.•..•••..•••••.•••..••••• 19 5. Mechanism of acquired resistance ••.•.•••.••••••••• 21 II. Statement of Purposes of this Investigation .••••.••••••••••• 27 III. Materia1s and Methods 1. General media............... .. .. .. .. 28 2. Lancefie1d grouping technique •••••.••••••••••••••• 28 3. Penici11in sensitivity test •••••••••.•••••••.••••. 29 4. Sulphadiazine sensitivity test •••.•...•••••.•••••• 29 5. Routine of cultures .................................... 30 6. Schedule of therapy .•••••..•.•••••••..•.•••..••••• 31 IV. Experimental Resu.lts ..................... ........................ 32 V. Discussion and Conclusions •••...•••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 50 VI. final S'uInma:ry of Resulta ....................................... 53 VII. Bi bliograplly' . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 54 -1- HIsrœICAL REVIE.W 1. Etio1ogy of Scar1et Fever. As far back as 1884, Loefner (59) had directed attention to the haemolytic streptococci which were more or less constantly present in the throats of acute1y ill scarlet fever patients. Lemoine (58), in 1895, found streptococci alone in 93 cases when examining the mucus trom 117 throats in 8car1et tever, while 14 cases had streptococei in association with other organisme. The absence ot streptoeoeci in only 5 of 701 searlet fever patients was reported by Baginsky and Sommerfeld (:3), while Ruediger (88), examining 75 throats of patients i11 with this disease, found that 64 showed streptoeocei alone, with pneumococci and streptocoeei occurring together in 10 cases. Sueh widespread and genera1 re1ationship of a haemolytie strep­ tococcue (called then Streptoeoccus haemolyticus) to searlet tever naturally gave rise to the view that the streptococci may be the etiologica1 agent of this disease. This idea caused much discussion during the tirst years of the present century, and led to the prep­ aration of a number of antistreptococcic serums for the treatment of this disease (Marmorek (62), Moser (70), Moser & von Pirquet (71), and Aronson (2) ). In 1907, Gabritschewsky (30) active1y immunized children.:-with a scar1atina1 streptococcal vaccine, whose potency was later demonstra­ ted by Polotevkova (78). Since haemo1ytic streptococci were known to he associated with a variety of pathologiesl manifestations, viz., otitis media, adenitis, -2- cellulitis, septicemia, and erysipe1as, controversy concerning its primary significance in scar1et fever large1y revo1ved about the question of the specificity of the streptococcus associated with it. Using the streptococcus of scarlet fever as antigen, immune serums were prepared by Moser (70), Moser & von Pirquet (71), Meyer (66), and Rossiwa1l &. Schick (87). These serums were found to agg1utinate specifica1ly various strains of scar1atinal streptococci, but not the haemo1ytic streptococci from non-scarlatinal sources. However, Hasenknopf & Salge (46), Aronson (2), and Neufe1d (72) fai1ed to confirm these results. They were of the opinion that it was not possible to differentiate between the types of haemolytic strep­ tococci by means of the agglutination reaction, and that these org­ anisms bear ooly a secondary relationship to scar1et fever. This view was supported by the findings of Jochmann (49) who reported his failure to iso1ate streptococci from the blood or tissues of patients dying from a ma1ignant f'orm of the disease. An attempt to divide the 8treptococci into groups on the basis of biochemical reactions was made by Cumpston (18). In over 250 cases of' scarlet fever, he found that 50% of streptococci isolated from the throats of patients gave identical results. St reptococci iso1ated from abcesses in various parts of the body were identical biochemically in 68.#% of cases. Both groups were of the sarne type. Bliss (11) noted certain diff'erences in cultural characteristics, particularly in the fermentation of' carbohydrates, among strains of scarlatinal streptococcie The use of fermentation tests failed, therefore, to establish a distinct group which was constantly present in scarlet fever. -3- Renewed interest in the antigenic analysis of the haemolytic streptococci led Dochez and co-workers (24) in 1919 to differentiate haemolytic streptococci from human sources into four biologie groups by means of agglutation and protection reactions. Working with 25 strains of Streptiococcus haemolyticus (sic) isolated from throats ot scarlet fever patients, Dochez & Bliss (11 & 25) performed eross­ agglutination tests with 4 antistreptocoeeie serums ol searlatinal origin and 5 antiserums ot non-scarlatinal sources. Twenty of the straine tested were agglutinated by the scarlatinal antiserums, while none reaeted with the non-scarlet lever antiserums. Tunnicliff (9S & 99) lound that the serum ot sheep immun1zed with haemolytic streptococci isolated trom the acute stages of scarlet fever contained opsonins and agglutinine for the haemolytie strep­ tococci that prevailed in the throat and complieating lesions early in this dieease, but not tor those tound in erysipelas, mastioditis, measles, intluenza, diphtheria and the normal throat. Results ot absorption tests upheld these tindings. His immune serum retained its specifie antibodies tor Il months in the icebox. Similar results were obtained by Blies (12) using these methods, although on the basis ot morphological and cultural characteristics he could not demonstrate any homogeneity among scarlatinal streptococcie stevens & Dochez (96) recovered haemolytic streptococci trom S7.5% of scarlet lever throats, and the lDa.lority ot these strains were agglu­ tinated by 2 antiscarlatinal streptococcal serums. Cross-agglutinations were pertormed with strains obtained trom scarlet tever occurring in various large cities in U.S.A., and Europe, the results of which were consistent, and strains obtained from conditions other than scarlet lever were not agglutinated. -4- A differentiation of haemo1yt.ic streptococci into 3 distinct groups on the basi e of absorption ot agglutinins wae made by Gordon (39). Type l wae the 1argest serologica1 group to which be10nged the vast majority ot straine from localized or genera1 streptococca1 infections, from cases of puerperal sepsis and trom infections of the respiratory passages other than ec~r1et fever. He said this type represented the species streptococcus pxogenes. Type II occurred very rarely. Type III RS chieny to be tound on the tonsi1 and tauces in scar1et tever. He ca11ed this type streptococcus scar1atinaeand claimed it to be quite distinct sero- 10gica1ly from streptococcus pyogenes. Gordon fe1t that the prevalent view at that time, that the streptococcus represented ooly a secondary intection in scar1et fever, based main1y on the point that it was in­ distinguishable from streptococcus pyogenes recovered trom non-scarla­ tinal /Sources, shou1d be revised in the light ot his findings, as weIl as those ot Bliss (11 & 12), Tunniclitf (98 & 99), and stevens & Dochez (96). Dick & Dick (22) attacked the problem ot the relationship of haemolytic streptococci to scarlet tever by an attempt to reproduce the disease experimental1y in man. A group ot 5 vo1unteers were inoculated with a 4-day old culture of haemo1ytic streptococci, but only one develop­ ed typical, mild, scar1et tever, while another showed only sore throat, fever, but no rash. Five more volunteers were inoculated with a Berketeld V tiltrate ot a streptococcal culture, and all remained welle On the llth day after this inoculation, all were injected with unfiltered culture. This time one developed typical Bcarlet fever, another had tever and sore throat, while a third had just sore throat. Although they con­ c1uded that the two cases of experimental scarlet fever were probably -5- caused by the haemo1ytic streptococci or b,y some unrecognized organism c10se1)" associated with it in cultures, the)" did not go 50 far as to c1aim that a11 cases of scar1et fever are caused by the haemo1ytic streptococci. A l'ear 1ater they performed a sldn test (23) that bore a specific relationship to immunity to scarlet tever. Using the Berkefe1d V fi1trate that had fai1ed to produce scar1et tever (22), a 1:1000 dilution "as made and filtered through a Berketeld W fi1ter. An injection of 0.1 cc. of this di1ution"as made into the skin, the sma11 resultant whea1 disappeared in a tew minutes. Results of many skin tests showed that convalescent scar1et tever patients showed nega­ tive or slightly positive skin tests, whi1e in 2 cases where tests were pertormed bafore and after an attack ot the disease, the test was posi­ tive before, and negative during convalescence. The action of the ti1trate
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Official Nh Dhhs Health Alert
    THIS IS AN OFFICIAL NH DHHS HEALTH ALERT Distributed by the NH Health Alert Network [email protected] May 18, 2018, 1300 EDT (1:00 PM EDT) NH-HAN 20180518 Tickborne Diseases in New Hampshire Key Points and Recommendations: 1. Blacklegged ticks transmit at least five different infections in New Hampshire (NH): Lyme disease, Anaplasma, Babesia, Powassan virus, and Borrelia miyamotoi. 2. NH has one of the highest rates of Lyme disease in the nation, and 50-60% of blacklegged ticks sampled from across NH have been found to be infected with Borrelia burgdorferi, the bacterium that causes Lyme disease. 3. NH has experienced a significant increase in human cases of anaplasmosis, with cases more than doubling from 2016 to 2017. The reason for the increase is unknown at this time. 4. The number of new cases of babesiosis also increased in 2017; because Babesia can be transmitted through blood transfusions in addition to tick bites, providers should ask patients with suspected babesiosis whether they have donated blood or received a blood transfusion. 5. Powassan is a newer tickborne disease which has been identified in three NH residents during past seasons in 2013, 2016 and 2017. While uncommon, Powassan can cause a debilitating neurological illness, so providers should maintain an index of suspicion for patients presenting with an unexplained meningoencephalitis. 6. Borrelia miyamotoi infection usually presents with a nonspecific febrile illness similar to other tickborne diseases like anaplasmosis, and has recently been identified in one NH resident. Tests for Lyme disease do not reliably detect Borrelia miyamotoi, so providers should consider specific testing for Borrelia miyamotoi (see Attachment 1) and other pathogens if testing for Lyme disease is negative but a tickborne disease is still suspected.
    [Show full text]
  • Invasive Group a Streptococcal Disease Communicable Disease Control Unit
    Public Health and Primary Health Care Communicable Disease Control 4th Floor, 300 Carlton St, Winnipeg, MB R3B 3M9 T 204 788-6737 F 204 948-2040 www.manitoba.ca November, 2015 Re: Streptococcal Invasive Disease (Group A) Reporting and Case Investigation Reporting of Streptococcal invasive disease (Group A) (Streptococcus pyogenes) is as follows: Laboratory: All specimens isolated from sterile sites (refer to list below) that are positive for S. pyogenes are reportable to the Public Health Surveillance Unit by secure fax (204-948-3044). Health Care Professional: Probable (clinical) cases of Streptococcal invasive disease (Group A) are reportable to the Public Health Surveillance Unit using the Clinical Notification of Reportable Diseases and Conditions form (http://www.gov.mb.ca/health/publichealth/cdc/protocol/form13.pdf) ONLY if a positive lab result is not anticipated (e.g., poor or no specimen taken, person has recovered). Cooperation in Public Health investigation (when required) is appreciated. Regional Public Health or First Nations Inuit Health Branch (FNIHB): Cases will be referred to Regional Public Health or FNIHB. Completion and return of the Communicable Disease Control Investigation Form is generally not required, unless otherwise directed by a Medical Officer of Health. Sincerely, “Original Signed By” “Original Signed By” Richard Baydack, PhD Carla Ens, PhD Director, Communicable Disease Control Director, Epidemiology & Surveillance Public Health and Primary Health Care Public Health and Primary Health Care Manitoba Health, Healthy Living and Seniors Manitoba Health, Healthy Living and Seniors The sterile and non-sterile sites listed below represent commonly sampled body sites for the purposes of diagnosis, but the list is not exhaustive.
    [Show full text]
  • Toxic Shock-Like Syndrome Associated with Necrotizing Streptococcus Pyogenes Infection
    Henry Ford Hospital Medical Journal Volume 37 Number 2 Article 5 6-1989 Toxic Shock-like Syndrome Associated with Necrotizing Streptococcus Pyogenes Infection Thomas J. Connolly Donald J. Pavelka Eugene F. Lanspa Thomas L. Connolly Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.henryford.com/hfhmedjournal Part of the Life Sciences Commons, Medical Specialties Commons, and the Public Health Commons Recommended Citation Connolly, Thomas J.; Pavelka, Donald J.; Lanspa, Eugene F.; and Connolly, Thomas L. (1989) "Toxic Shock- like Syndrome Associated with Necrotizing Streptococcus Pyogenes Infection," Henry Ford Hospital Medical Journal : Vol. 37 : No. 2 , 69-72. Available at: https://scholarlycommons.henryford.com/hfhmedjournal/vol37/iss2/5 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Henry Ford Health System Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Henry Ford Hospital Medical Journal by an authorized editor of Henry Ford Health System Scholarly Commons. Toxic Shock-like Syndrome Associated with Necrotizing Streptococcus Pyogenes Infection Thomas J. Connolly,* Donald J. Pavelka, MD,^ Eugene F. Lanspa, MD, and Thomas L. Connolly, MD' Two patients with toxic shock-like syndrome are presented. Bolh patients had necrotizing cellulitis due to Streptococcus pyogenes, and both patients required extensive surgical debridement. The association of Streptococcus pyogenes infection and toxic shock-like syndrome is discussed. (Henry Ford Hosp MedJ 1989:37:69-72) ince 1978, toxin-producing strains of Staphylococcus brought to the emergency room where a physical examination revealed S aureus have been implicated as the cause of the toxic shock a temperature of 40.9°C (I05.6°F), blood pressure of 98/72 mm Hg, syndrome (TSS), which is characterized by fever and rash and respiration of 36 breaths/min, and a pulse of 72 beats/min.
    [Show full text]
  • Naeglaria and Brain Infections
    Can bacteria shrink tumors? Cancer Therapy: The Microbial Approach n this age of advanced injected live Streptococcus medical science and into cancer patients but after I technology, we still the recipients unfortunately continue to hunt for died from subsequent innovative cancer therapies infections, Coley decided to that prove effective and safe. use heat killed bacteria. He Treatments that successfully made a mixture of two heat- eradicate tumors while at the killed bacterial species, By Alan Barajas same time cause as little Streptococcus pyogenes and damage as possible to normal Serratia marcescens. This Alani Barajas is a Research and tissue are the ultimate goal, concoction was termed Development Technician at Hardy but are also not easy to find. “Coley’s toxins.” Bacteria Diagnostics. She earned her bachelor's degree in Microbiology at were either injected into Cal Poly, San Luis Obispo. The use of microorganisms in tumors or into the cancer therapy is not a new bloodstream. During her studies at Cal Poly, much idea but it is currently a of her time was spent as part of the undergraduate research team for the buzzing topic in cancer Cal Poly Dairy Products Technology therapy research. Center studying spore-forming bacteria in dairy products. In the late 1800s, German Currently she is working on new physicians W. Busch and F. chromogenic media formulations for Fehleisen both individually Hardy Diagnostics, both in the observed that certain cancers prepared and powdered forms. began to regress when patients acquired accidental erysipelas (cellulitis) caused by Streptococcus pyogenes. William Coley was the first to use New York surgeon William bacterial injections to treat cancer www.HardyDiagnostics.com patients.
    [Show full text]
  • VENEREAL DISEASES in ETHIOPIA Survey and Recommendations THORSTEIN GUTHE, M.D., M.P.H
    Bull. World Hlth Org. 1949, 2, 85-137 10 VENEREAL DISEASES IN ETHIOPIA Survey and Recommendations THORSTEIN GUTHE, M.D., M.P.H. Section on Venereal Diseases World Health Organization Page 1. Prevalent diseases . 87 1.1 Historical .............. 87 1.2 Distribution.............. 88 2. Syphilis and related infections . 89 2.1 Spread factors . 89 2.2 Nature of syphilis . 91 2.3 Extent of syphilis problem . 98 2.4 Other considerations . 110 3. Treatment methods and medicaments . 114 3.1 Ancient methods of treatment . 114 3.2 Therapy and drugs . 115 4. Public-health organization. 116 4.1 Hospital facilities . 117 4.2 Laboratory facilities . 120 4.3 Personnel .............. 121 4.4 Organizational structure . 122 4.5 Legislation.............. 124 5. Recommendations for a venereal-disease programme . 124 5.1 General measures. ........... 125 5.2 Personnel, organization and administration . 126 5.3 Collection of data . 127 5.4 Diagnostic and laboratory facilities . 129 5.5 Treatment facilities . 130 5.6 Case-finding, treatment and follow-up . 131 5.7 Budget. ......... ... 134 6. Summary and conclusions . 134 References . 136 In spite of considerable handicaps, valuable developments in health took place in Ethiopia during the last two decades. This work was abruptly arrested by the war, and the fresh start necessary on the liberation of the country emphasized that much health work still remains to be done. A realistic approach to certain disease-problems and the necessity for compe- tent outside assistance to tackle such problems form the basis for future work. The accomplishments of the Ethiopian Government in the limited time since the war bode well for the future.
    [Show full text]
  • Diagnostic Code Descriptions (ICD9)
    INFECTIONS AND PARASITIC DISEASES INTESTINAL AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES (001 – 009.3) 001 CHOLERA 001.0 DUE TO VIBRIO CHOLERAE 001.1 DUE TO VIBRIO CHOLERAE EL TOR 001.9 UNSPECIFIED 002 TYPHOID AND PARATYPHOID FEVERS 002.0 TYPHOID FEVER 002.1 PARATYPHOID FEVER 'A' 002.2 PARATYPHOID FEVER 'B' 002.3 PARATYPHOID FEVER 'C' 002.9 PARATYPHOID FEVER, UNSPECIFIED 003 OTHER SALMONELLA INFECTIONS 003.0 SALMONELLA GASTROENTERITIS 003.1 SALMONELLA SEPTICAEMIA 003.2 LOCALIZED SALMONELLA INFECTIONS 003.8 OTHER 003.9 UNSPECIFIED 004 SHIGELLOSIS 004.0 SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE 004.1 SHIGELLA FLEXNERI 004.2 SHIGELLA BOYDII 004.3 SHIGELLA SONNEI 004.8 OTHER 004.9 UNSPECIFIED 005 OTHER FOOD POISONING (BACTERIAL) 005.0 STAPHYLOCOCCAL FOOD POISONING 005.1 BOTULISM 005.2 FOOD POISONING DUE TO CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS (CL.WELCHII) 005.3 FOOD POISONING DUE TO OTHER CLOSTRIDIA 005.4 FOOD POISONING DUE TO VIBRIO PARAHAEMOLYTICUS 005.8 OTHER BACTERIAL FOOD POISONING 005.9 FOOD POISONING, UNSPECIFIED 006 AMOEBIASIS 006.0 ACUTE AMOEBIC DYSENTERY WITHOUT MENTION OF ABSCESS 006.1 CHRONIC INTESTINAL AMOEBIASIS WITHOUT MENTION OF ABSCESS 006.2 AMOEBIC NONDYSENTERIC COLITIS 006.3 AMOEBIC LIVER ABSCESS 006.4 AMOEBIC LUNG ABSCESS 006.5 AMOEBIC BRAIN ABSCESS 006.6 AMOEBIC SKIN ULCERATION 006.8 AMOEBIC INFECTION OF OTHER SITES 006.9 AMOEBIASIS, UNSPECIFIED 007 OTHER PROTOZOAL INTESTINAL DISEASES 007.0 BALANTIDIASIS 007.1 GIARDIASIS 007.2 COCCIDIOSIS 007.3 INTESTINAL TRICHOMONIASIS 007.8 OTHER PROTOZOAL INTESTINAL DISEASES 007.9 UNSPECIFIED 008 INTESTINAL INFECTIONS DUE TO OTHER ORGANISMS
    [Show full text]
  • WO 2014/134709 Al 12 September 2014 (12.09.2014) P O P C T
    (12) INTERNATIONAL APPLICATION PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATENT COOPERATION TREATY (PCT) (19) World Intellectual Property Organization International Bureau (10) International Publication Number (43) International Publication Date WO 2014/134709 Al 12 September 2014 (12.09.2014) P O P C T (51) International Patent Classification: (81) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every A61K 31/05 (2006.01) A61P 31/02 (2006.01) kind of national protection available): AE, AG, AL, AM, AO, AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BH, BN, BR, BW, BY, (21) International Application Number: BZ, CA, CH, CL, CN, CO, CR, CU, CZ, DE, DK, DM, PCT/CA20 14/000 174 DO, DZ, EC, EE, EG, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, GT, (22) International Filing Date: HN, HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, IR, IS, JP, KE, KG, KN, KP, KR, 4 March 2014 (04.03.2014) KZ, LA, LC, LK, LR, LS, LT, LU, LY, MA, MD, ME, MG, MK, MN, MW, MX, MY, MZ, NA, NG, NI, NO, NZ, (25) Filing Language: English OM, PA, PE, PG, PH, PL, PT, QA, RO, RS, RU, RW, SA, (26) Publication Language: English SC, SD, SE, SG, SK, SL, SM, ST, SV, SY, TH, TJ, TM, TN, TR, TT, TZ, UA, UG, US, UZ, VC, VN, ZA, ZM, (30) Priority Data: ZW. 13/790,91 1 8 March 2013 (08.03.2013) US (84) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every (71) Applicant: LABORATOIRE M2 [CA/CA]; 4005-A, rue kind of regional protection available): ARIPO (BW, GH, de la Garlock, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1L 1W9 (CA). GM, KE, LR, LS, MW, MZ, NA, RW, SD, SL, SZ, TZ, UG, ZM, ZW), Eurasian (AM, AZ, BY, KG, KZ, RU, TJ, (72) Inventors: LEMIRE, Gaetan; 6505, rue de la fougere, TM), European (AL, AT, BE, BG, CH, CY, CZ, DE, DK, Sherbrooke, Quebec JIN 3W3 (CA).
    [Show full text]
  • Scarlet Fever Fact Sheet
    Scarlet Fever Fact Sheet Scarlet fever is a rash illness caused by a bacterium called Group A Streptococcus (GAS) The disease most commonly occurs with GAS pharyngitis (“strep throat”) [See also Strep Throat fact sheet]. Scarlet fever can occur at any age, but it is most frequent among school-aged children. Symptoms usually start 1 to 5 days after exposure and include: . Sandpaper-like rash, most often on the neck, chest, elbows, and on inner surfaces of the thighs . High fever . Sore throat . Red tongue . Tender and swollen neck glands . Sometimes nausea and vomiting Scarlet fever is usually spread from person to person by direct contact The strep bacterium is found in the nose and/or throat of persons with strep throat, and can be spread to the next person through the air with sneezing or coughing. People with scarlet fever can spread the disease to others until 24 hours after treatment. Treatment of scarlet fever is important Persons with scarlet fever can be treated with antibiotics. Treatment is important to prevent serious complications such as rheumatic fever and kidney disease. Infected children should be excluded from child care or school until 24 hours after starting treatment. Scarlet fever and strep throat can be prevented . Cover the mouth when coughing or sneezing. Wash hands after wiping or blowing nose, coughing, and sneezing. Wash hands before preparing food. See your doctor if you or your child have symptoms of scarlet fever. Maryland Department of Health Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Outbreak Response Bureau Prevention and Health Promotion Administration Web: http://health.maryland.gov February 2013 .
    [Show full text]
  • Strep Throat and Scarlet Fever N
    n Strep Throat and Scarlet Fever n After a few days, the rash begins to fade. The skin usually Strep throat is caused by infection with the bac- begins to peel, as it often does after a sunburn. teria Streptococcus. In addition to sore throat, swollen glands, and other symptoms, some chil- What are some possible dren develop a rash. When this rash is present, the infection is called scarlet fever. If your child complications of scarlet fever? has a strep infection, he or she will need antibio- Strep infection has some potentially serious complica- tics to treat it and to prevent rheumatic fever, tions. With proper treatment, most of these can be pre- which can be serious. vented. Complications include: Strep infection may cause an abscess (localized area of pus) in the throat. What are strep throat and scarlet Rheumatic fever. This disease develops a few weeks after fever? the original strep infection. It is felt to be caused by our immune system. It can be serious and can cause fever, heart Most sore throats are caused by virus, but strep throat is inflammation, arthritis, and other symptoms. Your child caused by the bacteria Group A Strepococcus. Treatment can be left with heart problems called rheumatic disease. of this infection with antibiotics may help your child feel Rheumatic fever is uncommon now and can be prevented better and prevent rheumatic fever. by treating the strep infection properly with antibiotics. Some children with strep throat or strep infections else- where may develop a rash. When that occurs, the infection Acute glomerulonephritis.
    [Show full text]
  • Establishment of Listeria Monocytogenes in the Gastrointestinal Tract
    microorganisms Review Establishment of Listeria monocytogenes in the Gastrointestinal Tract Morgan L. Davis 1, Steven C. Ricke 1 and Janet R. Donaldson 2,* 1 Center for Food Safety, Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72704, USA; [email protected] (M.L.D.); [email protected] (S.C.R.) 2 Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-601-266-6795 Received: 5 February 2019; Accepted: 5 March 2019; Published: 10 March 2019 Abstract: Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram positive foodborne pathogen that can colonize the gastrointestinal tract of a number of hosts, including humans. These environments contain numerous stressors such as bile, low oxygen and acidic pH, which may impact the level of colonization and persistence of this organism within the GI tract. The ability of L. monocytogenes to establish infections and colonize the gastrointestinal tract is directly related to its ability to overcome these stressors, which is mediated by the efficient expression of several stress response mechanisms during its passage. This review will focus upon how and when this occurs and how this impacts the outcome of foodborne disease. Keywords: bile; Listeria; oxygen availability; pathogenic potential; gastrointestinal tract 1. Introduction Foodborne pathogens account for nearly 6.5 to 33 million illnesses and 9000 deaths each year in the United States [1]. There are over 40 pathogens that can cause foodborne disease. The six most common foodborne pathogens are Salmonella, Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Clostridium perfringens.
    [Show full text]
  • WO 2013/042140 A4 28 March 2013 (28.03.2013) P O P C T
    (12) INTERNATIONAL APPLICATION PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATENT COOPERATION TREATY (PCT) (19) World Intellectual Property Organization International Bureau (10) International Publication Number (43) International Publication Date WO 2013/042140 A4 28 March 2013 (28.03.2013) P O P C T (51) International Patent Classification: NO, NZ, OM, PA, PE, PG, PH, PL, PT, QA, RO, RS, RU, A61K 31/197 (2006.01) A61K 45/06 (2006.01) RW, SC, SD, SE, SG, SK, SL, SM, ST, SV, SY, TH, TJ, A61K 31/60 (2006.01) A61P 31/00 (2006.01) TM, TN, TR, TT, TZ, UA, UG, US, UZ, VC, VN, ZA, A61K 33/22 (2006.01) ZM, ZW. (21) International Application Number: (84) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every PCT/IN20 12/000634 kind of regional protection available): ARIPO (BW, GH, GM, KE, LR, LS, MW, MZ, NA, RW, SD, SL, SZ, TZ, (22) International Filing Date UG, ZM, ZW), Eurasian (AM, AZ, BY, KG, KZ, RU, TJ, 24 September 2012 (24.09.2012) TM), European (AL, AT, BE, BG, CH, CY, CZ, DE, DK, (25) Filing Language: English EE, ES, FI, FR, GB, GR, HR, HU, IE, IS, IT, LT, LU, LV, MC, MK, MT, NL, NO, PL, PT, RO, RS, SE, SI, SK, SM, (26) Publication Language: English TR), OAPI (BF, BJ, CF, CG, CI, CM, GA, GN, GQ, GW, (30) Priority Data: ML, MR, NE, SN, TD, TG). 2792/DEL/201 1 23 September 201 1 (23.09.201 1) IN Declarations under Rule 4.17 : (72) Inventor; and — of inventorship (Rule 4.17(iv)) (71) Applicant : CHAUDHARY, Manu [IN/IN]; 51-52, In dustrial Area Phase- 1, Panchkula 1341 13 (IN).
    [Show full text]
  • Severe Streptococcal Infection
    SEVERE STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTION „AN OLD BUT ACTIVE ENEMY‟ Dr Graham Douglas Aberdeen Royal Infirmary TOP 3 CAUSES OF DEATH IN THE UK 1 Ischaemic Heart Disease (101,000 deaths & falling) 2 Sepsis/Pneumonia (33,000 deaths & rising) 3 Lung Cancer (29,000 deaths & rising in women) STREPTOCOCCI • Spherical Gram – positive bacteria • Cellular division occurs along a single axis – so grow in chains or pairs. (Streptos – Greek meaning „twisted chain‟) • In contrast Staphylococci divide along multiple axes so appear in „grape-like‟ clusters. PATHOGENIC SPECIES • S. agalactiae • S. pneumoniae • S. anginosus • S. pyogenes • S. bovis • S. ratti • S. canis • S. salivarius • S. equi • S. salivarius ssp. • S. iniae thermophilus • S. mitis • S. sanguinis • S. mutans • S. sobrinus • S. oralis • S. suis • S. parasanguinis • S. uberis • S. perosis • S. vestibularis • S. viridans 22 species described STREPTOCOCCUS β –haemolytic α – haemolytic γ – clear, green, haemolytic complete haemolysis partial haemolysis no haemolysis pyogenes agalactiae pneumoniae viridans enterococcus Group A Group B mutans, sanguis E. faecalis Bacitracin sensitive Bacitracin resistant E. faecium Classification of streptococcus Streptococcus pyogenes is Group A beta-haemolytic STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES • Nowadays known as GROUP A STREPTOCOCCUS (GAS) • Associated exclusively with human infection • Only human reservoir is skin or mucous membranes • Classified by Rebecca Lancefield, US Microbiologist in 1928 – based on its M. protein, surface virulence factor Facilitates adhesion Responsible for ß-haemolysis on blood agar release of lysosomal contents with subsequent cell death. Cleaves and inactivates human C5a Antiphagocytic activity Induce fever Lyse RBSc, PMNLs and platelets Degrade hyaluronic acid, spread of infection along fascial planes Schematic diagram showing the location of virulence-associated products of Str.
    [Show full text]