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THE WHOLE THESIS 23 September 2015-Working The Impact of Second World War Evacuation on Social Welfare in Scotland (incorporating an analysis of oral testimony from Scottish Evacuees) Jo Jack University of Stirling Submitted for the degree of master of philosophy November 2017 1 Abstract This thesis examines the social, cultural and emotional welfare of Scottish women and children who were included in the mass evacuation of civilians which took place at the beginning of the Second World War. The first half of the twentieth century was marked by the momentous events of two very bloody and all-encompassing world wars. From the 1920s the British government, through the Committees of Imperial Defence and Air Raid Precautions, speculated on how best to protect the civilian population in the event of any future major conflict. As a result plans were put in place for the mass evacuation of vulnerable people through the appointment of an Evacuation sub-committee. The process of evacuation of millions of civilians has been documented by historians writing mainly from an English perspective. The same level of detailed academic analysis has not been extended to Scotland. The following thesis adds to the breadth of analysis of the evacuation process in Britain. The work explores the well-established theory that warfare ultimately led to welfare most often associated with Richard Titmuss. This theory has been challenged by a number of revisionist historians, specifically Macnicol and Harris. This thesis upholds the Titmuss theory and provides evidence in support of the claim within the framework of health, education and religion. The research methodology adopted was a qualitative study of oral testimony by Scottish evacuees through a series of interviews. These interviews reflect on the broader evacuation experience from a hitherto somewhat neglected Scottish perspective. The information has been analysed in conjunction with an extensive and contrasting collection of sources. This data, while adding 2 value to the broad British experience of evacuation, identified a specific Scottish dimension, in particular within the sphere of maternity and child care, child guidance and the extension to educational service. The thesis also examines the way in which the Scottish process brought the Church and state into closer contact. In conclusion this thesis identified how far the evacuation process contributed to the social welfare developments which took place during and immediately after the Second World War. The oral history interviews contained within the research made it possible to establish that the social well-being of post-war generations was enhanced as a result of the evacuation process. 3 Contents Acknowledgements……………………………………..6 Abbreviations…………………………………………...8 Map of Evacuation, Reception and Neutral Areas…...9 Introduction………………………………………….....10 Aims and Objectives………………………………………14 Methods……………………………………………………16 Literature Review and Historiography………………….....19 Sources…………………………………………………….40 Chapter Outlines…………………………………………..44 Chapter I The Evacuation Process: Theory and Practice...............................................48 Chapter II Evacuation Schemes After 1939…………………83 Chapter III The Impact of Evacuation on Scottish Heath Care………………………………118 Chapter IV Religion and Evacuation…………………………165 4 Chapter V The Effect of War and Evacuation on The Children Who Stayed in the Cities…………212 Chapter VI Analysis of the Effect of Evacuation Through the use of Oral History…………………252 Conclusion………………………………………………..291 Overview of Aims, Objectives and Methodology………………………………………………...291 The Theoretical Framework………………………………....292 Outline of Chapters………………………………………….297 Conclusion Appendices 1-18 Oral Interviews……………………………………………307 Appendix 19 Respondent list……………………………………………354 Bibliography……………………………………………..357 5 Acknowledgements A huge debt of gratitude is owed to my supervisor Dr Jacqueline Jenkinson for her belief in this project. Her time, help, support and encouragement through all the years of study are greatly appreciated. The use of oral history throughout this thesis was made possible as a result of the many wonderful people who agreed to be interviewed, and to their interviews being retained by Stirling University Library for anyone who may be interested in the subject in the future. These evacuees opened their homes and their hearts and provided an immense source of personal knowledge of wartime evacuation. Their kindness and encouragement has been a humbling experience and their friendship will always be remembered. I would also like to thank the staff at local and central libraries and archives where my research has been conducted, and to the staff of the Clydebank Press who put me in touch with the Clydebank Lifestory Group. Their help in arranging interviews with Clydebank evacuees proved a valuable source of knowledge. I am grateful to my many friends for their help and encouragement. To Sharman for her time and company on the numerous trips across the country to various interviews and to Ann for the hours she spent in front of her computer transcribing interviews. Finally, and by far most importantly, to my family, particularly my husband Ronnie for his patience, moral and financial support, and for the many hours 6 he spent reading and rereading my chapters, without his help this project would not have been possible. 7 Abbreviations ARP Air Raid Precautions CORB Children’s Overseas Reception Board DCA Dundee City Archives EMS Emergency Medical Services ERA Evacuee Reunion Association FWVRC Friends War Victims Relief Committee H of C House of Commons H of L House of Lords ILP Independent Labour Party MO Mass Observation MP Member of Parliament NAS National Archives of Scotland NRS National Register of Scotland PKCA Perth and Kinross Council Archive PTSD Post Traumatic Stress Disorder SACE Scottish Advisory Committee on Evacuation SCA Scottish Catholic Archives SCAS Stirling Council Archives Services SCRE Scottish Council for Research Education SED Scottish Education Department SJAC Scottish Jewish Archives Centre TNA The National Archives V 1 Flying Bomb V 2 Rocket WI Women’s Institute WRVS Women’s Royal Voluntary Service 8 Map of Evacuation, Reception and Neutral Areas in September 1939. www.googlemaps.co.uk The Family Recorder; Mappy Monday [Accessed 29 May 2016] 9 Introduction As regards the evacuation scheme, I am almost afraid to refer to it as a social experiment, although I have heard those words used about it time and again. It certainly has been a social upheaval…I have seen both sides of the problem and I want to be fair in dealing with it. Joseph Westwood MP, 21 November 1939. 1 The evacuation process that Joseph Westwood, Labour MP for Falkirk and Stirling, referred to above began on Friday, 1 September 1939, two days before the declaration of the Second World War. It is the story of the evacuation process, which was the mandatory transfer of thousands of vulnerable people to places of perceived safety, referred to above as a ‘social experiment’, that lies at the heart of this study. Evacuation was an attempt by the British government to protect the most vulnerable members of the public, including schoolchildren, mothers with children, the blind and disabled, who were sent away from perceived danger areas of major cities at the outbreak of war. Much of the academic history of the evacuation process, including oral testimonies, has been written from an English perspective. In Scotland the actual experience of evacuation has not been told comprehensively from those who were evacuated. More importantly, as a social history, working from a base of materials derived from first hand 1 H of C Debate, 21 November 1939, vol. 353, cc. 1088-1089. 10 interviews allows us to see that evacuees were more than just recipients of some kind of government policy, they themselves helped shape it. Using oral testimony in conjunction with a variety of primary source material and historiography, this thesis investigates the development of social welfare and the role of memory within the framework of the evacuation process. It is a thematic exploration and explanation of social and cultural change resulting from this evacuation in three particular fields: education, health and religion. Together, these strands combine to form the overarching theme of the thesis to relate the social history of the Scottish evacuation in which the evacuees were themselves such a fundamental part. This chapter introduces the motivation for the thesis, its aims and objectives, and the methods used in connection with the collecting of oral testimony. It includes a review of the literary sources which have been used to help create a structured argument that warfare led to welfare within Scotland in the years 1939-1945 and the immediate aftermath. It concludes with a description of oral history as a method of research, a note of the original sources which have been used in the body of the thesis to stimulate and justify the arguments, and a brief résumé of the contents chapter by chapter. The motivation for the thesis grew from initial research for a Masters dissertation which concerned Scottish children involved in the evacuation process. Scottish children, mothers with pre-school children and helpers numbered 175,000 of the 1.5 million people residing in Britain who were 11 evacuated at the beginning of the Second World War. Research showed that the Scottish evacuation process along with the children involved in it were substantially overlooked in published works on this episode of wartime history. The evacuation of vulnerable people from major British cities was put in train at the beginning of the Second World War as a means of protecting the most vulnerable; young children, mothers with children, the blind and disabled. In England, after the initial mass movement of people in September 1939, there were two subsequent evacuation schemes put in place, after the London Blitz, then again in 1944 when London was hit by V 1 and V 2 bombing raids. Scotland’s situation was quite different in that after the first evacuation scheme there was just one further mass evacuation which took place after the blitz on the town of Clydebank, near Glasgow, during March 1941.
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