Kekaisaran Mongol Sejarah Ringkas

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Kekaisaran Mongol Sejarah Ringkas Kekaisaran Mongol Sejarah Ringkas Yusuf Wibisono <[email protected]> Des'2019 (c) ilmuiman.net. All rights reserved. *** Salah Satu Adidaya Dunia Kalo negeri Cina, itu peradabannya sudah canggih sejak ribuan tahun sebelum masehi, tapi Mongol ini daerah yang kurang lukratif, sehingga orang-orang nomaden tersisih sajalah yang menempati daerah itu. Kaisar demi kaisar Cina, tidak ada yang tertarik buang waktu ke sana. Nah, tapi justru dari situlah kemudian muncul orang-orang Mongol penguasa dunia. Ngamuknya orang-orang Mongol melabrak peradaban dunia, khususnya eropa-asia, itu abad ke-13. Pada saat itu, dunia islam sudah menyurut di timur tengah, tapi di nusantara, justru sedang booming-boomingnya. Gimana sih awalnya mereka muncul? Mereka muncul dari bangsa nomaden di padang rumput di Asia Timur bagian tengah benua. Daerah susah, biasa hidup susah, biasa geger, pasukan kuda lawan pasukan kuda, kemudian, di awal abad ke-13, yaitu kira-kira 1211-1225, selama 15- an tahun itu, kebetulan terjadi 'global warming'. Selama periode itu, banyak berkah dari Allah untuk kaum nomaden yang hidup di padang rumput. Suhu rata-rata menghangat. Hujan pun mencukupi. Sehingga rumput-rumput lebih lebat menghijau dari biasanya, ini memudahkan pertumbuhan kuda. Kuda beranak-pinak, dan kualitasnya jadi top markotop. Klan-klan penunggang kuda dari padang rumput Mongol itu terus jadi makmur, kuat, dan terus ekspansi. Andalannya untuk ekspansi adalah fisik yang prima, keahlian berkuda yang terbaik di dunia, pengalaman gegeran bertahun-tahun, gerak cepat dan mobilitas tinggi, dan taktik militer yang dari hari ke hari makin tersempurnakan. Logistik utamanya, itu peternakan embe, kuda, dan lain-lain hewan ternak herbivora pemakan rumput. Dengan andalan itu, mohon maklum, para penyerbu berkuda ini, sejarah mencatat, banyak taklukan-taklukan spektakuler, itu terjadinya di musim yang baik, agak panas. Dan jarang sekali terjadi di saat hawa sedang dingin-dinginnya. Gimana sih? Kalo hawa kelewat dingin, rumput melenyap. Kuda dan ternak-ternam mau dikasih makan apa? Kalo disuruh ngemut permen, giginya bisa gigis semua toh? Nanti kena diabet pulak. Di samping itu, saat salju-salju turun, atau hujan deras, pasukan penyerbu juga gerak cepatnya agak terkendala. Jadi, di tempat- tempat yang dingin ekstrim, mereka agak terkendala. Di laut juga agak terkendala. Jadi negeri- negeri kepulauan kayak Jepang dan nusantara yang terlindung lautan, relatif selamet. Ada Slamet Supeno, Slamet Luntup, bahkan Slamet Riyadi. Halah. Daerah-daerah tropis yang berhutan kelewat lebat, itu juga aman. Selainnya itu? Siapapun di jalur Mongol, di daratan benua eropa-asia, tidak ada yang bisa menandingi efisiensi Mongol. Semua kesapu. Kecuali di ujung-ujungnya. Mereka biasa membakar habis kota. Bahkan menumpas habis penduduk pun sering mereka lakukan. Sepanjang sejarah peradaban manusia, invasi dan penaklukan Mongol itu, tercatat sebagai salah satu yang paling mematikan dan merusak tatanan dunia. Puncaknya 1260, habis itu Mongol raya itu pecah, jadi beberapa bagian, tapi intrik-intrik-nya itu nancep terus di Eropa timur sampai berabad-abad kemudian. Di Cina daratan, terus menjelma menjadi Dinasti Yuan, yang terus berkuasa sampai abad ke-14. Di Persia, para turunan Mongol bertahan sampai abad ke-15. Di India, menjelma menjadi Dinasti Mugal, yang eksis terus sampai abad ke-19. Dan seterusnya. Ilmu-ilmu kemiliterannya, itu dipelajari terus sampai sekarang. Bahkan, penelitian di abad ke-20 ini, menunjukkan bahwa setidaknya 5% dari seluruh lelaki yang ada di dunia ini, punya DNA Mongol dalam dirinya. Jadi, tidak mengherankan ya, kalo di antara kita banyak yang bakat ngurus embe? Oalah. Selain nancep di dunia politik dan militer, ada buntut lain lagi dari ngamuknya orang Mongol lintas benua ini, yaitu wabah penyakit. Bubonic plague atau wabah pes dunia, yang menyerang Asia-Eropa, itu diyakini para ahli, ada kaitannya dengan penaklukan Mongol. Puncaknya pada black-death di abad ke-14. Orang kena penyakit pes itu, kalo nggak di-treatment anti-biotik, 30- 90%-nya meninggal dalam waktu kurang dari 10 hari. Padahal, antibiotik itu beru ditemukan di tahun 40-an, selepas perang dunia. Kebayang, kan? Di masa kini, tahun 2010-2015, masih ada sih orang kena pes. Total 3000-an gitu, yaitu tercatat di Madagaskar, Peru, Congo. Dan yang meninggal sekitar 15-20%. Tapi, saat black-death mengganas di abad ke-14, yang meninggal itu 50 jutaan. Setara 25-60% total penduduk eropa. Ngeri. Kurang lebih itulah ringkasan dari kiprah Kaum Mongol mengubah dunia. Berikut, marilah kita cermati setahap demi setahap. Ini kurang lebih, meringkas dari wikipedia dan berbagai sumber. *** Asal Muasalnya: Temujin aka Genghis Khan Lahirnya bernama asli Temujin. Nggak ada hubungannya dengan bangsa jin. Kelak, dunia mengenalnya sebagai Genghis Khan atau Kaisar Genghis. Dialah pendiri kekaisaran Mongol. Dan oleh negara Mongolia sekarang, dia juga dianggap sebagai pendiri. Lahirnya sekitar 1162M. Deket Ulaanbaatar, ibukota Mongolia masa kini. Makna temujin itu sendiri konon setara 'blacksmith' atau pande-besi. Di saat dia lahir, suku-suku padang rumput Mongolia itu sudah biasa gegeran rebutan kekuasaan, rebutan 'tulang' sama 'ikan asin'-lah kalau menurut standar kaisar Cina. Mereka mengandalkan pasukan berkuda gerak cepat. Temujin sodaranya banyak, hidup susah dari kecil. Walau ayahnya kepala suku. Suatu ketika, ayahnya diracun orang-orang Tatar, dan Temujin berusaha mengklaim diri sebagai penerus ayahnya, minta jadi ketua suku, tapi dikepretlah rame-rame, malah dia dan segenap keluarga besarnya dikucilkan. Terus kakak tertua Temujin berusaha bikin suku atau klan sendiri, tapi semena-mena. Ibu-ibu tirinya dia kawini sendiri, yaitu termasuk ibu kandung Temujin dia gasak juga, sampai kemudian si kakak tertua dibunuh oleh Temujin bersama saudara-saudara lain. Eh, tapi nggak lama kemudian, klan kecil bentukan mereka itu dikalahkan salah satu klan besar, dan diperbudak. Beberapa lama, Temujin yang jagoan lalu berhasil meloloskan diri, lalu membentuk geng berkuda bersama beberapa jagoan seperjuangan. Para anggota geng ini kelak jadi jenderal saat Genghis Khan berjaya. Pada saat itu, kehidupan seperti di Arab jaman jahiliyah. Terpecah belah, dan rutin rebutan konsesi di tanah padang rumput yang serba terbatas sumber dayanya. Klan-klan, agar solid dan besar, kawin-silang dengan klan-klan di sekelilingnya. Tapi kadang teracak-acak oleh persaingan dan perang suku, atau kadang oleh invasi dari Cina di selatan. Di kancah gegeran seperti itulah, Temujin yang dasarnya punya bakat jagoan kayak Ken Arok, lalu menemukan dan mengasah ilmu-ilmu kemiliteran. Oleh ibunya, dia diajarkan juga, agar sebesar-besarnya beraliansi dengan sekeliling. Yaitu dengan cara apa? Mengawini sebanyak mungkin cewek dari suku lain! Terus punya anak sebanyak-banyaknya. Begitu sudah banyak, lalu dia membangun persekutuan dengan klan-klan besar yang jago perang. Yang agak beda dengan para rival, Temujin itu memilih perwira bukan berdasar keturunan, tapi berdasar prestasi tempur. Cara ini, ternyata berhasil menarik pemuda-pemuda berbakat, khususnya dari kalangan bawah yang tahan banting, untuk bergabung dengan dia. Nah, ini dia kunci suksesnya yang pertama: yaitu dalam memilih top talents. Bermodal ini, makin lama, Temujin makin disegani di Mongolia. Sampai kemudian 1186, di usia sekitar 25 tahun Temujin dipilih menjadi Khan utama, tapi kemudian, diserang oleh kawan-kawan lama. Dan kalah. Orang-orang dekatnya konon dihukum mati dengan cara direbus, dan dia sendiri menghilang dari catatan sejarah selama 10 tahun. Entah gimana ceritanya selama itu. Tahun 1197, Temujin muncul lagi dan punya pasukan lagi. Dan dia meneruskan cara barunya, yaitu mempromosikan perwira berdasarkan prestasi dan loyalitas, dan bukannya berdasar garis keturunan atau persaudaraan. Dia buang jauh nepotisme! Dia iming-imingi siapapun yang loyal dan berprestasi, dengan kekayaan berlimpah, nggak peduli asalnya ngangon embe sekalipun! Klan-klan kecil yang berhasil dikalahkan, tidak dibasmi atau diusir oleh dia, melainkan dirangkul di bawah perlindungannya, dipersatukan sesuai ajaran ibunya, dan diminta para pemuda jagoannya untuk bergabung bersama pasukannya. Bahkan anak-anak yatim dari bekas musuhnya, itu diadopsi dan diasuh oleh ibunda Temujin. Ini rupanya bikin kekuatan Temujin jadi bertumbuh pesat. Di sisi lain, para bangsawan yang ketinggalan dan nggak diajak ke lingkaran dekat Temujin banyak yang sakit hati juga dan menjadikan Temujin musuh bebuyutan. Andai para musuh itu bersatu padu, bisa saja Temujin dan pasukan kalah. Tapi untungnya, mereka terfaksi-faksi juga. Bahkan, perwira musuh beberapa kali ada kejadian malah membelot jadi pro Temujin. Walhasil, akhirnya.. satu demi satu ditaklukkan, dan Temujin jadi beneran Genghis Khan, penguasa tunggal di stepa Mongol. Kaum Merkit, Naiman, Mongol, Tatar, Uyghur, Keraite, dan lain-lain kelompok yang kecilan.. semua solid, mempertuan Temujin per 1206. Damai di bumi stepa. Resep lain lagi dari kemenangan Temujin itu, dia mengandalkan info intelijen. Dan punya jaringan mata-mata yang paling luas. Dia pake profiling, dan berusaha memahami motivasi- movitasi di hati para rival. Dan ini sering bisa mencegah musuh-musuhnya bersatu padu. Lalu, kalau ada perang-perang di tempat lain, Temujin rajin mempelajarinya, dan mengadopsi taktik- taktik baru. Taktik kekejaman. Taktik pengepungan. Disiplin. Dan seterusnya. Setelah makin matang, Genghis Khan jadi lebih spiritual. Selain keyakinan leluhur, dia banyak mendengar nasehat-nasehat dari para pendeta buddhis, zen, dan
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