An Overview of Sendai ■Changes to Sendai’S Municipal Area Monthly Average Temperature and Precipitation N

SENDAI CITY PLANNING 2019 SENDAI CITY PLANNING 2019

■ An Overview of Sendai ■Changes to Sendai’s Municipal Area Monthly Average Temperature and Precipitation N

30℃ 500mm [Average Temperature] 2017 450mm Average Year (1981～2010) Izumi 25℃ Miyagi 400mm Aramaki, [Precipitation] History Climate Iwakiri Akiu Kitane 2017 350mm Haranomachi, Sendai is Established 20℃ Average Year (1981～2010) as a City Minamikoizumi Takasago 300mm In the year 1600, the feudal lord Date Masamune relocated his castle to Sendai. The Although Sendai is located at a relatively high latitude, its temperature extremes are Shichigo Oide NishitagaNagamachi ■ Sendai is Established as a City (1889) 17.45 km2 choice was based upon several factors, one being that Sendai was located in the middle moderate, owing to its maritime climate. Snowfall is light in the city, because of the dry Rokugo 15℃ 250mm ■ First Incorporation (1928) 53.60 km 2 Nakada of his territories and functioned as a center of transportation. Additionally, Sendai had northwestern wind that blows over the Ou Mountains in the winter. The city's average [Natori County] Nagamachi Town [Miyagi County] Haranomachi Town, part of Shichigo Village (Minami-koizumi) 200mm access to a vast plains area and had potential for great development. Ever since the yearly temperature is 12.4 °C, and its yearly precipitation is 1,254.1 mm. 73% of ■ Second Incorporation (1931) 70.73km2 castle was built, Sendai has flourished as one of Japan’s largest castle towns. [Miyagi County] Part of Nanakita Village (Aramaki, Kitane) ■ Fifth Incorporation (1956) 236.85 km 2 ■ Seventh Incorporation (1988) 788.03 km 2 10℃ Sendai's yearly precipitation falls in the six months from May to October. ■ Third Incorporation (1932) 87.86 km 2 [Natori County] Oide Village Izumi City 150mm Sendai was established as a city in 1889. Various regional offices for national government [Natori County] Nishitaga Village Boundary Adjustment 236.88 km 2 [Natori County] Akiu Town ■ 2 2 Fourth Incorporation (1941) 188.21 km [Miyagi County] Izumi Town Land Reclamation 788.08 km 100mm organizations, related to military, judicial, transportation, and communication affairs, came to [Natori County] Nakada Village, Rokugo Village Land Reclamation 237.05 km 2 Gamo Aza Machi 5℃ be located in the city, leading to its reputation as the “Capital of Tohoku (northeast Japan).” [Miyagi County] Shichigo Village, Takasago Village, Iwakiri Village Nakano Aza Takamatsu Boundary Adjustment 785.85 km 2 Municipal Area ■ Sixth Incorporation (1987) 495.98 km 2 Tagajo City, Natori City 50mm The city also came to be known as an “Academic City,” because of the numerous [Miyagi County] Miyagi Town Change in Area Measuring Method 786.30km 2 educational institutions found in the city, exemplified by Tohoku Imperial University. 0℃ 0mm Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. After World War II, Sendai's urban development progressed through war reconstruction Sendai’s area was a mere 17.45km2 when it was first incorporated on April 1st, 1889. projects and city planning projects, and numerous national government organizations However, the city absorbed surrounding local governments seven times between 1928 came to Sendai as the country's economy recovered. During the 1960s, Japan's and 1988, increasing its area to the present figure of 786.30 km2. economic boom expanded the domestic market, and many companies opened branch offices in the city. Sendai significantly increased its role as a core administrative city during ■Establishments and Employees by Industry (2016) this period. Industry In April 1989, Sendai became the 11th designated city (major city) in Japan, and Population 0.1% 0.1% Sendai has a high ratio of tertiary industries, mainly concentrated in commerce and ○Primary Industries 0.0％ 0.0% continues to flourish as the center of northeast Japan (the Tohoku region). 9.2% 9.5% When Sendai was incorporated, the city had only 86,000 residents. Sendai subsequently services. Since many of these business establishments are branch offices, the city ■Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries is often called a branch economy city. 0.1% 2.8% 3.4% Location and Topography absorbed many surrounding local governments, and steadily increased its population ○Secondary Industries 0.6% 1.8% 2.7% 3.4% over the years, excluding temporary drops related to wars. The city experienced According to the 2016 Economic Census - Activity Survey, Sendai has 48,419 business establishments, of which 62 (0.1%) are primary industry, 5,851 (12.1%) are secondary ■Mining etc 6.1% Sendai City is located around the center of the Tohoku region, at 38°16_05_N, particularly significant growth from the late 1960s to the early 1970s, when it firmly ■Construction industry, and 42,506 (87.8%) are tertiary industry. 140°52_11_E (the location of Sendai City Hall). The city's borders are defined by the established its role as the center of the Tohoku Region. ■Manufacturing 2 According to the 2014 Census of Commerce, the city’s annual wholesale sales account for Ou Mountains in the west and the Pacific Ocean in the east. Its area is 786.30km , and is Although Sendai's growth dropped off after this period, it still continues to grow at a rate 29.1% 43.0% and 87.0% of total wholesale sales in the Tohoku region and in Miyagi Prefecture, ○Tertiary Industries 50.58km wide (east-west), and 31.20 km long (north-south). The western Ou Mountains higher than other major cities in Japan, and its population exceeded one million in May of 24.1% contain many 1,000m-class mountains, found in the Zao Quasi-National Park and the 1999. Sendai’s estimated population as of May, 2019 is 1,088,786. respectively. The wholesale industry is one of the city’s key industries, playing an ■Electricity, Gas, Heat Supply, and Water intermediary role through the purchase of products from head offices in the Tokyo Funagata Mountain Range, a prefectural natural park. Approximately 60% of the city is ■Information and Communications Metropolitan area and the sale of them to redistributors in Miyagi and other prefectures in 2.0% covered by forests. Rolling hills spread to the east of the mountains, and the Hirose River, ■Transport and Postal Services 3.3% the Tohoku region. 7.3% the Natori River, and the Nanakita River flow through these hills into the Pacific Ocean. ■Transportation, Information, and Communication 3.2% * Annual wholesale sales 6.6855 Trillion Yen Sendai is a city that developed on the river terraces created by these rivers. 4.1% Annual retail sales 1.2333 Trillion Yen ■Wholesale and Retail Trade 5.8% ■Finance and Insurance, Rental and Leasing 9.6% E 140°52′11″ According to the 2017 Census of Manufacturers, the value of product shipments from ■Academic Research and Expert/Specialist 12.5% ■Sendai’s Location Sendai’s manufacturers is 875 billion yen, with a high ratio of petroleum and coal 4.1% ●London ●Moscow products (438.9 billion yen), publishing and printing (78.8 billion yen), and iron and steel ■Accommodation, Eating and Drinking Services ●Paris New York● 4.5% ●Rome Beijing● Washington D.C.● N 38゜16′05″ ● (70.9 billion yen). This value also accounts for a high percentage of Miyagi Prefecture’s ■Living-related Services, Amusement Services 8.0% Sendai Los Angeles● total manufacturing: 97.4% for petroleum and coal products, 81.2% for publishing and ■Education/Learning Support 3.4% 11.7% printing, and 47.2% for iron and steel. ■Medical, Health Care and Welfare 8.2% 0.7% * Value of manufactured goods shipments, processing fee income, other income ■Compound Services 0.4% 11.5% ■Other Services Not Classiﬁed Elsewhere 6.6%

■Sendai’s Topography 〈Private Enterprises〉 Number of Number of Melbourne● Establishments Employees 48,419 554,801

■Value of Product Shipments by Industry ■Establishments by Persons Engaged (2017) (2016) 50-99 people More than 100 people Ceramics, （2.2％） Clay/Stone Products （1.3%） 30-49 people Other （2.7%）（0.8％）４（3.3％） Nanakita River Machinery, 20-29 people Electronics, etc Other （4.9％） 48 （11.5％） Tohoku Expressway （4.7%） SSenzanenzan LLineine Tohoku Line Hirose River Tohoku Shinkansen Line Beverages, SSensekien仙se石ki線 LLine ine 10-19 people Tobacco and Food Petroleum and （14.2％） 1-4 people （6.3%） Coal Products （50.9％）

Groceries （50.2％） 45 （7.5％） Natori River Iron and 5-9 people Steel （22.4％）（8.1％）Publishing and Printing 286 （9.0％）

(Source: Census of Manufacturers / Total Value of Product Shipments: 8,750.57 Billion Yen) 【Economic Census - Activity Survey】

2 City Outline An Overview of Sendai 3 SENDAI CITY PLANNING 2019 SENDAI CITY PLANNING 2019

■ An Overview of Sendai ■Changes to Sendai’s Municipal Area Monthly Average Temperature and Precipitation N

■Sendai’s Topography 〈Private Enterprises〉 Number of Number of Melbourne● Establishments Employees 48,419 554,801

Groceries （50.2％） 45 （7.5％） Natori River Iron and 5-9 people Steel （22.4％）（8.1％）Publishing and Printing 286 （9.0％）

(Source: Census of Manufacturers / Total Value of Product Shipments: 8,750.57 Billion Yen) 【Economic Census - Activity Survey】

2 City Outline An Overview of Sendai 3 SENDAI CITY PLANNING 2019 SENDAI CITY PLANNING 20192010

Four Important Policies for Realizing the Ideal Vision as a City Sendai City Comprehensive Plan ❶Create a city where learning leads to diverse energetic activities The Evolution of Sendai s City Planning The Sendai City Basic Concept, made as part of “The City of Trees, where people can - Promote—in cooperation with citizens—the development of a “museum city” and create shine - Sendai Comprehensive Plan 2020” formulated in March 2011, presents four ideal diverse energies. A city where residents and visitors can enjoy learning through various, visions as a city which should be achieved by the mid-21st century. The city also created organically connected resources, facilities and events in Sendai and spend a fulfilling time the Basic Plan, which defines the basic direction of measures to be undertaken by the city in the city. As a result, the reconstruction project created wide roads in Sendai, such as to realize the visions for the next 10 years (by 2020). Development before the City Planning Law Postwar City Planning - Further increase the accumulation of intellectual resources in this academic city, Sendai, Aoba-dori Avenue, Jozenji-dori Avenue, and Higashi-Nibancho-dori Avenue, Sendai’s Ideal Vision as a City along with improving Kotodai Park and Nishi Park. In this way, downtown Sendai and make the most of research results and human resources for a variety of purposes, ○ Sendai's citycity planning isis basedbased uponupon thethe gridlockedgrid layout layout Date DateMasamune, Masamune the feudalchose became○ The Postwar a modernized Reconstruction urban area Plan while keeping the traditional aspect of a castle An academic city that creates a better future including industrial development, urban development, and resolution of local issues. – An academic city that continues to create diverse values and individual qualities leading lord,when chosehe began when to hebuild began Sendai to buildCastle Sendai in 1960. Castle The in layout 1600. is The based layout on twois based base town.During During World thisWar period,II, political trees and were commercial planted centersand utility located poles west were of removedSendai Station along - Nurture children’s “power to live,” and create an environment that allows children to lines. The Omachi line runs east-northeast from the Otemae area, located on a river received heavy damage, along with surrounding residential areas. The Special City to a bright future on two base lines. The Omachi line runs east-northeast from the Otemae area, major roads in the city, which lead to the basic look of present-day Sendai. become aware of the significance and joy of learning, and experience the pleasure of terrace on the left bank of the Hirose-gawa River. The Kokubuncho-Minamimachi ○Planning Law was enacted in 1946, and became the basis for the reconstruction land ○ A mutually supportive and healthy city of harmony. located on a river terrace on the left bank of the Hirose River. The Kokubuncho- Postwar Revisions to City Planning learning in their local community. Minamimachiline runs perpendicular line runs to perpendicularthe Omachi line, to andthe theOmachi two lines line, intersect and the at thetwo Basholines readjustment area (291.1 ha), 25 city planning roads, and 13 city planning – A safe and healthy city that supports a peaceful and spiritually enriching life Postwar changes to Japan's society and Sendai's growth made it necessary to revise intersectno Tsuji crossroads. at the Basho no Tsuji crossroads. landparks/greenery usage in the areas city. that The were Building determined Standard to start Law Sendai's was introduced postwar reconstruction.in 1950, which ○ A sustainable city in harmony with nature and full of greenery Until the middle of thethe MeijiMeiji Era,Period, the theKokubuncho/Omachi Kokubuncho/Omachi area area around around the theBasho Basho no madeThe reconstruction it necessary projectto specify created fire protectionwide roads zones in Sendai, in 1953 as a(quasi-fire result, wide protection roads, – An attractive and comfortable City of Trees to live in, with low-carbon urban systems ❷Create a mutually supportive and mentally fulﬁlling society Tsujino Tsuji crossroads crossroads prospered prospered with with many many well-established well-established merchants,merchants, government zonessuch aswere Aobadori specified Avenue, in 1948 Jozenjidori to comply Avenue, with Ministry and Higashi-nibanchodori of Construction regulations). Avenue, ○ Dynamic city that supports the Tohoku region and actively expands its relations with the offices, companies,companies, and and as as a posta station. station. However, However, the the KokubunchoKokubuncho stationpost station was Thealong city with revised Kotodai its Park, land and use Nishi zones Park in were1955, improved. after examining Furthermore, its urban downtown area world - Aim to promote regional ties among individuals and households to prevent isolation, and abandonedwas abandoned in 1887, in 1887, when when a railway a railway began began operations operations between between Ueno, Ueno, Sendai, Sendai, and distributionSendai became plan aand modernized land use plan. urban area while keeping the traditional aspect of a – A city central to the region with charm and vigor, serving as a connection to the world create a regional society in which people respect each other and live together. In addition, Shiogama.and Shiogama. New Newmerchants merchants began began to toprosper prosper as asstores stores opened opened alongalong the 71castle city town. planning During roads, this whichperiod, total trees 193,177m, were planted were and proposed utility poles in a were1954 removedrevision proceeding to develop a system that allows everyone to continue to live energetically in a Nakakecho/Shintenmachi and and Mototerakoji Motoderakoji streets, streets, which which connected connected Sendai SendaiStation plan.along majorThis plan roads proposed in the city, a road which network lead to that the combinedbasic look grid of present-day and spoke roadSendai. layouts with the city center. Postwar Revisions to City Planning ■Population Projection community they find comfortable to live in. Station with the city center. (○which are considered to be ideal road network forms) with ring roads. - Develop an environment in which everyone who desires to give birth and raise a child Postwar changes to Japan's society and Sendai's growth made it necessary to revise The population of Sendai City continues to rise. According to the city’s estimates, the land usage in the city. The Building Standard Law was introduced in 1950, which can do so, in addition to encouraging the entire community to support child-rearing families Pre-war City Planning population will peak around 2020, which is the final year of the city’s basic plan, after and the growth of children. Pre-war City Planning made it necessary to specify fire protection zones in 1953 (quasi-fire protection zones were specified in 1948 to comply with Ministry of Construction regulations). which it is expected to shift to a moderate decline. - Make Sendai City resilient against disasters, and further improve the crisis management In 1923, the national government named Sendai as a city that would be subject to the The city revised its land use zones in 1955, after examining its urban area As for the population structure, the ratio of younger people is expected to drop further, system to control the spread of infections. Also, address issues such as crime and traffic In 1923, the national government named Sendai as a city that would be subject to the old City Planning Law. Sendai's city planning area, 53.88km2 wide, was2 determined distribution plan and land use plan. while the proportion of the elderly population will rise, making it necessary to promote accidents, all in order to assure the safety and peace of mind in citizens’ lives. old City Planning Law. Sendai's city planning area, 52.88km in size, was policies that will contribute to the maintenance and expansion of the population, determinedin 1925. The in city1925. planning The city area planning included area the includedSendai City Sendai as a Citywhole, as anda whole, sprawled and ■71 Oldcity planningCity Planning roads, which Road total Net193,177m,work were proposed in a 1954 revision including the non-resident population. sprawledacross one across city, and one three city, towns and three and villages.towns and This villages. was the Thisfirst wastime thethat firstSendai's time plan. (planned This plan proposedin 1927) a road network that combined grid and spoke road layouts ❸Create a sustainable city in harmony with nature thatdevelopment Sendai's was development based upon was a city based plan. upon Areas a consideredcity plan. Areasfor development considered were for (which are considered to be ideal road network forms) with ring roads. developmentlocated within were30 to located 40 minutes within from 30 downtown,to 40 minutes basically from withindowntown, a 3.5km basically circle centered at the Basho no Tsuji crossroads. The limits of urban development were - Develop a mechanism to create a city with low-carbon and resource-recycling plans. within a 3.5km radius circle centered at the Basho no Tsuji crossroads. The ■Changes of Sendai City’s Three Population Groups limitsareas ofsuch urban as Dianoharadevelopment and were Aramaki, areas andsuch future as Dianohara industrial andareas Aramaki, were to and be - Promote the use of land that brings harmony between the natural environment and urban futuredeveloped industrial in the areaseast and were south. to be Sendai developed continued in the to eastdevelop and its south. city plans Sendai by Youth population Working age population Elderly population Uncertain age functions based on the proper division of land use which takes advantage of the continuedplanning 38 to city develop planning its roadscity plans in 1927, by determiningplanning 38 urban city planning building law-relatedroads in 1927, land In thousands topography of Sendai, the “City of Trees.” determininguse zones in urban1929, andbuilding designating law-related 8 scenic land zones use zones in 1933. in 1929, and designating 8 1200 - Aim to enhance the integration of urban functions within the urban zone, while scenic zones in 1933. 1,096 1,095 1,086 1,082 1,068 particularly in the suburbs, promoting the improvement of living environments according to 1,046 1,008 1,025 the characteristics and issues of each community through community revitalization. 1000 971 234 274 292 - Develop a transport network centering on public transport that is friendly to the elderly Post-war City Planning 918 133 162 192 308 105 326 and people with disabilities, while strengthening the city’s transport hub function to connect ■Diagram of Sendai Castle Town in 1868 ■Old City Planning Road Network 80 with the rest of the Tohoku region and the world. In addition, establish a transport ○ The Postwar Reconstruction Plan (planned in 1927) 800 infrastructure that reduces maintenance costs and environmental impact and will ensure During World War II, political and commercial centers located west of Sendai Station the safety of people living in each region and the growth of the city. received heavy damage, along with surrounding residential areas. The Special City Planning Law was enacted in 1946, and became the basis for the reconstruction land 600 readjustment area (291.1 ha), 25 city planning roads, and 13 city planning ❹Build on Sendai’s charm and vitality to attract people 728 718 parks/greenery areas that were determined to start Sendai's postwar reconstruction. 657 707 703 675 693 682 665 636 400 - Support small and medium-sized enterprises in terms of management innovation and ■Diagram of Sendai Castle Town in 1868 improvement of technological capabilities, in addition to improving and strengthening their management foundation in order to ensure stable employment as well as the growth and 200 increased competitiveness of local industry. - Make effort to combine tourism, sport, culture and art, and various other areas in 175 129 158 147 140 137 129 122 113 106 cooperation with the rest of the Tohoku region to strategically attract visitors to the region. 0 -Aim to secure stable employment and ensure the independent and log-term development 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 of this city’s regional economy by attracting and nurturing industries that are most likely to *2015 figures and earlier are based on the national census. 2020 enhance the vitality of the city. figures and later are estimates. -Establish strategic priority area along the Tozai Subway Line, a new transport axis in the city, and promote the development, functional concentration and vitalization of these areas in line with the characteristics of the region.

4 City Outline An Overview of Sendai 5