International Journal of Research Studies in Science, Engineering and Technology Volume 4, Issue 10, 2017, PP 1-11 ISSN : 2349-476X
Current Status of Arabica Coffee (Coffea Arabica .L Genetic Resource: Conservations, Constraints and Mitigation Strategies in Ethiopia
Desalegn Alemayehu, Wakuma Merga Post graduate student at Jimma University College of Agriculture and Veterinery Medicine, Department of Horticulture and Plant Sciences, Jimma, Ethiopia. *Corresponding Author: Desalegn Alemayehu, Post graduate student at Jimma University College of Agriculture and Veterinery Medicine, Department of Horticulture and Plant Sciences, Jimma, Ethiopia
ABSTRACT We have reviewed on the current status of arabica coffee Coffea Arabica .L genetic resource: the conservations strategies used, constraints affecting coffee gene pool, and the mitigation strategies to be made in the future. Germplasm collection, have been followed since the commencement of the breeding program. In effect, outstanding achievements have been recorded in assembling of 6923 accessions, conservation of these germplasm in ex situ conservation of field gene bank by Jimma Agricultural research center and its sub centers; there is also a field genebank established and managed at Choche near Jimma by the Institute of Biodiversity Conservation with 5,196 randomly chosen accessions conserved. From 1996- 2015, the collected accessions were reached around 6923 accessions. However, it was facing to genetic erosion as a result of: - Climate change (temperature rice), deforestation, crop replacement, disease and etc. Currently, about 5853 out of 6923 accessions are maintained under field condition and appropriate field management is under way. Example:- conversion of forest land to agricultural land for subsistence crops, fire wood and timber, settlement expansion, erosion, natural disturbance others share 35%, 17%, 12%, 12%, 3% and 4% respectively as deriving force for forest cover loss in Yayu coffee forest biosphere reserve and surrounding. The details of the conservations strategies used, constraints affecting coffee gene pool, and the mitigation strategies to be made in the future are discussed in this paper. Keywords: Coffee Coffea germplasm; conservations strategies; constraints affecting coffee mitigation strategies
INTRODUCTION quintal was obtained with average yield of 7.48 quintal/ha. In 2015/16 production year Ethiopia Ethiopia is the origin of Coffee Arabica (Coffea produced an estimated 9.8 million bags that arabica L.) and the largest producer of coffee in would rank the country as the third largest Africa and the largest fifth coffee Producer in coffee producer in the world after Brazil and the world (GAIN, 2014). Coffee is known to be Vietnam, beating out Colombia (ICO, 2012) and one of the most important beverages in the the fifth major exporter of Arabica coffee, world. It has a current estimated value of US$10 globally next to Brazil, Vietnam, Colombia and billion and is one of the most traded Indonesia and the highest producer of coffee in commodities second in value only to oil and a all of African country (Davis et al., 2012). huge contributor of foreign exchange earnings Currently it contributes about 30 present of the for developing countries (Labouisse et al., country’s foreign currency earnings. More than 2008). Coffee production is vital to Ethiopian 15 million people directly or indirectly depend economy and accounted for 19% of total on coffee value chain for their income and Ethiopian export (Trading Economics, 2016). employment. About 35% of the total production The annual coffee production in Ethiopia is with is consumed within the producing areas average yield of 6.34 quintal/ha (CSA, 2016). In (Chauhan et al., 2015) and in general, over 50% 2014/15 Meher Season, the area allocated for of the coffee produced is consumed within coffee production was estimated to be Ethiopia (Bart et al., 2014). 561,761.82 ha from which about 4,199,801.56
International Journal of Research Studies in Science, Engineering and Technology V4 ● I10 ● 2017 1 Current Status of Arabica Coffee (Coffea Arabica .L Genetic Resource: Conservations, Constraints and Mitigation Strategies in Ethiopia
Ethiopia is the homeland and center of genetic current status of arabica coffee genetic resource: diversity of Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica L., conservations, constraints affecting, and to give Rubiaceae) (Vavilov 1951).The entire genetic mitigation strategies to be made in the future. diversity of indigenous (wild) Arabica coffee is GERMPLASM COLLECTION AND confined mainly in the afromontane rain forest located in the west and east of Great Rift Valley CONSERVATION (Taye and Jurgen, 2008). The scholars estimated The initial collection program launched includes that Ethiopia is home to an estimated of about both indigenous and exotic collections. 40,000 wild varieties of coffee. The crop is However, since 1984, the introduction of mainly produced in the Southern, South Western arabica coffee varieties developed elsewhere in and Eastern parts of the country. The total area other countries had been discontinued because coverage of coffee in Ethiopia is estimated to be of the poor performance of these materials in the around 800,000 ha, of which about 95% is screening program under Ethiopian condition produced by 4 million small scale farmers compared to the local materials (Fekadu et al., (Berhanu et al., 2015); whereas the estimated 2008). The Indigenous coffee germplasm annual national production of coffee is about collection was started in 1970 under long term 419, 980.20 tons. Different research findings national coffee collection program. From (1966- illustrate the importance of the Ethiopian coffee 2005), 5630 indigenous coffee accessions were genetic materials in breeding programs for high collected, of which 1185 in national, 1041 in productivity and disease resistance (Labouisse et CBD resistant & 3404 in Regional programs al., 2008). Ethiopian C. arabica accessions is (Table 1) below. Fekadu et al., (2008) estimated used as parents for crossing with commercial that about 73% of the indigenous collections, varieties to obtain strong hybrid vigor, resulting large collections were made from Hararghe in over 34% higher productivity of the F1 followed by Sidamo & Western Wollega hybrids in full sun light (Bertrand et al., 2011). &Gimbi areas. Currently coffee genetic resource is subjected to Since the beginning of exotic coffee germplasm genetic erosion as a result of deforestation due introduction program in 1967, a total of 190 to forest for investment, resettlement, fire wood, exotc coffee accessions, consisting of 155 construction, replanting with improved varieties, Internationally known Arabica varieties, 28 expansion of land for food crops & others do catimor hybrids & rust diffirentials, & 7 diploid advancing germplasm collections fear the species were introduced from various coffee extiniction of our coffee genetic resources. growing countries such as Brazil, Costarica, Considering the intensity of collection with in Cuba, India, Tanzania & Portugual ((Fekadu, regions, large collections were made from 2008). This scholar also indicated that only Hararghe followed by Sidamo& Western about 87% accessions were survived & adapted Wollega & Gimbi areas. In Eastern Africa, the to the environmental condition of Jimma & Gera outbreak of the coffee berry disease in the 1970s in Ethiopia. The rest had died & many had and 1980s larger damage were caused. In failed to acclimatize to local environments. Ethiopia the disease does not affect coffee Moreover, none of the introduced materials production significantly, chiefly due to the performed better than the locals, except a few availability of high genetic diversity which local types such as Geisha & Catimor lines did enabled to develop cultivars resistant to the well at lower altitudes of Bebeka & Tepi disease in a very short time using materials from (Fekadu, 2008). In Ethiopia the Arabica coffee the wild coffee gene pool (Mesfin and Bayetta germplasm were collected from Hararghe (East 1984). Hence, there is no doubt that it is and West hararghe), Jimma, Sidama, Wollega, essential to conserve and maintain the existed Ilu Abbabora, Bale, South Omo, Kaffa, Shaka, collected gene pool with wide genetic variability Arsi, Gamogofa, Gedeo, Amaro, Guraghe, can safeguard coffee production from dangers Gembella, Oromia special zone, South Wollo posed by possible disease outbreaks and and Asosa as indicated in figure(1) below. environmental stresses (Desalegn, 2017). The objective of this paper is to review on the
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Figure1. Agro-ecological zones Ethiopia showing a place of germplasm collected tiil now. Wild populations of Arabica coffee in are populations can be expected to increase in the genetically diverse, and probably possess future as breeders attempt to address the threats desirable traits that can be used to improve the of the combination of global environmental cultivated varieties of C. arabica worldwide change and a higher demand for food (Foley et (Aerts et al., 2013; Tesfaye et al., 2013). At al., 2011). Conservation of the genetic diversity least within Ethiopia, active selection and of C. arabica in Ethiopian rainforests is hybridization activities with wild coffee therefore of major importance, but the individuals in recent decades have led to conservation of wild gene pools of cultivated numerous landraces or farmers’ varieties as species generally remains an often undervalued reviewed by (Labouisse et al., 2008). The challenge for conservation biologists (Honnay et importance of the Ethiopian wild coffee al., 2012).
Table1. Summary of indigenous and exotic collections Type of Year of No of accessions Total
collection collection Indigenous collection Exotic
Oromia(54) SNNP(28) Other regions(10) collection
National 1966, 622 424 139 1185 collection 1970-2004 (different regions) CBD resistant 1973- 721 320 38 1041 selection program 75,1980- 87 Regional 1994-2005 2748 609 9 3404 collection Sub-total 4091 1353 186 5630 Exotic collections 1967-84 190 190 Total 4091 1353 186 190 5820 Figures in parenthesis indicate the number of woredas where the collections were made. Source. Fekadu Tefera 2008 COFFEE GERMPLASM CONSERVATION & Sub-centers i.e 6717 coffee germplasm collected MAINTENANCE and maintained at Research sites (Taye, 2013). Till now about 6923 indigenous and exotic A tota of 6717 coffee accessions are conserved coffee accessions are collected and conserved at in Jimma Agricultural Research Center & its field gene bank. There are two ways of
International Journal of Research Studies in Science, Engineering and Technology V4 ● I10 ● 2017 3 Current Status of Arabica Coffee (Coffea Arabica .L Genetic Resource: Conservations, Constraints and Mitigation Strategies in Ethiopia conserving wild genetic resources: In situ maximize benefits of climate change adaptation (nature reserves) and ex situ (zoos and gene (Dinesh and Vermeulen, 2016). As climate banks) (Allen and Allen 2013). Both are needed. change becomes increasingly severe, an assessment of coffee producers’ ability and Ex-Situ Conservation willingness to adapt would be especially Ex situ conservation is a technique of valuable to those hoping to create adaptation conservation of biological diversity outside its strategies and policies (Rahman, et al., 2016). natural habitats, targeting all levels of The objective of ex situ conservation is to biodiversity such as genetic, species, and maintain the accessions without change in the ecosystems (Antofie, 2011; Allen and Allen genetic constitution. And it is aimed at 2013). In general, ex situ conservation is applied minimizing the possibility of mutation, as an additional measure to supplement in situ selection, random genetic drift or contamination. conservation, which refers to conservation of Field Gene Banks biological diversity in its natural habitats. In some cases, ex situ management will be central One of the main strategies for the long-term to a conservation strategy and in others it will be conservation of genetic resources of crop plants of secondary importance (Reid et al., 2013). is the maintenance of collections in field gene banks. These facilities allow ease of access by And this technique is particularly appropriate plant breeders, researchers and other users (van for the conservation of crops and their wild Hintum et al., 2000). Even though considerable relatives. Ethiopia has a unique genetic diversity progress has been made in assembling and of cultivated, semi-wild and wild Arabica conserving these genetic resources till now, varieties with different types of disease many of the germplasm collections were faced resistance environmental adaptations and quality to major problems of maintenance and characteristics for future breeding coffee organization. Conserving in the areas of origin varieties opportunity that are adapted to the has advantages over conserving at Ex-situ field changed climate (Bongase, 2017). Changes in gene bank. That is because local landraces have temperature and frequency of rains are better adaptation in their areas of origin. For associated positively and significantly with a example, conservation of Hararghe coffee 2002 higher probability to implement at least one at Melko (field gene bank) and Mechara (areas adaptation strategy to climate change (Zuluaga of origin) is shown in Figure(2), below. et al., 2015). Proven approaches were built on existing indigenous practices and knowledge to
Figure2. Consevation Haraghe coffee at Melko(field gene bank) vs Mechara (areas of origin) In Situ Conservation fields, in pasture lands, and in protected areas. In situ conservation of genetic resources is In situ conservation is defined as conservation acknowledged as being complementary to ex of ecosystems and natural habitats, the situ conservation and its implementation in maintenance of viable populations of the species Ethiopia has long been considered as a national in their natural surroundings and, in the case of urgency (Labouisse and Kotecha, 2008). For the cultivated species, in the surroundings where example, some of the natural habitats or wild they have developed their distinctive properties. habitats are very risky when compared to In situ conservation can be done in farmers’ relatively safe captive environment (Kasso and
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Balakrishnan, 2013). One of the key threats to in Climate change (temperature rice), situ populations of coffee is deforestation deforestation, crop replacement, disease and etc. caused by human population pressures leading Current Growing Status Of Coffee Collection to conversion of land to agriculture. It is critical At JARC And Its Sub-Centers that before a substantial proportion of coffee gene pools are lost to deforestation, in situ Currently, about 5853 out of 6923 accessions conservation of their forest ecosystems need to are maintained under field condition and be achieved (Krishnan, 2013). appropriate field management is under way. However, these coffee accessions are suffering GERMPLASM MAINTENANCE from adaptation problem, disease and climatic The age of coffee germplasm maintenance at factors. For instance the Arabica coffee JARK was as old as coffee collection programs collected from Dawro, Gamogofa & Wenbera, itself. At Jimma- Melko & Gera coffee field established at Gera sub-center is highly maintenance/conservation activity was started infected by CBD & shows poor growth with national &CBD selection programs, performance. Over all the national collection whereas in other sites, the collection & program, CBD resistant, local landrace maintenance/conservation activity was affected collection and exotic Arabica coffee genetic after re-designing of breeding program as
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(Killeen and Harper, 2016). Most suitable area also showed socio-economic and biophysical becomes unsuitable because of climate variation factors as of control deforestation, indicating (Dekens and Bagamb, 2014). The climate more deforestation in remote location Getahun variations affect coffee industry from production et al., (2013). to export (Dekens and Bagamb, 2014). Davis Concerning changes in forest cover, FAO (2012) stated that the profoundly negative trend estimated that Ethiopia lost an average of for the future distribution of indigenous Arabica 141,000 hectares of forest per year between coffee would be 65% reduction in the number of 1990 and 2000 with an average annual bio climatically suitable localities, and at worst deforestation rate of 0.97%. Between 2005 and (scenarios of almost 100% reduction, by the 2010, the rate of forest change increased by 1.11 year 2080 under the influence of accelerated % per annum. In total, between 1990 and 2005, global climate change). The unpredictable rains Ethiopia lost 14.0% of its forest cover, or will make coffee to flower at various times around 2,114,000 hectares (FAO 2010). throughout the year, making the farmers to Measuring the total rate of habitat conversion harvest small quantities continuously (Jassogne (defined as change in forest area plus change in et al., 2013). This change will affect the crop woodland area minus net plantation expansion) physiology especially during the flowering and for the 1990-2005 intervals, FAO also estimated fruit filling stage (Jassogne et al., 2013). that Ethiopia lost 3.6% of its forest and Climate Change (Temperature Rice) woodland habitat (Dereje, 2014). Climate change can is affecting the world Example:- conversion of forest land to cultivation (Esser, 2015). In East Africa, coffee agricultural land for subsistence crops, fire production is likely to be severely affected by wood and timber, settlement expansion, erosion, climate change (Dinesh et al., 2015). According natural disturbance others share 35%, 17%, to Storm (2016) about 33% out of total national 12%, 12%, 3% and 4% respectively as deriving exports; In Ethiopia, temperature has risen by force for forest cover loss in Yayu coffee forest 1.3 oC and predicted rise of 3.1 oC by 2060, 5.0 biosphere reserve and surrounding area figure by 2090. And major shifting in coffee growing (3). The first and most series underlying factor areas is expected (Storm, 2016). These imply for forest cover loss in this site is high that climate change is threatening coffee crops population pressure in need of more arable land in virtually every major coffee producing region to produce subsistence food crops. In south-west of the world. Ethiopia, approximately 38% of the highland Deforestation plateau was covered by 1,158,000 hectares of closed high forest at the beginning of the 1970s, Deforestation is land use change from forest and, by 1997, only 556,700 hectares were left covered to other non-forest land use, whereby making a loss of 52% in less than 30 years the primary forest is disturbed and altered (Labouisse and Kotecha, 2008). This causes structurally and in species composition and no local and landless farmer to be pushed in to more resembles the character of forest (Dereje, marginal and forest edges and convert forest 2014).The main contributing factor to tropical land to farmland. deforestation is mainly due to conversion of forests into agricultural land FAO (2010). Ethiopia is the only place where wild populations of coffee Arabica still existing. The forest cover change is regarded as conversions from forest covered to other non- forest types, while forest disturbance is relatively defined as a discrete event occurring over short time period disturbing the structure of forest ecosystem (Verbessel et al., 2012). The rising population pressure and accelerated deforestation rate mainly for agriculture are impacting the rich Figure3. Proximate causes of forest cover loss in biodiversity of the region (Wakjira, 2010). Yayu coffee forest biosphere reserve and Many studies (Getahun et al., 2013; Wakjira surrounding areas 2010) indicated that human activity is critically Source: Dereje, 2014 threatening the stability of the forest ecosystems in the in Jimma zone of South-western Ethiopia
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Figure4. Deforestation by new settlers in the south-western Ethiopia near Teppi. Source. Labouisse and Kotecha, 2008. Chat Expansion On The Farming System environmental conditions. According to Kumlachew et al. (2016) survey reports the The expansion of chat plant in Ethiopia has been CBD disease incidence ranged between 10 and increasing radically. It was investigated that the 80% in Borena, 40–100% in Gedeo and East total area of chat plant some thirty years back Hararghe, 10–90% in Illubabor, 30–90% in was 3000ha, 3500ha and 6997ha in 1954, 1957 Jimma and Sidama, and 30–80% in West and 1961 respectively (Amare and Krikorian Wollega . Higher CBD incidence was recorded ,1973). According to CSA the total area of land in East Hararghe (71%) and Gedeo (65%); and under chat cultivation in the year 1998 was Jimma (59%). This disease kills the berries of estimated at 78,570 ha in 2008 increased to coffee and it limits the source of planting 163,227ha and then 204,648 ha in 2011 and in material to establish new plant tree for next 2015 it reached 248,964 ha (Binalfew, 2017). generation. Shift coffee to khat jimma zone (Dube et al., 2014). Coffee Wilt Disease (CWD) Diseases Historically, coffee wilt disease (CWD) on C. arabica was first observed in Ethiopia (Keffa Ethiopia, as the center of origin for Coffea province) by Stewart (1957). Van der Graaff arabica, hosts a large diversity of germplasm and Pieters (1978) reported that this pathogen and is native to southwestern Ethiopia growing caused a typical vascular wilt disease and was as understory of the rainforests that harbor huge the main factor of coffee tree death in Ethiopia. floral and faunal diversities. Besides drastic In Hararge coffee wilt disease or reduction in the forest cover and low average tracheomycosis destroyed coffee trees yield, the crop is attacked by several diseases (Labouisse and Kotecha, 2008). Coffee wilt among which coffee berry disease, coffee wilt diseases are more prevalent in plantation and disease and coffee leaf rust caused by garden coffee than forest and semi-forest coffee Colletotrichum kahawae, Gibberella xylarioides (Sihen et al., 2012). Coffee wilt is a vascular and Hemileia vastatrix, respectively, are the disease whose symptoms progress from inward major fungal diseases contributing to reduced curling and wilting of leaves to dieback and yield in the country (Chala et al., 2010; Sihen, death of affected trees. Symptoms may suddenly 2017). occur all over the stem, but usually, they start on Coffee Berry Disease (CBD) a single or a few primary branches on one side Arabia coffee in Ethiopia is attacked by of the stem and progress laterally until all numerous diseases that reduce its production branches are affected. Symptoms on trees with multi stems first appear on a single stem and and productivity significantly. Coffee berry disease (CBD) is the top major disease of coffee progress laterally until all stems are affected. in Ethiopia, which attack mainly the green The disease kills its host at all ages and within a berries of coffee. CBD was first observed in short period (Musoli et al., 2008). Ethiopia in 1971 (Mulinge, 1973). Since then it Coffee Leaf Rust spreads and found in all coffee producing areas According to Arega et al. (2009) in all in which it has been favored by favorable investigated forest coffee areas coffee leaf rust
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(CLR) was prevalent to a high extent (around 96 national coffee germplasm collection program to %). Coffee leaf rust assessment were made ensure sustainability of the program. again in 2007 and 2008 in three southwestern Ethiopian montane coffee forest populations SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION revealed its presence in all fields assessed Ethiopia is the origin of Coffee Arabica and the differing in magnitude with time (season) and largest producer of coffee in Africa and the location of the forest coffees (Chala et al., largest fifth coffee Producer in the world. The 2010). scholars estimated that Ethiopia is home to an estimated of about 40,000 wild varieties of MITIGATION STRATEGIES coffee. Currently coffee genetic resource is The available coffee genetic diversity before the subjected to genetic erosion as a result of advance of deforestation, the identification and deforestation due to forest for investment, protection of more in-situ conservation site and resettlement, fire wood, construction, replanting systematic collection that cover all coffee with improved varieties, expansion of land for growing areas of Ethiopia should continue. In food crops & others do advancing germplasm situ conservation where coffee biodiversity is collections fear the extiniction of our coffee expected to be rich should be encouraged and genetic resources. Wild populations of Arabica characterized. Moreover, effective germplasm coffee in are genetically diverse, and probably conservation strategy measures are crucial possess desirable traits that can be used to opportunity to overcome the problem improve the cultivated varieties of C. arabica encountered. Both ex situ conservation and in worldwide. situ conservation need to be used the national The importance of the Ethiopian wild coffee conservation strategies of the country though ex populations can be expected to increase in the situ conservation is applied as an additional future as breeders attempt to address the threats measure to supplement in situ conservation, of the combination of global environmental which refers to conservation of biological change and a higher demand for food. diversity in its natural habitats. In some cases, Conservation of the genetic diversity of C. ex situ management will be central to a arabica in Ethiopian rainforests is therefore of conservation strategy and in others it will be of major importance, but the conservation of wild secondary importance (Reid et al., 2013). Ex gene pools of cultivated species generally situ conservation(field gene bank) can also do remains an often undervalued challenge for have dual purpose, that is in addition conservation biologists. maintenance of coffee Arabica germplasm it also encourage the coffee to adapt outside it There are two ways of conserving wild genetic origin when it is conserved at field gene bank. resources: In situ (nature reserves) and ex situ conservation. Both are needed; ex situ Coffee genetic resources are under threat of conservation is applied as an additional measure extinction in the wild. In existing ex situ field to supplement in situ conservation, which refers genebanks the threat of genetic erosion is very to conservation of biological diversity in its high. Before it is too late, a complete evaluation natural habitats. In some cases, ex situ of existing germplasm should be undertaken, management will be central to a conservation based on which a comprehensive conservation strategy and in others it will be of secondary strategy should be developed that includes both importance in situ and ex situ conservations and addresses the need for duplication of germplasm in Currently from 1996-2015, the collected multiple locations. An undertaking like this will accessions were reached around 6923 involve the participation of all major coffee accessions. However, it was facing to genetic origin and producing countries and national and erosion as a result of: - Climate change international organizations with the ultimate (temperature rice), deforestation, crop goal of developing policies for germplasm replacement, disease and etc. Currently, about exchange, property rights and benefit-sharing. 5853 out of 6923 accessions are maintained Conservation of the germplasm though not large under field condition and appropriate field enough to represent the available diversity, management is under way. In addition to ex situ would also serve as an immediate source of conservation by JARC, there is also a field breeding material in the future breeding genebank established and managed at Choche program. However, it is vital to strengthen the near Jimma by the Institute of Biodiversity
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Citation: D Alemayehu and W Merga, " Current Status of Arabica Coffee (Coffea Arabica .L Genetic Resource: Conservations, Constraints and Mitigation Strategies in Ethiopia", International Journal of
Research Studies in Science, Engineering and Technology, vol. 4, no. 10, pp. 1-11, 2017.
Copyright: © 2017 D Alemayehu and W Merga,, This is an open-access article distributed under the
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