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INDEX A American hemorrhagic fevers: Antibiotic action; Drug resistance; Α-dystroglycan, 301 Argentine, 16–17, 35, 279–280; Immune system; specifi c disease Abrus precatorius, 689 Bolivian, 277, 280, 287–288; Antiviral agents: AZT (zidovudine), Acid-fast bacteria, 212 Brazilian, 277, 281; overview of, 13, 32, 38, 48, 340–341, 355, 356; Active Bacterial Core (ABCs) 274, 274–279, 282–286; treatment, blocking synthesis of bacterial surveillance, 240 prevention, surveillance of, 275, RNA, 47; categories of HIV, 356; Active immunization, 465 287–289; Venezuelan, 277, 280–281 dengue fever, DHF, and DSS, 327– Acute glomerulonephritis, 119, 121, 126 Amoeba histolytica, 34 328; description of, 32; HAART, Acute Q fever, 15 Anaplasma phagocytophilum, 36, 76, 77, 48, 356–357, 382; hepatitis C virus Adaptive immunity, 40–42 84, 85, 86, 89, 90, 640–641, 645 (HCV), 391, 402–403; HHV-8 Adenocarcinoma of the lower Anaplasmosis, 552 and KS treatment using, 380–382; esophagus, 167–168 Andes virus, 442 SARS, 466–467. See also Interferons Adenovirus infection, 646–647 Anemia, 176, 528 Arenaviridae, 300 Aedes aegypti mosquito, 318, 322, Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 Argentine hemorrhagic fever, 16–17, 328–329 (ACE-2), 463–464 35, 279–280 Aedes albopictus mosquito, 318, 322–323 Anopheles mosquitoes, 35, 525, 526, 537 Artemisinin, 535 Age-related immune system defects, Anthrax, 15, 670, 674–676 “Asian Flu” pandemic (type H2N2) 639–640, 642 Antibiotic action, 226, 228–229, 235– [1957], 413 Agglutination, 44 237. See also Antimicrobial agents; Aspergillus fungi, 648, 649, 650–651 Agroterrorism, 692–693 Drug-resistant bacteria AST (aspartate aminotransferase), 304 Aichi virus, 15 Antibodies: fi ve classes of, 35, 36, Attaching and effacing lesions, 159 AIDS (acquired immune defi ciency 43–44; IgA (immunoglobulin A), Attenuated microbes, 40 syndrome): AZT (zidovudine) 35, 36, 44, 151–152, 175, 350, Avian bornaviruses, 15 antiviral for treating, 32, 38, 340– 639; IgD (immunoglobulin D), Avian infl uenza (H5N1), 410, 411, 341, 355, 356; Cryptosporidium parvum 44; IgE (immunoglobulin E), 43; 418–421, 425–426, 469 and, 566, 568, 570–576, 581, 655; IgG (immunoglobulin G), 44, 126, AZT (zidovudine), 32, 38, 48, 340– description of, 14, 336, 338–339; 151–152, 175, 327, 379, 488, 557; 341, 355, 356 diseases associated with, 341–344, IgM (immunoglobulin M), 44, 67, 366, 367–368, 369, 371–372, 382; 327, 379, 513, 548, 557, 575, 639; B treatment, prevention, surveillance limitations of, 47–48; passed by B lymphocytes, 41, 44, 233–234 of, 48, 337, 355–360. See also HIV breastfeeding or placenta, 350, 639. Β-lactamase, 229, 230, 233 (human immunodefi ciencyCOPYRIGHTED virus); See also Immune system MATERIALΒ-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli, Viral infections Antibody-dependent enhancement 233–234 AIDS dementia, 344 (ADE), 324–326 Babesia species: animal diseases AIDS-associated malignancies, 343 Antigen-presenting cells, 42 caused by, 551–552; B. bovis, 549; AIDS-related complex (ARC), 341 Antigenic drift, 417 B. burgdorferi, 561; B. divergens, 548, Akodon azarae, 279 Antigenic shift, 417 550, 554; B. microti, 548, 550, 554, Alper’s syndrome, 517, 610, 617 Antigenic variation, 417 561; description of, 549, 553–554; Alzheimer’s disease, 625, 627 Antimicrobial agents: Anaplasma diagnosis of, 558; hosts of, 553; Amastigote, 593 phagocytophilum actions blocked by, 84; immune response to, 548, 557; life Amblyomma americanum (lone star tick), description of, 29, 46–48; modes and cycle of, 555–556; transmission of, 65, 81 mechanisms of, 226, 235–236. See also 554–555, 556–557 bbindex.inddindex.indd 772323 221/02/111/02/11 112:102:10 PPMM 724 INDEX Babesiosis: Babesia causation agent endocarditis, 102, 105–106; Oroya Borrelia japonica, 63 of, 548, 549, 550–559; description fever, 100, 101, 111, 112; overview Borellia lonestari, 63 of, 14, 549, 550–552; diagnosis of, of, 98, 109–110; treatment, Borrelia miyamoto, 63 558; history of outbreaks, 549–550; prevention, surveillance of, 98–99, Botulinum toxin, 690–692 immune response to, 548, 557; 111–113; trench fever (quintana Bovine spongiform encephalopathy symptoms of, 548; as tickborne fever), 100, 102, 104, 110, 111 (BSE), 613, 615–616, 618–619, 620. disease, 552; treatment, prevention, Bartonella species: B. bacilliformis, 106; B. See also “Mad cow disease” surveillance of, 549, 558–561 elizabethae, 106, 109; B. henselae, 36, Brazilian hemorrhagic fever, 277, 281 Bacillary angiomatosis (BA), 99, 100, 102, 103–104, 106, 107, Breakbone fever, 319. See also Dengue 100–101, 102, 105, 111 110, 111, 645; B. quintana, 35, 106, fever (DF) Bacillary peliosis hepatis (BP), 105, 111 108–109, 110, 645; HIV-positive Brucellosis, 678–680 Bacillus anthracis, 31, 674, 694 persons and, 343; overview of, 14, 98 Buboes, 672 Bacillus brevis, 47 Basophilic stippling, 101 Bubonic plague (Black death): spread Bacteria: acid-fast, 212; bacteriophages Basophils, 43 and symptoms of, 15–17, 670–672; (viruses) infecting, 31, 149; Baylisascaris, 15 Yersinia pestis causative agent of, 5, description of, 33, 228, 612; Bayou virus, 442 36, 671–674, 694 “fl esh-eating bacteria,” 124; Bcl-2, 376–377 Bunyaviridae family, 439–440 genetic diversity of, 38–39; morula Benign tertian malaria, 532 Burkholderia cepacia, 643 (microcolony) of, 88; obligate Beta-hemolytic growth (GAS Burkholderia mallei, 683–684 aerobes, 212–213; VBNC (viable but bacteria), 133 Burkholderia pseudomallei, 683–684 not able to be cultured), 156. See also Bilirubin, 528 Drug-resistant bacteria; specifi c bacteria Binary fi ssion, 33 C Bacterial infections: Bartonella Biofi lms, 187 CA-MRSA (community-associated infections, 36, 98–113; as Biological and Toxin Weapons MRSA), 231, 232, 240–241 bioterrorism agents, 671–684; Convention (1973), 671 Calomys laucha, 279, 280 digestive tract infections, 644; Biosafety level 4 (BSL-4) laboratory, Calomys musculinus, 279 Escherichia coli O157:H7 strains, 284, 304, 447, 685 Campylobacter enteritis, 15 139–155; group A streptococci Bioweapons: bacterial, viral, and Campylobacter jejuni, 642 (GAS), 14, 118–135; Helicobacter toxins as, 671–692; categories A, Campylobacter pyloridis, 164. See also pylori, ulcers, and cancer, 14, 33, B, and C, 669–670; characteristics Helicobacter pylori 162–176; human ehrlichiosis, 13, of, 669; history of, 668, 670–671; Campylobacter species, 10, 143, 162 76–78, 87–93; immunosuppression protective vaccines against, 694– Candida albicans, 342, 354, 642 resulting from, 640–641; 695; public health responses to, 668, Candida dubliniensis, 15 Legionnaires’ disease and Pontiac 693–694; threat of agroterrorism, Candida species, 648–649, 651 fever, 14, 35, 182–200; Lyme 692–693 Carrión’s disease, 99–100, disease, 13, 33, 35, 57–71, 551, 552; Black Creek Canal virus, 442 101–102, 111 other types of, 644–646; pulmonary Black death. See Bubonic plague Case Western Reserve tuberculosis, 14, 206–220; (Black death) University, 627 respiratory tract infections, 643– Blackwater fever, 529 Caseation, 210 644. See also Drug-resistant bacteria; Blastocystis hominis, 643, 654 Castleman’s disease, 366, 373 Infectious diseases Blood Borne Virus Transmission Risk Cat-scratch disease (CSD), 36, 99, 100, Bacterial resistance genes, 228, Assessment Questionnaire (WHO), 404 102, 103–104, 111 237–238 Blood transfusion HIV Category A HIV infection, 341 Bacteriophages, 31, 149, 228 transmission, 350 Category B HIV infection, 341 Barrett esophagus, 167–168 Bloodstream trypomastigote, 592 Category C HIV infection, 341 Barrier clothing protection, 266, 451 Bluetongue virus, 15 Cavitation, 210 Barrier nursing, 306–307 Bocavirus, 15 CD4 T helper cells: adaptive Bartonella infections: B. henselae Bolivian hemorrhagic fever, 277, 280, immunity and, 41, 42; dendritic (cat-scratch disease), 36, 99, 100, 287–288 cells aiding in infection of, 354–355; 102, 103–104, 106, 107, 110, 111, Bolomys obscurus, 280 drugs that suppress the, 641; innate 645; bacillary angiomatosis (BA), Borrelia afzelii, 63 immune system and, 42–43; STSS 100–101, 102, 105, 111; bacillary Borellia burgdorferi, 33, 35, 57, 58, resulting from overstimulated, peliosis hepatis (BP), 105, 111; 63–66, 78, 551 119, 120, 121, 127; superantigens bartonellosis (Carrión’s disease), Borrelia garinii, 63 stimulating activity of, 130. See also 99–100, 101–102, 111; Borrelia hispanica relapsing fever, 15 specifi c diseases bbindex.inddindex.indd 772424 221/02/111/02/11 112:102:10 PPMM INDEX 725 CD8 T killer cells: adaptive immunity Clostridium diffi cile, 143, 642, 643, 644, DEET, 58, 69–70, 490–493, 560 and, 41–42; drugs that suppress the, 645–646 Defi nitive host, 556 641; HHV-8 genes used to escape Clostridium perfringes, 124 Dematiaceous fungi, 653 death by, 378–379; innate immune Clostridium tetani, 692 Dendritic cells, 354–355 system and, 43; West Nile virus and, Coccidioides immitis, 652–653 Dengue fever (DF): causation of, 321– 488, 489. See also specifi c diseases Collectins, 639 324; description and history of, 10, CDC (Centers for Disease Control Colorado tick fever, 552 14, 314–321, 324–327; treatment, and Prevention): antitrypanosomal Common variable immunodefi ciency, prevention, surveillance of, 327– medications availability through, 640 331. See also Breakbone fever 599; Arbonet Surveillance System Community-associated MRSA (CA- Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF): for West Nile virus by, 493–494; MRSA), 231, 232, 240–241 causation of, 321–324; description Emerging Infections Program Complement cascade, 44 and outbreaks of, 314–321, 324–327; Network of the, 240–241; Emerging Congenital neutropenia, 640 treatment, prevention, surveillance Infectious Diseases by, 15; hepatitis Conjugation, 33, 228 of, 327–331 C surveillance by, 404–405; HIV/ Consumption. See Tuberculosis (TB) Dengue shock syndrome (DSS): AIDS Surveillance Report for 2006 by, Coronaviruses, 461–464, 465 causation of, 314–315, 321–324; 359; Legionella antisera developed by, Corticosteroids, 467, 641 description of, 314–316, 319–321, 195; Legionella longbeachae incidences Coxiella burnetii, 680–681 324–327; treatment, prevention, reported by the, 190; Legionnaires’ Coxsackievirus, 15 surveillance of, 327–331 disease reported to, 200; measures Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD): Dengue virus, 321–324 to control SARS in the U.S.
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  • Report June 2

    Report June 2

    COMMUNICABLE DISEASES • ISSN 1361 - 1887 Provisional Summary 2003 Northern Ireland Edition Vol 12 No 13 COMMUNICABLE DISEASES ISSN 1361 - 1887 Introduction This report summarises the main trends in communicable disease in Northern Ireland during 2003. It is primarily based on laboratory reports forward to CDSC (NI) and information supplied by Consultants in Communicable Disease Control. This is a more detailed annual summary than in previous years and replaces our annual report. The data for 2003 should be regarded as provisional to allow for late reporting of results and further typing of organisms. CDSC (NI) is extremely grateful to colleagues in Trusts and Boards for providing timely data and information on a wide range of infections and communicable disease issues. This summary can also be downloaded from our website http://www.cdscni.org.uk Contributing Laboratories Information Altnagelvin Mater Editorial Team: CDSC (NI) Antrim Musgrave Park Belfast City Hospital Belfast City Regional Mycology Dr Brian Smyth Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AB Belvoir Park Regional Virus Audrey Lynch N.Ireland Causeway Royal Victoria Dr Julie McCarroll Telephone: 028 9026 3765 Craigavon Tyrone County Dr Hilary Kennedy Fax: 028 9026 3511 Daisyhill Ulster Ruth Fox Email: [email protected] Erne Julie Boucher COMMUNICABLE DISEASES: Provisional Summary 1 Contents 1 Gastrointestinal Infections 3 Foodborne and Gastrointestinal outbreaks: 2003 2 Imported Infections 9 3 Human Brucellosis in Northern Ireland, 2003 13 4 Enhanced Surveillance of Influenza in Northern Ireland 15 5 Enhanced Surveillance of Meningococcal Disease 19 6 Enhanced Surveillance of Tuberculosis 23 7 Legionella Infections 27 8 Hepatitis 29 9 HIV and AIDS 33 10 Syphilis Outbreak in Northern Ireland 2001-2003 37 11 Childhood Vaccination Programme 41 Appendix 1 – Trends in Specific Reported Pathogens Appendix 2 – Notifications of Infections Diseases COMMUNICABLE DISEASES: Provisional Summary 2 1 Gastrointestinal infections Notifications of food poisoning increased steadily from1991 to 2000.