DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 289 878 SP 029 803

TITLE Intramurals and Club Sports. A Handbook. INSTITUTION American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance, Reston, VA. REPORT AO ISBN-0-88314-330-5 PUB DATE 86 NOTE 116p.; Photographs will not reproduce well. AVAILABLE FROMAAHPERD Publications, P.O. Box 704, Waldorf, MD 20601 ($4.95). PUB TYPE Guides Classroom Use - Guides (For Teachers) (052)

EDRS PRICE MF01 Plus Postage. PC Not Available from EDRS. DESCRIPTORS Ancillary School Services; Elementary Secondary Education; *Intramural Athletics; Lifetime Sports; Physical Activities; *Physical Education; *Program Development; *School Recreational Programs; *Team Sports

ABSTRACT The nature of intramural programming has changed over the years; competitive leagues do not dominate the schedule of events as they once did. Strategically placed throughout the year are at least four other programming options, which include self-paced programs, challenge activities, social events, and club sports. This handbook provides the intramural director with information that will assist in developing the first time program or improving the long standing one. It contains activities and administrative procedures that can be adapted to insure a successful program. The four sections of the handbook deal with program philosophies, organization and administration, sports tournaments and special events, and sports clubs.(JD)

*********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from 'le original document. ************************** ******************************************* Intramurals and Club Sports A Handbook

A Project of the National Intramural Sports Council of the National Association for Girls and Women in Sport National Association for Sport and Physical Education Associations of the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance

American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance 1900 Association Drive Reston, Virginia 22091

U S DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION 7ERMISSION TO REPROCUCE THIS Office of Educational Research and Improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION MATERIAL IN MICROFICHE ONLY CENTER (ERIC) HAS BEEN GRANTED BY E This document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization originating it ..wht.T..t3.___ Minor changes have bean made to improve reproduction quality

Points of view Or opinions staled in this docu ment do not necessarily represeni official TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES OERI position or pc,ficy INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)" Copyright © 1986 American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance 1900 Association Drive Reston, Virginia 22091 ISBN 0-88314-330-5

ii 4 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS To all of the authors whose wcrk appears within these pages, hr their dedicated efforts and professional insight into the field of intramurals. To the current members of the National Intramural Sports Council Executive Committee, in sharing their time and ideas on this project: Faye Burchard, Missouri Western State College, St. Joseph, Missouri. Gary Spindt, Hart High School, Newhall, California. Diane Bonanno, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey. Carolyn Callaway. Longwood College, Farmville, Virginia.

iii PREFACE

Dian?. Bonanno Academic Program Coordinator Department of Recreation and Leisure Studies Rutgers University New Brunswick, New Jersey

Historically, the intramural program has emphasized the competitivearena of sport and provided a practice field for the skills learned in physical education class. Whilethis is still one very important objective in many school settings, it is no longer the primary consid- eration which guides the intramural director through the planningprocess today. The nature of intramural programming has changed dramaticallyover the years. What was once a narrowly defined collection of tournaments in a few traditional sports is now a mo:ti-faceted program that cuts across the entirespectrum of physical activity. Competi- tive leagues, while important in the overall scheme, donot dominate the schedule of events as they once did. Strategically placed throughout the year are at least four other programming options that allow the intramural supervisorto reach a broader range of students than was possible under the round robin/single elimination format. These options, which include self-paced programs, challenge activities, socialevents, and club sports represent a standard of intramural programming which cannot be ignored if the intramural director is committed to providing the student with the highest qualityof service possible. Whether you have been involved in administering intramural and clubsports for many years or have been recently asked to develop a program, you will find that a ready source of ideas from experienced professionals isone of the keys to successful programming. The Intramural Handbook, a special project of the National IntramuralSports Council, i! just thata ready source of information that will assistyou in developing the first time program or improving the long standing one so that it meets today's standards. A composite of ideas from professionals across thecountry, the Intramural Handbook con- tains activities and administrative procedures thatcan be adapted to your particular situation ,o insure a successful program.

iv 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS Program Philosophies 1 Intramurals: An Avenue for Developing Leisure Values 4 Achieving Educational Goals Through Intramurals 6 Extension of the Element ?ry Physical Education Class Through An Intramural Program 8 Possibilities and PotentialsHigh School Intramurals

10 Intramurals, Above and Beyond. . 12 Extending the Intramural Concept 14 The Intramural Syndrome 15 Points for Intramurals 16 Eery Pl?yer Wins in Recreational Sports 19 Midday Intramurals 21 Intramurals at Six 22 Intramurals in the Junior High School 24 Intramurals Commack Style 26 Intramurals at Urban junior High 27 The Newton PlanAn Intramural Program for the Middle School 28 Elementary Program Allows All Children to Express and Enjoy Themselves Through Sports and Play 29 junior High Intramurals: A Positive Approach 30 Coed Sports in High School Organization and Administration 33 Administrative Support: The Key to Intramural Program DeAelopment 34 High School IntramuralsAn Endangered Species 36 How to Succeed in Intramurals Without Real!), Trying 37 Preventing Injuries in College Intramural Sports 39 Injuries and Intramurals 40 A NISC Feature: Financing Intramurals 44 Standards and Guidelines for Intramurals 46 Checklist for Procuring an Intramural-Recreation Program Sponsor 48 VISIBILITY The Key to Building a Successful Intramural Program 50 Increasing Participation 52 National Intramural Sports Council 53 Computer Coordination for Campus Intramurals 55 An Equitable Intramural Point SN stem 58 Controlling Unsportsmanlike Conduct in Intramural Sports 59 Sports Without OfficialsWhy Not? 61 Are Officials Really Necessar? But Hov Will We Play Without Of ficials? 62 Scheduling Student Of fic Nils 63 Ile 25(4 Inn amural Director Who Works for I 00(4 Student Pain( ipation

v 7 Sports Tournaments/Special Events 65 Selecting Sport Tournaments

68 Get Tnose Skeletons Out of the Closet . and Use I he'll in Intraniurals 69 Eliminate Volleyball Forfeits 70 Helter-Skelter To.:rnament 72 An Effective Round Robin Schedule 74 A Modified Single Elimination Tournament Modifying Intramural Rules 77 Improving Response and Participation in Intramural Program, 79 Mired Murals 80 Intramural Gymnastics Competition 82 Three Pitch Softball 83 Innertube Water Football 84 vetting a "Bang" Out of Intramurals 85 Coe-lucational Recreational Activities 90 Participation for the Handicapped 91 Team Sports for Exceptional Students 92 Intramurals for Handicapped Students at Kent State Universit 94 Special EventsThe Ultimate Rx 95 Intramural Superstars 97 Elementary Superstars 98 All Sports Night 99 Almost Anything Goes at ECU Sports Clubs 100 Sports Clubs: Their Place Within the Total Intratnutal-Recreational SpottyProgram 101 Extramural Sports Clubs and Varity Athletics 103 The Sports Club President and Advisor 104 The Sports Club CouncilA Vital Admimstr-tiNe Tool 106 Sports Club FundingThe Dollars and Sense Approach 107 Regulations for Travel and Competition

vi Intramurals: An Avenue for Developing Leisure Values Edgar W. Shields

Intr: murals have traditionally been "valueas well as all the issues inherent cept may be applicable to and found defined as those activities conducted in the notion of value education Regard- within many different types of insti- within a particular institution and in less of the different meanings attached to tutions and settings. have traditionally whichIll participants are members of the word and the many kinds of v:lues. been a part of the total offerings of educa- that instinition Leisure essentially refers basically something is valued because it tional institutions. Statements of purpose, to "free ti.ne," time when one does not has either intrinsic or extrinsic worth or a listing of objectives for most educa- have to perform tasks normally as- Values are also relative with respect to tional institutions make some reference sociated with making a living or, in the strengthIf an individual strongly values to value development and/or value ..ase of a student, getting an education something. it is high on a priority list of clarification, and all educators are con- Although intramurals and leisure are not things or activities to acqw:e or to be cerned with value development specific free of debate and are certainly subject to engaged. Values are difficult to measure to their discipline or profession differences of opinion, the above defini- in that they are intangible entities govern- Most intramural directors are more tions would be considered basic ing human behavior and they may be than administrators of a recreational pro- Value, on the other hand. is certainly a consciously conceived or uncons,iously gram. They are educators and are con- more difficult term with which to deal held For the most part. values must be cerned with attaining educational goals Practically all educators at one time or inferred ft-,,n a person, behavior. which include value development. It fol- another have grappled with the term Intramurals, although the basic con- lows tha: intramt ral directors should be

I

41/4'16f- 4' 9 Intramural Handbook concerned with the contributions in- fourth and fifth criteria, and action, Secondly, within any intramuralpro- tramurals could make with respect to which includes the last two et the seven gram hiving a wide variety of activities value development criteria. Raths, et alsuggest that these and attempting to meet the needs ofa In that recreation is a primary reason processes collectively define valuing diverse student population. many alter- one participates in intramural activities natives are available, not only with re- and that such participation occurs during Choosing Freely spect to activities, but types and level of the individual 's leisure time, a logical Surely if something is to be a stable competition within the intramural pro- hypothesis may be that through participa- force under all circumstances in deter- gram if from among many alternatives a tion in intramural activities one could mining behavior for an individual,it student chooses to participate inin- develop values pertaining to the con- must be the result of free choice Coer- tramurals, he/she then has many other structive use of leisure time. An in- cion can produce certain types of be- alternatives from which to choose. as- tramural director who accepts this havior, however, remove the coercion suming it is a diverse program of broad hypothesis certainly would be concerned and more than likely the behavior will scope with the conditions that must exist which changeValues must be the result of would enhance the development of lei- Choosing After Thoughtful choosing freely. sure values Consideration How does this apply to intramurals') The third criterion, choosing after A definite prerequisite to any program Certainly intramural activities are ac- which hopes to facilitate value develop- thoughtful consideration of the conse- tivities in which people engage voluntar- ment is a commitment to value develop- quences of each alternative, seems ily, and no intramural director would ment as an objective of the program somewhat difficult to comprehend. Val- support the use of coercion in order to Many author Carlson. De ppe, and ues emerge only from an understanding increase participation in intramural ac- and thoughtful weighing of the possible MacLean'. Hyatt'. Kleindienst and Wes- tivities However, at times, coercion consequences of alternatives. Impulsive ton'. Kraus4, Meyer and Brightbill'. and may cr-ep in unnoticed, For example. Mueller6, have examen 'Li and discussed and/or thoughtless choices are not con- coercion may exist at the hall or unit level the purpose, objectiv , and values of ducive to value formation. How might undetected by the administrator of the intramurals meet this requirement`' It is intramurals and/or recreation in general. program Unit or hail intramural man- Value development, most frequently possible to assist the student in thought- agers may engage in a little "arm- fully considering intramurals as an alter- explicitly but also implicitly stated, was twistingin order to persuade an indi- included by all as a purpose or objective native') Can we assist the student in vidual to participate in a given intramural of intramurals and/or recreation. choosing from among our many ac- activity The pursuit of points toward an tivities') The commitment is there: value devel- overall academic year intramural cham- opment is an objective of intramurals. By and through proper am'. ample pub- pion could serve as a stimulus which pro- lication of what the intramural program Since the commitment has been estab- duces coercion at the hall or unit level lished, perhaps intramural directors at the institution has to offer, specifically For most, however, the criterion of and generally. the student is supplied ,hould address the question of what choosing freely is satisfied The student criteria must be met in order for value with the information needed to thought- chooses freely and voluntarily partici- fully consider or to choose activities development to take place through in- pates in intramural activity. tramural participation which will meet his/her needs. If the stu- Raths, Hamlin, and Simon' have iden- Choosing From Among Alternatives dent is unaware of the opportunities for need fulfillment in intramurals, chances tified seven criteria which must be satis- The second criterion implies that a fied in order for something to be called a are good that he/she will not seriously choice is possible. Especially from expe- consider it Only if he/she is cognizant of value These are. ( I ) choosing freely, (2) riences as a student, everyone is familiar choosing from among alternatives. (3) the opportunities in intramurals can with requirements and obviously alterna- choosing after thoughtful consideration he/she thoughtfully weigh intramural ac- tives may not exist with respect to certain tivities against other activities A well of the consequences of each alternative, school, college, or university require- (4) prizing and cherishing. (5) affirming. organized and conducted publicity pro- ments. There seems to be no real problem gram is essential to meet this criterion (6) acting upon choices, and (7) repeat- here .vith respect to intramurals, in that ingThey also summarize the seven intramural activities are leisure ac- Prizing and Cherishing criteria by saying that values are based tivities and the student basiLally has two The fourth criterion is prizing and upon three processes choosing, which types of choicesFirst of all. there are cherishing Obviously something highly includes the first three of the seven nunierous other things. external to the valued is prized and cherishedIt makes criteria: prizing, which includes the intramural program. that any student us happy and we hold it dear We are glad might do in his/her leisureOn any we chose that alternative. Values flow sch )ol or college campus and in any freely from choices we are glad that we Edgar W Shields is assistant professor se,00l or college town, alternatives are made Intramurals can be a positive ex- of physical education and director of in- ailable and intramurals are, contrary to perience which is capable of standing by tramural sports, Department of Physical what many of us would like to think, not .self, and a high quality experience is Education,Universityof North necessary for our existence. The point is, something remembered by all A prop- Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514. there is a choice erly administered, well organized and

2 Intramural Handbook conducted intramural program, sensitive alternative, choose intramurals as their Third, a wide variety of activities must be to the needs of the people it serves, is leisure activityThe participants will available to appeal to a wide range of required to produce quality experiences prize and cherish that choice enough to interests and needs The ultimate aim would be to provide something for all and Affirming publicly affirm their choice, and when faced with similar choices repeatedly this is certainly an ideal for us to move When asked about intramural experi- choose intramural participation. toward. Practically speaking, we may ences. will an intramural participant en- These criteria will not "automati- never quite reach that goal. However, we thusiastically support the program and cally" be met in an intramural program. must base the program on human needs speak positively of participation') If If one of our purposes or goals of in- as much as possible Fourth, in addition he/she does, the choice is affirmed. The tramural participation is the development to a variety of activities, various levels of participant is proud of that choice, sees it of values relative to the constructive use competition should be provided to meet as being worthwhile, and is willing to of leisure time, then plans must be laid the needs of relatively high-skilled, publicly affirm that choiceIf the indi- such that the opportunities for such value moderately-skilled, and low-skilied in- vidual does this, the criterion for number development is maximi..ed. If leisure dividuals. A completely low key ap- five has been met. As with criterion time is going to be an increasingly dom- proach to an achy ity in which winning or number 4. a high, quality experience inant phase of life, as we are frequently excellence in performance is deem- which has met a human need or needs told, the need for value development in phasized may destroy the recreational willbe remembered, prized, and the area of recreation becomes more vital properties of certain individuals, yet, as cherished by all and there will be no each day. mentioned previously, winning must be hesitation in affirming the choice of in- Education may be a .ormal or informal kept in proper perspective. tramural activities. process. Formal education is basically If these principles are followed, value Acting Upon Choices planned education. Informal education development in intramurals will become a more "formal" process, and intramu- When we possess a true value, it'if- may take place unconsciously and often rals may function as a form of recreation fects our lives A value gives direction to spontaneously. Direct learning experi- education. Will intramurals inculcate in actual living An individual who talks ences are possible in intramurals, in that a participant may learn a new skill in individuals leisure values which will pos- about something but never does anything .Lively influence their future lives and about it is dealing with something other some sports activity. At the same time what might be labeled as indirect benefits enable them to become the best persons than a value. Do students at your institu- they are capable of becoming? This ques- tion budget their time and energy for in- may be realized, benefits in areas such as tion must be answered using longitudinal tramural participation') If so, they p()%- social development, relief from tensions methods; however, we might -,peculate sess a positive value with respect to your and anxieties, and the development of an that the welfare of the coming generation program and their participation in itAre attitude of sportsmanship. The partici- may depend upon the youth of today de- there values reflected in their behavior'? pant may incidentally discover that phys- veloping worthy leisure values. Let's not If the first five criteria are met. criterion ical fitness improved and that he/she assume that value formation is an as number six is almost certain to be met simply feels better as a result of participa- tr As directors of intramurals and sured" result of participationIn the when the student, faced with comparable quest forsomething for all" and in- choices of which one is intramurals, campus recreation programs, we must attempt to deal with opportunities for di- creased participation, let's not sacrifice chooses what he/she honefull) alues quality for quantitylet's plan for botli' highlythe recreation benefits of in- rect, incidental, and indirect learnings tram mak and benefits We must plan the experi- ences, control the environment, and pro- 'Carlson. Reynold E Deppe. Theodore R . and Repeating vide the kind of leadership which will Maclean. Janet R Retmutton in /linemanLife provide opportunities for positive learn- Belmont. California Wads".orth Publishing Com- The final criterion, repeating. is per- pany, 1972 haps the ultimate in prima taca cv idence ing and value development with respect 'Hyatt. Ronald W .Intramural Sports Organi- of a value When something has become to the constructive use of leisure time. If zation and Administration,St Louis C V Mosby. a true value, itI., likely to reappear or we do this we will not only achieve the 1977 recur repeatedly in the form of certain goals and purposes of inttamurals, but of 'Kleindienst. Viola and Weston. Arthur.In- tramural and Ret roman Programs for Si hoof sand behaviors in thelife of an indiv !dual education as well Coileges.New YorkAppleton-Century-Crofts. Values are persistent Do students, once There are some basic principles which I964 having toed intramural acvity, return would certainly assist us in realizing o,.r 'Kraus. Richard G Re( reation and Leisure in for more? Do they become regular partic- purpose of developing sound and con- Modern SocietyNew YorkAppleton-Century- structive leisure values based upon the Crofts. 1971 ipants in one or more parts of your pro- `Meyer. Harold D and Brightbill. Charles K gram? lithe answer is yes, value forma- previous discussion of Rath's, et.al Communal Re(motion A Guide to Its Organiza- tion has taken placeVirtually no one seven criteriaFirst, tf,ere must be no rwn Englewood Cliffs. Ni Prentice-Hall, 1964 would contest the notion that intramural coercion to participate in intramural ac- '''Mueller. Pat.Intramural% Programming and experiences are highly valued and a true tivitiesIt must be completely voluntary AdministrationNev. York Ronald Press Com- pany. 1971 part of an individual's value system. if Second, a proper perspective of winning 'Raths. Louis E . Harmin. Memll. Simon. Sid- after having chosen freely from among and losing must be maintained Ideally, ney B Values and Tea( lung Working nal, Val- alternatives and ha,ing thoughtful con- the environment should be one in which ues in the ClassroomColumbus. Ohio C F siotration of the consequences of each the values of participation are foremost. Publishing Company. 1966 Intramural Handbook 3 11 Achieving Educational Goals Through Intramurals Phil Carlton and Rob Stinson

intramurals were once regarded as petitive team situation and should be arts (special play), art (publicity draw- Ithe poor cousin in the physical edu- able to participate in intramurals ings), and physical education (novel cation program. While classroom in- through one of the other dimensions. recreation events).' Each special day struction and interscholastics ab- should incorporate many of the fol- sorbed teachers' time and energy, in- Leagues and Tournaments lowing objectives.' tramurals were either ignored or ex- Developing an awareness of out- pected to take care of themselves. Leagues and tournaments repre- sent the most traditional dimension in door recreationalflin" activities Further, it was held that while class- tt at can be done in various types of room instruction and interscholastics an intramural program However, in- weather were inherently learning experiences tramural coordinators today are using Providing opportunities for pupils with educational values, intramurals new approaches in strv^",:ring these to cooperate in groups were simply games to keep students activities so that more students can be Developing positive attitudes to- busy and let them blow off stealu. involved successfully. They have ward participation Intramurals are now recognized as come to realize that itis not always Encouraging group activities which integral to a balanced physical educa- necessary to play a particular game on demonstrate the importance of the "official" court, which may often cooperation to achieve common tion program. The Calgary Cur- objectives. riculum Action Project, Initiated in limit number of games and partici- pants. Intramuralists are using their Helping stuoents understand the 1976 by the Calgary Board of Educa- importance of respecting the worth tion, recognized the importance of in- creative juices and the expertise of and digni., of individuals tramural% to the well-balanced physi- others to adapt and modify games to Learning to respect and get along cal education program in developing meet the needs of particular students' with team members. their intramural program model.' To school facilities. They are also offer- Developing a cooperative attitude facilitate achieving the six objectives ing more coeducational leagues which toward other team members in the model it was necessary to de- further de-emphasize physical, highly Developing an appreciat'on of termine both the dimensions of the competitive play, while encouraging goodteamcompetitionand positive social skills development. sportsmanship intramural program and the educa- Developing and using special pupil tional values associated with each di- The traditional games of soccer, vol- leyball, and basketball have been re- interests and abilities mension. Developing appieciations and in- Recognizing that there are a variety placed by six-a-side soccer, beachball terests which will lead to wise and of different needs in each school volleyball, pillopollo, bucketball, and enjoyable use of leisure time. population The Calgary intramural bladder ballall designed with a Developing positive attitudes to- books recommend that all Intramural single intramural thought, "the most ward our teachers, the school, and programs include four dimensions of possible for the greatest number." other students activ'ty: (1) leagues and tournaments, Providing an opportunity for pupils Special Days to enjoy different sporting events, (2) clubs, (3) special days, (4) self- and in doing so, to feel good about directed activities.2 There is a growing Intramuralists have increased the themselves. awareness that to meet all the stu- number of special days held through- Extending and developing physical dents' needs physical educators should out the school year. The traditional abilities outside of the regular phys- work toward including these four di- spring Sports Day is now just one of ical education program. mensions inallintramural programs. many. Special days have been related Developing feeling of moral re- Intramuralists have come to realize sponsibility to a tt..am effort. to class programs or units of instruc- Providing an opportunity for stu- that at any particular point, a student tion, such as a "Skipping Day" at an may not wish to he involved in a com- dents to make some decisions con- elementary level or " Basketball- cerning self-discipline Golfat a secondary level. Using a Developing reasoning abilities Phil Carlton is a physical education theme approach, elementary teachers through competitive events. specialist with the Calgary Board of have integrated other subject areas Providing an opportunity for the Education. Rob Stinson is the campus with physical education to comprise a students to see themselves and recreation manager at the University of short unit of study. Halloween theme- their teachers in a less formal set- Calgary. Both live in Calgary, Alberta related activities might include lan- ting, and in doing so, to appreciate Canada. guage arts (poems and stories), fine themselves, their teachers, and their c^hool 4 Intramural Handbook 12 Developing an understanding of Intramural Clubs also provide an av- tion, (2) creating school spirit and en- the obligations and responsibilities enue for teachers with expertise that thusiasm, (3) bringing students, of citizenship in general, and can provide instruction and create teachers, and administrators clos- sportsmanship in particular. awareness of other physical activities, er together, (4) teaching leader- Developing pride in work and feel- many of them lifetime skills. The in- ship skills, and (5) encouraging ing of self-worth in activities that volvement of other staff broadens the sportsmanship and social skill de- are more outgoing in nature than scope of the program, perhaps velopment. As W. R. Barber states, the academics through a jogging club, tennis club, One of the most prevalent myths that swim club, or outdoor pursuits. has been hindering us for years is that Clubs learning is the result of teaching. Murray Smith 1.: It it another way He Physical educators have come to Self-directed Activities see intramural clubs as another way to said that in our highly developed so- extend their class program and meet By incorporating self-directed ac- ciety, there are not many opportuni- the specific needs of students Two tivities into intramural programs op- ties for childrento get the kinds of experience they need if they are to examples which illustrate this point portunities can be provided for stu- dents to be self-motivated toward become competent, confident follow. adults s BadmintonMany school..Jo not physical activity. At the elementary level it may be simply encouraging This kind of experiential growth can have the facilities to allow a physical take phf-e by trar sferring a high de- education teacher to properly con- students to sign out equipment at re- duct a full scale badminton unit. It cess or take part in a school wide gree of ownership of the intramural may be introduced through a few les- walk-run program. In the upper program to the students. The best sons to create awareness. A badmin- grades the emphasis may be to en- programs belong to the students. ton club could accommodate the courage students to use free time in Dave Garvey, intramural coor- needs of interested students. the weight-room, or gym, or to Lice a dinator at Milton Williams Junior DanceUnfortunately this area jogging track or to borrow equipment, High, Calgary, tries to provide such does not always receive the time al- such as racquets, on weekends. opportunities for the students at his lotment in class programs that it right- school: fully deserves. Educators who recog- A comprehensive intramural pro- I really enjoy the program, and niy nize the importance of dance in the gram that includes ti..; four dimen- colleagues help me out by supervising balanced program may offer an ex- sions serves to enhance and facilitate or organizing a special activity But tension in the form of intramurals the educational goals of the school by for the most part, we try to let the clubs folk dance, jazz dance, or mori (1) encouraging positive attitudes to- students run the program as much as ern dance ward physical recreational participa-

WHY IS THE IN"riAMURAL PROGRAM IMPORTANT?

As an integral part of a balanced physical education program An Intramural Program utilizes rarefully Selected Activities to help proiuce I The Physically Educated Individual 1 who possesses

KNOWLEDGE ATTITUDES PHYSICAL PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL AND SKILLS FITNESS UNDER- SKILLS APPRECI- STANDING ATIONS which enable and sounci,y of physical and which promote which will encourage participation in functioning social skills, acceptable participation in a wide variety body systems physical fitness, standards of and enjoyment of of activities. for an active and the relationship behavior and physical activity, life in of exercise to positive physical fitness, his/her personal well-being relationships quality performai ice, environment with others a positive self- concept and respect for others 13 Intramural Handbook 5 1 we possibly can. We feel the best pro- tramural program would be very Association, Rick Turnbull, 333 River grams belon° to the students. Most of beneficial to our school program, Road, Vanier City, Ontario, KIL 8B9 the tasks in running the program arc both in terms of participation, student 'Ibid, page 4 done by the students They do things and staff participation; and in terms 'Cartier, K , Fraser, C Wiebe, D , Booty, .1, like drawing charts and making post- of building a strong positive school Special Day Themes Halloween, Health and ers, organizing schedules, checking climate Since then, the growth has Physical Education CouncilDrive-In Work- shops, Calgary, Alberta, 1981 out equipment, officiating . .6 gone far beyond my expectation.' 'Mirtle, D ,Carlton, 0 ,Wilson, D., Did Often a comprehensive,well- The objectives of the intramural someone challenge your objectives for that spe- organized intramural program run by program should extend beyond the cial day" Health any Physicallucation Coun- cil Runner, Vol XVII, No 2, ,,ummer 1979, p students affects the overall attitude in simple games concept. A comprehen- sive intramural program can satisfy a 21 the school. There is less vandalism, 'McKinnon, Ann. Let the kids do itStudent less loitering, better rapport between broad variety of student recreation leadership in intramurals Health and Physical staff and students, and positive rela- needs, create leaders and develop so- Education Council Runner Vol XVIII, No. 4, tionships between the home and the cial skills, and provide for positive Winter 1980, p 43 student/staff/administrationinterac- °Something for everyone Side /tape presen- school are enhanced.' This rapport is tationAdministrators Committee, Canadian reflected in students' eagerness to tion outside the classroom. Such an Intramural Recreation Association Produced participate in all aspects of the intramural program can help provide by Calgary Board of Education, November, school's educational program. a foundation conducive to achieving 1982Copyright and distribution rights Canadian Intramural Recreation Association The following col,Iment from prin-both the specific curriculum objec- tives and the broad educational goals 'Personal Notes Interview with Stan and cipal Knott at Milton Williams Junior Helen Neufeld, Montrose Junior High School High, Calgary, reflects the benefits ofof the school. regarding impact of intramural program on ,uch programs. noon-hour and after-school behavioral pat- terns of students I'd like to comment on the growth of 'Something for everyone NOTE Copies of intramurals in the elementary our intramural program here at the References school (68 pp ), and Junior High intramurals school. The concept was first intro- 'intramurals in the elementary (junior high) (89 pp ), are available at $6 25 each plus $1 50 duced about four years ago to our school, Physical Education Department, Cal- each for mailing Write Canadian Intramural students and to our staff It was gen- gary Board of Education, 1980. p 4 Distribu- Recreation Association, 333 River Road, Van- erally agreed that the strong in- tion rightsCanadian Intramural Recreation ier, City. Ontario, Canada, KIL 8B9

Extension of the Elementary Physical Education Class Through An Intramural Program Betty Kidd and Mark Pankau

whose professionals who advocate an the listed in this article for the ben- the broadest, most complete physical 1 intramural program as a comple- efit of the child's educational experi- education possible. Under the usual plan, ment to regular physical education pro- ences with both the physical and mental very few units are eve' completed to the grams are also aware of the parallel op- waves. instructor's satisfaction What happens portunities available for the growth and Let's first examine the normal phys- is that the children will either gain a few development of both programs through ical education class period At the ele- ideas about a very large number of units a cooperative approach. You cri stretch mentary level, a class might last 35 min- or gain a great mare ideas in only a few your physical education class t'me by utes and meet twice weeklyIn any units. Is the Instructor locked into one incorporating or expanding on some of particular unit of instruction, practice of these two choices? time must be allowed, but the unit may Now consider the degree of learning Betty Kidd is a physical education in- often last longer than the instructor had that might take place should the instruc- structor at the Southwood Elementary originally planned, if every student is tor use the whole-part-whole vi in School, Raytown, MO 64133. Mark to make significant gains at both phys- teaching. With this approach, the "whole- Pankau is director of intramural sports ical and mental levels part" section often works successfully, at the Katherine Carpenter Elementary Tile instructor has many sound units but what about the second "whole" sec- School, Shawnee Mission Public Schools, to include throughout the course of the tion? Even if oiily a minimal time is Shawnee Mission, KS 66201. school year, in order that children have spent on group or individual fitness lev-

6 Intramural Handbook 14 els, exercises, station work, running and one or a!I three sessions Those students evening for the 6th, for both boys and testing, and if the lesson begins upon the who have another extracumcular activ- girls The morning program focuses on class entering the room, we often find ity they might want to participate in can vanous team sports, while after-school there is simply not enough time per ses- arrange their schedules accordingly. and is an individual and dual activity struc- sion to make the lesson educatiooal, as little or no pressure is placed on the child turi. Actual time ranges from 30 minutes well as, enjoyable, each and every time. to choose one activity over the other. to one hour. If the use of stations is incorporated At Carpenter Elementary School, the Both schools like to use one-day-type where small groups practice the various same philosophy exists, with variations activities, such as an "Almost Anything parts of the entire lesson using a rota- in implementation. There is a morning Goes" or aSuper Stars" event Ac- tional pattern with a prescribed number program with grades 4 through 6 com- tivities that are popular are Frisbee, golf of minutes per stationthen the program bining to play a designated activityone lead up, horseshoes, badminton, volley- begins to resemble what a real physical morning for the boys and one for the ballmany of the activities that make education class should look likeThis girls. In addition, an after-school pro- up the regular physical education class. both adds organization and control and gram reserves one evening for the 4th In order to participate, the student must ensures interest at a high level. As a grade, one evening for the 5th, and one bring a slip signed by one or both parents result, more time can be spent on the actual "learning" of game skills. Assuming all of the above already exists, let's examine the time remaining for playing of the game and exercising the newly learned skills Even with the use of stations, little actual play time is remainingthe final "whole" is miss- ing. In physical education, in most cases, we require our students to remember what they learned the last lesson, which may have been two or three days before. This is unlike most of the classroom academic subjects, which are usually covered oo a daily basis. If an intramural program exists, how- ever, then play time is guaranteed. There is no need to short change the actual learning of a particular skill by the ne- cessity and provide time for letting he children "play" in class. With an intra- mural program added to the physical education class time, the possibility in- creases that learning may also increase, not to mention the retention factor. The experience at Southwood Ele- mentary School in Raytown, Missouri, has led us to believe that such an ap- proach is successfdIn addition to the pluses already mentioned regarding the classroom setting, Southwood students also have the opportunity to play with boys and girls who are not in their regular physical education class. This allows for broader interaction among students and a chance to adapt their skills and strat- egies to a greater variety of teammates and situations. At Southwood, intramurals aic sched- uled both before and after school. For example, volleyball is held after school for 45 minutes on three afternoons per week, with students choosing to attend 15 Intramural Handbook 7 giving permission to come early or stay The instructors prefer to emphasize the class, give the student the opportunity late to participatet the intramural pro- reasons for play ant to tez.ch the benefits to participate in a controlled and low- gram At Southwood, a printed listing of fair play, honesty, and good sports- key competitive situation Through par- with all of the activities accompanies the manship. ticipation in such activities, we hope- permission slip, and the student checks Both programs resist awards cf ex- fully give every child the chance to be those activities he or shz wishes to par- trinsic nature. The reasons for this is, a winner and steer them in the direction ticipate inAt Carpenter, a permission again, the desire to retum play to a nat- of enjoying a lifetime of beneficial phys- slip is used, but the students do not have ural state The instructors focus on joy ical activity Any activity used in phys- to complete such an activity list of the intrinsic rewardsplaying for the ical education can be further developed Neither Southwood nor Carpenter be- sake of play and enjoying everyone, in the intramural program, if itis not, lieves there is a substantial benefit in the whether teammate or opponent. then we feel too many of our students use of referees of officials specifically Intramurals, when used as an exten- are missing out on a lot of fun designated in that capacity, at this age sion of the regular physical education

PoLsibilities and PotentialsHigh School Intramurals Thomas Jandris

Its a place sport needs to get back High school hoards of education, su- public image more than any Madison toIt'a place a few lucky kids hate perintendents. and principals LI cross the Avenue, media-oriented promotion found country say emphatically, "Sine were Happy students are the best salespeople committed to the philosophy of intra- a school has mural programming in our schools We Most administrators, given the op- co ended a recent feature article by just can't afford to fund it The time portunity, would publicly tout the qual- LGary Reinmuth, ,ports writer forthe has come for those of us who deeply ity of their school's academic program Chicago Tribune. HI article focused on understand the possibilities and poten- For the most part, we are all already back the growing high school intramural pro- tials in high school intramural program- to the basics and our test scores are even gram at North High School in Downers ming to teach our well-meaning col- on the rise So then, why the continuing Grove. Illinois. Not only was Rein- leagues the fact of the matter"We can't slump in confidence? At least in part, muth's conclusion impressive, but his afford not to!" the answer can be found by asking the opening paragraphs demonstrated re- For the past five years (1974-1978) question, "What are kids saying about markable insight into the value of intra- the Annual Gallup Poll of the Public's school?" mural participation They are worth Attitudes Toward the Public Schools has When was the last um, zi student went quoting here: recorded a consistent erosion in public home and gleefully shouted. "Gee Hidden behind the vast wasteland of confidence in the public schoolsIt mus, everybody, you should see what a neat Chicago sportsondemeath the obnox- be the concern of every administrator to thing I learned about the periodic table ious fans and the grezZy players and the stem and then reverse this tide of neg- of the elements today"' or, "Boy, I silly owners and the tennis mothers and ative public sentiment A great deal has really feel good about finally mastering the Little League fathers and the win- been written about the importance of the conditional tense"' ning-is-the-on1;,-thing mentality, lies an substantive public relations programs in Kids love school because of the qual- oasis of sanity, a breath of fresh air school districts. However. in general. ity, affective expenences they have there called 'ntramurals most such "how to" guides have a tend- The comprehensive intramural program, It's a place where fun counts more than ency to overlook what is possibly the at the secondary school level. has tre- the score Where participation is para- most valuable public relations resource mendous potential for providing quality mount tu competition ' available to every school affective expenences for students of wide In the last five years, secondary ed- ranging interests and abilities, as well ucation has been enjoying a mild re- as providing a whole series of concom- Thomas Jandris is the principal at surgence in school spirit and interest in itant academic benefits. In general two cocurricular activitiesBuilding on this Springfield High School, 101 S Lewis categories of such benefits may accrue, new enthusiasm can boost a school's St., Springfield, IL 62704 student-centered and school-centered

8 Intramural Handbook 16 The student-centered benefitsarcrel- member student body participated during pair of studies conducted by the Amer- atively familiar to most of us physical the course of the school year and that there ican Testing Service and the College fitness, social growth, emotional stabil- was a cumulative total of 4.800 partici- Entrance Examining Board. The former ity. intellectual well-being. coping with pations in that same year completed a study comparing four fac- success and failure, leisure education. tors thought to be possible rm-dictors of and building group spent. However, there student success. achievement in cocur- are several important school-centered ricular activities, high grades in high benefits that are not widely known school, high grades in college, high scores on the ACT. It was found that the only I Reductions in high levels of student em- ployment At one affluent. suburban high The story of scaools is the factor which could be validly used to school in the Chicago area. 62% of the story of students and their predict success in later life was achieve- student body work, 92% of the senior accomplishments. Students' ment 1.. cocurricular activities The latter class work, and 52% of the student body study examined the accuracy of the SAT work more than twenty hours per week enthusiasm, as a result of a in predicting how successful a person 2 A growing commitment by students to the successful intramural might be at a chosen career upon grad- school and school-re!ated activitiesIn program, can boost a school's uation from college. The results showed schools with comprehensive intramural that there was virtually no correlation programs. measurable and significant de- public image more than any between scores on the SAT and success creases in vandalism have been reported Madison Avenue, media- in later life. The study did find, however, 3 Involvement by parents and other adults in school-related programsIntramural oriented promotion. Happy that those students who had many hob- sponsorship of events. open to the entire students are the best bies and interests, or were active in co- community. such as fun runs and winter curricular activities, were most likely to carnivals, help to bring the schools and sale,-eople a school has. be successful the public together in an enjoyable en- Cony iering the possibilities Administrators and boards of educa- vironment and potentials of high school tion cannot afford to neglect the possi- 4Increased visibility in the community for bilities and potential inherent in a quality the schoolNot only do students enthu- intramural programming, comprehensive intramural program The siastically talk about their intramural ex- schools can't afford to neglect benefits to the student, the school, xi periences, but intramural media publicity oftentimes has even broader appeal than intt amurals. the distnct are too great. The public re- does the interscholastic athletic program lations advantages are too significant or other exclusive programs Most importantlyif we do not encour- 5The provision of healthful alternatives for age students' aspirations, if we do not the use of leisure time Some of the best invest our time, our enthusiasm, and our high school intramural programs offer resources in them, we may find that our activities starting as early as 6 30 a m Recently. Owen B Kiernan, execu- students, like the soft drink bottle, will and as late as 10 00 p m Weekend use tive director of the National Association be labeled. "No DepositNo Return." of facilities and scheduling of programs of Secondary School Principals, com- is also common to those fine programs mented. "More and more students reveal 'Reinmuth. Gary, "Intramural,Oasis of Sanity 6 The opportunity for all students to par- in Sports Desert. Suburban Tot; Chu ago Trib- ticipate and grow in skill. no matter what that a student's participation in cocur- une. Feb 22. 1979, p 36 their interests One suburban Chicago ricular activities is one of the most im- 'Gallup, George H The Tenth Annual Gallup Poll school, with a growing program. recently portant facets of :econdary school ed- of the Public's Attitudes !nit and the Public .5( hauls, reported that nearly 2.0(X) of the 3.0(X) ucation. In support of that notion is a (Phi Delta Kappa. la , Bloomington IN), 1978

17 Intramural Handbook 9 Intramurals, Above and Beyond. .. Michael Tenoschok

ntramural can literally be translated grade or ability, thereby allowing goabove and beyondthe tole of a 1"within the walls," referring to the for unequal rates of development curricular mirror image, and become fact that intramural activities occur in the participants integrated Into almost every phase of within the walls of an institution, re- Provide opportunities to learn the school program. stricting participation to those who rules and attain sports apprecia- Make an effort to comb..t con- inhabit it. This may seem quite confin- tion ventional time barriers, and make in- ing, but a closer examination reveals Stress the individual, offering as tramurals a part of the student,- total that it offers alternatives and achieves much praise and glory for less day. For example, organize a jogging ends that could never have been skilled athletes as 'or the gifted or bike club so that the student realized through interscholastic com- Allow each student the chance to needn't remain after school to be- petition. be a team captain, leader, and come a participant. He may simp'v The potential of intramurals be- winner, as the activities are have his parents write a note verifyi..g comes immediately evident upon in- changedeverytwo weeks to ap- the distances that he ran or rode while specting a few of its purposes. peal to as wide an Interest group at home. The physical education It supplements the curricular as possible teacher then records this distance on activities of the physical educa- Give all an equal opportunity to the school's Jogging Club Chart, giv- tion prograLn, acting as a labo- play, thereby creating self- ing the student credit for his participa- ratory where students may ob- confidence, satisfaction, and a tion. By plotting the distance of the tain additional practice time feeling of self-worth entire jogging student body, the club for activities learned in class. Although intramurals often parallel could take Imaginary trips across the It serves as a time for further curricular course offerings and serve country or around the world thereby instruction and/or the intro- as an extension of them, they can be incorporating geography, history, and duction of unique activities. much more than that. Intramurals can social studies Into physical education. It offers the opportunity for specialization in activities of in- terest to the student. It presents a setting for low key competition or game play. It attempts to offer -something for everyone" by Introducing supplementary activities nit practiced in the curricular pro- gram. Intramurals, unlike interscholastic sports which serve only the highly tal- ented, provide for the needs, wants and interests of all students. These programs: Provide equal opportunities for both girls and boys in either sepa- rate or coed activities Promote a healthy spirit of com- petition, develop sportsmanship and teamwork, and emphasize fun rather than just winning Equalize teams according to age,

Michael Tenoschok is a physical edu- cation instructor and intramural direc- tor at Pine Mountain Middle School, 2 720 Pine Mountain Circle, Ken- nesaw, GA 30144.

10 Intramural Handbook 18 Physical education contests offer Awards Day.This event, occurring Superstar Shirts, given to the another means of involving students during the school day, honors stu- first place finishers in each in an intramural activity encompass- dents for outstanding effort and Superstars Contest. ing more than intramural time and achievement in both intramurals and Weight Club Logo, applied more than the physical education area physical education class. to a student's shirt upon and staff. These contests may be done completion of basic club either at intramurals, at home, or in AAHPER Fitness Awards attendance requirements. the classroom, and include an essay (Presidential, Gold Merit, The above methods describe how contest, a sports quiz, a slogan con- Achievement). others may become involved. The fol- Participation. test, a drawing contest, a coloring con- Intramural lowing methods serve to organize and test, and an invent-a-game contest. Awarded to students for par- promote the above events. These contests are judged by a panel ticipation in any Intramural ac- Intramural Handbook.This is of teachers (art, English, physical tivity. an outline of the intramural education), the first place entry in Referee Award.Presented to program complete with organi- each category winning a free day in students for officiating in in- zational procedures, rules, ac- the gym afte. school. This technique tramurals. tivities,awards,respon- Appreciation Award.Given to Abilities, and special events. promotes total school involvement in visitors contributing time and an activity fostering creativity and in- Intramural Bulletin Board. terdisciplinary efforts. effort to the intramural pro- This is located in the gym area. gram. Information posted includes: Honorary Coaches' Award. weekly schedules, team stand- Involving Students and Faculty Earned by teachers participa- ings, event results, important ting in intramurals either as Goingabove and beyondrequires announcements, Jogging Club players or active observers. progress. techniques which encourage the in- Outstanding Participant Award. volvement of others. Intramural Posters.These are A plaque given to the home- Kickoff Week. displayed by the intramural This is usually the room with the highest percen- first event of the intramural year. It representatives in each home- tage of attendance. An individ- room, presenting basically the consists of various field day type ac- ual award is also given to the sameinformationastne tivities, appealing to all skill levels. student in each grade with Nonphysical education teachers help bulletin board. the most participation. Intramural Council.One stu- coordinate and judge the various Student of the Week.Awarded events. dent is elected to represent to students for excellence in eachhomeroom. Council Student-Faculty Games.These physical education and in- games follow an intramural team meetings are held every two tramurals. Criteria include weeks. Members discuss activ- sport activity. The teachers play leadership, sportsmanship, and against the top 2 teams in each grade ity wants, needs, progress and in that particular activity. These athletic excellence. programming. Ribbons and Plaques.Given Intramural StaffStaff mem- games may be part of Intramurals to individual and team cham- Awards Day. bers encourage intramural par- pions respectively. Fun Runs.These short road races ticipation through class an- Weight Club.Awarded to nouncements, memos, bulletin (3.1 miles) are an excellent way to weight training club partici- involve students and faculty, as well as boards, and word of mouth bothers, sisters and parents, in a fit- pants. IntramuralI 'ewsletter.Writ- Jogging ClubAwards given ness activity. Those not wishing to run ten by students (under staff can administrate (at aid stations, as for specific distances jogged. supervision), the letter honors Jogging Award:given for students, distributes informa- timers, and so on). basic requirements Parent Participation Night.This is tion and promotes student 6th grade 60 miles self-esteem. one night a year in which students and 7th grade 70 miles parentsare allowed to participate in Daily Announcements.This is 8th grade .... 80 miles probably the most significant games and activities taught in physical Marathon Award. 266 education and intramurals. It is a very method for disseminating in- Hall of Fame tramural information, as these successful public relations technique Award 500 miles as students, parents, brothers, sisters, announcements are made T-Shirts. and teachers (from all fields) join in a school-wide during the morn- Road Race Shirts, given to ing homeroom period. This is fun night of games and activities. This all finishers of the race is excellent promotion of the program very influential in recruiting Jogging Club Shirts, ordered since students participate on and increases participation. Parents by the individual upon become more supportive of various homeroom teams, and an- completion of the basic nouncements at this time allow activities when they understand them. requirement.

19 Intramural Handbook forease of organization, pers, given a clear explanation open channels ot communication, by provided the students are re- of the activity and good black- being sensitive to the wants and needs minded of their scheduled days and-white photos, are more of the participants, and by usingimag- and activities. Results of previ- than willing to print short fea- ination and modificatvns The above- ous activities are also an- tures about a program This is mentioned techniques can resultin a nounced, along with the Game an excellent public relations program with s'irprisingly interesting of the Day, scoring leaders, and technique, not only to stimu- and enjoyable activities Tei:ing the recognition of outstanding ef- late students but to arouse par- initiative to perceive, create andinno- fort and/or performance. This ents' interest in your program vate in your own program will enable promotes homeroom spirit as as well. you to develop ore that goes Above well as participation. Total school intramural involve- and Beyond Newspaper Articles.Local pa- ment can be achieved by maintaining

Extending the Intramural Concept Stewart A. Davidson

Approaches to intramural pro- graphic region? Such a program, Communicate program purpose to gramming are as many and as properly implemented, would empha- administrators, teachers, pupils varied as the authors who write on the size the fun element while at the same and parents subject. The benefit to be derived time introducing the excitement of Determine regional schwdules from participation in intramuralpro- school representation associated with Determine program activities for grams is similarly a very personal varsity sports. The Elementary School each grade level thing, and differs from one participant Regional Fun Tournaments, de- Identify equipment needs to the next. In addition, the benefits of scribed here, were designed tore- Establish budget intramural programs, as perceived by spond to this challenge. Prepare tournament schedule of their organizers, may have little corre- We established five main objectives events lation to the purpose motivating stu- for these Regional Fun Tournaments: Advise schools of tournament dents to participate. dates Obtain school entries Nonetheless, the physical educator To provide fun for elementary school pupils without competitive Determine and allocate staff and responsible for planning, organizing pressure student-leader responsibilities and conducting an intramuralpro- lo give elementary school pupils Prepare student leaders for tasks gram should ensure that the program the pleasure and excitement of Compse and distribute promo- offers a variety of activities, emphasiz- school representation tion material for schools and par- ing enjoyment, camaraderie, chal- To provide leadership opportunity ents lenge, and of course physical activity. for senior high school students Check out staff. leaders, facilities, These are valid educational outcomes To develop closer liaison between and equipment prior to tourna- from a program conducted "within high schools and their feeder ment date the walls" ot an educational institu- schools Check on tournament in progress tion. To promote the intramural con- Compose and distribute "wrap- cept for parents. up" letter to staff, pupils, leaders, Outside the Walls parents A carefully thought-out plan was Conduct evaluation of program The question is, why could not with all who were involved and these outcomes be expanded at the essential to achieve these objectives. with parents A check list was therefore devised, elementary school level by extending Communicating Objectives intramurals outside the walls, encom-incorporating the steps necessary to passing several schools in a geo-ensure that everyone affected by the The tournaments were first intro- program (administrators, teachers, duced for grades four through seven, pupils, student leaders, and parents) but subsequently we employed the Stewart A. Davidson is a professor ofwould be continually informed of the same organizational plan at the pri- physical education at the School ofplanning in progress and given the mary grade levels, adjusting it to Human Kinetics, University of Ot- opportunity for involvement in that tawa, Ottawa, Canada. make it more appropriate for the planning. younger age group. 12 Intramural Handbook 20 In each Instance our tirst priority commitments had already been made administration and supervision; stu- was to communicate the five objec- to community organizations for use of dent leaders actually conducted the tives of the Regional Fun Tourna- the high school facilities. program as hosts, hostesses, officials, ments, as specified above, to the prin- Next, we determined what activities and team leaders. After allocation of cipals and teachers involvedthe would be included in each of the four duties, meetings were held in each re- elementary school classroom teachers grade-level tournaments, consulting gion for discussion and revision of and the high school physical educa- with class teachers of the respective these assignments. Promotional liter- tion staff. This meant combining a grade levels, and physical education ature was then distributed to all philosophical presentation with an teachers in the region of the host high schools, and through the schools, to outline of the organizational pattern. school and elementary feeder- all participarts and parents. As the program was to encompass 16 schools. The activities selected ranged A week prior to each scheduled re- high schools and 96 elementary from basketball and volleyball games gional tournament we made a final schools in four different types of tour- with modified rules, to skill-type re- check of all necessary facilities, naments, it was essential that the pre- lays and novelty events. Each tour- equipment, supplies, staff and student sentation be carefully and explicitly nament concluded with familiar folk leaders. On the date of the tourna- prepared. and square dances, where teams from ment the Chief Organizer visited each all the schools enjoyed an indiscrimi- site to observe the program and dem- natz social mix. Necessary equipment onstrate sincere interest in its im- and budget arrangements were pro- plementation. cured on schedule. Following each tournament a con- Following a review of other re- gratulatory letter was distributed to gional commitments and with a deci- staff leaders, participants and parents, sion reached on the events to be in- emphasizing again the purpose of the cluded in the tournaments, we then program and extending the personal informed all schools in the system of thanks and appreciation of the chief the dates selected for the tourna- organizer for all voluntary support ments, and the types of activities that made the program possible. In selected for each of the four grade the evaluation procedures that fol- levels. Schools were requested to in- lowed, participants, administrators, dicate their desire to participate by and teachers all agreed that the educa- submitting an entry form. Each class tional values of the program out- in each grade level in a given school weighed all problems of implementa- had to be represented by at least one tion, and that it should be continued. Scheduling team. Anyone tempted to institute a simi- lar program should be warned that the Once the idea of the program was Administrating "sold," the next step was to set up a deciding factor in the success of in- playing schedule. To avoid conflict Upon receipt of the school entries. terschool intramural tournaments with other school events, all regional we prepared a schedule of events for rests mainly in the enthusiasm of the schedules of competition, theatre each host high school, and identified chief organizer, who must painstak- productions, choir and band presenta- program responsibilities, to be allo- ingly elicit full cooperation and in- tions, and special school events, were cated to the teaching staff and student volvement in the program by students examined. We also determined what leaders. Staff duties were primarily of and colleagues.

Int ramu ra! Handbook 13 The Intramural Syndrome Richard Tucker

An inflated economy has forced Growth in intramural activities is and expenditures we would grow, but high school and college adminis-due, in great part, to the imagination this is no utopia." trators to review all planned expendi-of the directorsuch imagination will We areall guiltymuch too tures. The future will definitely in-increase activities and participation, oftenof these excuses. Insteadwe clude a reduction in program spend-but not expenditures. However, many should take inventories of our cam- ing. But even with less money toprograms suffer from an Intramural puses, and allow our imaginations free spend, it is possible to expand an in-Syndrornea chronic lack of imagi- rein. Forget the traditional activities tramural program through imagina-nation on the part of the director, who and facilities, and concentrate on a tive use of resources. evinces a continual desire to work in a review of these four specific areas: utopia of unlimited expenditures. (1) the attendance center, (2) the This utopia is often referred to it pro- Richard Tucker is the director of phys- school's parking lot, (3) the school fessional magazines, where the stan- grounds, and (4) the communityre- ical education at Schuyler High dard excuse for mediocre intramural sources. School, Rushville, IL 62681. programs is: "If we had their facilities What better place to begin the in- ventory than the hallway of your at- tendance center, which can host ac- tivitie,in bowling, shuffleboard, quoits, skittles, bocce, marble shoot- ing, wristwrestling, and curling. All that's needed is a roll of floor tape and the competitors for the start of an in- tramural contest. And while you are gazing at the new-found potential of the hallways, do not overlook your closets. They can serve as safe places fur games of darts. The cafeteria is an ideal area for chess, checkers, a pinewood derby, bridge, backgam-

1.1 mon, and other table games. A parking lot offers almost unlim- ited potential for sport; a.iivity. A few properly placed signs to redirect the movement of traffic, a! :ttle waterbase paint, and presto! you have a sports arena. A frog jumping con- test, turtle races, auto-cross, roller skating, model aircrafting, drag racing (participants push the go-carts), le human-powered races, Highland games, street hockey, paddle tennis, a frisbee contest, and a snowmanor ice sculpture contest offer new avenues of sports competition and program in- terest. Let's say the hill west of your park- ing lot is hazardous for drivers follow- ing a winter snow or after a rain storm During these times, it can become a center for intramural activity. Close the street with the permission of the city government and you have a cen- ter for ski runs, a sledding contest, a

14 Intramural Handbook 22 back-packing climb, bobsledding, and but marksmanship is limited to snow- edy routines and singing on the out- a soap box derby. With a little cooper- ball throwinghalting four times at adoor stage. City lake and camp ation from the local officials and target to throw five times for a total of ground facilities add opportunities for mother nature, your department will 20 rounds of snowballs. Flood the low fishing, boating, cyclo-cross, log rol- not pay a dime. area of the campus for winter hockey, ling and orienteering. The school grounds and the sky skating, and curling. Pay particular attention to the above permit even more expansion of Use the sports practice areas for creativity of the children themselves. your program. The grass terrace in boomeranging, cricket, horseshoe Noticetheirgamesandim- front of the school is ideal for croquet, pitching, over-the-line ball, polo (on provisations. Often it is wiser to in- lawn bowling, bocce and frisbee golf. bicycles) and team handball. These corporate their activities into your Practice football fields are excellent physical education teaching stations program than devise netuntested for spring kiting, and the grass can serve as an international sports games. perimeter of the campus can serve as a jamboree. The utopia you are looking for is cross country course for running and Use existing public and commercial thereyou are working in it every bicycle races. facilities for tennis, golf, bowling, chy! Overcome the Intramural Syn- During the winter, incorporate a trapshooting, billiards, swimming, drome, and start with an inventory of biathlon into the program The pat- and diving. Create new experiences in your utopia. Visualize how imagina- tern of ski-shoot-ski-shoot remains, the theatre with one-act plays, com- tive your program will become.

Points for Intramurals Barbara Thelen

wring the 1980-81 school year in- ships in 14 of 21 sports, in which about tramural Sports). This group sub- tramurals made a positive start at a third of the student body participate. sequently submitted a report to the Cherry Creek High School, En- Additional students are involved in principal, which included statements glewood, Colorado. With administra- one or more of 40 other activities of- supporting intramurals and a specific tive cooperation and the efforts of a fered. However, there are still many outline for a pilot program. mathematics teacher who assumed students desiring athletic experiences The basis of this program was sim- the additional role of intramural di- not of varsity caliber. ple. Its goal was to cultivate in stu- rector, the word intramurals took on a Just such individuals stimulated the dents habits needed for healthy, ac- new meaning to 3300 students. intramural idea already latent in the tive lives. The objective was to re- Floor hockey proved to be the minds of many In November 1 979, a model current athletic programs to spark when fourteen teams competed parent whose son had experienced stimulate lifetime interest in physical in a six week winter schedule. The bitter disappointment at not making activity, among as many students as matches became the subject of hall- the basketball team expressed her possible. Thus the focus became to way and classroom conversations.concern to the Cherry Creek High design programs encouraging partici- Participants ranged from off season School Parent Senate over the lack of pation by the widest range of students, highly skilled athletes to rookie adequate alternatives to interscholas- faculty, and parents. "never- before athletes." Intramural tic competition. Her message moti- The school's principal was recep- basketball ran concurrently and vated the group to hold a Parenting tive to the concept and accepted the evoked similar enthusiasm Seminar in February 1980, entitled challenge to initiate a program by Intramurals provided a refreshing "Sports Enthusiasm: Agony or January 1981. He appointed an in- experience for a school used to bask- Ecstasy For Youth?" The attendance tramural coordinator, and, working ing in varsity honors. Cherry Creek's was outstanding, and the discussion, with the athletic director, secured lim- impressive interscholastic record in- ited financing: $1000 from the ath- cludes district and state champion- An evaluation sheet, circulated at letic department budget and an addi- the seminar's conclusion, indicated tional $800 from other sources. The the desire of parents and school per- money was used to purchase equip- Barbara Thelen, a member of the Par- sonnel to pursue the subject. A sports ment, pay staff members who served ents for Intramural Sports (POINTS) follow-up committee convened in as officials, and provide a modest Committee, is the mother of a Cherry March and became known ascompensation for the intramural Creek H;gh School student. POINTS (Parents Opting for In- coordinator. At the end of the year, 23 Intramuml Handlxx)k 15 the parent senate also donated to thefor the POINTS committee. The such interim plans as securing the ser- program to show its contintang sup-problem is compounded by there vices of a senior or graduate student in port. being two other high schools in the the recreation field from a nearby The interscholastic coaching staffdistrict. However, they have ex- university, willing to develop student cooperated superbly, juggling sche- pressed interest in our intramural programs as part of a work/study plan dules to free gym facilities for in-program, and organized efforts to- The formation of a Cherry Creek stu- tramural use. Generally the program ward formulating their own programs dent committee, to help organize and was in operation for an hour after are anticipated. run activities, is also under considera- school on days when the varsity teams As the Cherry Creek principal has tion traveled or did not practice, and from said, "I believe it imperative that the Negotiations are underway be- 7:00 to 9:30 in the evenings. focus should now move to securing a tween the district and local govern- The intramural program, still rela- district commitment from the board ment officials to provide additional tively new, is expanding rapidly. Floor of education, the superintendent, and recreational facilities.If plans are hockey (14 teams), basketball (16the district directorafathletics, be- supported and encouraged, intramu- teaips), aerobic dancing (60 stu- cause without that the Cherry Creek rals will be considered an equal benefi- dents), and softball (12 teams) have High School program will probably ciary with varsity teams and area sport been immensely popular. The num- become a year-to-year, person-to- leagues. bers of students involved in the person program. The program will not program-800 thus farsuggest that really be healthy until its survival can Today's youth are confronted with its continuing growth and develop- be divorced from personalities and many unhealthy alternatives. Positive ment will require the hiring of a fully stand on its own, as an accepted part leisure time activities are a must, for compensated director of intramuralsof the district commitment to ac- the good of the student and the school as the next step. This will take full tivities for all students." While these and community as well. Sports in- acceptance by the district, and ac-more permanent arrangements are volvement is a valuable means of complishing this is the next challenge contemplated, POINTS is pursuing physical and mental health.

Every Player Wins in Recreational Sports Lou Fabian, Marilyn Ross, and Barry Harwick

The University of Pittsburgh has tra- outs, free substitution, no foul shooting, about what intramurals mean to the par- ditionally featured a comprehensive call your own foulsball is taken out ticipants. Some students enjoy partici- intramural sports program. One of the of boundsand no keeping score. pating in organized team play but lack strongest parts of the program has been An interview by the Pittsburgh Post the physical skills needed for competi- intramural basketball, in which six di- Gazette reveals why students participate tive intramural sports. Others are shy visions of more than 150 teams partic- in the recreational basketball program. players who are turned off by intense ipate. In 1977, a new twist was added competitive play. Both types would en- recreational basketballwhich differs No-Win team captain Muoiosays, joy their sport on a lower competitive from regular basketball in that the em- "I belong to Phi Gamma Delta They level. There is a place for such students phasis is on playing rather than winning were like a good high school team, that's in recreational sports which provide an the game. The game fosters cooperation the level they played at.I wasn't good atmosphere of cooperation. rather than competition and the rules enough to make the team." The no-win division, he says, gives him a chance Background maximize exercise, speed up play, and to play. "It's nice to release tension, simplify decision-making; i.e., no time- just to come up here and play around There were several reasons for the Adds one of his "opponents," Ben formation of a recreational basketball Lou Fabian and Marilyn Ross are Co- Benack, a graduate student: program at the University of Pittsburgh. directors of Intramurals and Recreation, "Games can sometimes be taken away A key problem was the overcrowding Department of Health, Physical and from the players . . . In this game of of athletic facilities. The opportunities Recreation Education, University of basketball everybody knows it's just for for open recreation were restricted by a Pittsburgh, PA 15213. Barry Marwick fun. Nobody gets mad, you're not trying "winner-stays" challenge system on the is head track coach at Bendy College, to beat up the other guy basketball coat which gave lesser skilled Waltham, MA 02254. This program raised several questions individuals little chance to participate.

16 Intramural Handbook 4,°4 Attempts to change this system met bitter A literature search preceded the for- tions in sport is a result of Terry Orlick's opposition from competitive players who mation of the recreational basketbail pro- work in cooperative games fot chil'iren. aggressively dominated the courts. The gram. It covered Sherif s investigations, Orlick's research stems from the premise diverse cultural and ethnic composition during the mid 1950s, of competition that of some of the teams created natural and and cooperation. He supports the thc.ury A production syndrome has become intense rivalries. Competition was a that when two groups have conflicting as prevalent in children's games as in problem during open recreation time. aims, their members will become hostile other aspects of our society Rewards The competitive Intramural league had toward each other and that the proba- are contingent upon the defeat of others homogeneous divisions: fraternity, dor- bility of achieving harmony is greater and an excessive emphasis is placed on mitory, women's and so on. This pro- when groups are brought together toward a numencal outcome. Positive self-de- duced a "must win" attitude and caused velopment through sport necessitates that a common goal. our priorities change. Games of ac- teams to use only the best players. The conceptual basis for our innova- ceptance must replace games of rejec- tion . The long range purpose of this exploratory work is to ensure that confident, cooperative, joyous children do not become an endangered species. Graham's positive sum scoring con- dition also formed the nucleus of the recreational sports concept. Positive sum conditions provide scoring where the number of winners is greater than the number of losers. Sport Theory Basic behavior patterns control an in- dividual's actions in a given environ- ment. Several types of basic human be- havior are exhibited frequently in a sport environment. Those listed in Table I are adapted from Peter Hopkins (19751 The question now is whether or not these basic sport theories beneficially affect a player's competitive level, phys- ical ability, enjoyment, and degree of participation. Some of these factors, par- ticularly competitive level and enjoy- ment, are difficult to measure. Their evaluation is largely subjectiveIm- provements in physical ability and de- gree of participation can be evaluated more objectively although such mea- surements can be complicated and time consuming.Institutionsmay be able to observe fundamental differences in the attitudes of players in the recreational programs in comparison to those in the competitive intramural leagues without resorting to elaborate research Recreational Sports Recreational sports are less competi- tive versions of the team sports normally offered at every institutionbasketball, football and volleyballand known to students from childhood. Recreational sports provide organized team activities for the less skilled players who were previously restricted to open recreational play (Fabian and Evans, 1976). These

25 Intramural Handbook 17 sports provide a transition between open recreational play znd competitive ultra- Diagram I murals (DiagramI). Competition within recreational sports Characteristics of Intramurals and Recreation is controlled by the rules of the game at the University of Pittsburgh (Fabian and Ross, 1978). Key modifi- cations which reduce competitiveness Each of these activities is ranked in a pyramid structure for different values. include mutual goal-scoring, self-ofti- ciating, and free substitution. At first it may appear that these rules will drasti- Structure Success Participation Competitiveness cally alter a game. However players soon realize that all the traditional elements of basketball are still present. A major OR CI RS RS difference between recreational basket- ball and its competitive counterpart is RS OR Cl OR that the importance of winning dimin- f;:hes as the season goes on. Ci RS OR Cl Benefits Key: Cl = Competitive Intramurals Recreational sports provide many RS = Recreational Sports benefits. They attract large numh:rs of OR = Open Recreation new participants to intramural programs quality of referees for the entire pro- cess or failure, thus fostering a moderate and offer them a choice of competitive gram. Recreational sports permit more competitive environmentRecreational or less competitive team play. Recrea- participants with varying abilities to en- sports promote the least amount of com- tional players get more exercise because joy a peaceful hour of play every week petitiveness from the participants the games are faster under the special In summary, recreational sports save In summary, recreational sports have rules. The recreational league also pro- personnel. facility time, and money. modified game structures, increased the motes cooperation toward a mutual goal opportunity for success, encouraged ad- and encourages positive social interac- ditional parIcipants, and offered a low tion. Participation is improved for all Competitiveness competitive environmPnt ail within the team members since ability is no longer Competitiveness will be examined from context of the intramural-recreational the key factor in deciding who gets to the view of intensity by the participant program play. within each environment (CI or RS) Table II supports the contention that Recreational sports also create greater Participants view competitive intramur- recreational basketball is reaching a new operating efficiency. Recreational bas- als as the most intense competitive en- segment of the men's intramural popu- ketball, football, and volleyball do not vironment because of game structure, lation Men's competitive basketball in- require referees. This allows the elimi- extrinsic motivation (playoffs), and do creased steadily from 1976 to 1978. The nation of inept officials and provides or die situations Open recreation in most significant drop in the number of com- more time for on-the-job training of the activities is win/loss oriented Both team petitive teams for 1979 may he attributed remaining officials thus elevating the and individual activities elicit either suc- to a 10% decease in freshmen enroll- ment The period from 1977 to 1980 reveals that the number of competitive Table I men's teams decreased while men's rec- Basic Sport Theory reational teams increased, although the I.The sport environment has the potential to either enhance or destroy the individual total number of men', teams remained participant's experience. Orlick, 1975-76 " relatively the same An informal survey 2. The more unstructured and spontaneous the activity, the more tun it will he and of the players indicated that many had the less emphasis there will be on performance and evaluation Devereux, 1971 never participated in the intramur ' pro- 3. The more emphasis on winning and performance, the greater the chance of non- gram before the addition of recreational participation. McPherson, 1974,7 Orlick, I974.'' basketball 4. There is a negative correlation between fun and emphasis on winning Orlick, The data on women from Table II 1974.9 tends to corroborate the data for men. 5. Extrinsic rewards tend to destroy intrinsic motivation Wankel, 1975 " Recreational basketball appears to be 6. Sports environments can he constructed to meet the participants' needs, foster reaching a new segment of the women's desirable behavior, and create a positive psychological influenceDevereux, intramural populationSince the initia- 1971: Loy, 1974,' McPherson, 1974.7 tion of recreational basketball in 1977, 7. An individual can relearn socially acceptable roles at any stage in life women's competitive basketball has de- McPherson, 1974.7 creased by 50(4 However total women's 8. Some people are not interested in highly competitive team sports Orlick. 1974 9 team participation has increased since

18 Intramural Handbook 26 1 Ica Paper presented at Conference on Sport and Table II Social Deviancy, 1971, Brockport, New York University of Pittsburgh Intramural Basketball Participation 'Fabian, Lou and Evans, Kathy1978 Recre- anon BasketballA Viable Alternative to Com- 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 petition NIRSA Journal 2 10-13 'Fabian, Lou and Ross. Marilyn 1978Rec- 144 146 122 MenCompetitive Teams 138 130* reation Football Less Competition. More Fun WomenCompe.,tive Teams 12 12 10 10 6 NIRSA Journal 3 48-52 MenRecreation Teams Not Offered 10 22 26 35 'Graham. Peter1977Intramural Sport Pro- -, WomenRecreation Teams Not Offered 3 5 8 grams The Rol. of Competition NIRSA Journal 1 21-24 TOTAL TEAMS 150 169 185 171 171 `Hopkins, Peter D 1975 A Child's Model for * The University of Pittsburgh's 1978-79 freshmen Adult Games Canadian Ministry of Culture and enrollment was down 10% Recreation which may explain this decrease. "Loy. John W 1Q74 1 he Natthe of Sport A Definite Eftort Quest 5 128-122 'McPherson, Barry D 1974 The Social Milieu 476. Once again, a decrease in women's We believe there should be an alter- of Minor Hockey in Canada Presentation to Ca- teams from 1978 to 1980 may be a result native sports program in which players nadian Amateur Hockey Association. May, 1974 of declining enrollment. can participate without pressure, and T D 1975 The Sports Environment without being hindered by lack of phys- A Capacity to Enhance. A Capacity to Destroy Conclusion The Status of Psychomotor Learning and Sport ical ability or the drive to win. Recre- Psychology ResearchDartmouth, Nova Scotia, Hopkins states that competition has ational sports can provide this atmos- Sport Science Associates a pyramid effect on participation; higher phere because they are more structured 1974 The Athletic Dropouti" High levels of competition reduce the number than open recreation yet less demanding Pnce for Inefficiency Canadian AHPER. 41 (2) 21- of participants. Diagram I illustrates the han competitive intramurals. There is 27 0 1976 Games of Acceptance and contrast between the level of participa- the added benefit of play without hos- Psycho-Social AdjustmentThe Humanistic and tion for competitive intramurals and for tility and aggressionMost important, ental Health 4spects of Sports. Exercise and recreational sports.If success or self- our findings indicate there is a separate Ilecieation 60-66 A M A , Chicago esteem are judged on a pyramid scale, population of students that would only "Guo, Dave "No Win Situation Proves At- tractive," Pittsburgh Post Gc._ette, 11 October then a majority of the participants must participate in intramurals within the rec- 1978, pg 2 inevitably lose. Unfortunately, these reational sports alt-rnative "Sherif, M , 1956 Experiments in Group Con- losses usually foster negative feedback. flict, Science American, 195, (32) 54-58 By contrast, recreational sports mini- "Wankel, Leonard M 1975Social Facilita- mize failure by providing opportunities References tion Review of Theory and Research Pertaining to Motor Performance Status of Psychomotor for successful cooperative experiences 'Devereux. E C 1971Backyard Versus Little Learning and Sports Psychology Research Sport which benefit everyone's self- esteem League Baseball Games in Contemporary Amer- Selene,: Associates

Midday Intramurals Randall Carter

For years, Greeneville Middle School for both students and faculty We during the school year. The time be- had no intramural program. When solved these problems by organizing tween seasonal team sports is used to we decided to provide organized rec- activities during lunch. hold tournaments for individual ac- reational activitiesfor eighth-grade We began by arranging football tivities, adapting all activities to fit our students, we encountered p 3blenis competition amon6 homerooms. The unique program. Events are coeduca- trying to obtain maximum participa- tremendous student interest and en- tional when possible, and students tion. There were no funds, and thusiasm led to the development of represent their homeroom inall facilities were not always available. It our intramural program which takes events. A bulletin board posts up-to- was difficult to find a convenient time place entirely during the students' 35 date standings for each event and the minute lunch period. totals in the all-sports competition. Randall Carte,- to a teacher and «will A variety of team sports and indi- Winners also receive recognition dur- at Greeneville Middle School, Greene- vidual activities make up our pro- ing the lunch-time announcements. ville, TN 37743 gram. We schedule four team sports Our fall sport is coed wildcat foot- 0 7 4, Intramural Handbook 19 ball. In the winter we schedule boys ership for running individual sports and girls' basketball. Coed volleyball Participants sign up in advance serves as our spring sport. Since we WILDCAT FOOTBALL. Brackets are dray, n according to the play two games at once, two faculty The ottense has 4 plays to score number of participants involved from the 20 yd line Rules alloy, the activities to run quick- members officiate our contests. Non- One hand touch ly and safely participating students occasionally as- NO contact (screens but no block- sist by making out-of-bounds calls ingpenalty is ejection) Our cross-country meet takes place Between the seasonal activities we We use a styrofoam (nerf) football at the beginning of the lunch period so offer severa! individual tournaments: No rushing the quarterback until students can eat after the raceAll chess, cross-country, and spot shoot- he hands off or crosses the line of participants run simultaneously in the ing. The possibilities are unlimited. scrimmage 1-11,4 mile course, but the boys and Nine homerooms comprise our The quarterback has file seconds girls are placed separately league aria form the. 1-isis for our all- to make the play develop, or lose The chess tournament is single sports point scale. Team sports earn the down c!tminatton Students play m an un- Pass from anyw here on the field. as the most points. Since there are nine used classroom while they eat their many times as needed teams, the first place team is awarded Incomplete passball is dead at lunchStudent officials observe the games 90 points. Second is awarded 80 the point from which it was passed points, with ninth place receiving 10 The ball is hiked after the referee's The spot shooting tournament lasts points. Individual sports are worth whistle (this cuts down the delays for one week Students shoot ten shots only one-tenth as much (first = 9 pts., due to penalties) per day. two each from five desig- second = 8 pts.... ninth = 1 pt ). In One huddle per offensive series nated areas At the end of the week the individualcompeAon a The extra point is from the 5 yd the students are ratA according to the homeroom could earn all the points of line (limits the number of tie number of sh..,cs made out of 50, a particular activity, by capturi..g all games) Many students serve as rebounders. nine places. (Three by one homeroom counters, and recorders. enabling has been oer highest.) This adds im- scoring of several students at once. portance to all activities. If one Our facilities allow for two sim-21- Student interest has remained ex- homeroom dominates any activity, taneousbasketball games We tremely high Many students, eager they advance in the standings. With schedule two homerooms for compe- to work. have conducted tournaments nine winners (18 in events that aren't tition, and the boys' and girls teams with little supervision They learn how coed), we have a large number of stu- play at the same time. each with two to set up brackets for tournaments. dents contributing to their home- halves of five minutes running time, A follow through. and make certain they room's total. 30 second half-time allows for sub- run smoothly Some students with lit- Wildcat football, the initial in- stitu*ions. No time-outs are allowed. tle other sense of accomplishment can tramural event, is open to all students When fouls occur, the ball is awarded place in the top nine and feel proud with no limit to the number of players out-of-bounds thatthey contributedtotheir on a team. Although the opposing Coed volleyball is played outdoors home coom' s point total Lunch duty is teams are rarely equal in numbers, we with no limit to the number of stu- much more enjoyable when several have not found this to be a problem. dents on each team We play one of the 200+ students are involved in Adapted rules make the game run game to fifteen points. or ten minutes. an organized activity as a player. safely and quickly. Students provide much of the lead-worker, or spectator

28

20 Intramural Handbook Intramurals at Six Roy Mc Case and Patricia Hardin

A novel approach to an intramural tion. Time slots apply only to team sport Intramural season. Points are awarded program is the one employed at Par- activities. For individual and dual activ- to each team based on entry, win-loss kersburg (West Virginia) South High itiesthe facility remains open for the record, and :ontest placement points. School. Students return to school at night three-hour time limit, and the schedule Point totals on an intramural bulletin board for activities beginning at six o'clock in is adjusted to each contest unit. Time enable each organization or team to see the evening and ending at nine. scheduling for the fieldhouse and play its relative standing. Teams are com- The program meets two nights per areas is arranged to avoid Interfering with prised of a maximum of fifteen students. week, and each night is divide(' into four varsity athletic events. There is no restriction on participation, time slots of forty-five minutes' dura- Twenty-two activities comprise the except that varsity athletes are ineligible for intramural activities in their own sports. The members select a team name for the year and work for the common INTRAMURAL goal of scoring points. At the annual Parkersburg South High School awards assembly each spring, the intra- highlights mural champion team of the boys' and ACROSS THE BOARD girls' division is introduced to the student body, and the team name plar'd on a The intrIorol °root., for VOILFYPALL--7 10 p mAll Wirhta 1,71 ha. rotten oft to a orest plaque permanently displayed in the .tart 11th emfthasis being put on 'lease check the intramural individual and dual competition Inbulletin hoard in the Fleldhoune fieldhouse lobby. the fall, the coveted numberONF for Your Scheduled time and court snot is still lin for vrabs ACTI% ( IIA MPS This program is booming in Parkers- Tuesday, 12/517 Competition iskeen and In- Tuesday, 12/12/7F burg. Membership has doubled to 180 terest highas we look forward toCednesday. 12/11/7 PAID/RAU the volleyball and basketball .71-Tuesday, 12/19O11 Champ IIm Hardin. rAoll (10% of student enrollment), 27 of whom nr,ns Thls year Is no exception Thursday, 12/21/7P Runner-lp Pick Phoades rersrdine studentparticipation Thuredev, 1/4/79 FNIFFirc are varsity athletes. Varsity participation There are nine bove [P..11, three Tuendav, 1/9/79 firls teams, and two faculty team.Thursday, 1111/79 TARIF TFINTF is Increasing and competition becomes wins for the top honors - total Thursday, I/111/10 (4-so v-hall) Champ Rick Phoades, .11171Ft of 160 partIcIpatIne Tt looks mednesdrf, 1/24/7.(4-sn y-hall) Runner-lp loel Michael more intense each year; yet the program like It is point to he anotherThorpdpo, 1/25/79 (4-sny-ball) AY1mALt OPFAT YPASIIIIIII. has never lost its initial emphasis on in- FROF Tpoo,, SARPFTSAIL--Iterins Tuesday Champ WWI ANI1O11t-95 pt. dividual satisfaction and enjoyment. Isiouary 10, Pro P unner-,, te--92 mt. 7 10 P Faculty teams add spice to the scheduled POINTS TI c-or-I AR (A schedule will he Riven In a Champ I c activities. These participate regularly (After ce,en Events) later edition of the newsletter 1 P inner -In rInIo )15f against the student teams and compile ,.nvs rAnol FR All Champ Orsio mrersv rl rt a win-loss record, but are ineligible for CURD FINF .54 Runner -In 'rent rP VC 929 Soy, and rifle teamn will he the year-end trophy. MFR., AMTmAIR P.5 formic, In early lanuary Four DAIFY PIFIft FRUFFTF. 1172 member' per team, with two nubat - As with most successful physical ed- ATIILFTFC-/N-AOTIoN 64 tutes Pe looking for additional Champ Vat:Ii ir'eloodoPFAIDPF STDDIFY ID-Verve snl bulletin. Runner-Ip 1Imnod, oRfAtest ucation programs, public relations have OIFFPN'e OPPNFRR 1A2 Team oRFAcFRt rArriTY 15. not been neglected Mc ..rogram's two coPpopopp cT1 DC OCTSTA ;DING PARTICIPANTS rPT1rpT rho,. directors pi-901Kx a monthly newsletter, Pil'oiry prkorA CFAs STOP RONDFC, lunior, memberof Runner -OP, 'eft I'roten, I. Intramural Highlights, providing a run- the CNIDFTFR took first place In Pick Vanderorlft OPfAFFPC 210 Table Tennis andwas runner-up In ATIIFTFR-11,-.O'lc, ning account of the team point compe- Apr (TTY ATM ETFc Handball Team rlrrn vioF tition, top individual performers, and up- The point ay.tem is broken RANDY infp, senior, member of Poor PI "' ifs.) into three of sport play AWN', AMTNATR, took hush .core Chomp c--116 pts coming events. The paper is available major, intermediate, AM minor In Free Throw competition by sink- spore -I, rloln NPF-10. pt. to all 1850 members of the student body, Fach team receive. points hued on Ina 16 of 20 PANTY Alpo advanced Ind pith Pick Isoderertft the classification of the ctlyi v to the semi - finals in Handball Nein TIN,. and is no small reason for the Increasing into one of thou aaaaa 75, or 50 RTfK VaNbillnITFT, Junior, member participation in the program. of ATHIETTF-TN-PCITHN, was hlph Also in themajor sports,scorer In the Daisy Rifle comneti- each teem is awarded 5 or 10 tion for boys RTCY also took top points for the win /lop while par-honor. in Home Pun Derby offered ticipatin, during the season. in the fall Roy McCase is chairman and instructor Finally, the teems will receive place point.dependent on their NATALTFmon. Ronhomore,member of he of physical education at Parkersburg outcome in the final aandine com- CRFAAPPC took top honors In the 'Iris South High School, Parkersburg, WV pared to theother teams These Daisy Rifle competition. NATAIIF and added together to Rive each temp's miner PPPhave been participating In 26101. Patricia Hardin teaches physical standing as the year advances. other activities during the year education at Parkersburg South High School.

29 Intramural Handbook 21 The Parkersburg program has at- tracted the attention of educators throughout West Virginia. Costs are low while Interest is high and constantly in- creasing. While proud of their work in developing this program, its directors think most physical educators could equal its success with a little enthusiasm, crea- tivity, and good management.

Note: Copie, of the school's Intramural Manual may be act{ wed by writingParkersburg South High School. 1511 Blinard Drive, Parkersburg. WV 26101

intramural input

Intramurals in the Junior High School Fred Leider

FRED LEIDER, who has taught for new and possibly untried concepts. The single factor that has the most influ- 14 years in junior high school.'s cur- following suggestions are proposed for ence upon the outcome of the contest rently working on his Ph.D.,..tTexas a junior high intramural prog-am and isthe determining criterion for selec- A&M University. take into consideration student, family, tion;forinstance, wrestlingweight, and community needs. All are compat- volleyballheight, etc. Individuals ac- The "lighted school" concept pres- ible with the "lighted school" concept. cumulate points by being on a winning sures thepublic schoolintoa new Random-selectionofteams.Too or tying team. This allows forindi- rolethat of meeting the needs of all often students are subjected to failure vidual recognition at the end of each the citizens within the school district. inour schools. A traditionalintra- season, and still provides some measure This new role dictates that many exist- mural program is no exception. In most of successtoeveryoneparticipating. ing programs within the school struc- contests there are losers, which means Peer pressure is reduced when an indi- '1.re be re' 'sed or expanded. The intra- some ofthecontestantswillalways vidualisforced to miss a scheduled mural programis one such program. fail.If repeated failure is reduced, or contest and the means for participating In thepast the intramural program at least dispersed over a larger number in the next contestisbuilt into the was designed for the junior high or of efforts, the student has the oppor- structure. high school student. Under this new tunity to succeed occasionally. By pro- Faculty-student play time. This idea concept it encompasses these students viding the student with both losingand was initiated by an administrator as a as wellastheir families and other winning ?xperiences we are close',to follow-up to a special education pro- members of the community. In turn, fulfilling his needs. With random selec- gram. Game play isestablished as a this makes a demand on the intramural tion of teams this occurs more often. common medium for fostering rapport program to provide a broader or more To operate by this method, each time between students and faculty and open- varied range of activities. a group meets to participate in an ac- ingup channelsof communication. This increased demand on the intra- tivity the teams are chosen at random While traditional iinramural programs mural program encourages the use of from the participants present. The one operate after the school clay, this pro-

22 Intramural Handbook 30 gradmoves up into scheduled fme ball, diving, tennis, golf, figure skating this, but because they are involved witn an,1 draws from academic as well as and track and field are the most obvi- instruction In a specific area they are physicaleducationclasses.Theim- ous. Some major interscholastic sports, limiting and don't permit total use of rcrtance of these events is emphasized serving a minority of the student body, theschoolfacilities.Thefollowing by scheduling them as such. The stu- monopolize thefacilitiesduring the community program was offered as an dent feels the event is as special to the overloadedprimetimeofwinter addition to the adult education classes teacher as to himself. These days should months. Adjusting the competitive sea- and not as their replacement. occur at not less than two-week inter- sons of these sports quickly alleviates The school opens at least one of its vals. This maintains their uniqueness the problem. Because of this adjust- physicaleducationfacilitiestoall and still satisfies students' needs. ment some studentsareforcedto members of the community at least Inclusion of the gifted. In the past choose between basketball and foot- once a week. Although all activities are intramural programs have excluded the ball; however, we were already asking supervised, no specificinstructionis gifted or the interscholastic team mem- themtochoose between basketball, offered. Since the program is operated bers. The reasons for this procedure hockey, swimming, wrestling, and gym- through district and community funds, are numerous, but not necessarily justi- nastics. Sports clubs, for both individ- no charge is made to the participants. fiable. There are many rewards in ath- ual and team sports, permit students to letics,yetthemostsoughtafter work out on a year-round basis. Prac- The success of any intramural pro- recognition for a junior high student is tice is limited to once or twice a week, gram isdependent upon many vari- from his peers. By providing the gifted except during the competitive season of ables. However, the successof an with an opportunity to participate in that sport when the frequency of the intramural program is directly propor- intramurals you give him a chance for meetings increases slightly. This opens tionaltothequalityof leadership the approval he wants and you make it thefacilitiesto moreactivities and provided by the intramural directors. possible for other students to identify permits the student to participate in a They must have a personal interest in with him. Here again, with random broader variety of sports. As more the program and its participants. Suc- selection every student plays with and effort is made to increase the number cess also depends upon the availability against every other student. of winteroutdoorsportsactivities, of the activity. Transportation is avail- Equal facilities.This is not a new schools are exploring the use of snow- able to all students not within walking concept inthe junior high program; mobiling, skiing, and winter games in distance of thefacilities. Equipment however, its current position needs to their curriculums. and facilities do have a measure of be evaluated and the concept redefined. Parent-student involvement.Father- importance on the success of the pro- This is an area of education thatis daughter, father-son,andmother- gram yet not to the same degree as the inconsistent with our progressive atti- daughter activity nights are a popular other variables. However, equipment tudes in other areas. The number of formofparent-student and facilities should be made available involvement. for male and female students in a school Thisis one intramural function that intramuralswhenever theyare system is about equal, but girls rarely directly involves participation of both needed. have equalprimetime and facilities in parties and provides a medium where An hourly wage comparable to other a sports program. The boys intraairal they can communicate with one an-teaching assignments is paid to those program is in about the same dilemma; other. Originally schools used these aspeople directly responsible for instruct- they are usually assigned the indoor fa- isolated functions but they were nevering and/or supervising in the program. cilities during the least desirable time frequent enough to maintain constant This is more desirable than compensa- and completely neglected when indoor exposure. Leagues using the father-son tion by the sport or season, as it per- space is critical. In colder climates the and mother - daughter combinations aremits the instructor's hours to be flexible weatherfactor makesthissituation organized in sports activities where in-according to the needs of the partici- even more acute. terest prevails and are terminated whenpants, which in turn permits a greater By employing new scheduling ideas the participants indicatethisistheirflexibility of the entire program. for the intramural and interscholastic desire. Random selection of teams is Junior high students need organiza- sports programs it is possible to greatly the most favorable procedure. tion and time to project their plans. expand the usability of exi3ting facil- Community involvement.The schoolA monthly schedule of activities posted ities. Some sports activitie: easily lend needs opportunities for the citizen towell in advance of the first event gives themselves to being coeduca,:mial, as identify with it, and at the same timeeach student time to evaluate his in- eitherintramuralorinterscholastic fulfill some of their own needs. Adultterests and needs and anticipate the sports. Swimming, gymnastics, volley- education classes are directed toward activities he plans to participate in.

31 IntrAttittral Hand:xx)k 23 Intramurals Commack Style Douglas J. Prato

Intramural program activities play an important role in the district physical education program in Com- mack, New York. The program struc- S ture described below illustrates a dis- trict commitment to motivate in- tramural supervisors and students to participate actively The Commack Public School Dis- trict consists of ten elementary, three junior high, and two high schools. The intramural program involves boys and girls in grades five through twelve dur- 1 ing fall, winter, and spring seasons. Each season contains approximately 10 to 40 hours of contact time per activity offered. The Board of Education appoints intramural program supervisors prior to each season. Activities to be of- fered are approved at this time as well. Intramural personnel earn $7.98, $8.51, and $10.16 per hour, depend- ing on their positions on a three step scale. Elementary, junior high and senior high schools are allotted 120, 240, and 360 hours respectively of in- tramurals per year. The number c f hours at each level reflects increasing student enrollment. Programs take place before and ,0 after school at the elementary and junior high levels, since school starts at 9:00 a.m. and ends at 3:15 p.m. Most intramurals at the high school level take place after school because the day starts at 8:00 a.m. and ends at 2:30 p.m. Interscholastic programs commence after intramurals when * there is a conflict in the use of effort is made to have all schools offeractivities are offered for girls only. facilities. identical programs. The voluntary na- The initial approach is to offer ac- Intramural activities at each build- ture of intramurals necessitates a widetivities without labeling them for ing vary according to the student in- variety of available activities. If an in- either sex. If sign-ups for an activity terest and the particular skills of in- tramural activity fails to generate ap-such as weight training have a very try. nural supervisors, most of whom proximately students over the first high male enrollment, and females are are physical education teachers. No few days it is offered, the activity isreluctant to participate, an alterilative dropped and replaced as interest dic-choice is offered, such as slimnastics tates. or weight training for girls. In many Coeducational activities and par-cases these tactics elicit comparable Douglas J. Prato is Director of Health, ticipation are encouraged, but experi-participation by both boys and girls. Physical Education, and Recreation, ence in this community indicates that The table illusti ates different types Commack Union Free School District, the number of females participatingof activities offered at each level by Commack, NY 11725. tends to be much greater when certainseason. 24 Intramural Handbook 32 Intramural Offerings by SeasonComack Style L Level Fall Winter Spring Elementary European Handball Basketball Archery Flag Football Dodge Ball Basketball Physical Fitness Floor Hockey Cheerleading Soccer Gymnastics Floor Hockey Softball Volleyball Gymnastics Tumbling Wrestling Handball Volleyball Kickball Softball STX Lacrosse Volleyball Wiff !obeli Junior High Bowling Basketball Badminton Field Hockey Bowling Basketball Flag Football Floor Hockey Fencing Floor Hockey Gymnastics Floor Hockey Slimnastics Volleyball Gymnastics Soccer Weight Training Softball Volleyball Wrestling STX Lacrosse Track and Field Tennis Volleyball Weight Training Senior High Basketball Basketball Archery Bowling Bowling Basketball Fencing Box Lacrosse Bowling Flag Football Table Tennis Dance Floor Hockey Indoor Soccer Fencing Soccer Volleyball Floor Hockey Weight Training Weight Training Gymnastics Winter Track Soccer Volleyball Weight Training

Figure 1. WATER FOOTBALL (see facing page) 15 --0-

-o I 0 Kicking and Receiving Kicki^g and Receiving in Mid-pool area for balls kicked or punted Area out of pool Area t:t t

-4--- Towels orother markers Area for refereeing and snapping ball on each down

r , 33 Intramural Handbook 25 As the table indicates, the elementary mately1400students in grades five senior high schools offer competition intramural program is primarily team and six; participation in the in- for students outside the school dis- snort oriented, with few individual ac- tramural program involves43%of trict. tivities. As the program progresses the boys and girls during each season. The intramural program in Com- through junior and senior high levels, About 2200 students attend Com- mack accommodates about 1000 stu- a variety of individual and dual ac- mack's junior highs, and3700are it, dents district-wide per season, in an tivities, as well as team sports, become the high schools. Participation in in- array of individual and team sport ac- available. This shift is due to several tramurals at these levels is 9% and tivities. This system has worked su- factors: larger teaching staffs from 6%respectively. The large dropoff perbly to encourage teacher and which to select interested and talented from elementary to secondary in- student participation. The activities supervisors; appropriate facilities to tramural participation is due in part to developed and listed here can be accommodate a variety of activities; interscholastic athletic activities adapted elsewhere as local needs, In- the capability to transport students available to secondary students terests and resources dictate. The easily to sites such as bowling alleys; throughout the year. Each of the three program described has been most suc- and increased student interest. junior high schools has 12 such teams. cessful, and reflects Intramu rals Elementary enrollment is approxi- Thirty-four teams from each of two Commack style.

Intramurals at Urban Junior High John VanVeghal

Intramural sports participation is dents can form their own teams by Compensated at a rate of$176per just as popular as "Sheboygan grade level in all activities except vol- activity, supervisors coordinate the in- Bratwursts" at Urban Juninr High. leyball and swimming. Teams are or- tramural activities. Each activity has The intramural program is adminis- ganized by homeroom for coed vol- one supervisor, except for swimming tered through the physical education leyball, and the activity is quite popu- (four) and girls'intramurals (two). department and has been well re- lar. Students swim at the high school Altogether, 12 people supervise the ceived by the students, with over 50% pool (within short walking distance). program. some working on more than of the students participating. in a program run strictly recre- one activity. The program is introduced to stu- ationally one night per week for nine The intramural budget requires dents in the fall physical education weeks in both spring and fall. Students only $500 per year to purchase special orientation program when a physical also enjoy tennis in a coed program. equipment. Good rapport with the education instructor conducts a 15 The activities run from three to nine physical education department has minute presentation on intramurals. weeks depending upon the number of enabled the intramural program to The orientation covers all the ac- teams and number of nights per week use their equipment. tivities offered in the program: flag played. Playoffs arc held in each ac- The intramural program at Urban football, homeroom volleyball, table tivity,and many championship Junior High School is successful be- tennis, swimming, tennis, softball, teamsor an all star teamplays the cause it has obtained priority for space basketball, ring toss, and aerial tennis. school faculty. during prime time (right after school). The intramural program activities Facilities and time for the program This makes the program available o are publicized on bulletin boards in are available right after school. In- the majority of the student popula- the gyms and throughout the school. terscholastic sports wait until In- tion, while the small group of in- All students not participating in a var- tramural participation is finished, terscholastic athletes wait for an hour sity or junior varsity sport during that usually about3:30p.m. The junior to practice. In terms of the number of season are eligible. Prior to each activ- high gym (divided in half) is used for student-. in each group, it is only sen- ity, students meet, more than once if most intramural activities. Tennis is sible to work the priority scheme this necessary, to determine teams. Stu- played at the high school courts and a way. It provides all students, regard- local city court. Outdoor sports take less of ability, the opportunity for John Van Veghal is a physical educa- place on the outdoor athletic or physi- sports participation. This is what sport tion teacher and intramural coor- cal education fields adjacent to the should be for students in our public dinator at Urban Junior High School, school complex. schools today. Sheboygan, WI 53081.

26 Intramural Handbook 34 The Newton PlanAn Intramural Program for the Middle School Gordan Stineman

probably the most important aspect progress, and even outstanding team oraddition to Phase I being continued, boys .111- of the middle school concept which individual accomplishment. This is oneand girls are taught team play, funda- was adopted in the Newton, Kansas of his ways to keep interest in the pro-mentals, game etiquette, and sports en- school system was the removal of as gram at a high level. Another way is tojoyment. Once they have learned to many pressures as possible from middle award certificates for participation andenjoy the game, and have not been school students. This included eliminat- ribbons for performance "burned out" by long practices, long ing the social pressures inherent in in- The Newton plan is designed to offerseasons, and demanding coaches, they terscholastic athletics. The removal of as many sports as possible to as manyare ready for Phase Ill the high school the interscholastic program necessitated kids as possible. The coaches are paid tointerscholastic program. And the varsity abolition of pep clubs, cheerleaders, stu- coach fundamentals, basic offenses, de-teams at the high school have comp:!ed dent athletic councils, letter award as- fenses, and strategies and to instill aswinning seasons, with league and state semblies, and even victory dances. much fun into the game as possible. championships. What Newton does have is a quality High school athletics in Newton is de- The junior high school interscholastic intramural program in each of its two veloped during three stages. Phase I issports pressure is dead and gone. middle schools. The programs resemble the building of youngsters' physical Phase II has now proven itself in interscholastic programs, but do not have skills and the develorment of their coor- Newton. It didn't by any means go un- the expenses associated with transporta- dination in elementary physical educa- challenged. But the pros of its design so tion, meals, assistant coaches, high dol- tion classes. Phase llis the intramuraloutnumbered the cons that it was re- lar uniforms, and medical supplies. program in the middle schools where, in tained. The design of the intramural program in Newton has made it more than a good substitute for the former junior high in- terscholastic program. The lack of pres- sure to win and the number of partici- pants make it an ideal segment of the middle school concept. The Newton de- sign is not to be confused with the typical intramural program. The physical edu- cation teacher is not the intramural directorthc assistant principal is. His job description is not all that dissimilar from the assistant principal/athletic di- rector at the high schoolHe hires coaches for the nine sports and designs the seasons of the sports into the school year, including practices and scheduled games or twitches. The assistant principal also brackets the various tournaments and decides upon round robin, single elimination or double elimination competition. Using an intramural bulletin board and the school's daily announcements as the media, he/she keeps students and faculty aware of league standings, tournament

Gordon Stine man i.s assistant principal and intramural director at Santa Fe Middle School, Newton, KS 67114.

35 Intramural Handbook 27 Elementary Program Allows All Children to Express and Enjoy Themselves Through Sports and Play Joe Lukaszewski

to upper grades, others include the JOE LUKASZEWSKI etc on a mileage chart.Keep up whole school.Following are the with each child's total distance. Physical Education Director specifics of the program at the ele- 4 VolleyballClubGrades5-6 mentary level. Power volleyball (closed fist). Only Fort Bragg Dependents School 1.Field DayGrades 3-6Modi- modificationisto lower nets to Fayetteville, North Carolina fied track and field competition. No "high as the tallest child can reach " team scores are kept, only school 5.Soccer ClubGrades 4-6Alley The philosophy of the intramural records. Competition is with own or regulation soccer. program at the Fort Bragg Depend- sex and grade level. Goals are indi- 6 Flag Football ClubGrades ents School encompasses many of vidualbest performance and at- 4-6 the same objectives and beliefs that tempts to better school records. 7.Foik Dance ClubGrades 4-6 are prevalent within the normal 2.Carnival DayGrades 1-6. Hal- 8 Gymnastics Leaders Club service classes.Emphasis inthis loween is a good time for this ac- Grades 4-6This is a club for squad area of our program is placed upon tivity.Art, physical education, and leaders Theystudygymnastics the ability of the child to express, music specialists can collaborate skills in the club and then help as relax, and enjoy himself while en- Bean bag toss games, rope climb, demonstrators and assistants with couraging motor skill development, tetherball, and relays are good ac- their own class groups. physical wc'l- being, and healthy so- tivities. A "haunted house" crawl Other activities may be offered cial and emotional attitudes. through has been offered at several with student and classroom teacher Our activities are chosen by stu- schools. cooperation. Any sport, game, or dents on an interest basis.If a suf- 3.Mile ClubGrades 4-6.Run a special interest club may be offered ficient number of students express measured mile at own pace at least at any time and continued as long a desire for agi, en activity, we one afternoon a week. Incentive as there is good participation and atterret to provide opportunities run to a nearby town, the beach, interest. for participation. Sports in season are most suc- cessful. We do not have set teams Clubs which are organized at the present time include or tournament play. We take the Photography Dance Hobbies students present andfromthe Horseback riding Drama Bowling group form teams or other units of Swimming Journalism Gymnastics competition.If a student chooses Auto mechanics Cooking Chorus to attend and receives his parents Tennis Instrumental music written consent, he is guaranteed Sports activities offered during the year include: an opportunity to participate each time a club meets. By having clubs Archery Handball Football (flag) instead of traditional units of com- Badminton Tennis Soccer Bowling Track and field petition such asclassrooms, we Softball Golf Wrestling Speedball hope to foster a healthy attitude to- Gymnastics Basketball Volleyball ward lifetime recreational activity. All activities are co-ed.Some, because of skill level, are open only

36 28 Intramural Handbook Junior High Intramurals: A Positive Approach John R. Gilbo

Decreasing budgets may make it nec- physical injury to students this -Age from responsibilitiesaretothe intramural essary for some junior high schools to participating in such contact sports as program and its growth in that school. expand their ir.tramuri.1 programs while tackle football and ice hockey is great. If that is financially impossible, a su- phasing out interscholastic athletics for Proper planning and implementation pervisor of intramural programs may be the seventh and eighth grades. Insome of an intramurals-only program requires hired to develop and implement an respects this may be a good thing. Some positive cooperation, an open-minded entire school district's intramural pro- featuresofinterscholastic "varsity" school board and good public support. gram The intramural supervisor would sports may be inappropriateforthis With these ingredients itis possible to work with the principals, physical edu- age levelwidespreadpublicity,en- establisha high qualityintramurals cators, and teacher-coaches from each couragement of spectators, increasing programcompletewithintra-school school inthe district, trying to better demand for winning teams, specializa- tournaments. use the physical facilitie:, of the district, tion in one or two sports. Of the many possible ways to imple- would be solely responsible for schedul- Junior high school students are still ment such a program, two seem easiest. ing the intramural programs and events growing physically;their bones and In the first, each school within a givw in the district, and would recommend muscles are highly susceptible to frac- school district hires its own supervisor improvements in intramural programs tures and tears. The risk of permanent of intramural programs whose only to the school board. The supervisor would work with the principals and the superintendent of schools on the budget needed to run such a program. Withinthe schools, the intramural program could serve as a laboratory period for sports and such related acti- vities as clinics to teach students how to officiate a variety of games, keep well organized statistics records, and write intramural sports articles for the school newspaper. The mair, idea is the entire student body is involved. Activities selected for the intramural program should be those that are in season, such as touch football in fall, soccer in winter, and indoor swimming any time. Each schoolinthe district should have several intramural bulletin boards on whichtopostschedules,rosters, game results, statistics, student officials' assignments,andgeneralintramural information for everyone to see.

Desired Outcomes of the Program a. The intramural supervisor, the phys- icaleducator, and the teacher-coach can take advantage of the intramural program to instill a sense of fair play in the youngsters. Perhaps this would also be a good time to show students that whenever there is competition be-

JOHN ROBERT GILBO is a graduate assistant in the Department of Health and PhysicalEducationatBowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403.

37 Intramural Handbook 29 tween two forces, one is going to win dental in nature, rather Eh,. i planned "1 It is natural for parents to want to see and one :s going to lose The supervis- In a school district that cannot afford their children involved in competitive ing personnel can help students accept both programs, especially at the junior interscholasticsportsactivities. How- this fact without uncontrolled anger. It high level (with the exception of ninth ever,ifthe school board and school is natural to feel disappointed at a loss, grade interscholastic competition), the administrators, ;_specially the intramural but how that disappointment is handled intramural program can provide experi- supervisor,haveaneffectivepublic is the key to learning how to take a ence for students who plan to partici- relations program promoting suggested loss. Physical educators, especially, can pate in interscholastic athletics in senior intramural program, they should meet be instrumentalinteaching students high school. In this case the physical little oppositionIf the administrators howtodisplay good sportsmanship educator must be careful to make all can effectively communicate the bene- since they are the ones who see and the intramural teams as equal in ability fits of such a program,itwill never work with these students all day long. as possible. Putting all the "good abil- become an issue. I believe that such a Too often in competitive athletics there ity" students on the same team or allow- program can enhance senior high school is the unhealthy attitude that the end ing them to form their own teams is interscholastic programs by better pre- justifies the means. unfair to students of lesser ability and paring students to participate in high In a school district that can afford can be demoralizing to the rest of the school sports bothinterscholasticathletics and an teams in the intramural program This intramural sports program, "one should would assure the intramural program a not be designed as a training ground or short life I Charles A Bucher Adminictranon of farm system for the otherIt should be When a program of this type is sug- Health and Physical Education Pt of;lams possible for a student to move from one gested for a school district, the public Includini:Athletics ( St Louis C.V. to the other, but this should be inci- will probably viewit with skepticism. Mosby, 1971)p 208

Coed Sports in High School Lee Johnson

While college intramural programs in- torwho must know and understand the open teammate for a 6- to 10-foot shot Of clude an increasing number of coed sports, activities welldiscusses the strategies the five coed sports discussed here, basket- high school programs seem to be slower to Basketball ball may be the hardest to implement suc- make the transition One reason may be cessfully because most males enjoy shoot- that high school students aren't as in- Teams consist of three females and two ing too much and have trouble adjusting to terested in coeducational sports because, males Females' field goals count three the slower tempo when they've tried a sport with a coed points, males' field goals count two, and all Flag Football group, they've always played the traditional free throws are one point Except for free rules which tend to allow the males to throws, males may not score more than six A coed flag football team consists of three dominate the game consecutive points A male may dnbble a males and three females Players may only An initial positive exposure to coed maximum of five times before passing or block players of their own sex, if a man shootingDefenses must be man-to-man confronts a woman or vice-versa, a screen sports, in which play is fun and challenging block (either moving or stationary) must be and woman to-woman Only one male is for everyone, will re. ult in happy partici- used allowed in the key at a time pants who are amor As to try more coed Offensively, only women may make di- sports Following are suggestions for adapt- The best offense is an effective fast break rect or indirect runs from scnmmage Men ing the rules and strategies of five sports for initiated by a male rebounding and outlet- may not carry the ball from scnmmage, nor coed play They are aimed at developing a passing to his male teammate The second may they receive a pass behind the line of fair sense of competition and eliciting equal male should then head down the middle of scnmmaaP and advance pas. 't On passing participation from both sexes After the stu- the court, ideally flanked by the two females plays the quarterback and passers may be dents understand the rules, the instruc- who released when the opposing team shot either male or female Males may complete It is important that the male playmaker then passeonly to female receivers, females pass off for the females to shoot because of may pass to any player At no time is a direct ball exchange between two male players the point differential in sconngIf a fast allowed LEE JOHNSON is director q recrear,Jn in break is not possible, it is generally best to Defensively, zone pass defenses are the Physical Education Department at the set up an offense directed by a male at the never allowedAll pass defenses must be University of California, San Diego, La top of the key The females should set picks man-for-man, woman-for-woman With Jolla, California 92093 for one another, attempting to spring an the ball placed ready for play. a 10 -yard Intramural Handbook 38 square with the ball at its center is desig- tact in the coed version of floor hockey This attack and are counted on for offensive nated as the neutrzone Any male player helps reduce the number of iniunes and lets punch One of the best offensesin which who intercepts a forward pass intended for a smaller players (generally female) partici- the three mz'es alternate positions and do c. female receiver outside the neutral zone is pate without fear lot of runninguses a male at left wing, a With the exception of the second penod guilty of defensive pass interference female at middle left, a male at middle nght, The best strategy in coed football is to when a female plays center, the most effec- tive line-up finds males at goalie, center, and a female at right wing A female plays in move the ball by passing. Two basic sets the middle of the field, and a male and a work well. In one, two females play end and and wing, with females at the two defensive positions and the remaining offensive spot female stay back on defense The four the third lines up in the backfield From this front-liners go all the way down when at- set all three can go out for passes or the one The most effective strategy is to position the tacking, but the female m the center does in the backfield can run. This is difficult to female in front of the goal and set her up on defense because of the females' options offensive by centenng her the puck, pre- not go much beyond the midpoint of the coming out of the backfield. The disadvan- senting sconng opportunities She is also in field Her responsibility is to slow down the position to hit in any loose pucks in front of tage is that it sometimes takes a play longer opponent's fast breaks and, when the de- the net The other important strategy is to to develop In the other basic set, the third fense stops an attack, to do ever Jthing pos- female can be put in the slot, bnnging her avoid congestion and pass the puck quickly sible to return the ball to the front line. The and accurately closer to the line of scrimmage The single female on defense is sent out first to meet female on one side can run a square-out the attacker, and should either force a pass Soccer while the other two can cross Also, the or force the ball to go wide She must slow famous "flea flicker" works beautifully off a The most successful arrangement seems the attack until the two forward males are short square-out with a fast male trailing As to be eight playersfour male and four back to help (the females remain in the in football,itis important to change the female The goalie must be male. Two offensive end)If the attack is stopped on formations and particularly the patterns on points are awarded if a female scores, one the right side, the fullback and left wing start each down point if a male scores Hands may never be back downfield, if it is stopped in the left, the Floor Hockey used to control the ball Females may pro- fullback and nght wing go downfield Rules and strategies for coed floor hockey tect themselves above the waist by "gluing" are similar to those for ice hockey We have their hands to the area about to be hit by the found it best to play three 12-minute ball. If two or more male players from the Softball periods with six members per team Most of same team pass the ball to each other three Teams should have equal numbers of the rules modifications are intended to slow consecutive times (with no female or oppos- men and women, or perhaps one extra the pace of the game and limit the ma- ing player touching the ball), a foul is called, male Institute a mandatory male-female al- neuverability of the players, thus enhancing the opposing team gets a free kick at the site tem ating batting order so that, fora success- the importance of the female players of the third touch. ful rally, females must get on base Have the Divide the floor into offensive and defen- Females are an integral part of the scoring offensive team pitch to its own batters (a sive zones, assigning two players to the of- fensive and three (including the goalie) to the defensive end The sixth player, the center, may use the entire floor This mod- ification elimina :es rapid movement up and down the floor, allowing females to partici- pate more effectivelyIt also prevents con- gestion in a particular area, resulting in a more wide open game that accentuates the effectiveness of the females It is necessary to discourage male domi- nance and encourage aggressiveness in the females One way we do that is by making a goal by a female worth two points, thus encouraging males to involve females in of- fensive plays Another way is to say that a female must play center dunng the second penod of each game, forcing females into a more strategic role since center is the most important position To establish the player advantage idea, a penalized team must play without its center for the duration of the penalty Thus the fouled team has a power play at the offen- sive end and an extra athlete at the defen- sive end because of the center's maneu- verability While checking is an integral part of ice hockey. it is best to prohibit any body con-

39 Intramural Handbook 31 maximum of three pitches), thus generating one player on the team plays the ball, one of every time so that his back row players more hits, having more actual plays being the hits must be by a female Blocking know where to expect the hit made, and speeding up the game To allow across the net is allowed When there are the generally weaker-hitting females an two females and only one male on the front Water Polo equal opportunity for hits, inscribe an arc on line, a back line player (usually a male) may Conventional water polo is not condu- the outfield grass 175 feet from home plate, come up to the front line to block However, cive to coed competition However, requir- while a female is batting, no outfielder may no back line player may spike the ball unless ing participants to sit in innertubes reduces be inside this line until the ball is hit This is his/her takeoff is behind the 10-foot line the strong swimmer's dominance and gives the most effective adaptation for increasing Following through over the net is allowed everyone a more or less even chance in the the importance of women's participation on any type of hit if the baths contacted on water We recomm-nd playing four If there is an odd number of players (5ve the proper side of the net 7-minute penods with teams of four males and three females, requinng the goalie to be males and four females), the best batting With four males and two females on a male At the start of play, the teams line up order has the two highest percentage hitters team, the best strategy is to run a 4-2 of- at opposite ends of th,iool The referee first and last because they are batting back- fense, with the females playing opposite to-back and theoretically will produce the throws the ball into the center of the playing each other in the rotation and setting in all area and both teams propel their innertubes most runs. In this arrangement, the two three front row positions Defensively, the toward it After each score, the referee gives weakest hitters should be fifth and sixth. All two male front row players should double the ball to the scored-upon goalie to put it batters should try to move the ball around block on both sides, with the setter covenng back into play Leaving the innertube while and go for one line or the other on the first the sharp angle hits and inside dinks She touching or maneuvenng the ball is a per- pitch If that ball is foul, the batter should be should switch back to the front middle posi- more conservative on the second pitch The sonal foul, a free throw or penalty throw is tion fc setting purposes upon a successful batter who can hit to either rightfield or awarded to the nearest opponent Players defensive dig The back row should have a should be allowed to fall out of their tubes leftfield will force the outfielders to play female playing deep back in the middle, one straight away, thus opening up the alleys during the act of shooting The goalie must male covering down-the-line hits and dinks sit in the innertub,l, not Just wear it around Games should be high scoring (and more over the block, and the other male moving his waist The last two rules lead to more exciting) when the players have learned to forward to take the power hit inside the hit to either field. It is also important to lelm sconng, since the goalie is less mobile and block to hit the ball on the ground and behind the since everyone gets a good shot, not Just the With three females and three males, most runner Males especially should constantly strong swimmers and the strong armed try to stretch singles into doubles, thereby problems occur when one male is in the The most effective strategy is one in reducing force-outs and/or double play front middle position, with females in both which there is a set offense of two females situations. On defense, it is best to play the hitting positions The male should switch to and one male, and a set defense of two three top fielding females on the left side (at his stronger hitting side on offenseIf rules males and one female To conserve energy, first, short-second, and second) so that they allow a back row male to come out for the offense remains in one end of the pool have a shorter throw to fire and will receive blocking purposes, the back row male on and the defense stays at the other Players fewer hot smashes the hater's weaker side should switch with should pass the ball quickly from one end of the female in front of him, the team plays the pool to the other, swimming it down Volleyball the defense described above If a back row only when the offensive players are unable The males and females on the team player is not allowed to come up, the front to break free for an outlet pass Once the (three of each or four males and two row male switches to the middle on defense offense has the ball, the players should set females) must alternate serving order and and must then block both sides When screens for each other (much as in basket- position on thy- floor However, switching is blocking, he should attempt to take away a ball) to try to free a teammate for an open allowed after tt.2. serve When more than particular shot (such as down-the-line hits) shot

4 0 32 Intramural Handbook Administrative Support: The Key to Intramural Program Development Faye Burchard

The idea of beginning an intramural this responsibility while "waiting for pensation until the program was es- program in public scl.00l is notanother position to open." In the ad- tablished. Happy participants and the new. Often thoug. , Individuals plan- ministrators' %iew, int. amurals should satisfaction of one's accomplishments ning an intramural program overlook not and cannot play second fiddle to a are the reward. At McArthur, class- the most important area om which leader's other interests. room teachers assist with intramural support is requiredthe administra- There are many examples of com- supervision because they experience tion. This article takes a look at how mitted physical educators bringing an better rapport with students they have administrators perceive intramurals intramural program into their schools played with. and what must be done to convince and what that commitment meant to the;that a sound program can be stud ;tits. One individual who started Prep. a Proposal instituted for their students. The pur- s program not only received no com- pose is to capture administrative sup- pensation but also drove a ate school After the need for a committed per- port. bus each afternoon for the partici- son, the ne:. need for those instituting Several superin' udents, princi- pants. In a year's time ,he program an intramural program is to prepare a pals. school board members, and sold itself, the director was z.ompen- proposal backed by data. Forward it physical education teachers were through the proper administratio sated, al d a driver was hired to drive channels. The proposal should in- asked about their perceptions of in- the late bus. At McArthur Middle tramural programs. These individuals clude when the program will be run, School in Jonesboro, Arkansas, Gwin the proposed number of students who from various sect'ons of the United Hughes believed in and was commit- States Lnanimously recognize the im- will participate, transportation de- ted to buildings program. He die so tails, equipment and facility needs, portance of intramural programming. without receiving any monetary com- Although they all agreed that there is projected costs, persons who will no conflict between properly con- - serve as super nsors and officials, duct,x1 intramural spo's programs aye Burchard is the director ofunits of participation, and the ac- intramural /recreational sports at Mis- and interscholastic athletics, and that tivities to be included. both areas should be a part of thesouri Western State College,St. Selecting appropriate activities, the sports program, their respective pro- Joseph, MO 64507. administrator: note, is important to grams did not necessarily exemplify this principle. Intramurals seem to be more wide', accepted and supported in the elementary and junior high 11 I schools than in the senior high schools 1;1 I" where varsity athletics are prominent. As one school board member com- mented, "Society will Hot allow the varsity programs to be axed." That fact is evident in the many school dis- tricts where kids now "pay to play" varsity sports.

Begin with a Comm' ted Leader How can intramurals be introduced into schools where athletics play such , 3 prominent role? According to those .M , on ...e administrative level, the first need is finding a committed individual wpot .0110;ille interested in intramural program- ming The administrators emphasized otbi' i,11, that t!..e individual should nit accept 141 a 41 Intramural Hpndbook 33 intranmal programming. The need The financial aspect of intramural for the intramural "seeing is believing." If children be- program to offer aprogramming did not seem to be a come interested and excited about a wide variety of activities which meetconcern to the admmistrators. Many program, amazing things can happen. students' interests while not duplicat- schools compensate tht director com- ing club and varsity To ensure " amazement," Mark Pan- sports wasparably to coaches or soonsors of the kau suggests finding a couple of par- stressed. The administrators statedvarious campus groups. Other schools that recreational activities ents who will support the program. are as im- give the director one less class period Persistence and time can make any- portant as competitive events. Sug-to allow time for intramural pro- thing possible. gestions for recreational activities in- gramming. If the program is run dur- cluded a disco dance, obstaclecourse, ing the school day, there are no addi- dirt bike ride, hot-shot basketball tional building expenses incurred. References contest, bicycle rodeo, motor de- Is money available for officials or The following individuals were interviewed by velopment activities, and gymnastics. phone in obtan.mg information for the above awards? If yes, that's great. But the., article do not make an intramura: program Coordinate and Integrate Banks, Sharp, Jr,superintendent of schools, Through program modifications, seIf- Warren School District, Vicksburg, Missis- Many schools successfully incorpo- officiated contests, and the ingenuity sippi of everyone involved, minimum pro- Hamming. Jack, director of physical education. rate intramural activities into the Shawnee Mission School Dictrict, Shawnee academic program with math and gram costs can produce maximum re- Mission. Kansas yelling contests, poster or art con- sults. Hughes. Gwen, instructor, MacArthur Middle tests, and drama productions. At Administrators must be convinced School, Jonesboro, Arkansas AB Saint's Epispocal School in Jernigan. Frank, director of intramural/ of the need for an intramural pro- recreational sports, Georgia State and cur- Vicksburg, Mississippi, students con- gram. They should be approached rent school board member. DeKalh County, tribute points to their respective in- with a well thought-out plan, and the Georgia tramural teams by achieving a certain person desiring to start the program Pankau, Mark, instructor, Rose Hill Elemer grade point and being named to the tary School. Shawnee Mission, Kansas must be persistent, enthusiastic, and Troester. C...rati., superintendent of schools. St school honor roll each semester. committed. In thousands of cases, Joseph. Missouri

High School Intramurals An Endangered Species Gerald Mass

High school intramural sports pro- tramural programs. become feeder study indicated that roughly one-third grams are probably best exempli- terns for the high school athletic pro- (104 of 318) of the schools surveyed fied by Earnie Shavers on the ropes trying grams This system essentially turn, a sponsored any type of organized intra- to evade the knock out blow from Larry large number of youngsterson to sports Holmes. These programs suffer frqm mural program The three most prevalent but then later cuts them out at a critical reasons cited for not sponsoring intra- disinterested students. lack of finances. age because only the highly ',killed will mural programs were conflict s,iihin- lack of space to run a program, conflict make the high school athletic teams Even with athletics, busing. and terscholastic athletics. insufficient time a myriad of more irony is evident when high school (directly related to athletic conflict) -hd other problems (excuses). Does thissit- graduates (both athletes and nonathletes) lack of facilities uation sound familiar') Many principals re- go on to colleges andon.;pities and sponding in the study commented that It is strange when one looks back to participate at high rates in intramural- "students who desired sports experi- the elementary and junior high schools recreation programs ences were being served in interscho- where the intramural programsenjoy Data collected by this author in public lastic athletics" and that there was "no much higher orvess rates Youth sports schools in the state of Iowa shedsome real need for intramural programming programs dr, .remendous numbers of light on this dilemma Responsesin that This author believes that excellence boys and girls in their programs. Many INrarely found in high school intramurals are highly competitive and indoctrinate because itisneither expected nor de- youngsters on the importance of winning Gerald Maas is program director, in- manded Excellenceis,however. de- and increased competitiveness. These tramural-recreation. Universal. of Wis- manded in many high schoo; athletic programs, along with lower grades in- consin Madison, WI 53706. programs' 34 Intramural Handbook 42 The conflict with interscholastic ath- ents, and students must be educated con- effects of both athletic and recreational letics was made more difficult when Title cerning the values of intiamural partic- sports participation should be searched IX regulations give directives concern- ipation. intramural leaders should be and cited. These studies should then be ing equality of sports opportunities af- reading professional literature (intra- put into the hands of administrators so forded to girls. Many schools had only mural articles in JOPER, intramural re- that the facts are known. boys athletic programs and had to put source materials/books, NIRS A and in a similar program for girls. These new AAHPERD publications) to find sup- 5. Publicitypublic relations.The programs for the girls took up additional portive information and research which program director must use all methods facility time, and in many instances the substantiates the place of intramural pro- available to inform students and faculty Intramural programs ended up the big grams in the educational setting. Make concerning the intramural program Pub- losers. these matenals available to students and lic address announcements, bulletin These, then, are the facts. Youth sports administrators. Seek out any successful boards, the school paper, announce- programs are highly popular with the Intramural programs in neighboring ments in physical enucation classes, flyers younger set. Elementary and junior high schools and attempt to get representa- to homerooms/counseling groups, and school intramural programs enjoy high tives from these schools to come in to the local newspaper are excellent mech- rates of participation. Many high school talk to your administrators. anisms to use. Once the program is in students don't participate in intramurals. operatior, word-of-mouth from satisfied 3. Innovative programming.A large, These same students go to colleges/uni- participants will emerge as one of the successful program in intramurals will program's best publicity tools. The posi- versities and participate in intramurals. not occur overnight. The program must Something is amiss here, but is the tive aspects of participating in the intra- be built on a successful smaller program mural program should he stressed situation really hopeless? Are there things which generates increased interest and which can be done to help build up in- participation. For example, quickie one 6. Involvement in professional or- tramural programming in the high school? day tournaments can be scheduled when ganizations.Involvement in the Na- This author thinks soand suggests some some of the varsity teams have games. tional Intramural Sports Council of the eas in that regard. These types of activities allow you to American Alliance for Health, Physical The following list of approaches to attract participants and show them a good Education, Recreation, and Dance and help promote high school intramurals is time. Once this is done, a foothold is the National Intramural-Recreational not complete but should provide a start- established. Accurate participation rec- Sports Association will keep the intra- ing point for the optimist. ords should be kept as they will be the mura: sport specialist up to date with I.Student involvement.Students must key to accountability for financial sup- what is happening in the profession. The be made aware of the benefits to be gained port and justification for future funding. intramural leader should take anactive through intramural participation A stu- Cost-per-participant statistics are excel- partin these organizations. These as- dent committee should be established to lent to use as graphic evidence of "get- sociations provide the individual profes- assist in promoting the program in the ting the taxpayer's money's worth" while sional the knowledge and strategy needed school. This may be difficult as many showing lower costs when compared with to cope with local situations. New ideas students have been turned off by com- the athletic program. and trends in intramurals are commu- petitive youth sports programs and/or nicated through annual conferences/con- Interscholastic athletics and will out- 4.De-emphasize the conflict with ventions, professional journals, and wardly think this is "another one of those athletics.The athletic and intramural workshops as well as the personal con- deals." Itis essential to convince stu- programs have a common bond of in- tact with other professionals in the field dents that fun- recreational activities are terest in sport/physical achy .ty (although The problem described here can be Involved in the program along with the the emphasis is obviously afferent) and solved through the work of committed traditional team sports. Co-recreational every effort should be made to foster a Intramural leaders in our high schools (boys and girls on same teams) sports cooperative, positive relationship. Nei- who are supported and backed by well- should be highlighted as a unique type ther program should be compromised for informed administrators. Student input, of sports participation which cannot be the gain of the other; each has its place support, and involvement will develop found in the traditional athletic pro- in the school. Many "pro-athletic" peo- as the participants begin to realize the grams. Fun and recreation must be ple in the school will label you "anti- possibilaies available in the intramural stressed, not competition. This approach athlet, if they view the intramural pro- program. There are many, many stu- will provide a broad interest base for the gram as threatening excellence in the dents in our public high schools who program which should appeal to many athletic program. Traditional after-school need the experience offered through in- students. The students should be en- practice times fall into this category. tramurals. Athletic programs tend to re- couraged to talk to parents, fellow stu- Requesting this time will have a good ward only the highly skilled individuals dents, and school administrators con- chance of being viewed as a sabotage who have dominated the sports/activity cerning the program. Many times students attempt on the athletic program. Rela- programs all through the grades. Itis can open administrative door; which are tionships with athletics need to be care- time frit- intramurals in the high schools not open to staff. fully established and an attitude of "pro to come of age and provide positive sports intramurals" must evident rather than participation experiences to our students 2.Educaton.Administrators, par- arm-athletic." Research concerning the as they complete their public school ed- 43 Intramural Handbook 35 ucation. After high school, many stu- questionable feelings concerning sport dents don't get another oprortunity to in the public education system The Gerr SurNtn of Intramural Spurts have this experience which could be so Progranp, to Iowa High St.hook Irma Av i- masses of students deserve better than non 01 Health P In %u al E(/ii anon Re( (cation valuable to them. They leave school with this Journal10(1 8-10 tall 1977

How to Succeed in Intramurals Without Really Trying John Calder and Jan McGregor

rrg-lhe growth of intramurals in the school illustrated is utilized by many schools Council at Ro'is Road Elementary School 1system in North America has been across Canada Each council is modified consists of three boys and three girls stymied in past by two key factors to suit the structure of the school, but chosen for their maturity, leadership the wrong people are running the shoe. all follow a similar premise the stu- qualities. enthusiasm. and ability to rep- and we don't have any imagination. dents assume the responsibility. The resent all groups within the school Who Runs the Show? We've got to stop kidding ourselves that it is the teachers who must do all the work. It is thestudentswho should 4 carry the bail. This is riot to say that teachers dc nothing. but rather tl,at pro- ;rams mu:.' be set up ill such a way that ^hers take more of a back seat in the -ess and give more responsibility and 1,1 iority to students This ituationdoes rk and some of the more successful ograms attest to this. Obviously the amount of work that has to be done by the teacher varies from ;,..:hool to school and whether the level is elementary or secondary. but the point is that school intramurals will never en- joy any real success in situations where 8"'"4..Pmotromme teachers are involved in inter-school sports andalsohave responsibility in intra- murals. That' called burn-out, and its happening too frequently The best organizational model is the 4 Intramurals Council, in which the teacher responsible for intramurals selects the council members A carefully chosen council is almost a guarantee that the program will be a success. The council structure shown has been taken fromIntramurals A Teacher's Guide,by C, M. Hendy and I. McGregor (New York: Leisure Press), This book, designed specicically for school teach- ers, is an excellent guide for setting up and running intramural programs, A council structure similar to the one

SF Intramural Handbook 44 Meeting on a regular basis with a staff

advisor (the teacher responsible for in- COUNCIL Staff Advisor tramurals), the council assumes respon- 6 students (3 boys 3 girls) sibility for all aspects of the intramural L program. The council has formed two standing committees, Activities and Rules and Schedule and Records, which meet Activities & Rules Schedule & Record Selection Committee Committee Committee weekly. A selection committee to struc- 2 Council members 2 Count .1 member, 1 Council members ture teams was not established, because all our intermediate students are auto- matically placed in a house, the basic Referees Equipment IPromotion Awards unit of competition within our school Committee Managers Committee Committee The Activities and Rules Committee, FIGURE 1 A Sample Intramuralltec Sports Council and Committees consisting of three count members, chooses the activities to be offered, es- tablishes and communicates rules to ref- at year end to the house accumulating c g . bucketball and crazy cricket, which erees, and receives complaints and sug- the most points. arc zany versions of softball gestions from the student body. The Use Your Imagination Alternate Intramurals Schedule and Records Committee draws Too often the word "intramurals" a method of reducing competitiseness by up a timetable for each event, maintains conjures up in students' 7.nd teachers' eliminating team affiliation and playing scoreboards, and keeps records. minds a picture of floor hockey and vol- the game for its own sake (for more in- !n addition to serving on these "first leyball, period! With this restrictive def- fohaation. contact authors) line" committees, council members also inition, there's little wonder that intra- Organized Free Play serve on "second line" committees with murals have struggled along. Organizers son-le students Just want to playno student volunteers. These committees of successful intramural programs across leagues. tournaments. etc include the Referees Committee, which North America have discarded this nar- organize a volleyball day no referees recruits and trains officials; the Equip- row view and have instead adopted an schedulesyou Just show up to play ment Committee, which organizes man- imaginative "anything goes" approach New Games ager:, to ensure equipment i6 ready to go The following is a list of idea., that must noncompetitive fun games. e g para- and stored properly; and the Promotion be considered if you are going to be suc- chute games. log roll Committee, which publicizes each event. cessful in attracting students to your pro- Cooperative Games Our council does not include an Awards gram. examples are blanket solleyta'I. cooper- Committee, since it has been traditional Tournaments ative standup at our school to present only one trophy one shot affairs Novel Games

no recurring time commitments something different. unusual. zany. e g. John Calder is an instructor at the Rosy can be an unusual event. e 2. monopoly siamese soccer. turkey trot. wrist wres- Road Elementan School. North Van- tournament. or more consentional, c g . tling. flying bedstead race 2-on-2 basketball. 3-on-3 volleyball couver. Canada Ian McGregor is di- Srecial Events rector cf recreation at Simon Frost'? Nontraditional Games orgal ize an aquatic day mini Olympus. University. Burnaby. Canada innovative variations of traditional games. 10-p n bowling extras aganza

Preventing Injuries in College Intramural Sports Lawrence Sierra

Since everytype of sports activity to minimize the occurrence of such In- cr Asciousness on the part of participants offers some risk of injury, with the juries The following is a discussion of can contribute a great deal toward re- nature of the sport dictating the type several ways in which injuries maybe ducing accidents and injuries, itis the and frequency of injuries which may preventedin intramural and recreative careful selection of the participants :fiat be expected, accident prevention pro- sports. is of the utmost importance whende- cedures must be employed in an effort Selection of Participants. While safety veloping a comprehensive program for

45 Intramural Handbook 37

IZ. any activity. A policy of planning com- petition for participants with near equal

skills and abilities minimizes the dan- _....111. gers of accidents and injuries. Competi- tion between high school and college students or between senior high school and junior high school students, for instance, increases the possibility of in- ,uries because of differences in matura- tion. Varsity athletes should be excluded whenever possible from intramural com- petition because of the advantages they recekefromtrainingandcoaching. Every effort should be made to keep competition on alevel ecpialto the abilities of all those participating. Considerable emphasis is placed in some cases on numbers of students par- ticipating in recreation programs. Fre- quently,in an effortto increase the number of participants, the welfare of the students is neglected. Emphasis on numbers at the expense of the safety and physical condition of those who participate can be self-defeating, for it has been found thatifactivities are conducted in a worthwhile manner and season, team managers hold meetings periods are shortened and running time if safeguards are adopted to protect the at which touch football films nepicting quarters are utilized. Since ice-time is at student, more enthusiasm for activities correct play are shown and rules are a premium, practice sessions are limited. isgenerated and many more students discussed in depth. On such a large However, all teams are required to have participate. campus itis more expedient for intra- at least one practice session during the Just as interscholastic and intercolle- mural staff members to go to the resi- week prior to scheduled contests. These giate athletes commonly have medical dencehallcomplexes forpre-season sessions are fully supervised, as are all examin..tions prior to participating in conferences with the students. During contests. competitive sports, sc a medical exam- th.: playing sea-on each game super- Protective Equipment. The kind and ination should be a requisitefor the visor and official is instructed to critique amount of protective equipment used is health protection of the intramural par- the games played and to point out and determined by the rules of the sport in ticipant as well. discuss repeated violations at half-time which an individual is competing Coaching and Teaching of Skills. The and at the end of each game. Whenever possible, equipment should unskilled person runs a greater risk of Training and Conditioning Training be furnished to ensure safetyWhere incurringinjuries,since he does not and conditioning are important factors provided, equipment should fit, be free knc, v how to handle or pos:iion him- in injury preventionnd control. Oppor- from defects and safe for use, and be self to exert maximum effort with the tunities for practice and conditioning inspected regularly to ensure thatitis leas, strain Knowing the rules, tech- should he made available before every in good working order. niques, and strategy of a sport is ex- scheduled competition Students should not be required to tremelyimportant.Forinstance,at Where itis not possible to provide purchase expensive equipment. The use Michigan State University, a higher rate these opportunities, modifications of the of cleated shoes in touch football should of injuries occurs to freshmen in the rules should be made to minimize in- not be optional, as cleated shoes pro- intramural program than to upperclass- jurytoimproperconditioningThe vide distinct advantages in running, cut- men, simply because they lack experi- boundary lines of the court or playing ting, and blocking ence, especially in touch football. field can be shortened. The periods of Frequently, p.otective equipment Even though much of the burden of play may also be shortened to minimize suchashelmets and shoulder pads learning an activityis placed on the fatigue, or running time may be substi- tends to create more reckless play as individual. atMichigan State certain tuted for timed periods where the clock the players disregard their own safety situations are created to help him de- is stopped in actual play In intramural New lightweight plastic or inflated vinyl velop a proper skill level. Prior to the soccer at MSU, for example, a sm filler headgear should be explored for their field (105 x 60 yards) is used in place of eventual use. the regulation 120 x 75 yard field and The problems of cost and the me- LAWRENCE SIERRA is in the De- the quartersareshortened from 22 chanics of issuing, retrieving, and sani- partment of Health and Physical Edu- minutesto 12 minutes.Intramural tation of large numbers of helmets must cation at Michigan StateUniversity, hockey is handled in a similar fashion be considered.Otheradministrative East Lansing, Michigan 48823. Although the rink is regulation size, the pioblems to be faced Include the need 98 Intramural Handbook 46 for policies to ensure that students wear the point of action more quickly and ing the injury and how it happened, but eyeglass guards or safety glasses and be abletokeep play moving with that of initiating appropriate first aid that mouth pieces are worn in all con- greater continuity. Penalties should be and emergency care for the injured stu- tact sports. Exceptions Should not be commensuratewiththeseverityof dent. Enorts have been made at MSU made so a contest can continue; rather, the injurypotentialof the violation. to develop an effective accident report- contests should be stopped before ex- For example, offensive body blocking, ing system to help in the prevention ceptions are made. shoulder blocking downfield, clipping, and control of acc'dents and injuries. tripping, and unnecessary roughness all All intramural staff members are asked Safe Play Areas. Playing areas and draw a loss-of-ball penalty at the line to report all injuries occurring in the fieldsshouldbelevel,well-drained, of scrimmage or point of greatest loss. activities they supervise. Since they are without mud or dust, and free of ob- Accident Reporting and Injury Costs. made aware of the possible uses fer stacles. Some areas may have to be One philosophy concerning injuriesis these accident reports, they are more fenced or situated so that participants that if the intramural program is spon- Inclined to complete the accident report cannot run into the street, bu:Idings, or sored by the university and students are form in a manner that will give as clear other obstancles. Playing areas should encouraged to participate and use the a picture as possible of the accident. be stell-defined for different activities facilities provided and maintained by Reports from the health center on stu- and efforts should be made to use ap- the university, the university should bedents who have been injured are help- propriate methods for making them as responsible for injuries occurring during ful because an indicationis given by safe as possiblefor example, through asupervisedand scheduledcontest. the physician of whether an injury is the use of padding on walls, restraining During the school year 1969-70at major or minor and whether the stu- linesfor players and spectators,or MSU, the total charges for ail health dent's participation is to be restricted. bright colors to define obstacles. services rendered to students as a re- First Aid and Medical Treatment. Supervision and Officiating. Officials sult of intramural sports exclusive of Prompt medical treatment should follow and supervisors play an important safety professional fees totaled $9,255.85. Be- and supplement goodfirstaidand role not only in enforcing rules but also ginning with fall1970, students were emergency care for injuredstudents. in being alert for signs of injury or made responsible for all costs for any Intramuralsupervisorsneedtobe illness among the contestants. It would injury incurred during intramural con- qualifiedto carry outfirstaidand be ideal if intramural games could be tets. That year the number of injuriesemergency care policies to help mini- played without officials, except perhaps reported and the number of injured mize further injury. Appropriate trans- for timing purposes and to make calls students reporting to the health centerportation of the injured to the health that players cannot see. Players should dropped drastically. In my opinion, in center by the campus police andhe be oriented to the philosophy that the previous years when students have been availability of an on-call physician in official is not out to catch him, that it injured and have had their injury costs the health center helps to ensure prompt is his responsibility to play withinthe covered by the university, a few law treatment of the injured. rules and that itis not solely the offi- suits may have been prevented. In my Injury reports from ''',e health center cial's responsibility to make him control estimation, if the university confirmed together with the injury reports com- his personal actions. Good understand- to assume costs for student injuries, it pleted by the intramural supervisors are ing of this relationship leads to a healthy islikely that fewer individuals would helpfulin determining what needs to atmosphere and better play. be walking around with untreated in-be done to improve the quality of the Up to a point,the more officials juries because they would be more will- intramural program so that students get assignedto aspecific game suchas ing to seek treatment for injuries. the most out of their participation in touch football, the fewer injuries w," The primary concern when an injury intramural sports with a minimum of occur Well-placed officials can be at occurs is not the mechanics of record- accidents and injuries. 0

Injuries and Intramurals J. D. Parsley

One of the most neglected areas in isa popular intramuralactivitythat I. D. PARSLEY is intramural director the field of intramurals is caring for the takes its toll in injuries. Unlikeinter- at the College of St. Thomas, St. Paul, injured participant. Contact sports, in collegiateorinterscholasticfootball, Minnesota 55105. He is now serving as particular, are responsible for a large protective equipment isvirtuallynil, contributingeditorforthe"Intra- number of injuries to students. For ex- but aggressiveness and fierce contact result? Injury murals" column. ample, on most campuses touch football are still evident. The end

s 47 Intramural Handbook 39 What are you doing as an intramural I 3.Have a working agreement with the a laterdateregardinginsurance director to see that your participants are school's athletic trainer, whose re- claims. getting the best care possible? sponsibility can and should include These procedures are easy to imple- I suggest the following format as pro- intramural participants ment and if done with care will lessen cedure in caring for injuries. 4 Require dl supervisors tocarry the the confusion that occurs at the time of emergencytelephonenumberof injury. 1. Require intramuralsupervisorsto your localhospital Speedisex- It is vital thevery Intramural par- complete a course in athletic injuries tremely important if a seriousinjury ticipantcarrymedicalinsurance. A or first aid. occurs. severe injury to an individual without insurance could impose a severe finan- 2. Require officials to report all injuries 5 Require that an injury report form to the supervisors on duty. The su- be filled out by the supervisor This cial burden on the injured participant and could lead to a lawsuit withyou, pervisorwillthenproceedwith report should be kept on file as you emergency measures the intramural director, being the de- will no doubt have to refer to It at fendant.

A NISC Feature:Financing Intramurals

Regular School Budget Where does the money come fromto finance the intramural activity pro-

grams sponsored by schools and colleges? Can budgets for intramuralsbe in- At the Adams Middle School in Hol- liston, Massachusetts, the entire intra- creased by tapping additional sources of funds' Because mural program costs are borne by the such questions of fi- school budget. No fund raising activi- ties are used. nancing are of vital concern to administrators andall those working with infra- The three-season program provided for the 1,230 students, grades 5-8,was murals, the National Intramural Sports Council addresseditself to the problem operated last year for a total cost fig- ure of $4,593. Intramural supplies are and solicited information about methods of financefrom intramural personnel budgeted at a low $290 becauseregu- lar physical education department sup- eround the country. Presented here plies are utilized as muchas possible. are brief descriptions of methods currently The supplemental intramural figurepro- vides for activities not in the PEcur- in use. AA HPER members who have foundsuccess with other ways of raising riculum, such as ping pong. Asum of $175 underwrites the cost of awards. funds are encouraged to share their experiencesby w-iting to: NISC Executive Permanent trophies for each teamsport add the name of the new champion each year. Committee, c/o XAHPER, 1201 16th St., N.W.,Washington, D.C. 20036. Supervisory costsfor the program add up as follows: hockey, chessworkshop,basketball, support of the Holliston School Com- freethrowtour ament,gymnastics, mittee sinceitsinception. Chairman Grades 5 and 6, a five-day-a-weekprogram volleyball, newcon..), badminton, ping Thomas A. Lyons described iton the Fall: 50 days x 4 supervisors/day pong, softball, horse shoes, and frisbee. @ $4/hr =

49 Intramural Handbook 4i activity. An admission fee is charged The intramural/recreation budget is equipment forIntramural/Recreation for the semifinal and final bouts in in- funded through action taken by a Uni- activities requires that students who re- tramural boxing, in order to pay for a versity-wide Allocations Committee ceive such reservation; and equipment boxing ring, the cost of which would composed of student government offi- must have paid the required fee for otherwise have been prohibitive. Any cials and administrators of the Univer- Category 3 and/or Category 4. excess money is put into the general sity. The budget is funded strictly upon Administrators interested in more de- fund, to be distributed as a part of justification and not upon any pro rata tails of fee structure provisions in ref- the overall funding. (Parsley dues not basis in reference to men and women erence to the sei vices provided within necessarily advocate either boxing as who have paid the fees. The Intramu- Categories1-4 may obtaininforma- an activity or charging aumIssion for ral/Recreation budget for the current tionby writing directlyto H Edsel viewing an intramural activity, but be- year is a little more than $100 thou- Buchanan, director, Intramural/Recre- cause of the intense interest created in sand. Of this sum approximately $20 ation, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, boxing as an elective physical education thousandisall.,..atedtothebudget Texas 79406. class,it was added to the intramural from the campus concession accounts, Funds for the construction of new program. The only feasible way to cov- with the balance being provided from facilities, whether they be recreational er expenses was to charge admission.) student service fees. The campus con- or academic in nature, come from a cession accounts are those funds that source entitled "buildings use fee." This theUniversityderives from normal is a fee authorized by the Legislature General Funds contractual relations with vendors who of the state of Texas, and the fees vary Plus Student Fees provide the University with food and from or; state institution to another drink concessions. At the present time, At the present time, funds for new this position enables the University tc areas and facilities for intramural/rec- Theintramural/leisureactivitypro- assess the students a fee which is some- reation are derived from this source. grams at the Catonsville Community what less than would be required were The Texas Tech University Board of College in Catonsville, Maryland, are the concession account funds not avail Regents approves allocations for new funded primarily through college oper- able. facilityconstructiondepending upon atingfunds. A smallpercentage of Every student at Texas Tech Univer- priorities and justification for the fa- funds are appropriated through the stu- sity (undergraduate and graduate)is cilities requested dent activity fees. The College recog- assessed a required student service fee nizes thatthe intramural/recreational which is based according to the credit experiences are valuable to the over- hours enrollment. The structure of this Student Activity Fees all educational programs offered. The fee for the academic year 1974-1975 and Entry Fees college administration, along with the is as follows. Division of Health, Physical Education, Credit Hours Enrolled Required Fee All intramurals at the University of Col- and Recreation, provides strong support 1 $ 2 25 orado, Boulder. are student and partic- for theleisure activity needs of the 2 4 50 ipant funded through student activities college community. 3 6.75 fees and entry fees. Enrollment at the Federally 4 funded work studystu- 9.00 University in Boulder is about 20,000 dents,supervised community college 5 11.25 students with a participationinintra- field workers, and universityinterns 6 13 50 7 15 75 murals of 9,400Participationis open are utilized to supervise, lead, organize, to all students who have paid their ac- and officiate intramural/recreation ac- 8 18 00 9 20 25 tivities fees and topaid members of tivities, says Larry R. Williams, coordi- 10 22.50 the recreation center Rates for nonstu- nator of recreation and intramurals 11 24.75 dent members are different, depending Along with professional staff they help 12 or more 27 00 onthe group:forexample,faculty- to carry out a diversified leisure activi- staff pay $25 semester, alumni $115/ ty program for students, faculty, staff, The fee structure is divided into four categories. Category 1 a year, and community members $165/ and community residents. involves re- quired fee associated withthose stu- year dents who enroll for no more than1 or Each student paNs an $81activities 2 credit hours Category 2is propor- fee per seme,,ter, about $22 of which Student Fees and tioned for those who are enrolled for goes to the Recreation Center. Of this Concess;on Accounts 3-8 credit hours. Category 3 (which in- $22, $15 goes to pay off the bond issue cludes the Intramural 'Recreation Pro- for the building of the new center which grams for Men and Women) is propor- opened in February 1972 The restis For several years the intramural/recre- tioned for those students who are en- for the operation and program aspects ation program at Texas Tech Univer- rolled for 9-11hours. Category 4 in- of the Recreation Center, such as club sity has received operational support volves all students who are carrying 12 sports. women's athletics. aquatic pro- through funds derived from student err more credit hours. grams,icerinkutilization,mountain service fees and from campus conces- This graduatedfee,structured ac- recreation,equipment andservices, sion accounts. Allocation from these cording to credit hours enrollment,is open recreation, and general adminis- two sources have provided the ;.2,000 functioning well for Texas Tech Uni- tration of the building students with ample financial support for versity. University policy regarding res- The total budget for intramurals is the ongoing programs. ervations and use of various types of approximately $48,300 This covers ev-

42 Intramural Handbook 50 erything:part-time student employees cording to Roy E. Bell, director of in- North Carolina, receives no funds for in the capacity of supervisors, officials, tramurals, the program receives 8.5% intramural activities from the state. scorekeeper/timers, and two secretaries: of the fee. This percentage was estab- State funds are allotted for physical supplies: equipment; maintenance such lished several years ago by a committee education programs, and any equipment as lining fields, etc.; awards; and salary composed of representatives fromall and materials that are approved for for a coordinator and assistant coordi- the extracurricular activities. The dis- PE curriculums may be used for the nator of intramurals. tributionisreviewed annually by the intramuralprogram. Activitiesfor Entry fees are an important source committee and revisions are made to which materials or equipment are not of revenue. An entry fee is charged per include new activitiesinthe system. available through PE supplies at Wayne team, some of which helps pay officials The student body, by areferendum Community College are paid for through and a lesser amount pays for award,:. vote, has earmarked one third of the student activityfees.These fees are Team entry fees run from $3.00 for studeut activity fee for athletics. controlled by the Student Government unofficiated volleyball leagues to $18.00 The percentage distributionsystem Association, and the intramural budget for the more involved sports, such as has allowed each activity relative finan- is submitted to the student government ice hockey, tootball, or basketball. Com- cial security, and there are other ad- each year. Trophies, travel, shirts, offi- petitionin team sportsisgenerally vantages.Sinceallstudentspaythe cials, materials and equipment are all round robin within leagues with single fee (part-time students pay a pro-rated included inthebudget. Allocated or double elimination playoffs among fee), all are eligible to participate in the monies, activities, and schedulesfor in- leagues. The entry fees do not totally intramural program. The flexibilityin tramurals are coordinated through the pay for the student employees (super- the funding system allows the program Student Services Department by the visors, officials, and scorekeeper tim- to adjust to changing student prefer- coordinator of studentactivities. ers). The awards, however, are totally ences for activities All changes are de- Jim Bennett, Department of Physical paid for from the entry fees. Individual termined by expressed student nee 's. Education, adds that Wayne Commu- sports have an entry fee of about $1.00. Any unexpended funds may be carried nity College no longer participates in Currently, reports Carol Thieme, as- over to the next year, which makes it intercollegiate competition(intercolle- sistant intramural coordinator, in the possible to provide for expansion. giate athletics in North Carolina receive Recreation Department, the University Startingwiththe1975-76school no state funds). Their goal is to involve of Colorado makes available some 40 year, Palm Beach Junior College will allstudentsinactivity thatisof in- intramural sports and events,includ- terest and enjoyribl,to them, and the change to a per credit hour fee replac- expanded ing men's, women's, and coed activities. ing the syst- npresentlyinuse.Al- program is continuously The philosophy is that the people par- ready the P ,ard of Trustees has reaf- andadaptedtoincludeinnovations ticipating should help defray the cost, firmed the percentage distribution sys- suitable to their students and situation. rather than having those who do not tem in support of all extracurricular ac- TheIsothermalCommunity College, compete pay snore than they already tivities programs. The percentage dis- Spindale, North Carolina also offers an intramural program to its student body have, and so the intramural program tributionformula willbe.appliedto is totally funded through student activ- one dollar per credit hour earmarked of 700 with funds from student activi- ities fees and participant fees for student activities, and the intramu- tiesfeesStudents pay $10 perfall $8 ral program will receive 8.5%, or 81/2 quarter. $10 per winter quarter, and cents per credit hour. Projected figures for the spring quarter. A Percentage of for next year indicate that intramural The director of intramural programs Student Activity Funds income will remain within a workable submits an annual itemized budget to range and continue to provide security the Student Activities Fee, Committee. in support of intramurals. It is they approved by the Student Gov- At Palm Beach Junior College, the in- Executive Com- !ramurat program is funded from the ernment Association. mittee, and the Board of Trustees. in student activityfeeSince intramurals turn, reports Janet F Smith, chairman, are considered as an extracurricular pro- Student Fees Plus gram, the funding is also outside the PE Supplies Di',ision of I ifc Sciences regular matriculation fee charged stu- dents The student activities fee is $15 Wayne Community College. Goldshor^, per semester, At the p-esent t,rne, ac- like other state-supported institutions in

51 Intramural Handbook 43 Standards and Guidelines for Intramurals

Intramurals, recognized as an inte- following way: physical (motor skill, 2. Student Involvement gral part of the educational experience, fitness); mental (cognitive. value clari- Students are needed to provide a di- fication, assimilation); social (interac- must meet standards and guidelines rect line of communication between the tional, intracultural); emotional (stress professional staff and participants and which will assist in the administration release,self-image),andleadership for leadership in planning, organizing, of organized programs at all education- (provision for and use of leisure). supervising, administering, and evalu- al levels. It is the responsibility of each ating activities. Qualifications for stu- Participants dents in leadership roles should include: educational institution to provide a pro- Sincere desire to be of service to gram of recreational activities commen- . ne raison d'être of intramural activ- their peers ities is the participant. The nature and surate with the needs and interests of Respect for and of their peers scope of programs are based on partic- Mature judgment 'he institutional community, in concert ipant interests, desires, and needs. The Willingness to accept and follow with the adopted school philosophy, basic qualification for participationis interest. Theindividualparticipating rules with a commitment to the and within the limits of their facilities, may be any bona fide member of the Intramural program personnel, and finances. institutional community who isinter- Broad working knowledge of the intramural program This statement is intended to assist ested and who is willing to abide by the operational rules and regulations of the 3. Officials school and college personnel in the or- programs in whie- he or she becomes Qualifications for trained officials to ganization and administration of qual- involved. officiate in intramural activities should ity intramurals, which are defined as Include: "any program of activities offered to en- Leadership and Personnel Thorough knowledge of the rules and interpretations able students and others opportunities Qualified and dynamic leadership is Working knowledge ofthe me- forfulfillinggrowth,developmental, essential to the implementation of an chanics of officiating effective and comprehensive program and recreational needs." It was devel- Good judgment of intramurals. The key to the Intra- Practical experience oped by a task force of intramural di- mural programisa competent, con- Ability to make unbiased decisions, rectors and school and college admin- cerned director. The director of intra- especiallyunderpressure,and murals must be knowledgeable about skills in human relations istrators under the auspices of the Na- growth and maturation patterns and be tional Intramural Sports Council, spon- sensitive to student needs, desires, and 4. Auxiliary Personnel Qualificationsfor sored by the National Association for concerns. Competent assistants in co- auxiliaryperson- ordinating and officiating capacities are nel to assist in supervision and coordi- Girls and Women in Sport and the Na- also essential. Each, however, must be nation of the program should include. tional Association for Sport and Physi- continuously aware that the heart of Sincere Interest in the program cal Education of the American Alli- the program is the participants and that Skills commensurate with their re- the program must be shaped to their sponsibilities ance for Health, Physical Education, needs. Provisions must be made for: Knowledge of policies and proce- and Recreation. dures under which the program I. Director of tiara 'teals functions Qualifications for a director should Desire to be of service to allin- Include. vnlveo in the program General Objectives College degree with professional The complexity of the modern world, preparationinintramurals, pref- the diversity of our population, cultu- erably with a degree in administra- ral pluralism, and the need for national tion in such programs consensus have combined in their im- Working experience in intramural Program pingement upon the individual person- programs Intramural programs vary in nature ality to endow intramural programs with Broad knowledge of sports and lei- to fit existing conditions. There is no dynamic new urgency and importance. sure activities and their organiza- set program that will meet the needs All intramural programs should have tionfor competitive and recrea- and provide optimum participation for specific objectives based on the needs tional programs all situations. There are, however, cer- of the constituents to be served. While Working knowledge of budgets and tain standards and guidelines pertaining institutionalobjectives willvary and financing programs to programming which can be applied may be unique in character, itis pos- Sensitivity and capability in human in any educational setting. Therefore, sible to broadly categorize them in the and public relations provisions should be made for: 44 Intramural Handbook 52 I. Planning Structured and nonstructured A system of awards reflecting the The area of planning takes into con- Both comprehensive and reflective need for motivation and promo- sideration: of special needs tionin keeping with philosophic perspective and economic variables Availability of facilities, time, and 3. Rules Extensive use of media resources clientele Intramural rules should support the Supervisory capability concept of fair play and safety for the Existing policies and procedures participant. Rules and regulations should Financing, Facilities, and Financial support be: Equipment Cultural,ethnic,environmental, Flexible so as not to hinder en- and socioeconomic factor, joyment Financing, facilities, and equipn_ent, Philosophy of the institution Designedtoensurebalanceof while vitally important, need not nec- competition essarily dictate the nature or quality of 2. Activities the intramural program. Adequate fi- A wide range of activities is needed Consistent with existing school pol- icies and regulations nancing, facilities, and equipm-nt can to provide maximum opportunity for enhance opportunities for participation, participation of students according to Protective of the health of each participant accommodate varying interests, and pro- their needs, interests, and capabilities videflexibility and comprehensiveness within the limitations of the local situ- 4. RecognitionforIndividuals Who of programs. The success of effective in- ation. Activities should be: Participate tramural programs is highly dependent Both competitive and recreational Satisfactionfromparticipationaf- upon appropriate administration of ex- by nature fords the ideal recognition. In addition, istingfinances,facilities,and equip- Physically vigorous and intellec- recognition may appropriately be de- ment. Therefore, provisions must be tually challenging rived from: made for: "t^

At.

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53 Intramural Handbook 45 1. Financing current as well as anticipated intramural Questionnaires and interviews There should be dependable finan- programs. The word "evaluation"is Check lists cial support, justas for other educa- not synonymous with comparison be- Consultants tionalprograms.Financialplanning cause of the unique nature of various Experimental research should ake into consideration: programs. Consequently, each govern- Personnel evaluation Participation potential ing body should make provisions for Suggestionboxes Projected activities internalevaluation whichisongoing video tapes Facility and equipmentrequire- andinclusive.Provisionsshouldbe ments made for the periodic implementation Administration Personnel of external evaluation techniques. Steps must be taken to ensure thcompati- Implementation ofa strong intramu- 2. Facilities bility of the evaluation methods used. ral program can provide benefits equal Functional facilities, designed to pro- Any evaluation is futile unless the data in importance to those of others dis- vide settings for optimum and safe par- compiled are effectively employed. ciplines. The greatest accomplishments ticipation, are needed. Current evaluativeprocedures and in the area of intramurals N.likely to Provisions should be made for: instruments include: result when the programis made a Priority scheduling for structured Participant evaluation separate administ-ative entity of the in- and unstructured activities Participation records stitution concerned. Equitable service to the totalcli- entele to be served Implementation of a wide variety TASK FORCE TO DEVELOP iTANDARDS AND of activities GUIDELINES FOR INTRAMURALS 3.Equipment Paul H. Gunsten,Chairman,Director of James L. Wilkerson, Instructorin Educa- Considerations for equipment in suf- Recreational Service Activity Programs, tion, Division of HPER, Virginia Poly- ficient quantity and condition to en- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State technicInstitute and State Ur iversity, University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061 Blacksburg, Virginia 24061 sure utilization by all participants should Ronald Hyatt, Associate Professor, Physi- Margaret L. Driscoll, Professor of Educa- include: cal Education, Department of Physical tion, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and Availability Education, University of North Caro- StateUniversity,Blacksburg,Virginia Maintenance and storage lina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514 24061 Planned program of utilization Coulbourn H. Tyler, Chairman, Division PaulL.Hildreth,IntramuralDirector, of Health, Physical Education, and Rec- Floyd Junior High School, Mableton reation, Ferrum Junior College, Ferrum, Georgia 30059 Virginia 24088 Charles E. Clement, Jr.,Intramural Di- Pamela C. Gunsten, University of Cincin- rector, Blacksburg Middle School, Main nati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45211 Street, Biacksburg, Virginia 24060 Evaluation Barb Landers, Supervisor, Physical Educa- Pat Logut, Intramural Director, East Cobb tion, Duval County Schools, Jackson- Junior High School.Marietta. Georgia It is the responsibility of each insti- ville,Florida 32209 30062 tution to develop and implement guide- Albert L. Ayars, Superintendent of Schools, lines for the constructive evaluation of Norfolk, Virginia 23911

Checklist for Procuringan Intramural-Recreation Program Sponsor Steven A. Sherman

Inthese times of rising costs, d,- mgfinancial challenges To maintain grammirtt Similartee type suggestions diming student popuiation, and yet program quality and to insure continued were presented by Ostrander' in terms of increased demands for service and par growth in the future, there will be a need financing programs Maas,' in his pres- ticipation opportunities, intramural- to seek new sources of revenue. Preo,' in ntation on the involvement of a local

recreation directors are faced with grow- his articleon educational validity and , food restaurant, comes closest to the financial integnty, reviews several op- direction this article will proceed portt:oe methods of raising revenue for namely, how to procure commercial Steven A. Sherman is director of recrea- one's program These methods included sponsorship of intramural-recreation tion, Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, NY rental fees, faculty and alumni fees, pro- programs The objective I:, to provide the 112/0. shop operation,,, and specialized pro- reader with a gume or checklist prnce- 46 Intramural HandN)ok 54 dure for instituting such a program on yc u want and can accommodate commercial Let 'he sponsor know how many people on one's own campus. sponsorship you are ready for Step 2 campu. the intramural-recreation programs are able to reach directly, as well as your Step 1. Determine the Feasibility of Utili4 Step 2. Determine the Desired Extent and program's gro potential The prospective inp,aC^mmercial Sponsor For Your Pro- ....al Involvement of the Sponsor. sponsor will be asked to provide dollars in gram. This phase invoes selecting the type of return for positive local exposure. Be ready to This would include examining institutional event for which sponsorship is desired (e.g., suggest direct means of exposure available to and departm:ntal philosophy and regulations special event or league. short or long term the sponsor in your proposal. such as in- with regard outside contributions and the Involvement). When determining the type of tramural t -shirt awards, coupons. advertising, types of sponsors that would be acceptable for event, try to be aware of those activities that or other promotional Items Try to slant y o'.- your program. Make sure you have approval might have some special attraction or useful- proposal toward the potential sponsor's of necessary college offices for seeking such ness to a local commercial sponsor commercial operat'm and the type of assist- ssistance before beginning. For example, if Step 3. Identify Prospective Sponsors in ance which your special program could pro- ,hdosophy or legality preverns you from en- Your Campus Community. vide Be able to develop one general proposal tering into an agreemen' with a sponsor en- which, with slight modifications, could be gaged 1;the sate of alcoholic beverages it Step 4. Prepare a She -t But Complete and toed for different sponsors. would be inadvisable to pursue this avenue of Interesting Proposal for the Potential assistance. Included in this feasibility deter- Sponsor. mination study shoulA be two other factors. This proposal should include a complete Step 5. Contact the Prospective Sponsor Thefirst is to decide if additional financial description of the program. the benefits for and Arrange a Meeting to Discuss Your assistance is required and the second should the sponsor and an accurat 'midget Highlight Proposal. be a concern with one 's ability to successfe!:y the strong points of your program that would This may be the most difficult point in the provide a program or the sponsor Remem- serve to estaolish worm for the sponsor Re- proceduie Phone contact or a personal ap- ber. you repent your institution -is well as member You are not asking for charity but ;lointment are usually the best means for this the intramural-recreatiln programsPreo's an; sous to engage in a legitimate venture that step. If not feasible. mail the sponsor a copy suggestions on mergin6 the consideration; of would b:nefit two parties, and the spon- Gt your proposal with a personal cover letter financial nitegrity with education valid!' sor Include in your package information on requesting a future chance to discuss matters good point to heed. Once you have decided the extent of participation in your program. personally

I.

Intramural Handbook 47 Step 6. Choose the Sponsor that Best Fits ment as they may be tAvered by general Step 15. If It WorksTry to Make It an Your Needs and or Meets the Philosophical policy Your best, sound judgerr,:nt as a pro- Annual Event. Guidelines of Your Institution and Pro- fessional is required here Wher in doubt, get If your program has benefited, try to get the gram. approval of higher authorities in writing sponsor involved on an annual basis or to a Hopefully, interest will be such that you Step IC. Sign the Agreement. greater extent This can be helpful in future can make a choice There is always a good This could be in the form of a letter outlin- progam budget decisions Remember Be- Doccoc.:Ity or r ) Interest Do not get discour- fore proceeding. always evaluate in terms of aged. Getting a gotscl sponsor, one that meets ing all aspects of the program and sporsor involvement to be signed by the sponsor program and institutional philosophy You do your pre-developed criteria. is not often an not want a sponsor to take over easy task Remember Be patient. be persis- Your original proposal will be most helpful here2onfirm when and how sponsor is to Each program with its potential spon- tent and be willing to compromise (only if it is deliver money, awards, or promotional mate- sor.; is unique and should be treated as not to the detriment of your program or insti- rials tution). such. You may want, for example, to Step 11. vet to WorkA Successful Pro- think about this concept only for ex- Assuming You Now Have Secured A Sponsor gram Always Helps. tramural events in association with other schools or only for snecial events This Step 7. )rganize, Define and Agree on Step 12. Promote the Program and the Definite and Workable Expectations for checklist wa- developed as one tool to be Snonsor and Program. Step 13. Keep the Sponsor Informed and used as a guide for professional in Make sure that the sponsor understands all Involved. securing the services and support a The extent of this will be based on your limitations as well as potential benefits. The commercial sponsor in an intramural- successful working relationship between you judgment, the agreement and the nature of and the sponsor can be crucial for any future your working relationship with the sponsor recreation program. involvement with other sponsors. Remember. Make sure you keep accurate (and positive) 'Preo. Larry "The Perfect Marriage Financial Do not promise what cannot be delivered records on this program for final evaluation Integrity with Educational Val.dity N I RS A Also, itis a good idea to retain for your Step 8. Prepare a Written Agreement Journal Leisure Press March 1917 records copies of everythingpromotional Ostrander. Harry R Irmo- PVC Methods of (Contract). materials, advertising, correspondence. Financing Your Programs NIA Proceedings photographs, .,tcfor future reference Step 9. Have Agreement Reviewed (if XXIII1973 (in Peterson. Jand Preo. LIn- necessary) by Legal College University Step 14. Write a Thank-You Leiter to the tramural Dire: tors HandbookLeisure Press. Counsel. Sponsor. 1977 3Mass. Gerry'Commercial Incolcement in In- T`1,5 should include determination of any No matter what the final outcome of the tramural~ McDonak, s Restaurant Inv(anent in unusual liability risks or insurance needs for program and commercial sponsor's involve- Int.amural Sports PuLlicity at Iowa State Uni- either party. The term, if necessary, was ment, (hopefully, it will be positive) a final versity NIA Proceedings XXIV. 1974 (in Peter- added because some commercial arrange- note ending things on an upbeat is always a son. Jand Preo. L Intramural Direr tors Hand- ments may not even require a formal agree- good administrative procedure tsttA

VISIBILITY The Key to Buildinga Successful Intramural Program Lloyd Wasmer

At Downers Grove (Illinois) North used to make the program visible are not program visible.> The publicity High School, the intramural pro- original, they have proven so successful discussed in the rest of !':is artic 1 gram as it is presently constituted is in that more than 700 students and 100 show you how. its third year. It now offers 40 activities adults have taken part in the fall pro- during the school year, including team gram. Many (most notably, the stua,nts) The Weekly Intramural Report sports, individual sports, free play ac- have taken part in n,ore th,one activity Every Monday the weekly Trojans tivities, recreational opportunities, and since the offerings are available before Intramural Report is published. Nor- even community-oriented events that school, after school, in the evening:,, and mally four pages in length, it features feat/ire adults and students participating on Saturdays. How did we make our results of the previous week's activities, together. previews of coming events, features on We believe strongly that the visibility Lloyd Wasmer is director of intramur individual performers, and standings in of our program is mainly responsible for als, Downer. Grove North High School, the various sports being played at the its rapid growth. While many of the ideas Downers Grove, II 60515. time. In addition, we have used items

48 Intramural Handbook 56 Ike "The Weekly Injury Report" (not Pt otographs and female in each age division gets a real injuries, of course), and a local ver- The use of photographs has helped trophy. We also give trophies to the sion of "Jimmy the Greek," the Im- make the North High School Intramural youngest girl and boy to finish the race, mortal "Cal Q. Late" with his weekly Program and the people in It visible. regardless of their place. This year we predictions. The students look forward Every winner's picture is taken for dis- are hoping to get a sponsor to buy t- shirts to these features with many wondering play on the Intramural Bulletin Board for the entrants. when they can "get injured" so their Action snap shots of students as they names will be on the injury list. The participate are eisplayed on the bulletin Annual Intramural Champions weekly predictions cause quite a bit of board as well, often with comic captions. Pizza Party conversation, especially when Cal Q. The students like the display of pictures, During the course of the intramural Late is wrong. (And when he is, he hears and can receive their pictures at the end year, players are asked to pay a nominal about it, too.) Three hundred copies of of the year. entry fee for each organized activity in the Intramum; Report are printed and which they participate The fee is $1.00 distributed each week. The best part of Community Oriented Events per player for a team sport and 500 or this report is that the average studen gets For community-oriented events, eve- 250 for an individual event, depending to see his/her lame in print and read ning open gyms are free to the public on the length of the season. The entry about his/her accomplishments. We make as well as to the student body. This fall fee is charged for two reasons: (I) be- an effort to mention not just the superior an Evening Volleyball League was con- cause the students gain mire of a sense player, b It a!so the average player. ducted. The idea was to have each team of involvement if they are contributing composed of adults and students. The T-Shirts For Champions to the program and (2) because the entry league was a big success with "ver 100 fee money is used to do things for the One of the first priorities after starting people taking part, almost equally di- students. The lettering on the back of the intramural program was to come up vided between students and non-stu- the champion's t-shirt is paid or through with something which would be mean- dents. the entry fees a:, are gold medals which ingful to the students as an award. After This year we will stage the Third An- are presented at various special events. getting much student feedback, the idea nual Trojan Mlle. The first Trojan Mile The bulk of the money, though, goes of awarding each champion a t-shirt was attracted 65 runners, and last year's had to finance the end-of-the-year Intramural implemented. With the increasing cost over 100 runners. Every runner gets a Champions Pizza Party. Last year ap- of t-shirts, the next step was to find a certificate for finishing. The top male proximately 200 Intramural champions sponsor who would buy them for us. A sponsor was located who would pay foi all the t-shirts in return for having a small _tithadAg replica of his logo featured on the shirts. All the shirts bear the inscnption "Tro- jan Intramurals Champion" on the front. The winner of a shirt can then have what- ever he wants printed on th- sack, at our cost. Team Uniforms In the team sports, where teammate recognition is important, we were forced in most cases to play shirts and skins or with one team wearing a target shirt. Some teams did buy their own shirts, and this prompted us to approach local merchants to help sponsor teams. The result was overwhelming. Five local merchants have contributed enough money to buy over 100 jersies in seven different colors. Teams are assigned a color for each game and the shirts are laundered after the games are played. The sponsor's name appears on the front of the jersey and numbers on the back. The colored jersies have helped our of- ficials in calling the games, and the stu- dents have responded positively to hav- ing uniforms to wear.

57 Intramural Ilandbook 49 participated in the pat), mts champion Fon,,er students who return for what at Downers Grove North High School t-shirt is their ticket of admission. amounts to an Intramural Homecoming visible. Students today want something Last year studews who had graduated push the program. Once again, it's vis- to do. If they canseesomething that the previous sprir,g returned, in their t- ibility that counts. looks like fun, they'll flock to it as they shirts, for the pia party. This year more The Ideas described in this article have have hereand that's by the hundreds! previous winner, are "xpected to attend. helped to make the Intramural program

Increasing Participation David H. Moyer

Bayard Middle School's comprehensive ethnic background, have a low percent- we raised two questions at a regular staff intramural basketball program has served age of participation in the program meeting Wha._ the most likely reasons as a rehabilitative force in the lives of urban for the low percentage of participation on adolescents victimized by the social condi- Table 1 Percentage of participation in intramural the part of the three major identified groups basketball program 1974 -75 (n =982) tions typically associated with poor and un- of students2 How can the intramural bas- educated peoplepoverty, high unem- grade 6 grade 7 grade 8 ketball program be reorganaed to encour- ployment, poor and inadequate housing. age the reluctant urban adolescent to par- rising cnrrie rates, inadequate health and male ticipate in intramural athletic activities2 After recreation facilities, alcoholism, drug addic- Cauc 20"x, 88` 127 much discussion, we drew the following tion, violence, vandalism, illegitimacy. Negro 100%420%54 0% conclusions about the students we were etc Data show that children who participate Span 0% 05% ? 2% concerned with in the program exhibit a positive behavioral female 1 Minonty students (particularly Span- change Therefore, as many adolescents as Cauc 0% 66% 8 5% ish-dommar tyoungsters) lacked first- possible must be encouraged to participate Negro 85%35 46 hand knowledge of basketball In addi- in this rehabilitative athletic activity This Span 05% 12% 36'", tion. these students did not feel that they article focuses on the step-by-step devel- averaa' were an integral part of the total school opment of ar individualized intramural bas- total population Thus this group. regardless ketball program which increased student 35' 140%20 7%) of grade level. wanted to function as a participation on the part of three groups of group in order to build group identity, students who were identified as reluctant to Statement of Objectives individual sec unty, and self-confidence get involved ,n athletic activities through success as a group In order to redesign the intramural bas- A revised intramural design for 1975-76 2Sixth grade boysand girls were reluctant ketball program to include those adoles- was to include activities to motivate the to participate in the intramural basket- cents,I conducted a needs assessment groups of "reluctant.' students to partici- ball program because of the vanety of which identified those students who needed pate The intramural director recorded the levels of physical development Gener- to be turned on to the intramural basketball number of participants each day dunng a allythese children lacked the motor program In a total student population of four-month tnal penod (December 1975- skills and physical size necessary to 982 6th-, 7th-, and 8th-graders, 22% were March 1976) to determine whether the fol- compete with older. more developed non-Spanish Caucasian (referred to only as lowing four measurable objectives were ac- boys and girls "Caucasian" in the remainder of this arti- complished 3Girls of this age range have a dominant cle), 65 6% were Negro, anu 12 4% were 1 A 50% increase in participation of 6th interest in boys rather than in athletics Spanish Using data from the spring 1975 graders (boys and girls) Girls enjoy watching boys' activities and report of the intramural director (see table 2A25% increase in participation of minor- in some way associating with those boys 1), I drew the following conclusions rstudents (Spanish and Caucasian) who are successful in athletic activities 1 Minority students at all grade leveis, par- 3A 50% increase in participation of In addition the extreme aggressive be- ticularly Spanish dominant and Cauca- female adolescents at all grade levels sian students, are reluctant to participate 4A -,0% increase in participation of all in the intramural basketball program students 2. Sixth graders, regardless of ethnic back- DAVID H MOYER is assis.int pnncipal at ground, are reluctant to participate Solving the Problem Bayard Middle School. Wilmington. Dela- 3Girls at all grade levels. regardless of In seeking ways to increase participation. ware 19805

50 Intramural Handbook 58 havior on the part of a few dominant girls scheduled intramural games The guide- accomplishments of new participants Many discourages other girls from active par- lines for this option are as follows (1) The of the team members enjoyed heanng their ticipation in the program first student to score 10 points was declared names mentioned for specific achievements I met with the staff to plan the reorganiza- the winner (2) This option was a single in the program Photographs of individual tion of the intramural basketball program to elimination altemative (one loss eliminated participants in action were displayed on bul- include the following five options necessary the participant)(3) Each participant who letin boards in the hallway near the to achieve our four stated objectives. scored five con.,ecutive victones was placed cafeteria. Students stopped to comment it the finals competition about the scass of their peers in each NBA Option (boys only) This option was option of the program. Beneath the action designed to provide athletic opportunities Foul Shooting Option This option was photographs were posted the scores of each for 7th and 8th grade boys Each team was designed to provide an opportunity for the day's competition These results were writ- made up of 7 players selected by the use of less aggres.tve student tceceive recogni- ten in both English and Spanish. the player draft system to equalize the levels tion for atnletic achievenint It was com- Another factor which contributed to the of competition One varsity player served as posed of three-person teams The competi- maintenance of interest among the mem- the captain of each team He selected tion was by grade level The winner of each bers of one of the target groups was the players in each of 7 rounds until all of the grade level received an award The winners involvement of a Puerto Rican father who teams had selected their personnel These were determined by the best average per- was a tremendous help in pi omohng team teams were scheduled to play twice per centage per team Ties were broken when spent ai-ong the Spanish-speaking partici- week There was a play-off for the top four each team member shot two additional foul pants teams in this ophm The Spanish-dominant shots The percentage was recomputed to All students who participated in any one students used this option to enter an all- determine the winner This option was a of the five options of the intramural basket- male Puerto Rican team Although this pre-game event ball program were reinforced at an Athletic team was not selected by use of the player Awards Assembly, where each participant Motivational Techniques draft, this team was permitted into this op- received a Certificate of Achievement Spe- tion because of the desire to improve per- In order to put this plan into operation, cial awards were presented to outstanding centage of participation among Spanish- colorful posters were made in the Unified achievers in each of the five options Many dominant students Arts area to explain each of the options to favorable comments were received from students To motivate reluctant youngsters, students, teachers, and parents conceming photographs of contemporary basketball ABA Option This option was designed the success of the program stars were shown in action participating for girls who had a dominant desire to as- each of the five options Such stars as Evaluation of the Results sociate or participate with b in athletic Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, David Thompson, The results of an analysis of the data col- activities This option served both 7th and Billy Cunningham, Walt Frazier, Earl Mon- lected daily dunng the four -month trial 8th grade boys and girls No male or female roe, and others attracted the attention of penod may be interpreted as follows with varsity players were included in this option many youngsters as they entered the build- respect to the four stated objectives These teams played twice per week There ing The change in percentage of participation was a play-off among the top four teams Promotion programs involving known of 6th graders from 3 5% to 20% represents local athletes were given for each inter_ds- more than the expected 50% increase 76er's Option (6th grade students ciplinary team of students to reinforce inter- stated in objective 1 The students partici- onlyboys and girls) This option was de- est in the revised intramural basketball pro- pated pnmanly in the 76er's option signed to encourage participation among gram The central focus of the interaction in Male and female ninonty students at 6th grade boys and girls Individual athletic these promotional programs was to inform each grade level, except the female Cauca- skills as well as team organization skills were students that everyone could experience sian in the 7th grade, exceeded the 25% emphasized Teams were arranged by success in the program regardless of their predicted level of increase stated in objec- homerooms to promote cooper'ive peer level of ability or knowledge of the game tive 2 However, the need to increase total relationships There was no play-off in this Toe implementation phase began as the participation amono these students remains option, however, reinforcement (awards) respective teams were organized by the use a problem to be solved, perhaps through was given to players who showed progress of the player drift system similar to the one the use of additional motivational activities in their development of individual athletic used in the NFL and NBA Ccmparable geared directly to this target group of stu- skills and team-related organizational skills levels of competition were achieved in the dents (teamwork' NBA Option, the ABA Option, and the The net change in percentage of partici- 76er's Option More experienced players pation among females at all grade levels One-on-one "All-Star- Option This op- were directed toward the One-on-One Op- exceeds the predicted 25% increase stated tion. open to all boys and girls, was de- tion where they could show off their skills in objective 3 However, the data reveal the signed to encourage the more physically The less aggressive youngster was encour- need to redesign the program to attract developed student to display his/her skills aged to take advantage of the Foul Shoot- more Spanish and Caucasian females at all against anothE r student of comparable skill ing Option grade levels developmentthis option was scheduled The results of each game were an- The net cl.ange in percentage of partici- dunng the half-time interval of the daily nounced each day to verbally reinforce the pation of all studentsfrom 12 73% to

59 Intramural Handbook 51 25.5%represents considerably more females, and minonty students the intramural athletic activities than the 50% predicted increase stated in 3 The One-on-One Option must be This program has become an important objective 4 However, even with this In- further individualized to control the height part of the rehabilitative curnallum at the crease, only slightly more than one-quarter and weight of each participant Bayard Middle School It will 3e operated of the total studer opulation was Involved 4 Alternative intramural activities must each year with some minor modifications, in these intramural activities be designed to supplement the basketball we hope funds will become available for its program Perhaps the growing interest in expansion The success of this program has volleyball will serve as a stimulus for the cause] some rethinking at the distnct level Conclusions and Recommendations planning and implementation of such a regarding pnonties in middle school in- 1 This program has shown a consider- program terscholastic athletic programs Athletic able measure of success and should be con- 5 The personality of the intramural di- programs are an important part of the re- tinued as an integral part of the total middle rector as well as involvement of parents as- habilitative process These programs pro- school activities program sisted in the growth in participation among vide opportunities for positive interpersonal 2Additional motivational techniques students relationships as well as individual achieve- are necessary to continue to improve the 6 No additional time, money, or labor ment among adolescents who expenence percentage of participation of 6th graders, (personnel) were re,luired to individualize the frustrations of poverty

National Intramural Sports Council

The National Intramural Sports Council is developing a reference set of past JOPER the first of which was held in Chapel Hill, a substructure of the National Asssociation articles pertaining to intramural and recre- North Carolina in 1974 Since that time, for Sport and Physical Education (NASPE) ationalportsIntramural-related man- regional conferences have been held in and the National Association for Girls and uscripts of interest to the profession are Minneapolis, Kansas City, and San Dial() Women in Sport (NAGWS) Its purpose is welcomed and will be considered for Future plans call for conferences to be held to provide leadership in the initiation and publication in Boston in !978 and in Milwaukee in improvement of intramural programs at all 1979 NISC is also assisting Southern Dis- educational levels NISC has implemented a successful pro- tnct with an intramural workshop in Little The NISC had its beginnings in 1966 and gram of regional intramural conferences, Rock, Arkansas in February 1978. was granted permanent status by the AAHPER Board of Directors in 1968 Since that time, its membership , as grown rapidly and its services have bee. 0,-.:tly ex- panded Membership in the Council is open to professional AAHPER members who are involved in directing, administering, or coordinating intramural sports programs at the elementary, secondary, or post- sec, ndary levels, and -:so to members who me.ely have an interest in the intramural and recreational sports field NISC is actively involved in intramural- related publications Rules for Coeduca- honul Activities an Sports will soon be in its second printing, and Professional PrepGra- tion of the intramural-Recreational Sports Specialist was recently published Both pub- lications are currently offered for sale by

AAHPER Future publications will center upon intramural trends/new ideas and sports club administration NISC is also re- sponsible for the intramural column in JOPER and is currently in the process of

52 Intramural Handbook 60 Other current p,.cts in coordina- An excellent selection of topics is The National Intramural Sports Council is tion with the National Association of Sec- scheduled for this year's AAI-'PER national constantly seeking to provide needed as- ondary School . nncipals (NASSP) on the convention in Kansas City and NISC wiil sistance in the area of intramural program- value of intramural programs within the have a Drop In Center located it, se exhibit ming arid administration Questions or sug- secondary schools, development of an an- area All AAHPER members are urged to gestions are always welcomed by any notated bibliography of intramural related participate in the programs, which cover member of the Executive Committee publications, a revival of the state intramural these topics intramural officiating (promo- representative's program, and the devel- tion, recruitment, training), facilities and fi- opment of a promotional flyer which will nance (how to stretch your intramural dol- better acquaint AAHPER members with the lar), ideas that work, and the past, present, services offered by NISC and suture of NISC

Computer Coordination for Campus Intramurals Bruce Holley

There are many challenges and tives. Graduate assistants (GAs) in out to be very positive. After careful frustrations in running a large 'rite- the capacity of intramural coordina- consideration of the University's re- murr' ogram .,, over 25,000 activ- tors were becoming totally occupied sources, the budget requirements, and ity-minded students. How does an in such tasks as trying to schedule the potential for such a program, it intramural staff effectively orgarize, 700 basketball teams in 87 leagues was determined the following bene- schedule, and track such numbers as per week. Their time was spent re- fits would re-ult: overall increased 500 bowling teams, 700-900 basket- cording final scores, indicating team efficiency, better service to the stu- ball teams, and 500 + flag football power ratings, registering sports- dents' needs, a superior evaluation teams (just to mention 3 of 60 differ- manship, forfeits, and defaults as well device, and more consistency year ent events offered) and WI keep the as handling numerous double sched- in and year out, even though student needs and desires of the students uling problems and protests. The in- personnel turned over quite rapidly. foremost? tramural program had become so large This would help eliminate hundreds The intramural program at Brigham that the coordinators were working of hours of scheduling conflicts, mis- Young University (BY'J) has a tradi- 30 hours a week for a 20-hour pay takes, and problems that occurred tion that dates back to the early 1900s. check, spending 90% of their time with the old program. The program and the student partic- steeped in paper work and not enough The following is an overview of the ipation have grown steadily to be- time serving the students' and pro- computerization of Brigham Young come one of the largest intramural gram needs. This provided the chal- University's intramural program, a re- programs in the country. As the Years lenge for Brigham Young University. sult of over two years of study and progressed, so did the need for ad- It was found that other universities development. Special recognition ditional full-time and part-time per- were facing the same predicament goes to Bruce Nielsen, assistant dean sonnel. More efficient ways of per- and were in need of new ideas and of Admissions and Records and mas- forming tasks became necessary for concepts to solve this statistical ter programmer for Brigham Young this growing program. n:ghtmare. Computer application University, whose incisive mind de- The philosophy and objectives of seemed to be a possible answer but, veloped this revolutionary program. intramural& at BYU have always been other than a few small attempts, no directed at serving the needs of the program had been developed in in- Overview: Computerized Program students and giving them the quality tramu rals. When a team enters an activity, the program they deserve. Five years ago Where does one start when looking coach fills out an entry form. This in- the intramural administrators be-into the possibility of computerizing cludes all team statistics, names, stu- came concemcc.' v-itr. the overwhelm- a comprehensive program? BYU went dent numbers, telephone numbers, inn amount of paper work that seemed to their Computer Department for a etc. Each team is assigned a division to be directly opposed to their objec- thorough feasibility study, which turned (e.g., competitive or noncompetitive) 61 Intramural Handbook 53 and league. The team information is dines and times given by the facility weekly, bi-weekly, or an entire se- coordinator. Once this is done, the mester basis then entered into the computer via 9 The computer recognizes a team's the CRT (computer terminal) screen computer schedules each team to a identity and will not schedule any two in the intramural office. This is the facility, time, and day, taking into con- teams to play each other more than master record from which all other sideration some of the following fea- once, as in a round robin tournament programs will function. The master tures: After the computer schedules the record will track individuals and teams, teams, it will produce a team game

keeping vital statistics on all they do 1 The computer will check eligibilityIf sheet with the following information: in intramurals. the team is eligible, it will be sched- team statistics, names of players, By using the CRT screen, any of uled. opposing team name, and the facility, the following information can be ob- 2.If a team fails to show up (forfeit), the computer will drop the item from fur- date and time scheduled. The game tained ther play. sheet is a universal form that is used 1. An instantaneous check of st 1- 3.Two fair or one poor sportsmanship for all team activities administered, dents' status to '111 whether they rating or two excused losses will au- e.g., basketball, football, softball, water are eligible to participate in intra- tomatically drop the team from further polo play murals (e.g., full-time or part-time). 4.The computer prioritizes teams ac- The intramural computer program 2. The win/loss record, what teams cording to the number of games they at BYU has an inventory of or access they have played, and what their have played and schedules first those to:

team power rating and sports- teams with the fewest games played. 1 An IBM 360 computer, or one of manship was for each game 5.If, when scheduling a league, the com- similar capabilities puter rune out of facilities, it will then played. assign byes to all other unscheduled 2. A CRT screen with on-line tie in 3. Who played in each game and who, teams and put them on priority for th to the admissions and registration if any, were suspended. next schedule data base. 4. Identification of officials and eval- 6Print-outs are produced for posting on 3. An on-line printer uation of their performance campus, they have the following in- The entire program nas been writ- formation throughout the program One team verses another team ten in COBAL with the core devel- 5. A complete history for each team Each team's win loss record oped around the teie-processing sys- (can be brought up for review, ad- The facility in which they have been tem. All programs can be manipulated, ditions, or deletions). scheduled adjusted, and revised through the CRT The graduate assistant in charge The time and day they will play (computer terminal). All of these com- of this program schedule' 7The print-outs list teams in alphabet- ne teams ical order puter programs can be adapted to for play each week. He/sh. does this 8The scheduling program has a variety smaller units, even mini-computers by entering into the computer the fa- of capabilitiesIt can schedule on a that do not have on-line capabilities. Re-cap and Evaluation: A Computer Bonus At the end of the year, the com- of many que3tiuns that can be an- Young University has not eliminated puter is used for program evaluation, swered by the computer, to assist you any personnel. It has, however, im- statistical analysis, and a final report. in justification of the program. proved our ability to serve the student Every act,vity administered through One problem with such large num- and has eliminated hundreds of hours the Intramural Department is ana- bers of teams playing each week (500- of scheduling and other book work lyzed by the computer for participa- 700) was being able to schedule, run, The graduate assistants operate in tion, money spent, and other criteria and oversee the program. With the the best of both worldsthey are being to determine program effectiveness. computer doing the work, time is freed exposed to advanced techniques of (Appendix E - K). Many questions can for the leaders, which allows them to computerization and to traditional be answered that few, if any, uni- deal personally with the students This ways of administering programs by versities with a large program could is essential for quality programs hand when the task is considered too answer without such assistance. Such Brigham Young's intramural pro- small for computer application Some question's are: "How many freshmen, gram is a large diversified one, thus might say that even though many sophomores, juniors, seniors, grad- lending itself to computer support. problems are eliminated, the com- uates, and faculty participate in the Other universities on the same scale puter will create more. This may be program?" "What are the percent- may find this type of computer pro- true to a certain extent, but once anes of each?" Is the program serv- gram to their liking In smaller schools understood and developed, the com- ing the needs of the students?" V. , at an adaptation of all or portions of the puterization of intramural depart- is the ratio between male and female program may better suit their needs ments across the country will be the participants?" These are just a few The computer program at Brigham way of the future. 62 54 Intramural Handbook An Equitable Intramural Point System Francis Rokosz

Although point systems are out of each sport relative to the others by total number of contests played. favor in sc'ne intramural sports dividing the total figure into the 5. Determine a group's earned points programs, man: schools employ them figures for each sport. by taking from the total number of to stimulate participation and en-4. Find the total number of points to points available a percentage hance competitiveness in intramura! be awarded for each sport by mul- which is commensurate with the programs. In most cases, point sys- tiplying the base weight times the group's place finish. tems establish rigid point values for each sport in the program, and for each place finish within each sport. Often the assigned point values do not accurately reflect the participation value of each sport relative to the others. Presented here is a system which adjusts itself automatically to differences in participation patterns from sport to sport and from year to year. Essentially, it is based on the set number of participants per sport, and the number of contests actually played per sport per season. A group can earn points in each sport for three achievements: its tour- nament place finish, each match or game victory, and participation (com- pleting its schedule without a forfeit). Since the procedure for determining the number of points achieved by each group for its tournament place finish is rather complicated, the steps in- volved are outlined below for easy re- view. Following the outline, a detailed presentation is made of the pro- cedural steps for a sample program of activities. The Outline 1. Establish the number of place finishes to be recognized for all sports, and assign to each place finish a percentage of the total points available. 2. List all the sports in the program and their set numbers of partici- pants per contest. Add the num- bers to arrive at a total figure. 3. Determine the "base weight" of

Francis M. Rokosz is director of Intramural-Recreational Playat Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67208.

63 Intramural Handbook 55 The Procedure Step 1. Determine the number of Figure 1 place finishes to be recognized for all Program Base sports.A figure of 16 is suggested be- Participants Total Weight Sport cause many sports determine one 12 divided by 43 = 279 Softball champion through a single elimina- 14 divided by 43 = 326 Football tion tournament or playoff. Sixteen is 10 divided by 43 = 233 Basketball a power of two, and it allows for a 2 divided oy 43 = 047 Tennis-Singles convenient grouping of place finishes 4 divided by 43 = 093 Handball - Doubles for the purpose of assigning to each 1 divided by 43 = 023 Track & Field place finish a percentage of the total points available. Note, in the exaiaple below, that place rankings can be Figure 2 grouped by powers of two, because, in Base Number of Points To a single elimination tournament or Weignt Contests Be Awarded Sport playoff, there are two losers in the 279 X 213 = 59427 594 Softball semi-finals,four losersinthe 328 X 232 = 75632 756 Football quarter-finals, and so forth. 233 X 306 = 71298 713 Basketball 047 X 98 = 4606 46 Tennis-Singles 093 X 116 = 10788 108 Handball-Doubles Place Finish Percentage of 023 X 173 = 3979 40 Track & Field Points Available 1st 20% Figure 3 2nd 14% Participation 3rd, 4th 9% each Participants Polms Sport 2 X 12 = 24 Softball 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th 6% each 2 X 14 = 28 Football 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th 2 X 10 = 20 Basketball 13th, 14th, 15th, 16th 3% each 2 X 2 = 4 Tennis-Singles 2 X 4 = 8 Handball-Doubles 2 X 1 = 2 Step 2.List all the sports in the Track & Field (2 points per participant program and their set numbers of par- per event) ticipants per contest. A set number of participants for volleyball would be 12, because six players are on a side Figure 4 throughout the whole match, regard- Points Earned Total Points less of the actual number of individu- Points Toward als splitting the playing time of the 12 100440 high shot tong for Place Point positions on the court. For meets, a / Teams ydsyds mile jump put jump Meet Finish System is listed. Total the numbers. For the Jordan 4 6 18 2 0 4 34 2 5.6 purpose of illustration, assume that Watts 0 2 0 10 0 0 12 7 2.4 the following listing of sports consti- Condor 10 0 2 0 10 0 22 4 3.6 tutes a whole program. Chestnut 6 0 0 14 2 8 30 3 3.6 Irvin 0 10 4 0 6 0 20 5 2.4 Participants Sport Hickory 10 4 0 0 0 0 14 6 2.4 Walnut 0 0 6 0 4 0 10 8 2.4 12 Softball Birch 0 8 0 4 8 18 38 1 8 0 (10 fielders, one batter, and an average of one baserunner at any one time during the game) Step 3.Divide the total figure (43) Step 4.At the conclusion of each 14 Football (7 people per team) into the figures for each sport, to ar-sport, determine the total number of 10 Basketball rive at a three-digit figure for ,achcontests played among those groups 2 Tennis-Singles sport. The decimal point is ignored. involved in the point system, and mul- 4 Handball-Doubles This procedure gives each sporta tiply that figure times the base weight. 1 Track & Field "base weight" relative to the others. The resulting numl,,Ir is too large to 43 Program Total (See Figure 1.) be tr:mageable, so drop the last two

56 Intramural Handbook 64 digits, and round off to the next higher After each event is completed, thebe worth 10 points, each victory in number. This new figure represents points earned by individuals are re-football 14 points, and so forth. the total number of points to be corded for the team which those indi- For meets, such as the track and awarded for that sport. Since a viduals represent. Thus, if teammatesfield meet illustrated above, victory number of contests doesn't apply for John Smith and George Jonespoints become those points which meets, the number of participants per finished first and second, respectively, teams earned for all place finishes in event is established, instead. Then, in the high jump, they earn 18 points the six events. Looking at Figure 4, in the participation numbers per event for their team. A running total ofthe column labeled Total Points for are added for a total participation fig- points achieved by each team is re-Meet, note that the victory points for ure for the whole meet. It is that figure corded after each event, and the teamChestnut are 30, for Hickory they are which is multiplied times the base with the most poii ., after all events14, and so forth. weight (see Figure 2). are completed is the first-place Step 5. For each sport, a group's finisher. The results for the top eight Participation number of earned points is found by teams in a sample meet are illustrated Points are assigned to those groups taking from the total number of points in Figure 4. awarded for that sport a percentage which completetheirseasonal which is commensurate with the Once all teams have establishedschedules without forfeiting. Again, their final place finishes, the numberthe relationships established in Step 2 group's place finish (established in the of points achieved in the program first step). For example, if Team A are utilized; but this time each point system can be determined. In number is multiplied by two. A team finished seventh in basketball, it Step 4,it was established that 40 would get 6% of the 713 points avail- which completesitsbasketball points were available for Track andschedule without a forfeit gets 20 able for basketball. That would result Field. Birch was the meet winner, so it in 42.78 points. points for participation, and a group For meets, a system must be estab- gets 20% of the 40 available points,which has two people competing in lished which will result in team scoring which is 8 points. Points for the other each of six track and field events gets for the meet. Then, team place teams are determined in similar fash- 24 points (2 people times 2 points per finishes can be determined from the ion, utilizing the percentages estab- person times 6 events) (Figure 3). lished in Step 1. total scores achieved in all events in Total Points the meet by the individuals associated with each team. For example, assume Match or Game Victory A group's total point achievement that a track and field meet has six for a sport is found by adding the events (runs of 100 yards, 440 yards Since the assignment of points is points earned for tournament place and one mile, and a shot put, high limited to only 16 place finishes, there finish, victories, and participation. jump, and long jump). Each event has is a need to award achievement points For example, a softball team wins a scoring system which awards points to more groups. All teams can attain eight games, without forfeiting, on to individuals who finish in the top points for each game or match victory route to a tenth-place finish. The five places. recorded during a sport season in ad- team's total point achievement is de- dition to any points received for a high tailed below. place finish. The same relationships Place must be maintained between sports Finish Points when awarding victory points as inElements Points 1 10 awarding points for place finishes. Victories (8 12 points each)=96 2 8 Victory points are assigned on the Participation (12 X 2) =24 3 6 basis of the set number of participants Place Finish (10-3% of 594 4 4 per sport (as established in Step 2). pts. available) =17.82 5 2 Thus each victory in basketball would Total 137.82

G5

Intramural Handbook 57 Controlling Unsportsmanlike Conduct in Intramural Sports Jean Paratore

tion for supposed previous wrong-doing assistant will act as an advisor and will Jean Paratore is Coordinator of In- by an opponent must also be recognized recruit, schedule, and evaluate all work- tramural Sports, Student Recreation as a cause of abusive behavior. While ers. Further, guidance and the availa- Center, Room 136, Southern Illinois effective communication and proper bility of a "listener who cares" are im- University, Carbondale, IL 62901. training of officials may treat the perative in developing officials who will symptoms displayed as a result of frustra- enhance the over-all intramural sports tion and ignorance, dealing with indi- program. As our officials become more viduals interested only in retaliation is qualified, they will make fewer mis- Dench clearing incidents, verbal and extremely difficult. takes. Fewer mistakes will mean less physical abuse of officials, fighting, Intramural sports at SW-C is attempt- frustration for the participants. pushing, elbowing... what can be and ing to deal with the causes of abusive In support of our officials, as well as in should be done? Intramural directors behavior through more effective com- an attempt to discourage individuals have long been perplexed by the prob- munication, improved officiating, en- from purposeful retaliation, SIU-C has lems of fighting, unnecessary roughness, forcement of strong regulations, and the adopted stringent regulations which are and profanity which pervade intramural initiation of a "preventive program" strictly enforced. Enforcement of competition. The question of whether through which warning letters are sent to policies encourages teams to control their such behavior is natural and should be individuals and teams displaying un- own members and also discourages indi- expected as a result of the intensity of sportsmanlike conduct. viduals from premeditated retaliation. competition is one which each intramural We try to ensure that everyone Participants are informed that whenever ,erector, in accordance with his/her own participants, officials, supervisors, and they are removed from a contest by an philosophical belief, must answer. At office personnelis aware of the rules official or supervisor, they are im- suahern Illinois University at Carbon- and regulations governing the activity. mediately ineligible to participate in any dale (SIU-C), the intramural sporty staff An attempt is made to provide written further competition until they have met has taken the position that pleas of communication rather than verbal. with the coordinator of intramural sports. "natural instinct," "reflex action," and "Word-of-mouth" is simply not ade- Following that meeting, they will be sus- "self- defense" are unjustifiable de- quate when a large number of partici- pended from play in one or two contests fenses for abusive behavior and that un- pants and personnel are involved. Com- or, if the incident is severe, for the re- desirable behavior can be and should be munication should also continue after an mainder of the tournament, one semes- prohibited. activity has begun. Notifying teams of ter, two se:nesters, one year, or perma- It is not an easy task to control indi- rule changes or additions, problems with nently. Anyone who physically abuses viduals and situations and to thereby pro- team rosters, forfeits recorded, etc., is an opponent, spectator, or teammate is hibit or prevent undesirable behavior. At vital in order to avoid the frustration so suspended from the remainder of the SIU-C, our initial efforts have been often associated with "surprise" dis- tournament or the remainder of the geared toward attempting to identify the qualifications or rule interpretations. semester, whichever is longest. Physi- causes of the unsportsmanlike conduct Officials must also be communicated cally abusing an official or supervisor which has been displayea by our in- with tnroughout an activity. SIU-C is at- results in the individual receiving a min- tramural participants. We believe that tempting to improve communication and imum penalty of suspension from the re- treating the causes, while dealing with consistency by organizing an officials' mainder of the tournament. Also, when the symptoms, is the most logical ap- club, assigning a graduate assistant 20 the incident involves physical abuse, the proach. hours per week to work with the exten- individuals are put on permanent proba- Generally, frustration aid/or ignor- sive training and evaluating of intramural tion. Should the participant be involved ance seem to be the apparent causes of officials. Dy using this method, the club in such an incident in the future, the re- disruptive actions on the part of in- will bring students together as an or- sult would be permanent suspension tramural participants. Frustration as a re- ganized group and help to instill in them a from all intramural sports activities while sult of pool skill, the inability to accept sense of pride. The club will assist in attending SIU-C. defeat, ignorance of the rules and regula- training sessions and will be instrumental In any case involving student disci- tions of the contest, and poor officiating in developing r. degree of profes- pline, a Student Relations Disciplinary manifests itself in the form of abusive sionalism among officials in the areas of Report is completed and placed on file at language and/or actions. The need to re- promptness appe: ranee, dependability, the University Student Relations Office. taliate through premeditated violent ac- poise, and consistency. The graduate The participants now realize that all regu-

58 Intramural Handbook 66 lations will be enforced and that the offi- displayed unsportsmanlike behavior. ported during the spring semester. Of the cials and supervisors have the authority These individuals or teams are sent a 41, 9 were sent warnings and 32 involved to eject individuals or entire teams from written reprimand warning them that a suspensions. During the spring, of the 22 the playing area, before, during, and second complaiht would result in further cases reported, 11 involved suspensions after a contest. Participants are aware action by our office. This has been effec- while the remaining 11 resulted in the that the Intramural Sports Office will tive in lessening the number of discipli- issuance of warning letters. The number support its personnel. We have also en- nary cases which involve punishment. of suspensions declined 341/2%. While couraged our personnel to report any in- In 1977-78, 41 cases involving disci- unsportsmanlike -onduct will never be dividuals or teams who have not been plinary problems were reported during eliminated completely, it can and should ejected from a contest, but who have the fall semester while only 22 were re- be curtailed.

Sports Without officialswhy Not: Frank Butts and Bill Kingery

with the tremendous growth in in- tion among participants. This type of Making such a change is not an tramural and recreational sports arrangement does not appear to di- overnight task. People (even stu- programs on college campuses, the minish the competitive, exercise, or dents) are often reluctant to change; problem of recruiting, training, and participatory aspects of a program, one must developacarefully paying sports officials has become a and may facilitate a more positive at- thought-out, long-term strategy for recreation director's nightmare. mosphere for socialization and eliminating department-supplied of- Given the increasing number of com- character development. The potential ficials from the sports program. Study- petitive sports teams, the mere monetary benefits of a program oper- ing intramural programs across the sOeduling of officials alone has be- ated without department-sponsored, nation, one sees "officialless" pro- come a time consuming burden, and paid officials are great enough at least gram. only rarelyeven then the idea frustrations multiply when officials to warrant an investigation. One can is in limited use. Why not incorporate cancel or :;imply de not show. Fur- easily visualize the new avenues that such a scheme in the total intramural thermore, in an age of tightening could be opened if the money we pay sports program? Is such an idea prac- budgets, salaries for officials drain our officials were channelled in other di- ticable? Perhaps the illustration of the operating monies, frequently prevent- rections. experimental, officialless program ing the development of new programs and the purchase of necessary equip- ment. To combat this problem, the in- tramural director should consider operating a competitive sports pro- gramwithoutthetraditional intramural-department-supplied offi- Ar cials. Such a transition could provide all concerned with considerable psychological/sociological, monetary, AIL and managerial benefits. Program Goals The basic goals of an intramural and recreational sports programs are participation, socialization, exercise, and character development. Operat- ing a program in which each team vol- untarily furnishes its own official as a part of the roster, or even conducting a program without officials may well encourage more unity and coopera-

67 Intramural Handbook 59 conducted bytheDivisionofcials or if they mutually agreed to use questions concerning organiza- Intramural-Recreation& Sports at theone volunteer official to rule on all tional policies The game monitor University of Mississippi will provide aspects of the game. Under the two- does not serve as an umpire or a'- some answers. pitch rule, the team pi ovided a pitcher tempt to settlf disputes resinung to pitch to his/her own team members, from officiated calls. Insufficient Officials with a maximum of two pitches per Officials may be secured by the batter. For each game, the intramural teams to officiate the contest. During the past few years, the These must be mutually agreed intramural/recreational sports staff atoffice provided a "game monitor" to handle duties other than actual of- upon by the teams, and any finan- the University of Mississippi tried cial compensation for their services several methods of upgrading In-ficiating, recruited from among the must be paid oy the teams The tramural officianngdevising newgraduate assistants working in the IM/REC Office willof secure offi- techniques for recruiting officials, intramural-recreational sports office. cials. raising salary scales, improving train- TheDivisionofIntramural- ing clinics, and revising program and The Two -Pitch Solution Recreational Sports wa not recog- nize any protests arising from any official evaluations. Inevitably, how- As expected, the students at first ever, as the spring semester in- contest, other than that c f player accused the staff of grossly watering eligibility tramural softball season approached, down the game of softball through the softball officials' clinics generated lit- "two-pitch" version. After a session tle interest. The 1980 season againat which the department explained found us with an increased number of the changes and the philosophy be- Player Response teams, and only a handful of prospec- hind them, team representatives in at- tive officials. Extensive recruiting was tendance agreed to continue with the Some hat to the surprise of all con- undertaken, but achieved little suc- proposed program. During the spring ,:erned, our new softball officiating cess. The staff was again confrontedseason, 95% of the games were con- program was a complete success. with a deficient number of officials.ducted under option two. By the After some resistance at the onset, As the starting date for the seasonsummer season, all games followed participants gradually warmed to the rapidly approached, the softball pro- change as the season progressed. Dur- gram was in jeopardy. option two. ing the 1980 season, participation Thus pressed, the staff decided to Thefollowingfourgeneral stayed strong, the intramural staff re- allow *he students to play the gamesguidelines served to implement the of- ceived fewer complaints and partici- without officials assigned by the in- ficialless softball program: pants appeared more content than in tramural office. Teams were given two TheDivisionofIntramural - previous seasons. options to select from prior to each Recreational Sports will not assign Overall, we are most enthused by contest they played. Option one en- officials to act as home plate or base the program and its implications for abled teams to play regular slow-pitch umpires for any softball games dur- future programming. Through in- sof ',all, provided they supply their ing the regular league play or dur- novative, skillful planning, and by in- own game officials. Option two, using ing the playoffs. volving students in the change, we "two-pitch softball, ' was to be fol- A "game monitor," assigned by the succeeded in escaping the official lowed if teams did not provide offi- IM/REC Office for all games, shortages that haunted us in the past. (1) supplies equipment, (2) starts The concept of student-officiated games at scheduled times, (3) ex- gasaes has proven both financially Frank Butts is an assistant professor plains general rules and timing of the beneficial and managerially more ef- and Bill Kingery the Director of In- game, (4) obtains team captains' signatures onthescorebook, ficient; but the greatest asset of all is tramural Recreation and Sports, De- (5) determines option to be used, that it places the responsibility for en- partment of Health, Physical Educa- (6) times game and keeps official suring cooperation and sportsman- tion and Recreation, Univerf:ty of scorebook(7) declares forfeit ship back into the hands of the stu- Mississippi, University, A. ; 38677. when necessary, and (8) answers dents.

60 Intramural Handbook 68 Are Officials Really Necessary? Len Horyza

When I started our lunch hour intramur- 4If a team bobbles a hit ball and there easie. on the officials We play half court als program ten years ago, my biggest prob- is a close play at any base, the runner is safe basketball with four games going on at once lem was finding good officials, particularly at 5 No balls or stnkes are called. u,..t two in the gym The special rules are that time of day There were so many argu-stnkes is an out 1 If a player is fouled while shooting, h s ments that playing time was too short for a 6 Three foul balls in one time at bat is an team gets the two points but no free throws sound program out (This rule was put in to speed up the are shot 'rally asked myself, "Why officials"- game ) 2If an offensive player is fouled, he gets SA_ stopped using officials except in basket- 7All the rest of the rules of softball ap- one point and the ball out of bounds ball and set up some special rules so that ply 3With five minutes left in the lunch teams ould officiate their own games I Still hour, all nonshootrig defensive fouls are officiate championship games We play four games on four different one and one so the team on defense has a In slow pitch SC)all, for example, we use fields dunng each lunch hour (freshman, chance to get the ball these rules sophomore, Junior, and senior lunch 4 To make it easier on the officials, the 1 No bunting hours) I station myself so that a team with a score is kept with the losing team's score 2 No sliding question about a rule can get to me quickly always at zero-2-0, 15-0, etc 3Ifteam fields a ball cleanly and there In volleyball we do not use officials 'ss These simple rule`-anges have made is a close play at any base, the runner is out requested by the participating teams They my Job easier and the r. ers seem to eaioy get their own officials and Ihandleny playing rather than arguing The rules make LEN HORVZA is ihtmmural director at Cre- championship games the Job so easy for the officials when we Jo tin High School, St Paul, Itlionesota We change our basketball rules to make it use them that they want to officiate again

But How Will We Play Without Officials? Mark Pankaa

Do intramurals programs really neer' a (some students and I officiated)Children punctuated by bickering and name-calling, corps of officials' If acquinng, develormg, learn by example, it didn't take them long to our program has an air of free play that has and/or paying good cfficir.is have been start arguing about called fouls and debat- resulted in happier students, parents, and problems in your program, c, what ing with officials, Just as they see being done taff happened in ours when we did away %,..ith by professional athletes This system may seem extre fr. too officials and let the kids call their own s A- Yet these same children can go out on basic ..:r.a ton relaxed But, while children in my first year of teaching phi,ic.ca! °du- their own and play all day long, settling each need organization, they do not always need cltion, I conducted an elementary level in- of their problems quickly if not always to be told what to do They can make trianura;s program At that time there were quietly Why not try to run an intramurals choices and must learn to accept decisions few models to pattern such a program after program that way) Even in situations where the use of officials except for half rem "mbered high school of When I announced tt )uld use no is not likely to be aboli, hed, as in college college programs I started my program with officials for an upcorni 5- Ketball tour- intiamurals, this free play concept may be flag football and soccer, using officials nament, only or irth-giader k:id, considered as an optionLet students, But how will we , I found myself guided by physical education professionals, involved in a group discussion of the impor- choose their level cf competition Students tance of fair play, sportsman shirand need to accept responsibility as officials, to MARK A PANKAU is director of intramur fnendly competition The students agreed accept decisions as players, ind to play to- als for Somerset Elementary School, to forget about officials and call their own geth_ r for the benefit of allThis system S'iawriee Mission School Distnct, Pra.ne Vil- games based on honesty, fairness, fun, and meets those needs and helps instill in the lage, Kansas 66208 sportsmanship Now, instead of slow games students a proper sense of sportsmanship

69 Intramural Handbook 61 rather than an ail-consuming dnve to win WI Once students see the possibilities in the system. changes begin taking place from within instead of being imposed from with- out Th, number of students participating in our intramural program has increased in the three yearssince we did away with officials Students who previously weren't involved in intra murals because they were turned off by the presence of dominrcnng officials like the new spirit of equality All the students are learning that fnendship is more impor- tant than the score of a game With the pressure to win reduced, the game becomes fun again The fourth graders who began in I this program are now sixth graders, and they wouldn't have their program any other way, it's fun. they feel like they belong, and they are getting something worthwhile out of it As these youngsters move through the school system, maybe they'll influence high school and college programs to try doing without officials too Could this be the start N of something'?

Scheduling Student Officials Mosby Turner

MOSBY TURNERis intramural coordinator Increasing number of scheduled activities the students The question was, 'Do we cut atHolliston Middle School, Holliston, Mas- This seemed to be an enviable situation, but back on the number of activities in the pro- sachusetts 01746 problems did ->czur Occasionally a forgot- gram or do we try to continue at the present hen assignment or an added teacher-related level by organizing an officials' club and The Holliston Middle School intramural responsibility caused a late arrival for a utilizing student officials'?" program was fortunate from its beginnings game commitmert Worst of all, a called The student body opted for student offi- ten years ago to receive a modest budget of teachers meeting would require the last cials The response was immediately over $3,000 by the school committee to run its minute cancellation of an entire schedule whe' lung, despite t:ie fact that onginally activities The program began with five of Five years ago the number of activities eligibility was limited to eighth graders the most porI.ar sports activities in the offered in our intramural program had in- We created our officials club for several area: flag football, kickball, basketball, creased sixfold and the number of students reasons other than the fact that we could not gymnastics, and softball. Most of the in the school had doubled Though our maintain the number of activities without teachers in the 600-pupil school were in- budget had increased somewhat, it was not the help which this organization provides It terested in the program and were willing to possible to provide paid officials for the gave the students a sense of involvement in officiate the activit:s offered at the nme. At number of games now played in our tour- the running of their own program and it one time, there were as many as 45 teachers naments We had no other choice but to brought out leadership abilities in individu- on our officials list who rotated through our take the problem to those affected most als A few who never participated as players

62 Intramural Handbook 7 0 In any activity have developI into good clubThp, gives us a nucleus of vaerar this scheduling system is shown below intramural ofifrials The officials club "dis- officials tc start a new school year, enabling Monday's listing indicates how each col- covered" these inclividucls and made them us to open the program a few days after umn looks when itis first posted on the an integral pan of the total intramural pro- classes begin intramural bulletin board The typed names gram C .ng the first years of the club's exis- indicate those officials who have been as- We train our officials by holaing clinics tence, the scheduling of game officals pre- signed for that day pnor to the start of each tournament The sented prr,biems We would post officials' In Tuesday's listing, the inditials to the left game rules are explained and a battery of game a,signments for the week, asking that o' each typed name indicate that the official situation questions are administered to the if for an, reason an assignment could not be has accepted his assignment Blank lines are prospective officials Officiating mechanics fulfilled, the assigned official shoLld find a provided for officials who were rot as- are covered, and an actual game is played replacement to cover the game This signed, but who would be available that day to give the youngsters the opportunity to get worked some c f the time, but for the most if neededThey simply write their names the "feel" of handling the real thing These part the intramual department had to lo- on the lines on a first come, first listed basis clinics, coupled with the knowledge aheady cate the replacement at the last minute Oc- If an official has accepted an assignment, gained by most of the club candidates from zasionally there was only one or no game but then finds that he cannot meet his participation on the fifti, and sixth grade official present at game time We :sub- commitment, he must contact the first per- levels, provide them with enough knowl- sequently studied the scheduling method son listed on the "if needed" list for that edge to officiate a game Recently we have utilized by the University of Maryland and day, then notify the intramural office that welcomed seventh graders into our officials' adapted it to our situation An ezample of the assignment has been covered In the meantime, the official covering the assign- Intramural Department ment will initial the blank beside his name Flag Football Officials' Assignments on the schedule Wednesday through Fri- day schedules show exactly how the proc- (For Week of October 1-51 ess works

We have been able1. tretch our budget to provide more activities through the use of Oct 1 Oct 2 Oct. 3 Oct 4 Oct 5 FIELD MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY 1NURSPAY FRIDAY student game officials We are not looking for perfection on the court or field, but we Williams aKelley ':=0.5Bell Tucker -5Cordon do get a reasonably good job of game man- _Robbins ('Morton 22Coodall Nagel Jackson agement The most important product of

Nagel apeltman 41Callagher IL Andrews (1_11:Houle this endeavor is that the individual who has 2 leadership potential is provided with the Horton & chap!, Jackson i(liNeene Turner opportunity to develop this potential _Andrews Cyr Houle -ULGordon Bent gOeltman through the guidance of competent faculty 3 _Sullivan supervisors. To end the year, the depart- _Stinson .ento ___C apin Z..",/,'Robbins 1,,21_41-__ ment sponsors an officials' bash at the (111 WLkic.0,,, nearby state park each spring This outing is

C'n( complete with games, swimming, and all of the ingredients necessary to make the day a complete success Pass the word!

The 25% Intramural Director Who Works for 10P% Student Participat;on Chip Woodring

Chip Woodring is director of intramural Athough a well-run intramural pro- colleges have such positions. Many, sports, Palm Beach Atlantic College, gram at the small-college level war- such as Palm Beach Atlantic CollL ;en- 1101 South Olive Ave ,West Palm rants a full-time faculty position with sev- rollment 500), have a faculty member Beach, FL ?3401 eral student assistants, few of the smaller whose intramural responsibility is a frac-

71 Intramural Handbook 63 tion of his/her total work load The in- At the beginning of each semester, Extensie Will/Atkin th made of off- tramural director often has as little as dents may register for single elimina- campus facilities Throughout the school 25% of professional time designated for tion tournaments in (Ale tennis, bil-year, the nearby YWCA pool is con- intramural administration. Such situa- liards, bumper pool, racquetball, andtracted for weekday and weekend recre- tions result in different program concerns tennis. Draw sheets are composed for a ational swimming, and a local high than would be experienced in larger insti- men's and women's tournament in eachschool gymnasium is rented for eight to tutions. event. Match notifications are deliveredten evenings per semester Students --ir- Since the campus is located in down- to each participant periodically, and theticipate 3-on-3 basketball competition town West Palm Beach, Palm Beach At- progress of participants is charted on thedui-mg the tr.'1 semester and regulation lantic College faces problems resulting intramural bulletin boardIf makhes are basketball and volleyball during the from the absence of playing fields, gym- lagging, a match contract is negotiatedspring semester Open gym time for in- nasium, and swimming pool. The school between each match 's competing parties formal student recreationisalso does have two tennis courts, two rac- All tournaments are scheduled for com- scheduled Through the community rec- quetball courts, two volleyball courts and pletion by the end of each semester reation department, playing fields are a game room on its campus. One faculty In team sports, teams are organizedscheduled for evening softball and flag me fiber has 25% of his total work load through a sign-up list procedure. In thisfootball competition Through coopera- alcated for administering the in- way, the program takes on A more recre-tion with commercial agencies in the tramural program and is assisted by one ational philosophy. For tliose who seekdowntown area, roller skating evenings, undergraduate srndent. Economy of time higher-level competitive experiences,bike trail rides (via rental .es), golf and ease of program implementation are extramural competition is scheduled inafternoons and miniature golf evenings of paramount importance. the sports of basketball and softball. are scheduled. Group rates or special 4

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64 Intramural Handbook 7 2 student rates are attained for these ac- given upcoming event information to an- services, Each person receives a hand- tivities Student trips to the Orange Bowl nounce and post. A great deal of attention some plexiglass key chain in recognition Stadium for college football games are is devoted to proper scheduling tech- of his or her intramural accomplishment. also scheduled at economical rates niques, as oversaturation of activities is Overcoming time and budget and Effective student communication is easily possible on the small college cam- facility limitations is not an easy task achieved through coverage in the school pus Student benefits, however, more than newspaper, posters located in three popu- Toward the close of each semester, justify the efforts involved. Even thougl lar tudent areas and regular cafeteria an- students who have won ind, iidual intramural administration is only 25% of nouncements during lunch and dinner events. as w..11 as those who have been the director's total work load, dedicated In addition, each dormitory supervisor members of winning teams, are recog- efforts can result in a 100% success (5C% of the students live on campus) is nized during one of the weekly chapel story.

Selecting Sport Tournaments Francis Rokosz

Atournament is a structured system tine period. When each of the other double elimination tournamentIf for determining the winner of a two factors is varied, a similar situa- not, the calculation has made the competition, such that each contes- tion occurs. choice between these tournaments. tant theoretically has an equal chance Since, for any given number of en- Tournament selection also depends of success. The more than ten specific tries, all tournaments require differ- on the tournament director's specific tournaments that have been designed ent numbers of time periods to com- objectives in conducting the tourna- over the years, can be placed in one of plete, it is useful to be able to deter- ment. Does he/she want entries to be four categories: elimination, consola- mine in advance of tournament con- scheduled for a nearly equal number tion, placement, or round robin. Since >truction which tournaments can and of contests?Isit important to the available tournaments lead to a cannot be employed under certain schedule entries on the basis of com- champion in different ways, one conditions. This can be done quickly petitive parity? Should the -hampion should be aware of the relationships through the use of mathematical cal- be determined by the most valid between the various tournament culations. The calculations are too in- means possible9 Is it desirable to structures and the advantages and volved to be discussed here, but a place-rank some or all entries in the disadvantages of their use. There are sample thought process can be illus- tournament? Are entries to be given many factors which influence the trated. maximal playing opportunities? Some selection of a particular tournament As an example, if itis predeter- designs can meet several objectives, to fit a particular set of circumstances, mined that eight games of football can whil-. others can satisfy only one or and it is those factors which are dis- be played per day and, after the entry twc, The type of sport to be played cussed here. deadline-itis found that 55 teams and whether itis played with indi- Three considerations significantly have entered, then a tournament di- viduals or teams also affects the determine the use of a tournament: (1) rector cal, calculate the number of decision-making process. The age, the number of entries, (2) the number days it will take to finish any of the sex, skill, and number of people play- of contests that can be conducted per available tournaments. Each tourna- ing might also be a consideration. time period, and (3) the total number ment structure, of course, has its own of time periods available to conductformula in which to plug the known Single Elimination the tournament. For any tournament firies. The tournament selected may A tournament bracket is con- design, variable numbers of entries very well depend solely on the relative structed (Figure 1) such that one hori- necessarily result in correspondingly numbers of days it takes to olay the zontal :ine corresponds to each entry variable needs for time periods and/or various structures "rider the condi- (eight in this case). The lines are verti- contests that can be conducted per tions cited above, a single elimination cally connected to designate that two tournament would require 9 days to entries play each other (A vs B, C vs play, and a double elimination wou. I D, an.' so on), and subsequent lines Francis M. Rckosz is an assistant pro- require 19 days to play. The tourna- indicate who won and who is to play fessor of physical educaticn at Wichita ment director must decide if he/she whom in following rounds of play. For State University, Wichita, KS 67208. evenhas19 days available to play a example, in Figure 1, B defeated A.

73 Intramural Handbook 65 and is placed on the appropi ate hori- zontal line. Entry C dcieated D, re- A sulting in Cs placement, which also indicates a scheduled contest between B B and C. Once a loss is incurred, an C entry is eliminated from further play, C C so G is the winner because itis the D 1 only entry remaining after every other G entry lost once. E F Because of its simple tournament F I structure, sini. elimination of all G the other tournamentsrequires the G G fewest number of games to complete. Therefore, it places the lightest bur- H I-- den on time and facilities. However, Figure 1. Single Elimination. since one loss eliminates an entry from play, participation is limited. 2 illustrates the flow of a double nation. However, double elimination, Because of the sudden-death nature eliminati:Nn structure. as well as other multiple elimination of the tournament, a premium is often All entries must start play in theand consolation tournaments, can placed on winning so one can continue upper bracket. Losers of games in the create more forfeits. If an entry for- to participate, which in turn nny in- upper bracket are placed on appro-feits a contest in the upper bracket, fluence people to play desperately priate lines in the lower .racket. Once and then forfeits its scheduled contest and unfairly. an entry loses in the lower bracket,in the lower bracket, one entry be- Single eliminationis most often thereby attaining two losses in the come_ responsible for two forfeits. employed for individual z nd dual tournament, itis eliminated fromThat cannot happen in single elimina- sports such as badminton, handball, play. The winner (G) is that entrytion. Furthermore, if a double forfeit and tennis. Large numbers of entries which isleft after all other entrieswere to occur in the upper bracket, usually appear for individual/dim: have incurred two losses. the eventual result would actually be sports, so tournament directors tend Since an entry must lose twice to be three forfeits (two in the upper brac- to use the structure which requires the eliminated from double eliminationket and one in the lower). minimum number of contests, espe- play, it is assured of playing at least Although double elimination re- cially when facilities and time are lim- twice. This is more favorable partici-quires about twice as many contests ited. pation than is found with single elimi-and time periods to complete as does Forfeits are something a tourna- ment director wants to avoid like the plague. Participation, not winning by forfeit, is the goal. Theoretically, B singleeliminationtournaments C provide for the fewest chances of for- feit because they have the fewest D number of contests which can be for- feited. In other tournaments, each F entry can accumulate more than one forfeit, while in single elimination G only one forfeit per entry is possible. Tournament directors observe that F individuals forfeit more often than do teams. So, for the forfeit reason c.'one, A G it might be well to conouct individual D D1 F sports in single elimination fasoion.

F Double Elimination

The tournament involves two single F elimination brackets which are con- nected and which operate almost si- C multaneously. Using the same se- Figure 2. Double. Elimination. quence of events as in Figure 1 Figure

66 Intramural Handbook 74 single elimination, it does produce a valid champion. An entry can incur one loss from an unusually bad per- formance and still have a chance at the championship. Other advantages and disadvantages of using double elimi- nation are similar to those for single elimination.

Round Robin This type of tournament involves the formation of leagues, which is a completely different szt up from the brackets of elimination tourna gents. The isml number of entries placed in a league range from five to nine, al- though any number above two is pos- sible. The concept of the structure is that every entry in the league plays every other entry in the league. A sample league of eight entries is illustrated in Figure 3. Rounds of play match each entry in the league against another entry. For an eight-entry league, there are seven rounds of play, and the first two rounds are estab- lished. In almost all circumstances, -ound robin tournaments guarantee each entry the most contests. For an eight- entry league, each entry plays seven times. This is a substantial advantage league, the fewer contests per entry, number of games involved in a tour- compared to single or double elimina- and the fewer opportunities each nament more justifiable. Further, tion. No matter how many entries are entry has to forfeit. Th?.. eight-entry round robin is particularb, useful for in those tournaments, they can only league can be split into two leagues of outdoor sports, because contests guarantee one or two contests, respec- four. Each entry now only plays three postponed due to inc'ement weather tively. However, there is ane potential times instead of seven, and the total can be played at a later date without disadvantage of major proportions. number of games, for both leagues intern pting the flow of the scnedule. Because so many contests are guaran- combined is only 12 instead of 28. For any elimination or consolation teed, there is a greater poisibility ofFurthermore, having two smaller tournament, postponed contests usu- encountering forfeits than in single or leagues increases chances for an entry ally most be rescheduled for the next double elimination. For eight entries, to contend for the championship. day of play; otherwise, the tourna- a round robin league has 28 contests, Becausz of the frequent opportuni- ment may not be able to progress as it whereas a single elimination has only tiec for participation, round robin play must. 7 contests, and a double elimination is usually employed for team sports. It is interesting to note that round has only 15. Since each team in round The large number of participants in- robin play is generally considered to robin is scheduled for seven contests, volved in each contest, as compared to be the most valid means by which to there is the obvious possibility that individual /dual sports, makes the arrive at a champion. since every any one entry can be responsible for facility use commitment and the entry meets every other entry. But, seven forfeits. Round robin is particu- larly susceptible to forfeits in the later rounds of play, when it becomes ap- LEAGUE 1 ROUND 1 ROUND2 parent to many entrants that there is 1. A 5 E A - H A G no chance of winning the champi- 2. B 6. F B - G H F onship. 3. C 7. G C F B E Forfeit potential in round robin can 4. D 8. H D E C - D be substantially reduced by manipu- Figure 3. Round Robin lating league sizes. The smaller the

75 Intramural Handbook 67 that is not necessarily true. In round mg the same opponent twice, and structures exist, three are mostcom- robin, one loss can actually deprive an maybe even a third time. monly used. Single elimination is em- entry of the league championship, if Each tournament structure has ad- ployed most ofter for individual that loss is to an entry that goes van tages and disadvantages. The sports such as tennis and badminton, through the schedule undefeE *ed. In tournament director must weigh the while round robin is most often used double elimination, an enter must lose factors and select the structure that for team sports. Double elimination is twice before being eliminated, so the best fits the objectives and the condi- frequently used for both individual possibility exists that an entry can vin- tions within which the tournament cal and team sports. dicate an upset or close loss by meet- be played. Although ten tournament

Get Those Skeletons Out of the Closet... and Use Them in Intramurals Lynn Stockman Imergoot

where are many different ways of .1 scheduling an intramural activ- WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY ityinchAing round-robin, single- Department of Sports and Recreation elimination, or double-imination CoedBadminton Intramurals tournaments or a playday exercise Coed badmintcn intramurals at I. ENTRIES

Washington University have been 1 Sandy Briggs 863-5887) & Ron Evens (721-5170) scheduled to provide a skeleton 2 Kathy Green (889-6894-W, 721-7075-H) & Jeff Harper (889-6894-W, schedule of matches to be played. al- 725-0724-H) lowing the teams to schedule specific 3 Laura Gordon (968-8926) & Chuck Gordon (889-5247-W, 968-8926-H) matches. 4. Betty Lobos (454- 304e -W, 727-7712-H) & Kiyo Fukui (454-2501-W, Previously, specific matches at spe- 361-4092-H) cific times, on specific courts had been 5 Bev Raab (454-3042-W, 618/277-0254-H) & Rich Levenson (535-0758) scheduled. The intramural director 6 Farida Setiadi (863-9163) & Shuen Chi Lo (997-4983) supervised most of the matches to II. SCHEDULE make sure the opptnent playec' the Round 1-Matches Must Be Played by November 2 assigned match. This limited the sport times available because there is a 1-6 Briggs & Evens vs Setiadi & 1 -0 2-5 Green & Harper vs Raab & Levenson maximum number of hours an in- 3-4 Gordon & Gordon vs. Lobos & Fukui tramural director can be expected to work. ROUND 2Matches Must Be Played by November 9 All matches were scheduled on one 1-5 Bnggs & Evens vs. Rab & Le non evening which n eant that anyone 6-4 Setiadi & Lo vs. Lobos & Fukui with outside commitments or class 2-3 Green & Harper ir,. Gordon & Gordon meetings could not participate. It also ROUND 3Matches Must Be Played by November 9 meant that the intramural director 1-4 Briggs & Evers vr,. Lobos & Fukui had to sci.,dule matches to prevent all 5-3 Raab & Levenson vs. Gordon & Gordon teams from playing simultaneously 6-2 Setiadi & Lo vs. Green & Harper during the three hours allocated to ROUND 4Matches Must Be Played by November 16 this activity. To allow everyone who wanted to 1-3 Bnggs & Evens vs Gordon & Gordon 4-2 Lobos & Fukui vs. Green & Harper play the opportunity to do so, the 5-6 Raab & Levenson vs. Setiadi & Lo

ROUND 5Matches Must Be Played by November1b Lynn Stockman lmergoot is coor- 1-2 Briggs & Evens vs. Green & Harper dinator of women's sports at Wash- 3-6 Gordon & Gordon vs. Setiadi & Lo ingeon University, St. Lows, MO 4-5 Lobos & Fukui vs. Raab & Levenson 63130. 68 Intramural Handbook 76 manner of scheduling was changed. because players can play at their con- trainut di :Ad( person should pet iodi- Instead of scheduling each match in venience. cally check on the tournament prog- terms of day, time, and place, the Players are given Intramural Re ress. skeleton schedule :isted the matchesport Cards at the start of the season A rules interpretation meeting held to be played with the correspondingStudents fill in the blanks to indicate before the tournament begins tries to deadline date. The opponents had onethe sport, match played (opponents), solve scheduling problems before play week to schedule assigned matches.winner, and score. actually starts. During the tourna- The figure illustrates a completed This skeleton schedule is adaptable ment, phone calls to teams which have league schedule. to any sport usually officiated by op- not played their matches by the dead- This alteration has brought about ponents themselves, such as tennis lire often reveal that opponents have three changes. First, it has increased and table tennis. For success, four rearranged the schedule, but have ne- the time available for Coed Badmin- things must be done. First, partici- glected to tell the intramural office. ton Intramurals by 400%. Second, pants must be motivated to play the Sometimes forLits must be declared some supervision previously assumed sport. Second, the outline of the as a last resort. by the intramural director has been schedule and the players' phone num- The skeleton schedule concept has shifted to student proctors assigned to bers must be provided. Third, a facil- allowed Washington University to in- supervise recreation and matches. ity to play (or a court reservation sys- crease the number of intramural ac- This proctor has keys to the equip- tem) and equipment should be avail- tivities provided, to decre: se schedul- ment. Third, forfeits have decreased able. Fourth, the director or in- ing time.

Eliminate Volleyball Forfeits Dave Sims and Lou Fabian

Ahigh forfeit rate detracts from the day and at the same time every week Table 1. The Flexible Round Robin quality of an intramural vol- for five weeks. This system is in- University of Pittsburgh leyball program. The alternativeadequate to handle the everyday Volleyball Program scheduling procedure outlined here problems of forfeiture and lateness. If alleviates this problem by guarantee- teams are late or forfeit, gy.., time is 1973-74 ing teams a game every time they wasted as only one team is present. 1980-81 Teams enter the court. The procedure is a Simply, the flexible round robin is 53 141 Contests 255 812 flenible round robin; it uses two fac- playing with several different teams Forfeits 20% tors inherent in volleyball which can each week. Each team plays a one- 0 be modified to enhance participatioti game round robin with five other and not detract from the game.' teams during the same hour (for guaranteed several contests each First, the short duration of a tylicll example, five 10-minute periods per week If a team doesn't show an 1 a volleyball game makes it possible for hoar). This overscheduling allows replacement is unavailable, the le- an intramural team to play five games everyone to play. By the end of five mming people play the round rebi.i during the course of one hour. Thus, a wee'-s, each team has played every with a bye. If one team is late, the team can play one game against five other team five times for a total of 25 others begin; usually one te2rr, car, different opponents instead of the games. League results are based on remain an extra 20 minutes i..,allow best two out of three games against total game won-loss records and ties the late team to play the missed game. the same opponent. A single super- broken by the head-to-head record. In addition, matches between teams visor can easily maintain order -nd The teams benefit by this system with extreme ability differences usu- keep games moving during the simul- because it compensates for forfeits ally end quickly, allowing the weaker tanecIs play because of the second and lateness (Table I) and they are team time to better prepare for the facto, the absence of body contact next match. Finally, the flexible round between the participants.' Lou Fabian is codirector of lntramur- robin format is a new experience fe In a -aditional intramural pro- als and Recreation at the University ofthe players, which helps to maintain gram, six teams are scheduled to play Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261. their interest.' one three-game match on the same Dave Sims is a printer in Pittsburgh A unique advantage of this method

Intraimital I fandbook WI 77 Is the flexibility of allowing one team scheduling more teams than tradi- References to compete in two leagues until a miss- tional available court space allows; ing team arrives. Five teams report at playing modified-time limit games; 'Fabian, Lou & Ross, Marilyn Scheduling for the future of commuter colleges NIRSA, 7:00, one team at 7:30 and five teams and allowing teams to overlap into Vol 2, No 3. May 1978 at 8:00. The players are provided wit1 lac- leagues when tardiness does oc- 'Fabian, Lou How a flexible round robin cn a variety of competition, in addition to cur. The system greatly reduces the improve your racquetball teaching program, again utilizing every available court. forfeits in the intramural volleyball Racquetball, in print In summary, thealternative 'Fabian, Lou & Nichter, Don Environent program, and the players enjoy happy Its effect on two college intramural proframs, schedulingprocedureinvolves and healthy intramural experiei.ces NIRSA Proceedings, 1982, in print

Helter-Skelter Tournament Edwa_ d T. Turner

Tn many physical education activity and a column for listing the number of they are negativeincentives; the lcourses, the class culminates in a wins. The draw sheet can be used as a i-Ielter- Skelter wasdesigned to be a tournament which may run from two teaching aid by giving the students' positive tournamnt. Wins are re- to six weeks. This is an excellent op- nicknames employing knowledge corded directly ino the loll book and portunity for students to practically taught in the course (for example: in transferred to a draw sheet at the con- apply skills and knowledge learned in tennisJane "Overhead" Brown; or cluz.ion of eachlass meeting. the course. However. the problem fac- in racquetballBarbara "Bend at the Normallysix or more games ing the teacher is *he selection of the Knees" Dowell.) Thesc nicknames (matches1 are simultaneously being most appropriate tournament to add a didactic, humorous touch to any plavf4 whichwill result in a number of maximize participation. The typical tournament. matches beLig completed within a tournament structures of single elimi- The Helter-Skelter tournament minute orwo of ea, h other. The in- nation, consolation, double elimina- pattern can be introduced during the structor records the wins of completed tion, round robin, and ladder, all have first tournament class meeting. The matchesand coordinates the players drawbacks when employed in the students must select an opponent in theest possible way so that an classroom. These include lack of time and/or partner (if doubles) of their element of keen competition exists. for round robin, ladd^r, double elimi- choosing. Generally a match is an ab- This can be done by having winners nation tournaments and lack of par- breviated version of a regulation comete against winners, and losers ticipation for single elimination and match. The length of the match is dic- against losers. In this way, losers will consolation tournaments. In all of the tated by the amount of time given to alsbe winners. The Helter-Skelter tournaments mentioned, the students play in one class period. Some exam- Turnament provides many students must idly wait until their next oppi- ples of shortened matches might be: 5 with the opportunity to win. For nents have been determined or until games in a tennis set; one racquetball xample, if a student has not won, he their next opponents win their previ- game to 15 points; one badminton can be placed in a doubles situation ous match, before they can play their game to 11 or 8 points. More than one with one of the winning players. They next match. game may be played depending on the can compete against a doubles team of The Helter-Skelter Tournament time element of the class, but re- two individuals who are not winning was designed for ciassroom use and member that fewer games in a matc very much. This gives the "born" has been applied in various classes for will provide more matches in a class loser a good chance to win. It may the past seven years. It is flexible in period. take two trials to accomplish this, but design which has contributed to its Immediately after completion of a it is usually successful. On the draw success. The tournament has a draw match, the students quickly report the sheet, everybody will have some wins. sheet with each student's lame listed game/match results to the instructor. The whole idea of the instructor hav- The tournament is run most eff: ing some control on the flexible struc- ciently when the instructor knows the turing of the tournament makes this Edward T. Turner is a professor in the names of the students; results can be an ideal tournament for teaching pur- Department of Health, Physical Edu- recorded more quickly and the stu- poses. cation, and Recreation at Appalachian dents can immediately return to play. In a doubles tournament the in- State University, Boone, NC 28608. Losses should not be rw,cded since structor should have matches re-

70 intramural Handbook ported the same way as in a singles: daily rounds are finished, the instruc- should also be estab'ished as to just wins. Doubles can make the tour- tor should always ask students if they whether a match in progress will count nament even simpler if, when as an- have played together before. If at all when class time expires. A general other match is complete, an instructor possible, avoid overlapping play or rule which works well is that in an 11 splits the doubles team up with new competing against the same individu- point match, if one r erson (team) is pars ers or has them play singles. No als. After the tournament has ran for ahead by two points cr more and has student should have to wait for about six days, the instructor will have scored at least 7 points, they will re- another match to be complete for a pretty good spr2ad of wins and a ceive credit for the win. The purpose more than a few minutes. The instruc- fairly accurate pi'ture of each stu- behind adhering to only class time is tor can check scores of matches in dent's playing abicty. It is certainly so that all students have equal time to progress and if none are near comple- feasible and worthwhile to have indi- play. tion, he/she should permit the stu- viduals play "grudge" matches The Helter-Skelter Tournament dents to play each other again. This against those they have already provides the student with maximum match would still count for tourna- played or to have those with the high- participation in tournament play as ment play. est (or lowest) number of wins play -veil as many opportunities to experi- Another important rule is to con- with each other even if they have encesuccess-failuresituations. stantly have students playing against played each other earlier in the tour- Helter- Ske!ter also provides the in- new opponents and new partners. nament. This will bring the Helter- structor with some control of the This gives everyone a chance to play Skelter to a crescendo at its comple- tournament and for an instructional with most classmates. Their choice at tion. class, this certainly is an important the beginning of each class must be to A rule should be established that concept. For a meaningful, flexible, pick someone new to play with and/or tournament play begins only when the enjoyable, and educationally sound against. After the tournament has run class officially begins; any preclass tournament, Helter- Skelter is an ex- for a few days and after the initial play will not be considered A rule cellent choice.

Intramural Handbook 71 79 An Effective Round Robin Schedule Brian E. MacTaggart

uring the past two years at the to assist schedulers who may have the a single round robin). Top seeded en- DUniversity of Western Ontario, same problem, the "Tag" Round tries are always placed in the top two an intramural scheduling problem Robin Schedule was devised. The spots because the (12) pairing al- arosethat of scheduling all teams .o tournament properties and rotation lows them to play last. play twice on the same night, against patterns are outlined and complete Tournament Properties different opponents and without schedules are established for up tc undue delay between the games of eight entries. This schedule, used suc- N = number of entries tfor exam- any one team. This problem resulted cessfully in volleyball and squash, is ple, N = 6) because the pa;tielpating teams de- also app'icable to many other sports (1) Number of games to complete the sired to play twice per week, prefera- (for instance, softball, racquetball. league schedule (a double round bly the same night. There was suffi- badminton). robin): N(N 1), ( 6(6 1) = cient facility space and time available 30) for two contests per team per week. (2) Number of games for each entry: The sports involved were such that Rotation Patterns 2N 2, (2 x 6 2 = 10) more than one contest could be Entries are represented by num- (3) Number of rounds of play in played on one night without suffering bers. For all rounds, two byes are held "Tag" Round Robin Leagues: N undue physical fatigue. fixed as the other numbers are ro- (4) Number of games in each round: Scheduling teams to play twice on tated. Each pairing represents a game. N- 1, (6 1 = 5) the sant.: night would have two bene- The rotation here is conducted coun- (5) Percentage of teams that play two fits. (1) It would eliminate the need to terclockwise. When rotating, each games per round commute to the playing area twice a number in that particular round is ro- NN2 ( 6 2 67%) week. This, in turn, might reduce tated two places(as opposed to one in \6 timetable conflicts and default:. (2) This schedule would increase the Number of Entries Order of Rounds of Play amount of playing time per partici- pant per outing. Both results have 3 1,2,3 been long-desired attributes of In- 4 1,3,2,4 tramural programs. 5 1,4,2,5,3 6 1,4,2,5,3,6 One can schedule teams to play 7 1,5,2,6,3,7,4 twice a night by adding the next round 8 1,5,2,6,3,7,4, 8 in a round robin to that night's play. Unfortunately, this method results in one team playing at the beginning of Round 1 Round 4 Round 2 the night and then not again until the Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 end of the night. One can avoid this by Court 1 Court 1 Court 1 tediously manipuk:ing the numbers H- A H- A H-A until one gets most of the teams play- 5 00 1-6 4-3 6-5 ing back-to-back and against different 6.00 1-5 4-2 6-4 opponents for each night's play. 7.00 2-5 5-2 1-4 However, it becomes frustrating to do 8:00 2-4 5 1 1-3 this for the many different sized round 9:00 3-4 6-1 2-3 robins one might have. It's impossible Round 5 Round 3 Round 6 to have all teams play twice in the Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 same night back-to-back and against Court 1 Court 1 Court 1 different opponents unless there are an even number of entries and half H- A H- A H-A that number of playing areas. This 5:00 3-2 5- 4 2-1 rarely occurs. A review of related lit- 6:00 3-1 5-3 2-6 erature yielded no information or 7.00 4 -1 6-3 3-6 8.00 4-6 6-2 3- existing tournament schedules that 9.00 5-6 1-2 4-5 would help alleviate this problem. So

72 Intramural Handbook 30 The percentage of teams playing order of the rounds of play. The num- play The number of entries (N) is six. twice per night increases as the bers below represent rounds of play The established rounds for six entries number of entries increase. The estab- (round 1, round 2, etc ). illustrates the proper pairings. The ac- lished rounds provide an equal By arranging the rounds in this or- tual schedule, including the proper number of home and away games for der, the scheduler can alternate the order of rounds to alternate home and each team. However, fol any one home and away games. away games, is presented below. team, all their home (or away) games Practical Example are in the first half of the season a d their away (or home) games are in the The following is a practical example Brian E. Mac Taggart is director of second half. Alternating the home of how pairings in the rotation pattern sports and fitness at the University of and away games might be desirable. would actually be scheduled for the Western Ontario, London, Ontario, This can be done by changing the "ourts or fields for several days of Canada.

Established Rounds for "Tag" Round Robin Tournament Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Round 4 Round 5 Round 6 Round 7 Round 8 Home Away H A H A H A H A H A H A H A Three Teams* bye-3 b-2 b -1 1-3 2-1 1-2 J-1 2-3 b-2 b-1 b-3 Four Tcams b-4 b-3 b-2 h -1 1-4 4-3 3-2 2-1 1-3 4-2 3-1 2-4 2-3 1-2 4-1 3-4 b-2 b-1 b-4 b-3 Five Teams b-5 b-4 b-3 b-2 b -1 1-5 5-4 4-3 3-2 2-1 1-4 5-3 4-2 3-1 2-5 2-4 1-3 5-2 4-1 3-5 2-3 1-2 5-1 4-5 3-4 b-3 b-2 b -1 b -5 b-4 Six Teams b-6 b -5 b-4 b-3 b-2 b -1 1-6 6-5 5-4 4-3 3-2 2-1 1-5 6-4 5-3 4-2 3-1 2-6 2-5 1-4 6-3 5-2 4-1 3-6 2-4 1-3 6-2 5 -1 4-6 3-5 3-4 2-3 1-2 6-1 5-6 4-5 b-3 b-2 b -1 b-6 b -5 b- 4 Seven Teams b-7 b-6 b -5 b-4 b-3 b- 2 b -1 1-7 7-6 6-5 5-4 4-3 3-2 2-1 1-6 7-5 6-4 5-3 4-2 3-1 2-7 2-t: 1- 5 7-4 6-3 5-2 4-1 3-7 2-5 1-4 7-3 6-2 5-1 4- / 3-6 3-5 2-4 1-3 7-2 6-1 5-7 4-6 3-4 2-3 1-2 7-1 6-7 5-6 4-5 b-4 b-3 b-2 b -1 b-7 b- 6 b-5 Eight Teams b-8 b-7 b-.., b -5 b-4 b- 3 b-2 b -1 1-8 8-7 7-6 6-5 5-4 4-3 3-2 2-1 1-7 8-6 7-5 1-4 5-3 4-2 3-1 2-8 2-7 1-6 8-5 7-4 6-3 5-2 4-1 3-8 2-6 1-5 8-4 7-3 6-2 5-1 4-8 3-7 3-6 2-5 1-4 8-3 7-2 6-1 5-8 4-7 3-5 2-4 1-3 8-2 7-1 6-8 5-7 4-6 4-5 3-4 2-3 1-2 8-1 7-8 6-7 5-6 b-4 b-3 b-2 b -1 b-8 b- 7 b- 6 b- 5

With three teams, one may play the two 'bye' teams (for instance, 3 vs 2) on the same night so that all teams get twogamesand only one of these teams will have to wait (one game). Intramural Handtxx)k 73 1 A Modified Single Elimination 1 ournament George W. Rader

GEORGE W. RADER is director of ings and were given a set amount of sibility to contact the I-M Office the intramurals,Department ofPhysical timeusually a week to ten days morning after their victory to report EducationandAthleticsforMen. to complete each round. Each player their scores, check the time scheduled Northern Illinois University, De Kalb. was responsible for contacting his op- fortheirnextmatch,andconfirm Illinois 60115. ponent and setting up a mutually agree- whether they could play at that time. able date for their match Because of jobs, night classes, and other Last year, as each student registered conflicts, some students had to play for the tournament, he had to indicate two matches in one night. However, at When remodeling of the Northern on a card the times during cle two- least one hour rest period was sched- Illinois field house made severe cuts in week period when he could not play. uled between matches, and this worked the amount of space and time available The intramuralofficescheduled -11 out satisfactorily. for our intramural badminton singles matches according to the times .1k It must be remembered that this is tournament last year, we had to make theparticipantswereavailable. A still a single elimination tournament; if several basic changes in the structure of bracket was not drawn up because, as the number of entries is not a power oursingleeliminationtournament. each round progressed, different times of two, byes must be given in the first Previously, ten badminton courts had to play became available for the re- round so tha' in the second round the beenavailableforthetournament, maining contestants.As each round number of entriesisa power of two which usually took six or seven weeks was finished, the cards of the losing (4, 8, 16, 32, 64, etc.). for 64 players to complete. Last year players were separated from the cards We found this method of running a we used a gym with space for three of the winning players, and the next tournament to be successful. The num- courts available four hours four nights round vas set up with the winning ber offorfeitsv,, smalland was a week over a two-week period. players having the same free time pe- usually caused by a player's being in- In previous tournaments, contestants riods scheduled toplay eachother. jured or itInd not being able to com- signed up for the tournament and were Seeded players who advanced in the pete at any time during the two-week randomly placed in a single elimina- tournament were p3t scheduled to play period. In the past our badminton tour- tion bracket, w th all quarter finalists one another until they were the only naments were usually completed in a who returned Lon, :rte previous tour- remaining contestants. six to seven week period; this year we nam nt being seeded. All players re- All entries were informed on the gen- were able to finish the tournament in ceived a copy of the tournament pair- eral rule sheet that it was their re3pon- six playing days.

Modifying Intramural Rules Francis Rokosz

c tandard sports rules are often suc- but the most important rule changes of positions and the free use of substi- a cessfully altered to make the game are those which improve the game for tutes Since total playing time for a better for participants. Thc changes the players. game may be limited to one hour, the may affect players' attitudes and be- The rules should be structured so rules .hould be designed to get the haviors, make a game more safe, or that each player can meaningfully par- most game action for all players, simplify the rules for the officials ticipate in a game. No positions within the time available. should be substantially less significant Her are some specific rules mod- than others. It is also important that ifications forN, olleyball, football, Francis M. Rokosz is director ofpeople oh a team receive reasonably softball, for hockey, basketba:!, and ntramural-recreationalplayat equal amounts of playing time during soccer. The essential ideas may be Wichita State University, Wichita, KS a gam,. Established rules can force, or transferred to other actr'!::::s with 67208. at least encourage, a relative equality modifications.

74 Intramural Handbook 82 Thus, the participation of substitutesonds onthe ottensive team to get the is limited To eliminate that concern, If there are more than six people on ball across t lineof scrimmage, a team, follow the rotation system establish an unlimited substitutioneither on a run or a pass. whereby on each volley, point, or rule such that any substitute ulust Allow any formatio playsfrom enterat the center back posnuth(fly, change of service one person goes off scrimmage, and make erson the the court and ?mother comes on (see places away f.rom serving position)team eligible receiver.Phisgives diagram). and engage in the rotation as previ-each player a greater potential for ously described. meaningful participation in a game by

)4

r NET

... Of course, more than six people could be pu' on a court, but certainly arc more than nine (3 tows of 3). To ac- commodate more people, the length `the court could be en..rged from 60 feet to 80 or 90 feet.ne rc ,ation for nine people could look la..his (.1ee diagram)

X

Y

X-4- X Football increasing chances for handling the ball NET Blocking restrictions are common in touch and flag football programs. Linemen often are relegated to Softball OR screen-type blocking, aesigned to re- The game of softball has several in- X--10-X 0,-X duce violent body contact. However, herent problems, whether fast or slow these players don't get the feeling of pitch. A good pitcher dominates the --O.X X .X playing a bignificant role in the game. fast pitch game and the batters can't X.11--X X It's no fun to passively imp( an op- hit the ball, resulting in little offense, posing player's progress. It seems best low scores, and little satisfaction. In NET either to allow sigma ficant contact on slow pitch, the I igh arc of the pitch blocks or . l!ow no blocking at all, and discourages the batter's taking a level designai, :hese players receivers. swing a the bail. Both fast and slow Certain rules should obtain when in- pitch softball rules e..o not allow for tense contact is allowed: (a) no leav- free substitutiou; once t. player comes A maximum of thrre hits is legally ing one's feet during the block, (b) no out of the game, he is out for good. allowed playing tae ball, which can blocking below the waist, (c) no Finally, game action can become tedi- limit the hitting opportunities fc. each Hocking beyond line of scrimmage, ously slow when the pitcher throws player. To improve teamwork and in- (d) no spearing with the head, and too many unhit pitches. Solve these dividual playing opportunities, make (e) no forearms bent more than 90 major problems by instituting one, a rule requiring that a ballcan. of be derrees from the upper arm. If block- o, or three pitch softball. The rules returnedacross the net until each ing is eliminated, establish a rule giv- follow player hits it at least once, and give a ing the quarterback time to throw the The batting team supplies its own team unlimited hits. ball, ny delaying the pass rush or not pitcher, and the fielding team the Regular volleyball ruks don't allow allowing one at all. Delay the pass catcher. If two pitch softball is for unlimited substitution, for the rea- rush by setting the defensive line of played, the batter must hit a fair sca that a team could then take out a sc-immage five yards from the ball, ball on either the first or second strong server on serve recei tions and and letting the defense rush at the pitch. Since the pitcher is a put him in for the serve. A person may time of the snap. If no pass rush is teammate of the batter, he tries to legally enter a game only three times. allowed, set a time limit of five sec- feed the batter good pitches to

itrarnural Handbook 75 33 7

hit. Any pitch not swung at, Sty in shuttling players in and out shots Shoot only techru,:al fouls fouled off, or swung at and missed of a game, it allows a team to play and two-shot touls For all other cot; its as one of the two allowed its poorer players without per- fouls, the ball is taken out-of- pitches. If, on the second pitch, a manently removing the better bounds by the offended team. If fair ball is not hit. the batter is players from the game and the clock is stopped during the automatically out. The ball can- jeopardizing a team victory In a last two minutes, shoot all fouls, not be bunted or chopped down- word, total team participation is consider making these all two- ward, as defensing these hits re- enhanced. shot fouls to penalize players w.ho quires the cooperation of the foul deliberate!y late in the game, pitcher. This rule stimulates 'nor Floor Hockey attempting to make the infraction game action and excitement look inadvertent. Another possi- within the allowed playing time, Sixplayers on a side is ideal to bility is to eliminate foul shooting and allows the batter to take a minimize congestion on the court, es- entirely, simply awarding a team normal swing at a pitch. It also pecially around the puck. To do that, two points for a two-shot foul. allows the poorer players to hit establish restrictions on team align- Substitutions can be made on the the ball more often and more sol- ments Designate players to halves of fly, while play is still on. Incoming 'dly. the cow'. In essence, a team is al- and outgoing players must touch An inning for the hitting team lowed a goalie and two delmders in hands at the scorer's table before consists of the whole team going the defensive zone, three forwards in a substitution is legal. Lo bat (as determined by the the offensive zone. Three offensive Eliminate jump balls, giving number of players in the field). players attack against two defenders, teams the ball out-of-bounds al- The number of outs made is ir- the goalie usually staying in the ternately. relevant to ti.c length of the in- crease. That gives offensive players a ning, except that, when the last reasonable opportunity to control the player has come to bat, the offen- puck in the offensive zone and set Soccer sive team continues to bat in rota- up a play. Otherwise, so many players Reduc the nt..fiber of pla,,ery on a tion until an out is made. This is congregate around the puck and goal team to about seven, allowing low- so that the last batter ne?dn't hit a area that passing and scoring occur skilled players more time and space in home run to score. Batting more from luck than skilled perfor- which to handle the ball comfortatly. through the whole order fosters a mance Player safety is also improved Also, follow the suggestion for floor more even participation by teams by spreading people out hockey: divide teams into offense and that may be unequal; players on defense, rest'ling players' move- poor teams bat approximately the Basketball ments to their espective halves of the same number of times as those on field. Again, the slight favoring of the Eliminate dead ball situations that good teams. offense makes it easier for the offense require the stopping of the clock and The batting order can be changed to control the ball and set up plays. break up the continuity of the game. from inning to inning. Combined In summary, there are many mod- with the way an inning is con- Ei minate halftimes and even ifications of sports activities which in- ducted, this makes for very free times out (except for injury). crease participation, simplify officiat- Teams switch ends of the playing substitution. A team may con- ing, and make games more fun. The stantly change its Elding line-up area at the midway point in the modifications presented are not an game. This rule Increases playing without permanently removing all-inclusive list, but are supplied as players from the game, and those time and fosters the liberal use of "food for thought." The best modifi- who field are not required to bat substitutes. cations are yet to comethey're wait- This ::lows for maximum flexibil- Eliminate one-and one foul ing for you to discover them.

J,1 76 Intramural Handbook Improving Response and Participation in Intramural Programs Donald E. Baren

Kids are different today! "They don't yearly totals These porn,., help students Games are only 20 minutes long and are want to participate in the intra- earn an athletic letter, receive an invi- split into tw. halves The staff continues mural program." "Our programs are not tation to the year end awards party, and to play until it has played all the teams stimulating interest in today's youths!" be eligible for the Top Athlete of the in :Fie league These comments are hear:I frequently in Year Award. Extra points may also be 3.e..n grade All Stars vs men staff. Each discussions regarding whether the intra- awarded for being named to the All Star staff member is charged $ :5 to play in mural programs of today should be con- team, for being a member -f a cham- the game The money collected is used tinued. Does this have to be the only to buy a trophy for themost valuable pionship team, or for winning i st, 2nd, player" 8th grade student in the game answer? or 3rd in individ 11 events. Spec:al tour- Each staff member is given one vote in Perhaps, instead of expecting today's naments such as wrestling, table tennis, the 4th quarter to determine the winning se dents to change to ourways ofthink- and volleyball are available to earn extra pla:, cr. A large school trophy also has the ing, we should be the ones to change our points. boy's name inscribed on it ways of promoting and providing excit- Each year at least one gimmick or idea 4. A field trip to a Milwaukee Bucks profes- in, activities. The intramural programs has been introduced to stimulate interest sional basketball game is available for ch. yesterday must be in constant change or to promote a new activity. It is im- selected 8thrade players The students just like everything in life, if they areportant to remember that these ideas, pay for a bonus night ticket and then are to meet changing societal needs. once introduced, must be continued so given a free meal at the home of one of The middle school level is ideal for that they become an integral part of the the staff members plus free transportation to and from the game Other staff mem- an active and exciting program that will prc gram. gain the acceptance of today's youths. bers and their children are also invited to One of our best publicity gimmicks attend this big eve ..Thirty tickets have The young people are just as active, has been the acquisition of a polaroid been purchased for this year's game and idealistic, and fun loving as children from camera. Although the film is a bit more this includes some foi,ner staff members past generations. What may make them expensive, the immediate reward is worth who are now at other schools appear different is that hey need .tew it. These pictures are marked with the 5 Offer a basketball scholarship to an 8th methods and reasons for ...ecoming in- students' names ar'' saved for display grade student for the city summer bas- volved. Instead cf just offering an ac- Many former students eturn to see the ketball camps tivity, today we have to continuously old pi-tures and to keep contact with our sell and promote new and exciting rea- staff. The publicity also works with new Wrestling Tournament Ideas sons to participate. students to enter school and begin asking 1 Points are awarded Just for entering the The program described here has been about the programs pictured. tournament 2. Points are awarded for placing 1st. 2nd. changed many times during the past 12 Here are examples of gimmicks used years. Our program has not only sur- of 3rd in various activities: 3. Trophies are awarded to the champion of vived but has improved its popularw, each w tight class Certificates are gwen with the studem. Flag Football League Ideas I Paint i panel of a football with white paint to th, canner -ups Administrators and teachers had to be and letter the names of the championship 4Polaroid pictures are taken of the finalists flexible and compromising in develop- team members on it beforetheir mach ing new alternatives so that the intra- 2The championship teams play against tne 5 Videotape the finals for later viewing by mural program could continue as school Ail Stars selected from the other teams staff and students. and society conditions changed. in the leagueCertificates and polaroid 6Publicize the boys in the finals by making Our e- tire program is eased on pictures are used for the championship a program that is distributed to teach- tendance. In order to receive an award. team (Similar awards are given in bas- ers a student must have regularly partici- ketball and softball ) Gymnastics Tournament and pated in that event. Points are awarded 38th grade All Stars play against the men School Program *deas st,:i with pictures of both teams for each activity, and also recorded for 1 Ribbons are aw'irded for 1st, 2nd, and Basketbc11 League Ideas 3rd place in all eventsInaddition, there I. "One on One" Tournament only for those are two levels of compulsory competition boys in the league Each grade level win- and a third optional level for a Soy from Donald E. Bann is chair of the physical ner receives a trophy either compulsory level education department an mi.ral 2.F ulty vs the entire 8th grade league 2Trophies are given for the most valuable director at Steuben Middle Scnocl, Mil- 7 his activity gives all studentsinthe player in each of the two compulsory waukee, WI 53201. league a chance to play against staff levels

85 intramural Handbook 77 3 A tiophy is given to the best all around for the school program This event is fea- 4Party for all participants of the league gymnast of the year In addition, the stu- tured as part of the spring evening open dent's name is placed on a large school house Track Meei Ideas trophy 7 A colorful program is designed for this I One port is given for entering any event 4 The tournament is open to staff, students. open house and each team member plus in the incv:! and parents for their enjoyment Partici- all staff are given copies 2 Points are awarded for winning 1st. 2nd. pants are encouraged to ask anyone they and 3rd place dei,re to attend the event Bowling League Ide Ls 3 Ribbons are awarded to the first three 5Points are awarded not only for partici- I Lasts 10 weeks in both the fall and spring winners in each event pating in the gymnastic Practice sessions semesters 4Certain events on the school record board 15 weeks) but also for winning 1st. 2nd. 2C:rtificates and trophies are awarded at may only be broken during this track meet or 3rd in the meet the end of the school year (This increases participation at all grade 6Students who have demonstrated skill in 3 Student/Staff Bowling NightTeachers levels ) various events and who have attended on are paired with a team for a one day tour- 5Students who set new records receive a a regular basis are eligible to be selected nament. certificate for their accomplishment.

t

86 78 Intramural Handbook Mixed Murals Bob Thompson, Kent Bunker, and Ada Van Whitley

BOB THOMPSON, KENT BUNKER, tunities. Six players, three men and three Several other activities ha,e poten- and ADA VAN WhITLEY are in thewomen, make up each team. The men tialfor the co-rec combination.For Physical Education Department, Col- of both teams are restricted to ene half example, restricting men from advanc- vin Physical Education Center, Okla- of the court, the women to the other. ingthefootballacrossthelineof homa State University, Sti Ilw-ter, Ok- Offensive play is alternated each quar- scrimmage in flag football enables men lahoma 74074. ter between each team's men and wom- and womer to compete reasonably in en. The ball is passed across court by an active outdoor come.' Eliminating the defensive trio to their own offen- spiking in volleyballan_ using inner All over the country, co-recreational siverepresentatives, male or female. tubes for water polo (see JOHPER, activities featuringmodifications The ten-second rule is enforced to pre- Sept. 1974, p. 90) are other examples. which allow men and women to play vent stalling in the backcourt. Thus Many activitiesnormallyplayedin on the same teamsare growing faster each team must depend on botl- men doubles combinations such astennis, than any other type of intramural or and women to score, requiring total tabletennis, and racquetballrequire recreation activity. Many are attracted teamparticipationandcooperation. only a scheduled time. Bowlingis by the opportunity for husband-wife Fouls committed on the defensive end anotl 'rnatural for co-rec programs. teams, dating couples, and fraternity during bonus situations are shot by a Administration of co-rec programs and sorority combinations to partici- designated free throw shooter on each isrelatively simple and very produc- pate in physical activity together. The team's respective offensive end.The tivein terms of satisfied participants. social attraction of co-rec activities em- tip-off may involve either two men or All of these activities and many more phasizes their recreational aspects. Co- two women inopening afun-filled areavailable to imagin tive directors ed groupings enhance personal inter- basketball game. who are willing to adapt hem. action in strategy, prttice, team play, celebration, 2nd consolation. The keen edge of competition is generally more controllable in mixed cc mpany. Grouped competitioninco-rec pro- grams allows the accommodation of a wider range ofskilllevels.Partici- pantsandcoachesmustcooperate c:usely to meet the modified playing conuOons. Increasing student interest in these programs offers program, directors an opportunity to meet more of the par- ticipants' needs and interests. Co-rec intramurals at Oklahoma State have followedthenationwidetrvid, with 300-400% increases in participation in most activities. The key to successful co-rec pro- grams isin the effecti: :ness of rules modifications. Rules must be kept sim- ple while equalizing play among men and women by avoiding male domina- Or tion of any actiity. Change for its own sake is unwarranted, but the effects of established physical differences must be minimized. Co-rec basketball, as played at OSU, illustrates an appropriate style of rules modifications. Although some have pre- ferred to restrict men's offensive action through complicated arrangements, it is really unnecessary. Simple organization for two simultaneous three on three games provides equal activity oppor-

81 Intramural Handbook 79 Intramural Gymnastics Competition William L. Cornelius

An intramural gymnastic competi- Ch.ck apparatus safety and Following the Meet. Subsequent to tion, if properly organized, can Maloney's' mat dimensions the closing ceremoniespersonnel cultivate student and community in- Design the .neet floor plan . -. should be assigned to the following terest in gymnastic.. When meet prepare announcer's material areas of concern. procedures have been developed Prepare the scoring forms Provide team representatives and carefully and incorporated into the Request entries to finalize forms the campus press with duplicates competition, an atmosphere evolves and announcer's sheet of the final results conducive to both enjoyment and the Obtain all needed supplies Check gymnastic apparatus to as- acquisition of knowledge. The organi- Day o f the Meet. The cooperation of ^ure its proper condition zation of such an event is no easy mat- meet personnel and the use of a Returnallequipment and ter. Demands placed on administra- checklist minimize mistakes and mis- supplies to the proper locations tors, recreation supervisors, and management. Checklist a^tivities the Have the facility cleaned teachers are varied and often discon- day of the meet are oriented toward Follow with a thank you note to certing. Such demands, coupled with setting up the gymnasium, an follow. individuals who had a positive in- those of their regular jobs, create con- Place equipment on the floor fluence flict and confusion, and often discour- (crash pads are encouraged) and Personnel age individual initiative in the plan- conduct a safety check ning and organization of the event Examine apparatus specifications Personnel without a gymnastic There is, therefore, a need for organi- by Gander' for senior compe- background can still function con- zational ideas and direction, so that titions and age levels by Maloney' structively in rur.ning an intramural school personnel will waste the least Post the order for events and gymnastics competition, so long as a time in these efforts. competitors cooperative atmosphere is created. Each Individual should understand his = PI ov:de scoring personnel with Meet Organization forn.s and pencils duties and how they fit into the total effort. There are six categories in Pre-planning is essential. The Provide each judge with forms smooth operation of a gymnastic meet which meet personnel serve: direct- and pencils ing, announcing, judging, managing, is deceptively difficult, and planned Set up public address system for steps must be taken to assure efficient scoring, and supporting. Each of these the announcer and update 'he six has its own personnel and its own organization. The initial step in deriv- announcer's presentation sheet ing a functional framework is the de- demands, as described below. During the Meet. Fe Ner errors, a velopn 'nt of a checklist, ieluding all Directing important functions to be dealt with pleasant atmosphere and less time before, during, and following the waste are all made possible by proper The meet director is responsible for gymnastic competition. The checklist organization pi ior to the competition. tie total functioning of the gymnastic assists the meet director in handling But be sure to attend to these con- competition and must stand account- details and delegating responsibilities. cerns during the meet. able for setting an atmosphere en- Before the Meet. A checklist used Prepare for the opening and clos- couraging a variety of pleasurable ex- before the meet should address the ing ceremonies periences The personnel chosen b) following duties: Make provisions for the activities the director to work in the meet must Schedule the facility and contact that occur while individuals are be reliable. gymnastic judges performing routines (refer to the An assistant ,:eet director is an ef- Schedule a workshop for meet section belc..7 on personnel) fective means of improUng essential personnel Ciear the area of participants at contact with people working in the Contact, secure, and train meet the - mpletion of the final per- meet. Itis 'Juan)/ difficult for the personnel formance meet director to personally make all Publicize the competition Post results and distribute awards the necessary contacts. Take care, from the office following the however, to maintain enough contact meet; presentations can accom- to preserve functional integrity be- William L. Cornelius is an assatant pany the announcing of final in- tween the directc : and basic meet professor of physical educatio at dividual, all-around, and team proceedings. If the assistam meet di- North Texas State University, Denton scores during the closing cep rector has a competitive gymnastic TX 76203. mony background and understands meet

80 intramural Handbook 88 procedure -s, he should personally the averaged score to the head scoring scoring forms are accurate and up- coordinate the training of personnel. table, then the audience. As the aver- to-date, the remaining tabulations He should describe duties, and articu- aged core is flashed, a runner takes ,Ind duplication can be completed in late how each position fits into the the four scores given each competitor the short time allotted. total picture. A check'ast of the dutiesto the scoring table to be placed on of each pa- ition allows the meet direc- one of the Individual Event Scoring Announcing tor to monitor job completion. Forms (IESFs). An announcing agenda should b.; The IESF for Men and Women en- Judging developed in advance of the competi- ables head scoring table personnel to tion. Items can be corrected or added Capable judges establish credibi'ity maintain a full record of performance and a pleasant atmosphere. Tr to ob- prior to opening ceremonie,. When Included on this form are the fourwell-known people are in attendance, tain certified judges through t.'ie local judges' score-., average, and place judges association. One of the fourgiven an individual for a performance they should be added to the an- judges serves as the superior judge, on one event. The IESFs also inform nouncer's sheet, and intrcduced dur- supervise the scot.; tg process. Whey ing the opening ceremonies. The an- the scorers of each gymnast's team nouncer must set the atmosphere in using the closedystem of sco-ing, affiliation, which furnishes a quick judges place a scone on an intramt.ra' reference in tabulating team points. an efficient, subtle manner. H. begins with the opening ceremony, assists in gymnastic meet judge's form and senaEach judge is assign0 a number on the score to the superior judge. maintaining the tempo of the compe- the form, which allows a complete re- titior., and conducts the closing cere- Each judge determines the compe-cord of judging patterns. mony. titor's score at the ct. mpletion of a Official team score forms for men gymnastic performance based on aand women pris"ide for a cumulative Managing maximum of 10.0 points. A judgetotal for each team entered in the should derive a score within 10 to 20competition. If rules are unavailable A floor manager is responsible for seconds, record the score on thefor determining team points, scores all equipment and supplies used be- judge's form, and give the form to a given to the top three individuals in fore. during, and after the competi- runner who takes it to the superioreach event per team can be used. tionThe following sc.iedule deals judge. According to the Internatior al An official all-around score form with duties to be accomplished by the Gymnastic Federation (FIG) Techni- for men and women provides space for floor manageand the ...quipment cal Committee for Men3 and Wonlen4 both the ave_age score fc* each event etc.." there is a standard range allowed be- and a running total.. according to Locate equipment and supplies tween the two middle scores given by the FIG Ted_ ical Committee for prior to the day of the meet .he four judges. A conference takes Women.° the female al.-around gym- Place all equipment and supplies place between the superior judge and nast enters four women's events. The in the proper location two hour: the judges involved when the twoFIG Technical Clmmittee for Men3 before the meet begins middle scores do not fall within the noted that the nr.le all-around gym- Realign equipment subsequent to pre,cribed range. nast enters the six men's events. By warmups and set up chairs for Individuals with a knowledge and having access to tie total all-around judges, flasners. ?nd substation interest in studying gymnastic per- score for each gymnast It is also possi- scorers on: z..,e,tt ahe'd formance may serve as judges if cer- ble to provide places in the all around Close the gymnastic o*ea im- tified officials are 1.--ailable. Judg- event on these forms. mediately following the competi- tion ing workshops should be scheduled to Scorers should share space with the allow these individuals to achieve announcer. This gives the announcer Returnallequipment and competency in jlidging procedures. immediate access to running event supplies following the closing scores for teams, all-around gym- ceremony Scoring nasts, and individuals entered in each event. The assistant scorer can be as- Support Personnel Some exposure to scoring proce- signed to scoring d ities and can assist Support personnel are used by the dures prior to the competition the announcer. meet director to assist major person- simpl'fies the work if scoring person- Because team representatives and nel. The expeditor assists the head nel. Again, a workshop provides a press menthe's must receive copies of score* and announcer in maintaining working familiarity with the formsthe final results, duplication proce- the proper order of competitors, and and general procedures used in scor- dures should begin prior to the closing assures that the competitors are ready ing. ceremonies.Copies shouldbe to ccmpete wit hopt delay. He distrib- The substatior scorer sits by the provided within minutes following tt e utes the order of competitors and is superior judge in order to quickly re- meet. An individual aysigned to du- responsible for updating the order fol- ceive a competitor's scores via i, n-plicating can complete most of the lowing a scratch session He thcr; ners. He averages the two middle forms dealing with individual events places copies by each team bench scores and directs the flasher to show before the closing ceremonies. If all Runners and flashers work directly

8,9 Intramural I lanclIxtok NI

1111=Mk.....f with the superior judge and scoring meet is exciting. cohesive. and pleas- Tucson, Arizona The United States Gymnastic 1 ant. Competitive gymnastic perfor- Federation, no date personnel, as described in the section =Gander, A Measurements, dimensions and on scoring. An athletic trainer should mance and superb organization will forms Chi.sso, Switzerland Ececutiye Techni- be present to prevent and care forculminate in the perfect meet atmo- cal Commissions of the International Gymnas- gymnastic Injuries. sphere. tic Federation. 1965 'Men's Technical Committee FIG code of points Zuricn INeue Zurcher Zeitung. 1975 Summary 'Women s Technical Committee FIG code Care should be taken t'., provide in- Notes of points Zurich ue Zurcher Zeitung, 1975 dividuals participating in al in- 'Maloney. C Rides for United States gs mnas- tramural meet with a positive experi- tics federation competitionIn L Ch-ncinski ence. A properly organized gymnastic (ed ). Rules and policies governing competitors

Three Pitch Softball Denni M. Carey

One of Michigan Technological Uni- the pitcher has to do is throw three bad at the end of one hour or eight in- versity's traditional, and most pop- pitches 5-nd the batter is robbed of the nings, the game will continue until ular fall quarter Intramural programs has opportunity to hit. To eliminate this pos- a winner is determined. been a double-elimination softball tour- sibility, the batting team provides its own 2The batting .-im will provide its own nament. Despite the outward popularity pitcher (with no requirements for arc on pit' her who may or may not be listed of the program, a solicitation of -'iident the ball), and the defensive team no longer in the batting order. There will not comment throiigh a sur'ey conducted has a player in the pitcher's position. be a defensive player in the pitcher's prior to the organization of the fall 1980 Any batted hall that hits the pitcher is position. The pitcher is not to uec'me program indicated a high level of frus- immediately e A and is ruled no pitch. involved in any defensive playf a tration with the arguments created by the On ail other plays the pitcher may not batted ball in fair territory hit. the calling of balls and strikes and the short- become involved 'n or interfere with the pitcher, play is immediately dead and ness of games (a one hour and fifteen defensive team's playing of the ball. no pitch !F.,:.!it:d mint time limit). In response to these What about umpires? At Michigan Tech 3.Each better will get three pitches. The concerns the writer implemented a Three and at Northeastern the program had batter must hit one of the three pitches Pitch Softball program u ir.g the same umpires, but the game also fits well into .n fair territoryIf a fair ball is not rules he had developed while at Noi.th- a situation where budgetary restrictions hit, the batter is out. Balls and strikes eastern University in Boston. may make employing umpires impossi- will not be called. The underlying pnnciple of the three ble. In the no umpire situation, team 4.If the defensive team desires to walk pitch game is to increase the opportun- captain- may decide disputes and on close a batter intentionally, they must no- ities in the more enjoyable participative plays on the bases, runners may be called tify the umpire prior to the time the aspects of the game: hitting, fielding, safe if the ball is bobbled by the fielder batter they desirt to walk comes to running, and scoring. Replacing balls or called out if the ball is fielded clean /:' the plate anu receives a pitch. The anu strikes with the requirement that the The three pitch game may also help batter will then go automatically to batter hit one of three pitches in fair ter- when availaoility of facilities is a prob- first base. itory means that most ganie time is spent lem. Michigan Tech h& only two soft- 5Official American Softballssoc,a- on hitting, fielding, and scoring, rather ball fields available, so placing a one non Slow Pitch Softball kules will than on pitching. hour or eight inning limit on games has apply except where differences are Those tte..o are unfamiliar with three squeezed more out of our facilities . ith- noted. Lead-offs, stealing, bunting, pitch softball are likely to argue that all out detracting from the fun of dle game. and chopping chwn on the ball will The best way to understand how the not be permitted. game emphasizes participation is to re- 6.The defensive team will consist of Dennis M. Carey is Director of Campus/ view the rules. nine, players. four outfielders, four Community Recrt anon Services, Stud; .it infielders, and a catchet. Development Complex, Michigan Tech- I. There will be a one hour or eight 7.reams will have the option of using nological University, Houghton. MI inning limit on each contest, which- a designated hitter (10th batter). Teams 4993 I . ever occurs first. If the score is tied wishing to ha, e a DH must list that

82 Intramural Handbook 90 MIMINIIMMIIITI .41!Or 1111111111 person on the line-up sheet prior to in the batting order, a substitute may 1 especially where facilities and officiating the start of ..e game be used to enable the pitcher to bat monies are limited The reader should 8. Once a player leaves the game, he In such cases, the pitcher listed in the not assume that the game is designed to may not re-enter u ss a player be- batting order may not return to the eliminate the need to train umpires comes Injured and is unable to con- mound until he has been officially Rather, it is hoped that the reader will tinue to play, and all other players retired or has scorea run view three pitch softball as another way present at the game have played Three pitch softball has been s"ccess- to make an already great game a little 9. In cases where the pitcher is listed fully adapted to a variety of situations, more fun for those we serve.

Innertube Water Football Rod Phillips

American football is tremendously players must begin on the line of To score a touchdown. the ball popular with our yo-ang. Partici- scrimmage. The hall is not the stan- much touch the top edge of the pation and spectatorship at high dard leather art1:. but a wiffle or deck while in the hands of the school, college, and professional rubber football (a wiffle football pre- offensive player. levels is tremendous. Modifications of ferred for coed games). To tackle a player, one must tip the game such as "touch" football him out of his tube. Note: the de- have made it available to the masses at fensive player must make contact low cost. Try giving the game a really Playing Rules different twist by play.ag it in inner- winhe ball carrier before he can Games are 2-10 minute halves. leave his own tube on a tackle If a tubes in the swimming pool. 1 his On kickoffs, kicking and receiv- game first developed as intramural defensive player makes a tackle behind their respective 15 foot participants in East High School in while out of his tube, the offense Ch-yenne were looking for another areas. Throwing replaces kicking gets the down over; possession is and punting pool activity besides innertube watzr- resumed at the point of the infrac- If the ball is kicked (passed) out polo and water basketball. The game tion or at the line of scrimmage, caught on beautifully among in- of the pool on a kickoff or punt. whichever is further advanced possession goes to the teeming Neither team may use the side of tramural participants. It can be played team at mid-pcI. the po )1 (gutter) to pull them- coed or with boys' and girls' leagues Excepting the kickoff. the ball is selves downpool Th,; siliiple rules are presented below. tossed to the designated quarter- Players may not put their hands Playing Area, Players and Equipment back by the referee from the side or feet on another's tube in the of the pool to begin each play. secondary A player may only The pool is divided into three areas. This takes :le place of the center block progress by his tube Towels are placed as markers over the snap. A player leap'ng from his tube to side of the pool 15 feet from each end, A team has four downs to make a intercept a pass is legal, so long as and at the middle of the pool. Do this touchdown, or may elect to punt he obtains control of the ball be- on both sides of the pool so that (pass) on fourth down. When a fore hitting the water players can orient themselves easily team punts, the Aiense cannot Infraction of rules is punished by (Figure 1, see facing page). cross the line of scrimmage until N F L. rules, but is marked off in Each player sits in a tube. There are the ball is punted feet instead of yards. six players on the teams, which are The quarterback may run or pass. Since the referee controls the snap differentiated by "hats" (pool caps) To run, the player pit s the ball in of the ball,itis easy to have both vs. "hair." Everyone on the team is an his lap and kick-padch his tube teams onside If someone is of a eligible receiver, but four offens'A A team may lateral (over or tube and has tro -ble getting k in, underhand) any number of times give him time to regain a seat.Vhen Rod Phillips is intramurals and physi- while moving down the pool, but snapping the ball (tcssing the ball to cal education coordimuor at East High the ball is "dead" if it touches the the quarterback), blow your whistle to School in Cheyenne, WY 82001. water. alert both teams

91 Intramural Handbook 83 Getting a "Bang" Out of Intramurals Robert Calloway

Several years ago at Walker-Grant education budget Paper and duplicating piece of Lamas hung freely from :nside Middle School, we decided to ex- ma:,:ers used for targets are obtained from the center of the box. we have found that pand our physical education offerings to the supply used by all teachers several towels in each box works as well include activities relevant to the middle The firing range Lan be set up inside A blanket backdrop is used for an added school students and their environment or outside depending upon the time of precaution, though it is optional Target We also wanted to incorforate more car- the year Itis used Since our physical boxes are placed on a row of mats to ryover activities and chose to add a education field is across a street and down reduce the hard floor surface around the shooting program. Our main objective a hillside, we find the indoor range is boxes The shooters shoot from a row was to provide ihstruction on safe han- best for us, itis quicker to set up. yet of mats. from a prone position because dling of firearms, while offering a fun still provides a safe atmosphere The of its ease and familiarity by most stu- activity that also provided a test of skill actual distance of the range, as recom- dents and marksmanship. Because most of our mended by the NRA Approved Daisy The same procedures are used for in- students, although living in the Litt', Progr..m, should measure 15 feet from tramural riflery as those used for:reg- owned or used B-B rifles, we centered the end of the muzzto the face of the ular class instruction Each shooter has our instructional unit around the Na- target. The backdrop is located three or a student coach who loads the rifle and tional Rifle AssociationApprovedDaisy four feet behind the target An additional counts the number of shots Each target Program. ten feet or so should be provided behind should have no more than five holes or The intramural pros. ram, which in- the shooter as well as a similar butler itis nullifiedAtter all shooters have cludes as many activitie, used in instruc- zone around the entire rangt. The num- completed five shots, each one retrieves tion as possible, then added riflery to its ber of shooting positions will depend his target and places another on the box offerings. Intramurals at Vv alker-Grant upon available space (a four-foot wide A total of 20 shots is counted for each are offered in the morning before classes area is recommended for each shooter) shooter, and the one with the highest begin. Th. time has proven best for our For the backstop, cardboard boxes can total is declared the winner In the event city school because many students had be used These Loxes should be large of a tie, a shoot-off consisting of five other activities or responsibilities after enough for any student to hit (a minimum shcis is employed Not only is this ac- school. of a two-foot square front surface is rec- tivity coed. be . both seventh and eighth ommended) Although these boxes can Adding Rilery to graders compete together ithis phase be filled with crumpled newspaper or a of our program the Program When the riflery segment of the in- tramural program began B-B rifles were borrowed from the Jaycees in town, and I--- optional canvas back-drop faculty members and students were will- ing to allow others to use their rifle, (whether just their class period or all day). Since!..;! initial trial, two or three Mr B-B rifles have been purchased a year. and presently there are 10 rifles for use targetback stops The program provides both fie B-Bs and targets (hand drawn on duplicating mas- 15 ft ters) foi e,..:11 student participating. The target is the same size as the NRA of- ficial Single Bull Target. Rifles and B- Bs are purchased as part of the physical firing1 ine--shooter's area

Moab MI= =mem ml,M =1. a MI= Robert Calloway was a physical edu- 444ft cation instructor and intramural direc- tor at Walker-Grant Middle School, mim gm. Sims moo ma= Fredericksburg, Virginia, and now "ready" a rea--sea t ng

teaches at James Monroe High School OM. .11I WPM .110.- =N. in Fredericksburg. 84 Intramural Handbook 92 Between 40 and 60 students parti,1- equate time tot this number ot student, intramural news and intormationiti pate in intramural riflery We allow eight to participateBoys and girls' stores maintained to ten mornings for the activity with a arc counted together tor the top three Intramural riflery at Walker-Grant maximum of eight students shooting per finishers These top three are announced Middle School has become one of our mornirv.During this time span. most along with the morning announcements. most popular activitiesIt has the highest students are ablo to find a time which and their names and pictures are placed participation rate for a non-team activity Its into their schedule there is ad- in the Intramural Showcase, where all

Coeducational Recreational Activities

This collection o! articles was coniributed A single e'imination tournament is usually used due to the large number by AAHPER's National Intramural Sports of team entries. First, second, and Council (NISC). Coordinator for ±:iis feature third place awards are given. Third place is decided between the last two was Paul Guns;en, director of Recreational losers the bouts which determined Service Activity Programs at Virginia the teams who will be in the kinals. The tournaments may be coed or run PrAytechnic Institute and State University. with a men's and women's bracket. The contests use one referee, who calls illegal hits and rules when a com- batant is off the tube. Only poking on the jsting craft prepared to bout with the stick is allowed. Striking with water until one of oe two combatants is the stick is illegal and the guilty com- joust forced off the craft and into the water. batant is warned. The other two members of each team The third time it happens the violator A water joust is an ideal once-a- are in the water controlling and mov- is declared fallen and must leave the year intramural activity that draws ing the jousting crafts. When the first water. Intentionally jousting at large participation Sy both men's and member of a team is knocked into the head, is ruled on in the same fashion. women's teams on the Cha&on State water, one of the two remainingA jr ister knocked off with an illegal College campus, according to members climbs onto the raft to com- hit is allowed to climb back onto the Thomas P. Colgate, HPER Division pete and the dislodge _ member leaves craft. A jouster who does not fall Chairman. A number of spectators the voter. When the second member completely into the water is declared also enjoy an evening of enjoyable is disl'Aged and leaves the water, fallen when one limb enters the water contests. the thing person takes his tutu on the up to the crotch or armpit, or the The equipment for the jousts con- craft. Whea he is knocked off the head enters the water up to the sists of the jousting platform or craft match is over. The winning team is shoulders. Two assistant referees are and the jousting poles. The platforms the one that knocks the three oppos- placed on each side of the pool and are constr2cted from large inflated ing members into the water. There blow a whistle to stop action when tractor fnnertubes with 3A" marine is a time limit of five minutes for the jousting crafts come near the edges. The jousts are held in the deep plywooa disks (4 ft. in diameter) tied each jousting match and the team with the most members remaining at end of the pool to keep those in the to the tube tops by five web belts. The the end of the five minutes is de- water from standing on the bottom disksare smoothed. painted,and clared the winner. If both teams have and contiuiling the crafts. striped with safety tape. The jousting the same number at the end of the Single jousting isalso done. In poles are eight feet by two inch hand time limit, there is a one minute rest singles there is only one jouster 'n rails with two inflated wheelbarrow period and a "sudden death" pe each craft and the tubes are joinod inner tubes taped on the ends of each is held between the members remain- together with a five foot long piece of pole. ing. The winning team is the one 1/2 inch sur;ical tubing. The rules for The joust begins with one member who first dislodges a member of .e single jousting are the same as for of each three-member team standingother team team jousts.

93 Intramural Hanfok 85 batter. A game is seven innings long jog, skip, hop, crawl, or walk if they modifiedor if it cannot be completed, the team want to; it all adds up in the end. basketball,ahead in the last full inning is the Teams of one female and one male winner. There are three outs per report to the track about 30 minutes softball,team and foul balls count ai outs. before the start of the meet. At the The positions and batting line-up scorer's table they receive a team and volleyballmust be alternated t'etween boys and number which is pinned on to the girls. Boys may not play all the bases back of their shirts. Just before the The Christiansburg High School and stealing is not allowed. start, teams are givenlast minute Intramural Director, Norma r7ox, has Coed modifiedvolleyball teams instructions, safety tips, and answers devised modified games of basketball, consist of eight members with six to their questlms. softball, and volleyball for coed!a- starting. Four people can start if nec- The meet runs for one hour, with tional spot ts. essary. The game ends after one side partners alternating laps. After each Basketball teams are made up of gets 15 points or after eight minutes. lap, the jogger reports to the scorer's three boys and three girls who play The winner must be ahead by two table to have the lap recorded by the for two ten-minute halves. Substitutes points at the end. Positions and hits two scorers. Joggers are allowed to can enter only on a dead ball. Boys are alternated between boys and girls, wall:, hop, skip, run, crawl, etc., but may not shoot from inside the key, but all other power volleyball _ales those who are not actually jogging are but girls may shoot from anywhere. are followed, asked move to the outside lanes. Slow break rules are used; that is, No bare feet or spikes are permitted. when the ballis controlled by the The team score at the end is the defensive team, everyone must ad-jogging total number of laps and yardage vance. The ball cannot be movedmeet completed within one hour. If a jog- until everyone is down court. When ger is within one of the four 110-yard the ball is in the forecourt, the team James Chodl, a graduate assistant increments of the track but does not must alternate 1. asses between boys in recreational sports at Indiana Uni- cross the finish line before time is up, and girls. One set of passes must be versity, says filet of the numerous the team is given credit for that yard- completed before a shot can be taken. types of jogging meets offered there age. The scorers also keep track of If a foul occursthe fouled team in the past three years, the most suc- the time. Cards are shown to the takes the ball out of bounds, unless cessful type has been the co-intra- joggers at intervals to indicate the it was a deliberate or technical foul. mural jogging meet. The idea L to amount of time left. All other rules are the standard oaes. accumulate as much yardage as pos- Participants are _eked tc dress ac- The modified softball team con- sible as a team within a one hour cording to the weather, but they must sistsof ten players withits own time limit. The key is how well the wear a shirt so the entry number pitcher who throws one pitch per runners pace themselves. They can card can be pinned on. Each student is responsible for knowing his or her own physiological limitations. All in- juries must be reported to the intra- mural activity director on duty. A trainer with water and towels is avail- able to joggers at Indiana University. tubing down the river As the 85 tubers paddle, kick, and splash down theriver,bystanders cheer, trout fishermen curse, and the local recapper recovers from another run on his innertube supply. Another co-recreational innertube river race is under way! What began as a modest 29 person event in the summer of 1972 has

86 Intramural Handbook developedintooneofthemost and the absence of the usual fierce ments. The club members also, on popular and highly publicized co- competition is refreshing. After all, their own initiative,designed and recreational activities in the Appa- what other intramural activity affords purchased a club insignia to wear on lachian State University intramural the possibility of a sprint to the finish their shirts for tournament competi- program. The 1975 spring race at- line with a water snake! tion and personal use. tracted a record 104 entries, with an If current trends are any indica- almost identical female-male ratio. tion, the future of the U.T. Fencing R. Wayne Edwards, Director of fencing Club is bright. This year's tourna- Intramurals at East Carolina Univer- ment results are most favorable and sity describes co-recreational tubing The success of the University of will provide a winning tradition on as an event featuring a large number Texas Fencing Club, a unit of recrea- which future club members can build. of students deftly maneuvering theirtional sports, is the direct result of tubes around rocks, down rapids, andthe many opportunities for students through the underbrush. The ASU offered by the sport of fencing. Randi fun for raceshavereceivedcoveragein Shoham and Gary Whalen, fencing campus, local, and statewide news-club sponsors, think its reliance on everyone papers, as well as on television; it is skill and mental ability rather than at the university a real attention-getter. on brute strength makes fencing eas- Tubing is inexpensive, too. Inner- ily adaptable to a coeducational situ- of tennessee- tubes constitute the only major ex-ation. With no physical contact, the penditure,ataboutthreedollars students can fence each other on an knoxville each. When the number of partici-equal imsis in practice. Therefore, The Intramural Office of the Uni- pants exceeds the number of tubes, all club members participate in the t'ersity of TennesseeKnoxville of- the race can be conducted in timed warm-up drills, workouts, and prac- fers thirteen coed activities that range heats, using the same tubes for each tice bouts that take place three times from badminton to flotation water heat. A gold-painted innertube makes a week during club sessions. The polo. Hat old Denton, director of the an excellent first-place award. The enthusiasm and comradeship vene- coed program, reports that the most "gold initertube" award can become ratedatthese sessions arepartly enthusiasm is exhibited by individuals a tradition! responsible for the current popularity participating in the spring and sum- Tubing is easy to conduct. Bus of the fencing club. mer coed softball leaguo. Over 600 transportation to the river is needed, Leadership, guidance, and instruc- individuals participated in the activity along with several certified lifeguards, tion are provided voluntarily by the last year. but the race requires little else. The U.T. fencing club sponsors Empha- Several softball rules are modified course for the Appalachian State race sizing the coeducational nature of the to make the play more fun for all is 1.2 miles, but distance may vary club, both a male and a female coach participants. A team must be ar- according to local conditions. There give tournament quality instruction in ranged so that men and women are are few rules, and those which are their respective weapons to those who staggered by playing position and necessary can be easily understood wish to fence for personal pleasure b aing order. Players use a slightl, and enforced. Rules in the ASU pro- and/or tournament competition. With gram include: (1) all entrants must many tournaments in the Austin area, differentstrike counttwo strikes and you are out; three balls and you be able to swim; (2) only one person the.e are numerous opportunities for walk. This accelerates the game so per tube; (3) tennis shoes must be club members to compete. Although more people get to bat more often. worn; (4) no propelling devices tournament competition is gererally The rules are further modified in an poles, paddles, swim fins, etc.are segregatedbysex,intercollegiate attempt to keep some of the men allowed; (5: interfering with another competition has been designed so from dominating play. Men must bat tube for the purpose of hinderingthat the results of individual men's usingtheirnon-dominantstance. its progress results in disqualification; and women's scores are compiled for Everyone gets a good laugh out of (6)propelling with hands,arms, the total team .,core. This organiza- seeing the "coordinated" swing that legs, and feet is allowed; (7) walking tion maintains the esprit de corps most often occurs. is permitted in areas too shallow forbuilt in club meetings. floating; and (8) the first man and Plagued by a limited budget, the The activity in the cued program first woman to cross the finish line in club members voted to supplement with a slightly different twist is flota- their tubes are declared winners oftheir treasury through such money- tion water polo. Water ski belts ai.e the "gold innertube" awards. making projects as cleaning up the used instead of the usual inner tubes Tubing is an enjoyable activity forfootball stadium after home games. which offers several benefits. Not all age groups. Skill is not really a Money earned by the fencers is used only does the game more closely re- factor and winning is incidental. Par-for the purchase of electrical equip- semble actual water polo, but the ticipating is the most important thing,ment and entry fees at team tourna- problems with tube storage, repair,

95 Intramural Handbook 87 and injuries are all b.it eliminated. ficiated. They even give awards to the The flag football program at the The water polo rules areslightly first and second place teamsT shirts Universityof Colorado doesnot modified to help _dapt the activity to for members of the first place team allow blocking.The .,all may oe the University of Tennessee parti- and a plaque for the second place passed from anywhere on the field cipants and facility. A team is made team. any number of times. All players are up of five playersthree min and The coed sport with the greatest eligible receivers. two women. Due to the participants' jump in interestisice broomball. A coed water carnival is held at the physical condition, games are played Games are played on weekends, dur- University of Colorado eachfall. in four periods of five minutes each. ing the day, and late at night du,'.6 Teams of three men and three wo- No other major rules modificationare the week. Tennis shoes are used in- men compete in several events such made, othe- than liberally interpret- stead of skates, which opens up the as penny give, clothes relay, sit on the ing the NCA,-. polo rules. sportfor the unsiled and non- balloonrelay,coeddualraces, Anotherhighlyenjoyablecoed skater. One person triedapplying cracker-whistle relay, and innertube activity is beach volleyball. Universitycross country ski wax to his tennis relays. of Tennessee games are played in a sand volleyball court at the Student =- Aquatic Center. Two hundred parti- cipants enjoyed the recreational ori- ented play last spring and summer. A few rule modifications are established in the sport: each team's player align- ment is staggered so that a team is thoroughly mixed; at least one girl must hit the ball on her team's side of the net if there is more than one hit by her team; and no team .may spike the ball. Rules on such things as carrying the ball are forgotten. Our motto is "Fun for Everyone."

coed intramurals at the university of colorado

The University of Colorado hasan extensive and successful coed intra- Nom mural program that includes twoon two basketball, ice broomball, flag shoes,butdiscoveredtheyonly football, innertube water polo, soft- Carol Thieme, assistant intramural picked up more ice and became much coordinator, will send copies of their ball, volleyball, water carnival, andmore slippery. The only equipment intramural rules to inter several coed doubles games such 'd people. as provided by the Recreation Depart- Write to her at Recreation Center, badminton, table tennis, and tennis.ment ishelmets and shin guards. Leagues are set up according to Room 136, University of Colorado, Teams provide their own brooms. Boulder, CO 80302. ability so students can participatea, Two on two basketball is played whatever level they wish. The volley-on half a court with a man and a ball games are both officiated andun-woman on each team. Males must officiated for more diversity. Modifi- guard males and females guard fe- flag cations have been made in the rulesmalesexceptinspecialcircum- to prevent men from dominating thestances. A basket by a woman count games. four points but a man's counts two. football Colorado finhnces its intramurals Innertube water polo is another The coed intramural program at by student fees and entry fees which inexpensive fun activity. Old tubes the University of Texas at Austin, vary according to the extent of the' can usually be gotten from tire deal- where Thomas raison is assistant di- activity and whether or not it is of- ers, then patched and taped. rector, complements the men's and

88 Intramural Handbook 96 women's Intramural programs with a variety of activities which allow men and wom--n to compete together. motivation At the present time, competition is offered in 16 coed activities, open to If you want to master the art of motivating the students in the hallway and in class all members of the campus commu- students, you must develop techniques that Invite individual students to your house nity, and involving various types of are right for your particular school and Speak at meetings of civic and service clubs tournaments and one-day evens. com munity to tell them about the intramurals program Although the coed program at UT The first step in motivating others is to School boards, administrators, and faculty has only recently begun to expand its motivate yourself You must l-,ave a goal are always fnenalier when they know some- schedule ofactivities and actively that you really want to achieve and you thing about your program. send them book- must believe in yourself and in your lets and other information regularly Use recruit participants, flag footballis one sport that has received wide- philosophy Be prepared to make the sac- newspapers. radio, and television to keep the community informed about your pro- spread interest throughout the camp- nfices required of a successful intramural gram Wnte letters to parents Talk at pep- us. As in many coed activities, certain director Get involved in the lives of the rule modifications are employed to young people you're working with Your fests Stress pnde in academic achievement equalize ;ompetition between men family should also be dedicated to what Become active in regional, state, and na- and women and make for a more you're trying to achieve, often you'll spend tional intramural movements Vary your enjo}able time for all participants. more time with other people's children than program, including new activities every with your own family and fnends year Be sure that every player plays in Initially coed football was played You must be able to communicate with every game and event Post results on the with eight members on a team, four young people and with the school board, intramural bullet.-, board See that the li- men and four women. Games seemed faculty, and parents Keep your participants brary has books on intramurals and to progressslowly, withthevast well informed so they know what is ex- DOPER, read them yourself and encourage majority of teams able to generate pected of them A 24-hour open door policy your students to read them Hold mini little or no offense. The next year, is a good idea Make it clear that you. the clinicsUse film loops Encourage senior teams were cut to three men and intramural director. are in charge, kids want leaders to recruit their friends Encourage three women, under the assumption discipline Team captains often make interest in interscholastic sports as well Give that four fewer players on the field tougher rules than the director Talk to the motivational talks to your students Hold would open up the opportunity for participants in your program and to faculty watermelon feeds and other get-togethers more scoring. Since it is more fun to members to get ideas of ways to improve Sell buttons to raise money Our slogan is play when your teamisscoring the program "intramurals can be fun and sociable We points, this development produced an Stress the importance of the individual try to get the words "Pacelli Intramurals- in enthusiasticatmospherethatwas Try to talk to every intramural participant as many place- possible, including colored absent during the initial year of the every day Congratulate and encourage T-shirts We develop a pre-season booklet, sport. every player, the poor ones as much as the a post-season booklet, schedules and pic- The other major modificationin champions tures. and programs for all events We bnng the game isthelimitation placed Goals are an important part of motiva- signs to our events We use individual and upon men in advancing the ball. tionSet immediate goals that can be team awards and Pacelli Cup Points to Running the ball across the scrim- reached soon and set future or seasonal motivate our participants mage line is limited to women. How- goals so that there is always something to Intramural participants thnve in an at- ever, after receiving a pass across this strive for Use the previous year's results as mosphere of genuine love undergirded by line, men may advance as far as a standard Set goi.ls for the team, for indi- reasonable, consistent discipline and en- possible. Men are limited to passing viduals, and for the director thusiastic motivation only to women. Women, however, Following are some of the specific ac- are allowed forward passes to either tivities and techniques we use to motivate sex. our intramural participants, you may want to try them in your school Participate with PETER ,:,' SCHMIDT is at Pace! High With these simple alterations, flag School, Austin, Minnesota 55912 football has proved to be a success- the ycung people in the program Talk to ful coed activityatUniversityof Texas, that involves all team mem- bers in every aspect of the game. Participants have discovered that dif- ferent strategies are required to have a successful coed football season. In addition, the game has become a fast- paced, enthusiastic oneas interest- ing to watch as participate in. 9? Intratnilial Handbook Fi,9 Participation for the Handicapped Fred V. Perez and Tim Gutierrez

part of the adalt world of fun One step in starting the program was to from the American National Standards Beingand recreationis the hope of all secure facilities which need not be Association. 10 E 40 Street, New York, young people, including those with specialized for the handicapped as long NY 10016.) Though required structural physical, mental, and emotional hand- as activities are adapted to meet partici- changes in facilities were to have been icaps. These individuals have the nght to pant needs. The key to this is rule m )di- completed by June 1978, this has not yet play and to be successful in physical ficationItis important to keep rules been totally accomplished. Program- recreation activities. simple and yet structured so that the en- ming in part, however, can be initiated During the past decade, several federal joyment of play is not hindered. For even before such renovation is finalized. and state laws have been enacted which instance, wheelchair tennis is played as Another important segment of the pro- include provisions for the development doubles in the singles coup and the baths gram is public relations, which involves of recreation and physical education pro- allowed to bounce twice before having to making contact with handicapped indi- grams for the handicapped. All education be returned These are but a few modifi- viduals and appropnate administrative programs as set forthin the various cations that can occur to ensure enjoy- officialsPublicity and public relations pieces of legislation are to be directed ment and self-achievement. are more than papef contact. A personal toward helping handicapped individuals The University of New Mexico's pro- and individualized approach is used. become as independent as possible. gram consists of a schedule of intramural One of the current UNM staff em- A com-nitment to this concept was the ployees is a quadripl4c who provides basis for the establishment of the in- activities,instructional programs. and recreational clinics. The sport activities insight and expertise in planning pro- tramural campus recreation program for for the handicapped include swimming grams for the handicapped. The em- the handicapped at the University of New ployment of qualified handicapped indi- Mexico during the 1978 fall semester. In meets. tennis, archery, table tennis. badminton, bowling, and chess These viduals for staff positions pertaining to organizing and developing this program, activities are run in conjunct:on with the program development should be given one of the first steps in planning was a strong consideration. Such persons have needs assessment of the target popula- existing intramural program for all uni- versity students. By providing this type expenenced the problems of the handi- tion. This assessment took much of the capped and, therefore, can better articu- guess work out of the program develop- of arrangement, handicapped students become part of the larger social environ- lAte the needs of this population ment process and provided a basis for Funding for programs is a basic con- establishing goals and objectives. A ment and thus an awareness is created for nonhandicapped students sideration in the planning process. Funds systematic cycle of planning and evalua- can be generated from various agencies. tion is an ongoing function of the pro- The instructional program consists of but should, if possible, be part of the gram. swimming, weight training, tennis, and departmental budget In some cases. the One of the aims of the UNM -ogram yoga These activities offer disabled stu- addition of such programs will necessi- is to provide a vanety of recreational dents an opportunity to learn recreational tate budget increases Because most in- activities for the handicapped population and leisure skills and provide a great deal tramural programs are funded. at least in on campus. The principal objectiv -,s of pleasure and self-satisri.:ction. part, by student fees. recreational experi- participation by the handicappeLIn- Accessibility is a major concern for ences should he provided for all students volvement in sports relateda. tiviti..:s those with handicaps The p--vision of regardless of their abil.ties or physical may help the participant, whatever his or ramps, doors, hallways, and appropriate com.itions her handicap, to realize the value and room arrangements should facilitate all No program can be self-initiatedIt enjo:'ment of meeting those basic human handicapped conditions. This means a takes people and planning to address the needs such as relaxation, proper use of fundamental change in the way nublic genuine neeos of the handicapped The leisure, and the maintenance of good facilities are planned. The disabled concept of recreational programs for physical and mental health population needs to be consulted re- handicapped students, encompassing garding architectural barriers whenever recreation and leisure services. is gaining any planning and remodeling of physical acceptance at the federal, state, and local Fred V Perez is director and Tun F education or recreation fucilities are ievels. Be an .nnovator in terms of your Gutierrez. is assistah: «...rdinator of being considered. (The 1975 revised ver- programming, allocation of funds and intramurals1campus recr«ition, De- Aor. of A mertcan Standard Speci- concern fot equal right, In so doing, you partment of Health Ph,.a:.al Edv«h.on, ticatic;.5 for M.,,:ing Buildings and Fa- will be providing recrzationd enjoyment and Recreation,liniv'er.litl of Arm c:lines ,I.co3sible to and Usahli by the for every program participant on your Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 8713i Phvsically Handicapped isavailable campu ..

90 Intramural Handbook 98 Team Sports for Exceptional Students Sarah A. Whalen

An Intramural Program for the ex- only a factor in competition Social a few Interschool activities in selected ceptional student is one of the acceptance, and belonging to a team sports. The school has 250 to 300 spe- best educational tools available to are of equal importance and have cial students, from seven school dis- teachers today. Grouping students ac- been stressed in our intramural pro- tricts. All students have two physical cording to ability, setting up rules so gram. education periods per week. For those that they challenge the studer at his Physical development and sorial in team sport competition, an addi- level, and allotting time within the acceptance of athletes have visibly tional one or two periods a week are school day for competition, are the improved since team sports have been set aside. Eight to 15 students com- primary factors for success. Physical included in the physical education prise a team; according to strict rule, development and increased social in- program at Sunrise. Boys and girls everyone must play some time during teraction are two obvious rewards of who participate have become more every game. Two periods at the end of sports participation in the school. confident. Many have gone back to three weekdays are set aside for However, in the cases of many in- their community programs and be- competition. Techniques and rules are terscholastic teams, winning has re- come involved in sports activities, taught during the regular physical placed participation and fun as the whereas in the past few dared to try. education period, and the actual game primary motivation. This allows the Participants appear to feel better situation and competition take place highly skilled to improve through in- about themselves and their abilities. during the team sport period at the tense competition; but to a majority The program at Sunrise includes end of the day. of exceptional students in the Al- team sports within the physical educa- Competition is Avided into three legheny Intermediate Unit, winning is tion program during school time, and levels: the experienced, the inexperi-

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99 Intramural Handbook 91 enced, and the physically handi-soccer, volleyball, basketball, and for these athletes; nonetheless, help- capped. The experienced groupcon- softball. Wrestling is optional. Since ers allow these athletes to do as sists of those students who easily fol-these activities are part of the physical much aF. possible by themselves, even low game rules and nave sufficienteducation program, all students are if it slows the game. skill to participate with little supervi- encouraged to participate. Sunrise We have found It very difficult to sion. Rules are rarely modified for thisdoes not have a varsity wrestling have after-school activities. The cen- advanced group. team, so weight class champions of the ttrs are fed by students from six or The inexperienced group consiststeam sport program wrestle weight seven school districts and activity of students needing skill develop-class champions from other schools buses cannot be provided for all who ment. Rules are modified to structure Any one of these sport activities can wish to participate. Therefore. the a competitive game that is still within be modified for an interscholastic time is scheduled into the physical players' limited capabilities. Muchhome-and-home competition or a education program and all students physical, visual and verbal help isonce a year game. All-star teams or have access to the program. Physical given even during actual competition.the winning school teams represent education teachers are allowed extra Participation and enjoyment are the school time periods in which to schedule stressed more than winning. Natu- The activities for the inexperienced games. rally, as players' competence im-group are indoor soccer, wiffleball, Interschool activities are also proves, help is reduced, until the kickball, floor hockey, beachball or played during these periods. The player feels able to compete with the regulation volleyball, and bowling. home school often invites students not experienced group. Also incladed, optionally, is a novice on the interscholastic teams to attend. The physically handicapped group wrestling tournament. Rules are mod- Intramurals can be effectively ac- consist of athletes who are confined toified, allowing coaches on the field or commodated within the physical edu- wheelchairs, or whose level of physi- flex to direct and instruct players. cation schedule when this program cal ability prohibits their LompetingModification lessens as players im- cannot be provided in another setting. with the other groups. Physical help, prove. The main requisites are cooperation such as pushers for chairs, is given to Activities for physically handi- in grouping the students according to those who need it, but competition is capped teams are wheelchair basket- their ability, modification of rules keen. These athletes want to do as ball, modified tag football, balloon where necessary, and providing time much as they can for themselves. They volleyball,ramp bowling,and to implement a program. ask for what help they need, but re- wiffleball. Rules are rewritten and main as self-reliant as possible Rules modified each year to meet the Saiah A. Whalen is a physical educa- are also modified. abilities of students. All-star teams tion teacher at the Sunrise School, Al- Activities for the experienced also compete interscholastically. A legheny Intermediate Unit 3, 550 Aura group include tag fo. tball, indoor good deal of physical help is necessary ')rive, Monroeville, PA 15146.

Intramr----As for HandicappedStudents atent State University Winona Vannoy

KState University has taken reational activities. The Division of and equipment. Volunteer students 11 many actions to help the handi- Intramurals and Campus Recreation were trained as aides, and participants capped college student, including initiated a recreation program in 1978 were lifted Into and out of the pool. modifying buildings and walks, as an outgrowth of a student project. The program met with such success providing van service, organizing as- One of the school's recreation majors that the school conducted a survey to sistance, advising, and providing rec- had chosen to co:nplete an individual determine other interest areas and to study for course credit, organizing a suggest follow-up activities. Winona Vannoy is director of in- recreational swim program for handi- Plans were being drawn for a new tramurals and campus recreation at capped students on campus. The in- gymnasium annex and pool, and the Kent State University, Kent, OH tramural director agreed to supervise director of services for handicapped 44242. the study, and provide lifeguard help students suggested specific building 92 Intramural Handbook 100 adaptations to provide accessibility pants to the locker rooms for needed game and stay in position to make the and convenience for handicapped help in showering and drest;ag. important calls. Blessed with uncom- students. A Hoyer lift was installed to Duang the first fall semester of in- mon energy, he often plays a game, move students in and o'it of the pool, tramurals, the Wheelchair Flashes then officiates a game in another and ramps provided access to all basketball team received r,umerous league during the same evening. He areas. challenges from on-campus and off- continued to officiate regularly As the intramural and campus rec- campus groups. They won nearly throughout the basketball season, then reation programs moved into the new every game played and received ex- officiated intramural volleyball and facilities, a block of time was reserved tensive news coverage in the Daily intramural softball. Mark is consid- in the pool and in one gymnasium Kent Stater. As intramural basketball ered one of Kent's best intramural of- each Saturday afternoon for the adap- tournaments were in process of or- ficials and has just been hired to of- tive program. The intramural director ganization, the director and tourna- ficiate summer softball games for two chose this time to avoid conflict dur- molt coordinator decided to offer a city leagues. Mark serves as the im- ing more heavily used times, to assure wheelchair league, with the restriction portant link between the handicapped that van service would be available, that all other teams in the league be student services, the intramural and to avoid class conflicts among required to have their players in graduate assistant and the intramural student volunteers. A graduate assis- wheelchairs when playing against the tournament director, and sets an out- tant experienced in working with Wheelchair Flashes. The league filled, standing example of leadership for handicapped students organized and and the games were played simulta- both handicapped and able-bodied supervised the program, and ex- neously with other tournament students. panded it into many new areas. She games. This was an excellent experi- The intramural director and tour- contacted various intramural club encz for the entire student body. nament coordinator are presently managers and scheduled clinics in ka- Handicapped students enjoyed in- considering new ways to include hand- rate, tennis, table tennis, archery, volvement in the regular tournament icapped students in the regular in- bowling, weight lifting, and square schedule, and participants and obser- tramural programs and to encourage dancing. Prior to 1978, the Wheel- vers experienced an added dimension other handicapped students to take chair Flashes, a wheelchair basketball to the basketball season. At the end of leadership roles in recreational ac- team, had advertised and played one the round robin tournament a special tivities. Long range plans include or two basketball games annually. playoff bracket was provided, and the building a par course with an asphalt This group became a part of the in- Wheelchair Flashes progressed as far track, and exercise stations to be used tramural program and was able to as the semifinals before losing. This by handicapped as well as able-bodied practice every Saturday. year. at the suggestion of players students. Handicapped student ser- The Saturday afternoon program themselves, handicapped students vices has secured donations from city has now operated for two years, and a were given the opportunity to join service clubs and individuals to pur- Thursuay evening swim program has teams with able-bodied players. All chase additional wheelchairs, and tt e been added. The swim program and players in this league were required to therapeutic recreation professor has the wheelchair basketball program be in wheelchairs while playing. This strongly supported the program by have been most successful. Individual allowed the highly skilled players to scheduling class members as volun- achievers in the swim program include join others with similar skills. An end teers and encouraging them to gain those students entering the water for of the season evaluation included sug- experience through involvement. In- the first time, and those making their gestions to continue this practice and tramural student employees are first descent from a diving board since require at least one handicapped stu- trained to ,pork with blind and deaf their confinement to a wheelchair or dent to be on the court for each team students and those in wheelchairs. braces. A few particit lints feel suc- at all times. The handicapped student is an inte- cessful when they learn to enter the Another step forward during the gral part of the total student body with water and move independently in thisbasketball season occurred when recognized needs for physical growth medium; others experience a tremen- Mark Terry, a recreation major con- and development while attending dous amount of freedom through fined to a wheelchair, decided to try Kent State University. It is an objec- aquatic activities. Other participants his skill at basketball officiating. He tive of the division of intramurals and establish a practice regimen for them- had completed the intramural admin- campus recreation to meet these selves to build strength and endurance istration course and was attending the needs adequately. and to enter competitive events. A intramural officiating course regu- special wheelchair was purchased by larly. Mark is a highly skilled player the division of intramurals and cam- with a thorough knowledge of the pus recreation to transport students rules, and was well accepted a. a co- from the pool to the shower to avoid official for basketball games. Mark getting their own chairs wet. Male and amazes able-bodied students working female lifeguards accompany partici- with him by his ability to control the

101 intrarnurd Handbook 93 I Special EventsThe Ultimate Rx Charlie Boulware

Q pecial events can meet the needs of adapt your program to fi, an open You can literally schedule a special a today's students. "Special" indi- field, a vacant lot, or school hallway. !vent for any time of the day or night. cates something out of the ordinary. In many school districts, there are You may need to try different time We are talking about something that no intramural programs. Our physical slots to find one for your situation. must be new, unusual or unique. education programs teach skills for Through innovation, you can find suc- An intramural special event should movement, sports and recreation. cess. embody all of the best qualities of Varsity sports provide opportunities programming. These events will serve for better athletes. What happens to Traditional Activity In New Setting as a showcase or forerunner for the the less skilled individuals? Where Now let's examine some special intramural program. can they go to participate? Intramural events that might really turn them out The oft-used intramural slogan of sports can provide activities forat your place. Remember, the only "Something for Everyone" should be everyone. Intramural and recre- limitation is your own imagination. As the foundation of a special event. If ational sports should be available at the following descriptions stir up cra- this criterion, is met, the event will be every elementary, middle school, nial storm fronts, free associate and enjoyable and successful. junior high and college. don't restrict yourself. Obviously A special event lasts for a relatively though, you must tailor any special short time. Students can arrange their Revitalize an Intramural Program event to vagaries of your kingdom. schedules so they can attend. This is a If you want to start an intramural These events might involve a very positive feature. program at your school, what do youmarathon game in activities such as A successful special event must 5e do? If you have intramurals, what can volleyball or basketball that are kept skillfully promoted and advertised. It you do to revitalize your program?going an entire school day or must be carefully and professionally The answer to both of these questions weekend. They involve activities planned. Once you convince the stu- is special events. corn only programmed but with a dents that these everts are worth their Special events can be the perfectdifferent twist such as Donkey time, they will be your best adver- lead-in to getting intramurals at any Baseball. Innel tube Waterpolo, Inner- tisement. school. The secret to selling any prod- tube Basketball, or Water Volleyball uct or service is to analyze your cus- are other possible ideas. Best Feature: Adaptability tomer. Once this is accomplished, all These programs can provide oppor- The real beauty of a special event you have to do is to meet the cus- tunities for students to watch and par- lies in its infinite adaptability to any tomer's needs. ticipate in a wide variety of events school setting. These programs can be Let's evaluate the characteristics ofSport clubs such as karate, gymnastics tailored for elementary schools, mid- our potential "customers." First, and fencing might provide programs die schools, junior high, high schools. there are more recognized special for the entire school during an activity and colleges. populations or interest groups within period or a particular evening. Paid A budget for these programs can be the school., than ever before Students professionals in activities such as bil- very modest. By using the expertise of all ages are involved in a wide range liards, golf, or frisbee might be within the student body, faculty and of recreational activities, and we mt brought in for an entertaining show. staff, you can produce a quality event address their needs. Sport movies are accessible in most for nothing. Effort can overcome Secondly, the characteristics of in- towns. College and pro highlight films money problems. dividual students have changed mar- can' e most enjoyable. The varsity Don't let a lack of facilities prevent kedly. Involvement in many different ball gam, films could he shared with you from scheduling special events. areas minimize the free tim available the stud nt body, and you could even Assess the available facilities and to a student. This is especially true ofvideo tape some of your intramural the student who has a job. events so that the participants could Finally, student expectations have see themselves on it.. levision. Another changed. They are more sophisticated "crazy cavorite' might be dive in Charlie Boulware is director of student and demand a quality product. Our movies in which students check out union and intramuro' sports at the programming must be good, or it will innertubes and sit in them in the pool University of South Carolina at Sum- not be successful. while watching the movie Jaws This ter, Sumter, SC 29150. Scheduling is no problem either can be a fun spine tingler.

94 Intramural Handbook 102 The Outrageous Nonintramural Associated Activity Traps and Expeditions This category is one in which the Most of the programs in intramur- The great outdoors could serve as a mind must think openly to program als are concerned with sports. How-special special event setting. Snow creatively. Plug-a-bur cram-a-van! ever, if providing an entire leisure and water skiing, canoeing, whitewa- See how many students you can get time program is a goal, other activities ter rafting, backpacking, ice skating, into a particular vehicle. Iced musical can be tried. A school dance called a roller skating, hang gliding, or sailing water tubs, a new mcdification to the "Jock Hop" could admit any in-excursions might be possible pro- old musical chairs game, might be tramural participant free. An "In- grams. If these activities are clone by played. Outhouse racing is a popular tramural Juice Bar" set up at a school other departments at your school, you activity in which cardboard re- event might serve nonalcoholic fruit could possibly cosponsor these pro- frigerator boxes are procured for each drinks, using mixed drink recipes grams. `racer." They are painted and without the alcohol. Another favorite Special Population Appealers mounted on wheels. They can be is an air band contest in which stu- It's important that programs for all raced in a suitable parking lot on dents form a band and act out playingcampus populations be provided. A about a 40 yard :ourse. In a sleeping the instruments to music. Those in at- luncheon or picnic for faculty, staff bag exchange contest, a male and a tendance judge the winner by theirand graduate students, and an Easter female inhabit one sleeping bag, toe applause. The Bong Show concept egg hunt or hayride for their children to face and toe to face. In this timed might also fit into this category. could be tried. A Handicapped event, they switch positions while still Awareness Day is another popular in the bag. A popular activity at the Co-op Enterprises program in which demonstrations and University of South Carolina at Sum- participation can bring the entire stu- ter is the annual Hug-A-Thon. Each To ;each a broader campus popula- dent body closer together. student is given a "Hug-in- button tion, the intramural office could team Special events can infuse new life in and an official Hugee Sheet. Partici- up with the student government, virtually any situation. Additionally, pants explain the event and hug as newspaper staff, dance or social special events can be the catalyst for many people as they can in a day. committee, or athletic department todeveloping across-the-board support Each hugee signs the participant's jointly sponsor a program. Try an all for the ultimate intramural program. sheet and the individual or team with mghter or sport nighter. An outdoorAnd what's the ultimate intramural the most hugs for a day wins. This spring sportsfest might tie a danceprogram? It's programs for kindergar- prog-am can be a HUGe success (with a band) to a day of sport activity.ten through college seniors and on (NOTE: Don't let your mind wander The athletic department might invitethrough grad school and continuing too far without thinking safety first intramurals to have the finals of theeducationincluding all faculty and Please be sure to make all the out- punt, pass and kick or one-on-onestaff along the way. Why not? rageous activities as safe as all other contest at the half-time of a varsity Spezia' events are too much fun to programs.) game. miss. That's the real plus.

Intramural Superstars Gary B. Spindt

Developing a junior high in- munity leagues to allow student expo- events. 100 yard dash, shot put, 12 tramural program to fire the en-sure to a large variety of activities. foot rope climb, golf shoot, basketball thusiasm of the student body was theThere are over 20 different sports of- shoot. bench press. one mile run, and goal in initiating the Sierra Vista fered now, including arm wrestling, obstacle course. Each event was Junior High program. There is pres- weight lifting, ping pong, two-on-two worth a maximum of 100 points. Point ently no interscholastic competition in basketball, frisbee throw, and basket- value scales are shown in FigureI. our school district for the junior high ball free throws. and give a good idea of how to balance schools. The community-run youth The Superstar Competition was skills,A, 'hat they count nearly sports are very popul; wever, and modeled after the television show of equally. we wanted to offer ities other the same name Basically, the compe- The students then were competing than those being offeieu by the com- tition was comprised of eight different for points TIit running point total

103 Intramural Handbook 95 was always kept up-to-date and pub- licized to maintain student Interest Figure 1: Point Value Scales There were two divisions, girls and 100yd. Dash Shot Put Rope Climb boys. Time The competition was designed to Pts Distance Pts. Time Pts. 10 5 100 40' 100 avoid favoring the "big kidFor this 4.0 100 10.6 93.5 39'6" 98 4.1 99 reason such events as the basketball 10.7 97 39' 96 4.2 98 shoot, golf shoot, rope climb and ob- 10.8 95.5 38'6" 94 4 3 97 stacle course were added. The winner 168 55 17' 8 18.6 2 of the competition had to average 16.9 4 16'G" 6 18.8 1 high on all of the events in order to be 17 25 16' 4 190 0 the Superstar. With a few modifications, the bas- Bench Press Mile Run Obstacle Course ketball shoot was modeled after the Weight Pts Time Pts. Time Pts. Pepsi Hot Shot competition. The 200 100 5.00 100 25 100 competitor could not take any two 195 97 5:10 98 25 3 99 shots in a row from any single spot on 190 94 520 95 25 6 98 thefloor.The first shot was taken 185 91 5:30 92 25 9 97 from the free throw line and competi- 60 19 10:10 24 55.8 4 tion continued for one minute per 55 16 1020 21 56.1 3 contestant. 50 13 10:30 18 56.4 2 The golf shot was simple to score. racks with the mats draped over them. top three boys and girls won trophies; The pin was placed 100 feet from the The next obstacle was a 15 foot tunnel the top ten participants earned corn- shooting area. Basically, each foo: constructed of tables set side by side. memorative medals. from the shooting area to the pin was The tunnel was watered down thor- The Superstars competition was the worth one point. Measuring consisted oughly. Next came three hurtles most popular event of the entire in- of determining the distance from the placed directly in front of wading tramural program at Sierra Vista. The pin and subtracting from 100. The pools. Another wall and another tun- winning score of 675 points Set an ex- best of two tries was recorded. The nel had to be negotiated before the cellent record for future Superstars to rope climb, 100 yard dash and one finish, which was a 20 foot slip-and- try to break. Student enthusiasm mile run were all timed events. slide. The contestant had to finish in made the event a complete success. Maximum weight for one lift was used some position other than on his feet. Community support was positive also, in the bench press, while the shot put Maximum publicity was given the as there was good coverage in the was recorded using an eight pound entire competition through the school local newspaper Superstars should be shot. newspaper, daily bulletin, and local an even b'gger success in subsequent The final event in Superstars was newspaper. This ensured a crowd of school years the obstacle course. Water was in- over 600 people for the final event, cluded to build spectator interest. The which was videotaped for future pub- Gary B Spin& 1,8 a leather and 1112 event was held in a grass rectangular licity and r,blic relations. director of physical education and in- quad area in the middle of the school At the end of the obstacle course, tramural department, SierraVista The course started with a six and all points were immediately tabulated Junior High School, ( anvon Country, one-half foot wall constructed of mat and an awards ceremony held. The CA 91351

96 Intramural Handbook 104 Elementary Superstars Dan Blackwell

efferson Elementary School instudent has a choice of ten individ- ticipate in, and competes only against JRiverton, Wyoming conducts a ual/dual activities throughout the other students of the same grade level. unique intramural program for grades year. Two weeks are allowed for each Ribbons are given for first, second, two through five. Taken from the activity, which really only amounts to and third place finishers of each heat popular Tv show, the program is two days, since each grade is given one in every race. called "Superstars." Points are day per week. Some of the activities earned for participation in the various are the tire race (with more tires and Publicity and Awards activities and additional points forchanging patterns each year), leg finishing first, second, third, and for The majority of publicity for the wrestling, balance beam wrestling, program originates inhe physical jogging. Jefferson's point system fol- turkey run, basketball dribble (mar- lows. athon, shuttle run, cones), Har- education classes. The intramural bul- 2 points for participating in an letin board, posters, the school news- vard step, cageball push-o-war, swot- letter, and the public address speaker activity er race (sitting, stomach), jump rope 3 points additional for finishing in announce and promote activities. (marathon, one foot, one minute, long Very simply, we believe a student first place rope), hoppity hop race, sock toss, 2 points additional for finishing in should receive credit for effort put and the pillow fight, which is a particu forth, and at the same time respond to second place lar favorite. Other popular events are 1 point additional for finishing in s'me motivation other than fun. the tug-o-war (Tingles, with tire tube, Every student participating in an ac- third place 5+5), soccer kick, throwing gallery, 1 point for each mile jogged tiNity, regardless of finish, receives a arm wrestling, tetherball, obstacle certificate. Provided by a local Eight Superstars medals are pre- course, peg boards, baseball throw, sented at the awards program each printer, they cost only 1.9 cents each team shoe racing, freeshot contest, in quantities of 2000 or more. In addi- year, to one boy and one girl from sportsbuoys, softball hit, and three each grade. Boys and girls perform in tion all first, second, and third place person sled races. finishers receive ribbons, which cost the same activities, but boys compete Activities in each school depend on only against othe_ boys and girls 10 cents each. Superstar Medals with students' needs and desires as well as 30 inch Olympic ribbons for the boy against girls, and only against students available staff, equipment, and space. of the same grade. The boy and girl and girl in each grade accumulating from each grade with the highest ac- Jogging.In the mornings only, stu- the most points throughout the year cumulation of points at the end of the dents may jog one lap around the cost $3.65. The champion jogger of year is named Superstar. fenced school, about a quarter mile. the year receives a jogging necklace All individual and dual activities The distance is not great, but it en- with a pair of track shoes welded to- take place during the morning play- courages students to exercise daily. gether, which costs $2.50. "Run for ground time, as the buses arrive be- Students may jog any day of the week, Your Life" is inscribed on the back of fore school, or after lunch. Only team even if it is not actually their day for the shoes. Each person jogging 25 sports are played after school, when a intramurals. Jogging is limited to one miles or more receives a "number permission slip is required to practice lap because some buses arrive early, one" necklace with the inscription and play. Each grade is assigned a day others later. The limitation gives "Jefferson Jogger--25 Miles" on the to participate. everyone a fair chance for a daily lap. front. These cost the school $1.65 Four laps (a mile) earn one additional each. The Events Superstar point. During the first year This program, like any other involv- Activities offered at Jefferson of jogging, students totalled 989'/2 ing rewards and incentives, requires range from simple games for the sec- miles; the second year, 20021/4 miles. much paper work to keep records on ond grade to more difficult activities This year's goal is 2200 miles. each person's points and jogging re- for the fifth grade participants. The Team SportsBoys and girls may sults, typing names on certificates and play after school from 3:30 to 5:30 ribbons, and extensive planning. Last p.m. provided they return parent year the school awarded 1654 certifi- Dan Blackwell, a teacher of physical permission slips. Sports offered are cates, 879 ribbons, and recorded over education at Jefferson Elementary flag football, basketball, volleyball, 2000 miles of jogging (at 1/4 mile per School, Riverton, WY 82501, is also deck tennis, and gym hockey. day per student). The work is re- vice-president of the elementary sec- In all school track meet is held for warded by students' delight and en- tion of the Wyoming Alliance for everystudent in Jefferson, K-5. Each thusiasm. For more information Health, Physical Education, Recrea- student may participate in one run- about the Superstars program, feel tion, and Dance. ning event and one field event to par- free to contact the author.

Intramural Handbook 97

I 1 0 5 All Sports Night Richard H. Tucker

Increasing demands on our phycical edu- cation plant threatened to reduce our in tramurals program Instead, we consoli- dated several activitiqs into one evening of fun and games. All Sports Night features 20 differentrec- reational activities during one evening ses- sion, held in the gym from 645 to 10 00 p m Activity stations are shown on the ac- companying diagram We have modified the rules of several games, primarily to keep them more com- petitive and reduce court time For instance, we use table tennis scoring for the "one- wall" games, the'server serves until 5-points have been scored between two players The volleyball court is reduced inae to ac- commodate two 3-person teams In four- square we use the Vass tennis scoring method To play bocce in the lobby of the gym, we have improvised hall floor runners for grass We use a 60-second clock for chess At the 13 wrestling station we use a section of wres- tling mat for safer footage and mat mark- ings The sticks for cane wrestling are bat blanks of ash Intramural captains are assigned to supervise two tournaments each They may also participate in their tourney To increase scoreboard total participation and expedite tournament 15 (lobby) management, all participants are limited to two tournaments The team positions for each tournament are assigned by a blind drawing prior to All Sports Night Team captains then assign Activity Stations for MI SportsNight members of their squads to each tourna- 1 Four square ment Participants advance to either the 2i- 1- O -R -S -E followed by a free throwcontest (best of 25) winners or losers bracket following the re- 3 Volleyball sults of their initial contest All results are 4 Arm wrestling postedimmediatelyatthecentral 5 Checkers (three boards) scoreboard Points are awarded for all 6 Badminton-doubles games and places 7 Table tennis-mixed doubles The supervising captains assign advances 8 Tetherball within their tournaments and announce the 9 Racketballgirls singles, then mixed doubles* next game and contestants over the P A 10 Cane wrestbng followed by leg wrestling 11 Handballboys singles, then doubles* system Participants must report within five 12 Shuffleboarddoubles minutes in case a contestant is playing in 13 Chess (three boards) another tourney when called, the supervis- 14 Table tennisgirls singles, then boys singles* ing captain moves that tournament up one 15 Bocce-mixed doubles game However, the previously announced * The first tournaments at stations 9, 11, and 14must be completed before starting the player must report to the new station im- second tournaments

98 Intramural Handbook 106 L mediately upon completion of the game can theoretically handle two classes dunng physical education This type of program The "missed" game is played immediately one class period It is possible to assign five can be suited to fit other systems A few upon completion of the game on the floor students to each statio.1 (four participants simple adjustments to accommodate your There is a copy of the rules governing the and one scorer rotat.ng) The students ro- facilities and a sport substitution plan that sport at each stationIf a dispute or ruling tate stations counter-clockwise every 10 serves your needs will move you in the di- cannot be resolved by the supervising cap- minutes (55-minute periods with 32 min- rection of an All Sports activity tain it is referred to an arbitration board of utes allotted for activities) three intramural members It is our goal to invc lye as many students RICHARD H TUCKER is intrarzur I and The All Sports activity has evolved into a as possible in our physical education ac- physical education director for Greenfield three-week co-recreational physical educa- tivitiesAll Sports Night has worked well Community Unit Schools, District No 10, tion unit We use the same floor stations and with our objectives for intramurals and Greenfield, Illinois 62044

Almost Anything Goes at ECU Rose Mary Adkins

It is or should be the objective of every Toilet Bowl Competition? You've got itIn students have learned to expect the unex- intramural program to provide "aactivity basketball ill teams that have been "fortu- pected for all and for all an activity Since partici- nate" enough to lose all of their regular Our frisbee pentathloi, is another highly pation is the main objective of any in- season games are placed in a single elimina- enjoyai:le activity Participants are tested on tramural program, then meeting the needs tion tournament, and there's a fight to the accuracy flights through a hoola hoop, left and interests of all students should be finish In order to stay in the tournament, and nght curve patterns, backhand throws equally Important For this reason the East teams must continue to lose and the ulti- into a 12-foot diameter target circle, a dis- Carolina University Intramural Department mate loser is the winner An annual golden tance throw, and a skip flight in which the has incorporated several unusual activities plunger award is presented to the "un- fnsbee must skip off the ground and travel to add vanety to its program lucky" loser and another team is flushed 15 yards to land in a target circle Gold, Almost Anything Goes ECU Style pro- down! silver, and bronze frisbees serve as first, sec- vides an interesting coed sport Teams are Several slow-pitch softball rules are mod- ond, and third place awards composed of three men and three women ified to r -Ike coed play more fun Restnc- Another coed activity which arouses who compete in a number of unusual tions are aot placed on the arrangement of curiosity in many c; our fun-loving partici- events Events include various activities positions, but an alternate male/female bat- pants is our popular iceball program A local such as egg toss, skin the snake, water bal- ting order is required To add a different ice skating nnk is utilized and floor hockey loon toss, and blind football in which the effect a 16-inch softballis used to help rules are adapted with slight modifications center, holder, and kicker are all blindfolded equalize strength differencesWith slight Players must wear tennis shoes and hockey to add an amusing effect for everyone modifications in the rules, we've attemptea helmets for safety Plastic hockey sticks are Teams are placed in groups and are rotated to decrease monopolizing of play by the used, and in place of the puck we use an from event to event so that the entire activity men and keep competition morn enjoyable eight-inch rubbed ball To add to the "un- is completed in a short length of time Places Splishing and splashing with thrills of coordinated efforts," the :ccis watered are determined by a cumulative point sys- laughter can be head during the novelty down, thus making it extremely difficult to te,n and pnzes are donated by vanous busi- swim meet This coed activity is fun for both stay on one's feetNeedless to say, the nesses in the community participant and spectator Unusual relays game is packed with excitment What would you expect with a title lire include the feet-first swim and swimming The East Carolina University Intramural while blowing a ping pong ball or pushing a Department is constantly looking for in- ROSE MARY ADKINS is assistant in balloon Better yet, there is swimming on novative ways to involve the total student tramural director at East Carolina Universi- one's back while reading a comic bookpopulation Our motto is"Participate, ty, Greenville, North Carolina 27834 aloud or while holding a lighted candle' Our don't spectate, play intraniuralsi"

107 In tramur al Handbook 99 Sports Clubs: Their Place Within the Total Intramural-Recreational Sports Program Larry Cooney

Larry Cooney is coordinator, University their own initiatives. in learning the necessary skills. Recreation Services, Iowa State Uni- Stated quite simply, a sports club is a The following sports clubs are com- versity, Ames,/A50011. collection of students who want to par- mon today at many educational insti- ticipate in a particular sport Most sports tutions: archery, badminton, bowling, ports clubs are rapidly developing clubs today have a social, instructional, boxing, canoeing, cricket, cycling_ fenc- Sacross many school campuses in the competitive, recreational, and service ing, flying, handball, hockey, judo, lac- United States. Although sports clubs in function. It must be kept in mind that the rosse, mountaineering, parachuting, rifle this country began developing during the nature of sports clubs is to include these and pistol, rodeo, rugby, sailing, scuba, early twentieth century, the major sports elements while resisting stringent or- soc_er, table tennis, tae-kwon-do club impetus has occurred during the last ganization and limitations placed upon karate, trap and skeet, tennis, volleyball, twenty years This coincides with a trend them. However, since sports clubs are weightlifting, and whitewater rafting. which emphasizes participation and in- usually part of an educatio .alinsti- As budget dollars come under tighter volvement in all levels of sports and rec- tution 's recreational program, some scrutiny, many physical education de- reation The role of sports club program,. policies must be established regarding partments, athletic departments, and rec- has changed from providing the founda- their activity. Although there should be reationservice departments must tion and development for varsity athletic some controls, a minimum of rules and undergo vigorous self-evaluation They programs to becoming an important rec- regulations should suffice for sports must seek ways to create alternative sport reation program alternative. clubs. The spontaneity and pure fun of programs which cost less, but which in- The populanty of sports clubs may be participation in a sports club should crease participation. Sports clubs may be due to a desire for outside competition never be lost or dimmed by excessive such an alternativt_ not only for uni- not offered in intramural prcgrams, dis- "red tape" and regulations. An inter- versities and colleges but also for secon- satisfaction with existing intramural pro- view response by the president of the dary and elementary schools grams, more students with high school Iowa State University Boxing Club helps athletic backgrounds who are not to illustrate these points:The sport is selected for college/university varsity new to most of the members when they 'Fehnng, William P ,"Club Sports," Twen- athletic teams or who choose not to par- first join, but all are learning quickly. We tieth Annual Conference Proceedings of the Na- ticipate in varsity athletic programs, 'ional Intramural Association, pp 49-52, 1969 maintain an informal atmosphere which =Am, le pnnted in the Iowa State Daily News- foreign exchange programs in which encourages members to help each other paper, October 1978 foreign assistance for students imple- ment their club sports on our campuses, 4,040SIMMilso... and more financial assistance for stu- dents giving them more free time) Ad- Aha vantages of sports clubs which possibly relate to this growing popularity are: (1) sports clubs offer a special variety to existing programs; (2) they are usually coeducational in nature; (3) clubs cross traditional school barriers by permitting faculty and students to participate in ac- tivities of mutual interest and concern; Affiers. (4) excellent opportunities for students to - -- receive professional services are avail- able; (5) clubs are usually student oriented and initiated and present a tre- , mendous opportunity for direct student IL involvement in program planning, thus -01114,' allowing the student to feel a part the C. total program; and (6) sport clubs con- t- FA ;"4-44,74-4. tribute to an overall learning process of - tot t.^.!-, organizationandadministration, ... : whereby members plan and carry out ..01aill

100 Intramural Handbook 108 I

Extramural Sports Clubs and Varsity Athletics James M. Jeter

Sportsclubs have played a historical periences for students already on campus fundedResources for these funds are and important role in the develop- or should it attract highly skilled athletes basically gate receipts, student fees, and ment of our present sports conscious so- to a university simply because of sports donations In using the word "totally," ciety. There were sports clubs long be- availability? These questions still remain it is meant that all basic requirements for fore there were intramurals, varsity, or partially unanswered, but for the most participation are funded (equipment, professional athletics as indicated by the part they have been solved by recogniz- travel, fees, insurance, etc. ). In co mpari- existence of sports clubs on many cam- ing these student-organized clubs and son, sports clubs are seldom totally puses as early as 1860) Originally, supervising them through the Office of funded due to the lack of a permanent and sports clubs were organized by groups of Recreational Sports. substantial fmanciP: source. Institutional students whose common interest was - Many institutions have sports clubs clubs have 1,1 large group of stadium- ticipating in a given sport. For instance, categorized into two divisions. recre- filling followers, so immcdiately a main the first college football game was actu- ational sports clubs and extramural sports source of income is elimin.lted. ally a game between two club teams from clubs. Recreational sports clubs are de- How then are most clubs financed? Rutgers and Princeton in 1869 As sports signed to offer more of an instructional Funding is usually from one or all of the clubs evolved, their values were seen by and noncompetitive experience. For following sources. dues, recreational campus administrators, and therefore, example, if a 100-member club were fees or appropriations, work projects, varsity sports and physical education funded with $100, ondollar would be and donations. For example, at Texas programs were developed to encompass theoretically spent on each member (wa- A&M University all recognized sports some of the club sports.' ter skiing, bike riding, parachuting, clubs are required to charge dues. These Sports clubs underwent a "dying-off" etc.) Extramural sports clubs are aimed may vary from $1 00 for archery to $40 during the early 1900s. But due to the more specifically at filling th cid be- for polo, and are usually based upon the diversity of student interest, an increase tween intramural and varsity athletics expense of each activity The Extramural in women's athletics, and the lack of Club members would be highly skiled Sports Club Association. in which there funding on the varsity level, extramural and :evolved1 regular workouts and in- are 30 clubs,is also allocated about sports clubs have become once again a tercollegiate competitionIn the ex- $25,000 from student service fees to be large part of the sports experience on tramural area, all funding is used primar- distributed among the clubs The Office campuses all across the nationSome ily to support the .,umber one team. The of Intramural and Recreational Sports universities recognize as n- any us 75 comparisons L- be made in this article distributes this money based on club size sports clubs. will be between varsity athletic and ex- and activity. Also, the Alumni Associa- The question asked on most carrises tramural sports club administration ticn donates approximately $4,000, is: Who should administer this colupli- In comparing the administration of which is held in reserve for national trips. cated rainbow of sports activities'' The varsity athletics with that of extramural Many clubs sponsor tournaments or differences in institutions and their sports clubs, there are as many dif- initiate work projects to raise funds For philosophies he caused this question to ferences as here are similarities There example, the water polo club contracts be answered in many ways. On some would seem to be seven common areas of with the Athletic Department to clean the campuses club sports are administered by responsibility: (I) eligibilityteam and football stadium after each home game, varsity at 'et'cs, on others by the De- individual, (2) transportation, (3) safety, making roughly $800 to $1,000 a game. paztment of Health, Physical Education, medical care, and insurance, (4) equip- Most university fundings are similar to and Recreation, but on most (and rightly ment purchase and maintenance, (5) that of Texas A&M, with the source of so) by the Office of Intramural and Rec- scheduling and facility reservation, (6) recreational funds varying in amounts reational Sports. coaching, and (7) financing. from zero to $50,000, and the source What then should be the scope of ex- i'arying from student service fees, to tramural sports clubs? Should it he purely Financing Sports Clubs student center profits, to permanent uni- recreational or should it be highly compet- Since financing has such an impact on versity funds 3 Though sources may iti A? Should it be aimed at offering ex- the other six categories, let us consider it vary, control does not These funds are first. College and university varsity ath- normally in state accounts and must be letic programs are regulated by the vouchered in one of three basic areas: NCAA; therefore, all funding must be in equipment, fees, and travel. Therefore, James M. Jeter is associate director of alignment with NCAA rules and regula- the comparison here is one of total ad- intramurals, Texas A& M University, tions. For the most part, all varsity sports ministrative control and funding to one of College Station, TX 77843. sponsored h' -in institution are "totally" "catch as catch can.

109 Intramural Handbook 101 1 Eligibility It has already been pointed out that in order to represent an institution, a sports club must become officially recognized. Eligibility of sports club participants is basically uncontrolled, unlike varsity sports in which participants must be screened as to age, residence, classifica- tion, scholarship awarding, and recruit- ing as is required by bodies such as the NCAA and AIAW. Club teams are made up of undergraduates, graduates, faculty members, scholastic ineligibles, and sometimes even non-institutional per- sonnel. Recently, however, state and re- gional conferences have been initiated and other governing bodies have been formed in an effort to put controls on sports club eligibility. Many of these bodies have adopted rules and regula- tions similar to those of the NCAA or AAU, as evidenced by the Texas Inter- collegiate Bowling Association or the Texas Intercollegiate Wrestling Associa- tion. In this way league tournament type play has a semblance of varsity competi- tion. Some of these associations are so closely aligned with NCAA rules and regulations that a sports club could be- come a varsity sport and not a single participant would become ineligible. On the other hand, some clubs do not want controls They want things open so that any and all of the institution's students and personnel can participateMany rugby leagues are often of this nature and are frequently composed of college, city, and independent teams. Many clubs function independent- ly, while others belong to state or local associat;ons with relatively strict require- mots Some teams even strive to par- ticipate on a varsity level .4 At Texas A&M, an extramural dub was granted temporary varsity status because of its 44.1 potential to compere on a national level that yearSubsequent'y, the team was official. Other institutions allow students or advisor who is willing to accompany invited to the NCAA finals For the most to travel in private vehicles driven by the group on ten or more trips each year part however, team and individual c:igi- licensed and insured drivers. Sports club transport...! ^^ is usually bility for 5,ports clubs is lightly structured Transportation, like most things,is handled in the cheapest possible manner, and is not as highly controlled and ad- dictated by funding Normally clubs do but safety is a major concern Most insti- ministered as varsity athletics. not have funds to pay for a university tutions 111111t travel to a reasonable vehicle for every trip, and private vehicle Transportation number of trips yearly They also require travel becomes a necessityVarsity trip insurance and licensed, insured ori, Transportation is haniled in a mul- teams, on the other hand, often travel ers Clubs are normally required to file titude of ways. Some institutions require commercially and are accompanied by pretrip and posttrip reportsDrivers are club teams to travel in institutional vehi- salaried coaching staffs.It is often dif- usually reimbursed on a mileage bays or cles and be accompanied by a university ficult for a sports club to obtain a sponsor by gas receipts

102 Intramural H, ndbook 110 Safety, Medical Care, and Insurance own facilities and thus carrying a high for monitoring and maintaining practice This is an area which is handled care- priority Sports clubs are forced to share and game equipment. fully by both extramural clubs and athletic or health, physical education, Because of problems associated with varsity programs. The health of the par- and recreation facilities and thus have maintenance and loss of equipment, most ticipants is a major concern. Varsity low priority, somewhere behind varsity schools have discontinued purchasing programs have team doctors, trainers, athletics, health and physical education, personal equipment for extramural club individual health insurance policies, intramurals, and often freeplay recrea- members. Funds set aside for equipment emergency medical care, training pro- tion are usually spent on such items as game grams, etc. All of these are funded by the Most varsity schedules are set by a and practice balls and large pieces of athletic budget. conference or league several years in ad- team equipment such as soccer goals or Extramural sports clubs handle these vance with minimal input from insti- wrestling mats Any equipment pur- concerns on more of an individual basis. tutional representatives. Extramural chased with state or university funds Even though extramural sports club par- sports clubs, on the other hand, usually must normally be acquired through the ticipation is voluntary, most institutions schedule on a short-term basis, and are same purchase procedures used by any require participants to sign release dependent upon the availability of facili- other university department. At Texas forms.6 Insurance is the total responsi- ties, funding, and suitable opposition. A&M clubs such as lacrosse, field hock- bility of the participant. Most medical ey, and archery do purchase personal care, emergency or otherwise, is ad- Coaching and Instruction equipment items with university funds, ministered by an institution's health care Coaching on the extramural level is but are required to maintain accurate center. entirely a team effort with an occasional equipment inventories. Extramt.i al training programs vary team having a sponsor or advisor with the from two-a-day workouts to mere game expertise to furnish good coaching Var- IGrambeau, Rodney JEncouraging the devel- participation. For thi. reason, injury sity teams have fulltime coaches who opmer t of intramural sports clubs, Seventeenth an- nual conference proceedings of the National problems can be severe, especially in work year-round to improve team per- Intramural Association, Norman, Okla ,1966, some of the high risk sports such as formance. Most sports clubs do not have University of Oklahoma Press, pp 115-117 rugby, soccer, rodeo, or karate. Student trained coaches and this often results in a 2Haniford, George W Pros and cons of sports health insurance, required by most uni- lack of continuity from year to year. The clubs, Proceedings of the annual meeting of the National College Physical Education Association versities, covers most injuries which success of a club team solely depends on for Men, 1959, pp 49-54 might occur Once again, the financial the student members and their willing- 'Hyatt, Ronald W Sports clubs organization situation dictates procedures The varsity nes: to work in this area. and administration In Peterson, James Aeditor program generally secures maximum Intramural administration theory and practice, En- coverage, while health care for ex- Equipment Purchase and glewood Cliffs, N 1, 1976, Prentice Hall, Inc , pp Maintenance 226-244 tramural clubs is arranged almost entirely 'Deter, James M A possible solution to NCAA on individual bases This is an area of high expense in most recognition for Extramural Sports Clubs, Proceed- activities. Varsity athletic programs usu- ings of the National Intramural Recreational Sports Scheduling of Competition and ally provide both team and individual Association, 1977, pp 252-253 Facilities `Mueller, PatIntramur9ts programming and equipment items for its participants. administration, ed4, Nev York, 1971, The Here the problem is one of ownership, Most athletic programs have one or more Ronald Press Co , pp 246-247 with varsity athletics generally having its fulltime employees who are responsible 'Hyatt, op cit

The Sports Club President and Advisor James Teague

Sports clubs are composed primarily The organizational structure of mod- their own because of an immense desire of individuals who possess high ern day sports clubs is similar to clubs for cohesiveness and competition. interest and/or skill levels in sports or which were formed near the end of the Today sports clubs are oriented recreational activities. The purposes of nineteenth century. During that era, an strongly toward the concept of an inter- most clubs are to offer instruction for avenue was not available for the organi- nally governed club. Within the club, skill development and to offer an avenue zation and administration of sports pro- members have as unlimited number of for intercollegiate competition within the grams within the great majority of insti- opportunities to become directly in- activity area. tutions, and students formed clubs on volved in administering, organizing, and

111 Intramural Handbook 103 supervising the club's activity. Members 4Informing the next dub president of the members of the group, and inallin- collectively have respisibilities for routines and guidelines for Liu', operation pnor to stances the advisor must be accepted by writing the club constitution and by- the next president 's assumptio . of duties This in- the club members The advisor should be cludes transfernng the Sports Club Handbook to laws, determining their membership re- the new president and arranging a meeting between a faculty or staff member who carries quirements, establishing their dues the new president and the director of Sports Clubs status within the student group and schedule, selecting their club advisor, es- 5 Taking appropnate action to obtain a dub should attend the meetings of the club in tablishing the duties of officers, selecting advisor older to better understand and assist the 6 Keeping the following information current in a coach, and developing and administer- the Sports Club Office release forms for Lech club group Other important responsibilities ing a financial base or budget memSer, list of club officers and club advisor, and a of the advisor includeapproving the One of the most important positions copy,f the club constitution club's annual budget, giving general ap- within a governing structure as described 7 Registermg the club in the Sports Club Office proval of the program for the organiza- each semester on a semester report form tion, signing request forms for travel, here is the club president. Being the 8Meeting financial obligations incurred as a leader of a member governed group, club serving as a source of information, and which is organized within and according 9 Making a regular check of the club mailtx,x in counseling individual members to guidelines of the partici!, 2r institution the Recreation Office A capable advisor participates without itself, the duties of the president are of 10 Completing the Accident Injury Report domination, always serves and advises, form for any injury requiring some form of medical utmost importance. At Texas Tech Uni- attention that occurs dunng an on-campus or off- and does not sit in judgment. The advisor versity, the duties of the riesident are campus related activity is most helpful when using mature judg- similar to many other collegec and uni- II Reporting the results of all club association ment and experience to help the club versities in that the club president is re- competition members plan and refhie their programs 12 At the beginning of each competitive club to a point where they are effective and sponsible for: sport season, the presidents of the sports clubs arc I Serving as the liaison between the club and to furnish copies of the club's saedule to the direc- realistic. the Sports Chtb Office tor of Sports Clubs 2 The operation of the club in compliance with the content of the Sports Club Handbook Another important posi:ion within the James Teague is associate director for 3 Informing the dub member, of the content of sports club structure is club advisor The recreational sports,Te.tas Tech Uni- the Sports Club Handbook sports club a 'visor is chosen by the versity, Lubbock, TX 79409.

The Sports Club Council A Vital Administrative Tool Gerald M. Mass

The administration of a sports club sports club director in a precarious posi- bility and authorityHowever, the ad- program can be a tedious, time con- tion when trying to develop one set of ministration of the sports club program suming, and most difficult task if the guidelines for the program should be participant centered as that is clubs are not united to formulate an or- The establishment of a Sports Club one of the values of individual club in- ganized body. Attempting to coordinate Council (SCC) can put the needed struc- volvement The SCC can provide the the sports club program 1.:-,interacting ture into the sports club administrative structure for this to occur with each club individually leads to a pattern while allowing the objective of The most obvious and important bene- redundancy problem cf the nth power. seit-management of individual clubs to fit of SCC is communicationboth be- This system also makes student input in carry over to the overall coordination of tween the director and the clubs and be- operating the program difficult and com- the club program The SCC consists of tween the clubs themselves Group meet- plicates basic administrative tasks. This representatives of all recognized sports ings of club representatives provide is further confounded by the wide variety clubs on campus and functions in a direct regular interaction between all club rep- of activities which are included in the advisory capacity to the sports club direc- resentatives which leads to a sense of definition of sport which places the tor. Student government and student unity and esprit de corps. The council affairs/services representation might also structure allows the director to obtain be appropriate for the council. The sports crucial club input on topics which are Gerald M. Maas is director of intra- club director should be an integral part of germane to the club program. These in- murals-recreation, Universityof the council, which provides the neces- clude club recognition, eligibility for Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI sary link to the administrative structure club membership, financial support, 51706. of the university in terms of responsi- facility coordination and reservation,

104 Intramural Handbook 112 travel, legal liability, and records of club written procedures to follow or a con- 5.student government representation activities as major discussion/de- stitution with by-laws. The constitution 6student affairs/services representa- cis:onmaking points. The SCC should should specifically cover the following tion discuss these matters of importance and points. 7 elected officers for the council should come up with recommendations to the 1.the purpose of the council in state- be listedpresident, vice president, director. If this procedure is not fol- ment form secretary, treasurerwith specific lowed, the director is left to make these 2. requirements for membership on the duties for each officer clearly stated decisions without club member guid- council 8 amendments or changes in the con- ance. SCC allows the clubs to have input 3. voting privileges for council mem- stitution and by-lawsprocedures into the actual implementation of the club bers for these changes should be listed. program while also providing a structure 4.role of sports club dilector on the for the process. councilvoting-nonvoting, ex- Other poirs to consider covering in The SCC should have formally stated officio the constitution could be listed as by- laws and include more specific items such as procedures to follow for recogni- tion of a club, club registration, rosters of club members, dropping club recogni- tion; facility reservation, use, coordina- tion with other programs using same fa- cilities; financial support of clubs includ- ing budget preparation, approval of budgets and financial reports; participa- tion summaries of club activities; SCC meeting attendance rules, number needed for a quorum, rules for meeting (Roberts Rules of Order); and election of SCC officers including timing of elec- tion, nomination procedures, voting pro- cedures, terms of office. In summary, the SCC can be a most effective administrative mot in the opera- tion of a sports club program. It allows for maximum club member input into the overall coordination of the program, especially on difficult items such as club recognition, eligibility rules, budgeting, and facility reservation/use. These func- tions are difficult for a director to sum- manly decide without advice from the clubs. The SCC organization provides the structure which expedites this club input and which should result in a sports club program which will be relevant to thestudents and will have the flexibility to remain that way. Stated another way, SCC results in a program which is essen- tially "of students, by students, and for students."

113 Intramural Handbook 105 Sports Club FundingThe Dollars and Sense Approach Donald Palmateer

In these days of ever-keener competi- ment regarding the anticipated level ot experience a year in which numerous tion for program dollars, adnunis- person' expense (beyond dues) to be dubs have lot shown a favorable finan- trators are attempting to make each borne ,y each member throughout the cial balance at the end of their sport sea- shrinking dollar stretch further and sport season This is an important con- son These funds are then used to help furtherItis vital therefore, to have a sideration to be weighed wren looking at other clubs which did not receive the valid justification strategy with respect to a club's final request initial level of funding which they felt one's initial budget request as well as Once budgets are submitted, 'hey arc minimally necessaryThis approach is sound policies concerning the allocation adjusted by the program administrator to cheerfully adopted by the clubs since it is procedures for appropriated funds This ensure that the overall request is within realized that in another year they may be article will focus on a general approach to limits as dictated by the inflationary the ones asking for a sistance. Clubs are how funds already received may be dis- index figureThese adjustments gener- encouraged in this respect by not being tributed or appropriated to programs ally are based upon how active the club penalized for showing a favorable bal- sponsored by the administering agency has been, the number of active members, ance at the enJ of a given fiscal year, It is absolutely imperative that clubs be and spending patterns of the preceding provided they can demonstrate that the required to submit a well :Nought -out and year Although clubs are not absolutely surplus is not the result of an unrealisti- properly prepared budget requestAt required to spend strictly act:el-ding to cally high initial budget requestThis Colgate University we have a meeting of budget projections, it is expe.eted that it a whole process seems to allow for maxi- all club presidents and treasurers well in budget is thoughtfully planned, a club's mal input and involvement throughout advance of the budget submission dead- actual expenditures snould mirror the the whole decision-making process line At this meeting. clubs are first given budget fairly closely True, it may be a bit more time consum- a ballpark inflationary factor to use when The Club Counc:l is reconveneu once ing, however, the ber efits far outweigh preparing their budget drafts This is a the final appropriation figures are the slight inconveniences percentage figure which, when multi- known At this meeting clubs are given a A club at Colgate University really plied by the preceding year's actual allo- summary sheet contrasting the previous does not find itself in the budgetary cation, would produce a maximal bottom year's allocation, the club's actual re- mainstream until its second year of offi- line figure. This serves to keep the over- quest, and the new adjusted figure as cially sanctioned operation All first-year all budgetary package within some kind submitted by the program administrator clubs (although still required to submit a of reasonable bounds and makes the re- This is a "give and taketype of meeting tentative operating budget) are limited to view process much less cumbersome In in which clubs are asked whether they an allocation of not more than two effect, this forces the individual clubs to can operate effectively at the suggested hundred dollars (first year clubs are make the sometimes difficult choices levels of funding The whole issue is funded from a new club expansion line in concerning priorities approached as a "familyproblem. to be the overall Sports Club budget) Con- The second item covered at this meet- dealt with by attempting to keep sequently. a first year club is largely ing is budget format A preparation everyone's best interests at heartThe self-supporting This is desirable, in that guidelines sheet is handed out as well as a ultimate goal is to reach the most equita- it allows for a year's timein whichto sample budget which ensures that sub- ble solution with regard to each club's evaluate the real commitment level of mitted budgets are similar in format anticipated needs this new interest groupa year in which Again, this contributes to an abundance Some clubs. even after much group the club can be asked to operate at con- of time saved during the review process interaction, do not receive the level of siderable sacrifice Furthermore, the risk Further, we ask that all anticipated in- funding which they feel is needed to op- to the administering agency in terms of come be figured against anticipated ex- erate even at a minimal levelThis is committed dollars is minimal Upon the penditures prior to coming up with a final handled as a result of a continuation of second year of operation, a club may ask need figure. The primary item here is this cooperative atmosphere into the ac- for increased allocations(Second-year individual membership dues. Addition- tual fiscal spending year We have been clubs are not required to adhere to the ally, each club is asked to make a state- able to educate the club officers so that Inflationary index figure that applies to they are not attempting to spend every the budget preparation ot the other last budget dollar for fear of having next clubs ) Donald Palmateer is director, In- year's budget request reduced As a re- Conversely, at the opposite end of the tramurals and Club Sports, Colgate sult of this "cooperative versus competi- budget spectrum, we have established a University, Hamilton, NY /3346 tive spending approach," we have yet to budget ceiling, setting a maximum figure

106 Intramural Handbook 114 beyond which no club will be funded At tinize and be selective with respect to phases coordinated through the Of ilLe of the present time this figure is $2,500 potential prospectsFor instance. par- Club Sports and the University Devel- This pot; v, in effect prevents the rich ents, former members, or individuals in opment Office Clubs are permitted to from getting richer at the expense of the local community who could benefit solicit directly from immediate family newer clubs, in light of the limited forth- from the activity, etc, couldall be con- members, friends, and non-Colgate coming increases anticipated in overall sidered prime potential prospects Once a people; however, clubs may not contact program funding. With this policy, an sense of the market is attained, a real Colgate alumni without clearance from older established club which is receiving attempt must be made to market the idea the Development Office. Once clearance the maxima: allocation must resort to in- of gift support. Grass-roots support is is approved (usually on a limitedbasis), creased self-supportive practices in much necessary. "Word-o:'-mouth" is proba- additional help may be requested through the same manner as does the first year bly the best method, and the participants the Alumni Office. club. As is the case with the first year are their own beet salespersons The or- It should be remembered that a variety club, the post popular method employed ganization attempting to raise funds can of approaches can be effectiveThat to generate additional funds is through an increase its chances for success by cen- which is effective and successful in one inct'cased dues assessment A few of ow tering the fundraising activity around setting, given a certain set of circum- clubs at the maximal funding level actu- some specific event or goal This per- stances, may not necessarily be effective ally double their overall operating reve- sonalization of the purpose of the club somewhere else. What is required how- nue as a result of dues income. can be tied in with a Parents' Weekend ever, in al, instances, is to first have a If still additional support is needed, activity, wine and cheese party, etc. Fi- well-concei red plan and then a set of outside fundraising may be a solution At nally, no matter how well a club plans an policies designed to successfully imple- Colgate, we assist clubs on an individual initial fundraising campaign, without ment that plan. As in any decision- basis in this respect and a few of our more good record keeping, future efforts will making process, if one can maximize the established clubs have been quite suc- not come close to realizing their full po- opportunity for inputs, not only will the cessful in this regard. In any fundraising tential. final outcome be more universally ac- effort, a sense of the market is absolutely We require a club which may be con- ceptable, but due to a wider support base, necessary. One needs to closely scru- sidering a fundraising effort to have all more workable as well

Regulations for Travel and Competition R. Wayne Edwards

ven though sports clubs operate on partmental and university policies and advisor, who must be a 'acuity or staff Ea more flexible and informal basis regulations which are emphatic in some member from within the tvverc;, The than do their intercollegiate or in- areas and flexible in others. Eleven clubs advisor works with the club 's officers in terscholastic counterparts, certain regu- are currently operational, with several the coordination and supervision of lations governing travel and competition others expected to be approved within the club-related activities, and accompanies are necessary for an effective program near future Those clubs which are more the club on all off-campus trips operation. The sports club program at actively involved in competitive activity Prior to participation, each competi- East Carolina University is a part of the include rugby, lacrosse, karate, team tive club member must pass an annual intramural and recreational sports pro- handball, volleyball, snow skiing, and physical examination which is adminis- gram, located within the Department of racquetballRecreational clubs include tered on ano charge" basis through the Health, Physical Education, Recreation, hiking and outing, bicycling, surfing, university 's infirmary The examination and Safety. Both recreational and com- and fencing. includes a urinalysis, blood studies, and petitive clubs are included within the other items which are parts of the infir- sports club program. Sports clubs are Competition mary's standard examination for inter- administered in accordance with de- Participation within the East Carolina collegiate athletic teams. While accident sports club program is limited to stu- insurance is not provided by the uni- R. Wayne Edwards is director of in- dents, faculty, and staff of the university. versity, each student is required to fur- tramural and recreational sports, East Active involvement by alumni and mem- nish proof of a personal insurance policy Carolina University, Greenville, NC bers of the local community is not per- prior to his/her active participation in 27834. mitted Each club is required to have an club practices or games A trainer is pro-

115 Intramural Handbook 107 vided for practices and game competition and advisor and the director of sports pants are East Carolina students, faculty, in the "high -risk" (rugby, lacrosse, and clubs or staff members and are authorized by team handball ) club activitiesEach the director of sports clubs to participate. Travel competitive club member is required to 4coordinating travel arrangements sign an assumption of risk form prior to In most s.tuations, travel by any club is 5ensuring that club members' con- participation limited to a round trip distance of 200 duct during travel and during participa- Scheduling is the responsibility of miles on weekdays and 600 miles on tion in the competition is in accordance each sports club, and is generally ar- weekends. Extended trips are permitted with the rules and regulations of East ranged by the club's officers. Schedules during vacation periods (The rugby club Carolina University and the Office of :II- are usually made three to four months in participated in a tournament in Freeport, trainural and Recreational Sports, and advance, but occasionally are sup- Grand Bahamas, during the 1978 spring with the laws of the St .rte of North plemented or altered on short-term bases vacation.) Exceptions are occasionally Carolina Due to travel and academic complica- made to this policy when special circum- A great deal of responsibility rests tions, competition is normally required stances, such as national-level compel- with the club's advisor and officers in- to be scheduled for weekends (Friday At East Carolina, it is usually impossi- sofar as travel and competition is con- Sunday), although weekday competition ble to attain university vehicles for sports cernedIndividual club members must is approved when extenuating circum- club travel Buses owned by the Student also assume personal iponsibilities in stances render it necessaryClubs are Government Association are sometimes numerous areasUnlike intercollegiate encouraged to schedule games with other leased by the rugby and lacrosse clubs, or interscholastic athletic teams, whose clubs of similar composition and experi- but most travelis done v:it privately- paid coaches or athletic directors assume ence Occasionally, however, competi- owned vehicles. Vehicle owners are most administrative responsibilities, tion is scheduled with clubs which are not reimbursed for their automobile ex- each sports club is basically autonomous college or university affiliated The ka- penses on a "per ge" hasis. When the It must operate within general guide- rate, volleyball, team handball, snow club 's budget permits, funds may be lines, but there is flexibility within most skiing. and racquetball clubs participate utilized for lodging expenses, but reim- of these guidelines. almost exclusively in tournament compe- bursement for meals is not provided Regulations for travel and competition tition, while schedules for the lacrosse The advisor for each sports club ac- within the East Carolina sports club pro- and rugby clubs reflect both dual and companies his/her organization on each gram are designed for the safety and tournament play trip and is responsible for the following. well -1 eing of club members They are Facility scheduling for practices and I representing the University during intended to promote, rather than restrict, games is arranged throth the director of the period of time the club is away from the development of the total sports club sports clubs but preparation of these fa- the East Carolina campus program and to enhance participation cilities is the individual club's responsi- 2 determining that each driver of a opportunities for the East Carolina stu- bility. Each club is also responsible for private vehicle being used to convey club dent body. procurement of officials, coaching, pub- members has a current driver's license licity, and management of internal af- and has third party liability insurance fairs. The budgetary process is a coordi- coverage in effect on his/her vehicle nated effort between the club's officers 3. determining that all club partici-

108 Intramural Handbook 116