DOCSLIB.ORG

Mediterranean Anarchy, Interstate War, and the Rise of Rome the Joan Palevsky Imprint in Classical Literature

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Mediterranean Anarchy, Interstate War, and the Rise of Rome the Joan Palevsky Imprint in Classical Literature Mediterranean Anarchy, Interstate War, and the Rise of Rome The Joan Palevsky Imprint in Classical Literature In honor of beloved Virgil— “O degli altri poeti onore e lume . .” —Dante, Inferno Mediterranean Anarchy, Interstate War, and the Rise of Rome Arthur M. Eckstein UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS Berkeley . Los Angeles . London University of California Press, one of the most distinguished university presses in the United States, enriches lives around the world by advancing scholarship in the humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences. Its activities are supported by the UC Press Foundation and by philanthropic contributions from individuals and institutions. For more information, visit www.ucpress.edu. University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles, California University of California Press, Ltd. London, England © 2006 by The Regents of the University of California Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Eckstein, Arthur M. Mediterranean anarchy, interstate war, and the rise of Rome / Arthur M. Eckstein. p. cm.—(Hellenistic culture and society ; 48) Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn-13, 978-0-520-24618-8 (cloth : alk. paper) isbn-10 0-520-24618-7 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Rome—History-Republic, 510–30 b.c. 2. Rome—Foreign relations—510–30 b.c. 3. Anarchism. 4. War. 5. International relations. I. Title. dg237.e27 2006 937'.02—dc22 2006031443 Manufactured in the United States of America 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 10987654321 This book is printed on Natures Book, which contains 50% post-consumer waste and meets the minimum requirements of ansi/niso z39.48-1992 (r 1997) (Permanence of Paper). For Erich Moribus antiquis res stat Romana virisque Ennius Contents Acknowledgments ix Abbreviations xi Maps xviii 1. Political Science and Roman History 1 2. Realist Paradigms of Interstate Behavior 12 3. The Anarchic Structure of Interstate Relations in Classical Greece 37 4. The Anarchic Structure of Interstate Relations in the Hellenistic Age 79 5. Terrores Multi: The Rivals of Rome for Power in Italy and the Western Mediterranean 118 6. Rome and Roman Militarism within the Anarchic Interstate System 181 7. Roman Exceptionalism and Nonexceptionalism 244 Appendix to Chapter 6: Roman Commanding Generals Killed in Battle with Foreign Enemies, 340s–140s b.c. 317 Bibliography 319 Index 343 Acknowledgments A major scholarly work is often long in gestation, and many friends at various stages help it along the path toward publication. This book is no exception. Portions of the original manuscript were read and carefully commented upon by Hans Beck, Craige Champion, and Boris Dreyer, as well as by the anonymous referees at the University of California Press. These scholars of antiquity both encouraged the project and saved me from errors. And special thanks are owed to John Rich of the University of Nottingham. It is striking how the Internet has created the fruitful in- teractions of an international republic of scholars. My gratitude to these historians does not mean, of course, that they necessarily agree with what is said in this book. From across the disciplinary boundaries, meanwhile, the project received the encouragement of the political scientists Robert Jervis, Richard Ned Lebow, Kenneth Waltz, and William C. Wohlforth. It is significant that few historians of antiquity will be familiar with these names. At the University of California Press, the project was overseen by Laura Cerruti and Cindy Fulton. As usual, Jeannie Rutenburg provided continuous scholarly commentary, as well as support and love, through- out the researching and writing. This book is dedicated, in gratitude, to Erich S. Gruen: a profound and rigorous scholar, the best undergraduate lecturer I ever saw, the best graduate seminar instructor I ever experienced, and in general a model of generosity, courage, and humane interactions. If human beings were all like Erich, the world would be a better place than it is, and heavily militarized anarchy would be a subject merely for antiquarians. ix Abbreviations Since this book is aimed simultaneously at two separate scholarly com- munities, both at modern historians of the ancient world and at political scientists, it is necessary here to introduce both communities to the ab- breviations by which the most important scholarly journals in each field are known. In addition, most political scientists are unfamiliar with all but the most famous ancient writers, so I have included explanations for the abbreviations by which these writers are known among scholars of the ancient world (along with brief descriptions of who these writers were). journals ABSA Annual of the British School at Athens AC Acta Classica AJA American Journal of Archaeology AJAH American Journal of Ancient History AJPh American Journal of Philology AK Archiv für Kulturgeschichte Anc. Soc. Ancient Society ANRW Aufsteig und Niedergang der römischen Welt xi xii Abbreviations APSR American Political Science Review AW Ancient World CA Classical Antiquity CB Classical Bulletin CHJ Cambridge Historical Journal Chron. Eg. Chronique d’Egypte CJ Classical Journal Class. et Med. Classical et Medievalia CPh Classical Philology CQ Classical Quarterly CR Classical Review CSCA California Studies in Classical Antiquity DHA Dialogues d’Histoire Ancienne Ep. Anat. Epigraphica Anatolica G&R Greece and Rome GRBS Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies HThR Harvard Theological Review HZ Historisches Zeitschrift Int. Hist. Rev. International History Review Int. Org. International Organization Int. Sec. International Security Int. Studies Quart. International Studies Quarterly JEA Journal of Egyptian Archaeology JJS Journal of Jewish Studies Journ. Conflict Res. Journal of Conflict Resolution Journ. Interdisc. Hist. Journal of Interdisciplinary History Journ. Peace Research Journal of Peace Research JRS Journal of Roman Studies Abbreviations xiii JWSR Journal of World-Systems Research LCM Liverpool Classical Monthly Med. Ant. Mediterranean Antiquity MEFR Melanges d’École Français de Rome Quad. Urb. Quaderni Urbinati di Cultura Classica PCPhS Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society Poli. Sci. Quart. Political Science Quarterly REG Revue des Études Grecques RFIC Rivista de Filologia e di Istruzione Classica Rev. Int. Studies Review of International Studies SCI Scripta Classical Israelica SCO Studi Classici e Orientali Sec. Studies Security Studies TAPA Transactions of the American Philological Association YCS Yale Classical Studies ZPE Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik ancient sources Ael. VH Aelian (essayist, ca. 200 a.d.), Varia Historia Aen. Tact. Aeneas Tacticus (Greek military writer, ca. 350 b.c.) Anth. Pal. Anthologia Palatina (collection of Greek poetry) App. Pun. Appian (historian, ca. 130 a.d.), Punic Wars App. Sam. Appian, Samnite Wars App. Syr. Appian, Syrian Wars Ar. Aristophanes (Athenian comic playwright, ca. 420 b.c.) xiv Abbreviations Arist. Pol. Aristotle, Politics (ca. 340 b.c.) Arist. Rhet. Aristotle, Rhetoric (ca. 340 b.c.) [Arist.] Ath. Pol. Pseudo-Aristotle, Constitution of the Athe- nians (ca. 340 b.c.) Ath. Athenaeus (essayist, ca. 200 b.c.), Deipno- sophistae (The Learned Banquet) Cae. BAfr C. Julius Caesar (Roman general, statesman, writer, ca. 50 b.c.), The African War Cae. BC Caesar, The Civil War Cae. BG Caesar, The Gallic War Cic. Brut. M. Tullius Cicero (Roman orator and states- man, ca. 55 b.c.), Brutus (a history of Roman oratory) Cic. Caec. Cicero, Pro Caecina Cic. De Inv. Cicero, De Inventione Rhetorica Cic. De Rep. Cicero, De Re Publica (written ca. 45 b.c.) Cic. De Sen. Cicero, De Senectute (On Old Age: written ca. 45 b.c.) Cic. Phil. Cicero, Philippic Speeches (denouncing Marc Antony, 44–43 b.c.) Cic. Planc. Cicero, Pro Plancio Cic. Sest. Cicero Pro Sestio Demosth. Demosthenes (Athenian orator and states- man, ca. 340 b.c.) Demosth. Chers. Demonsthenes, On the Chersonese Demosth. Phil. Demosthenes, Speeches against Philip Dio L. Cassius Dio (statesman and historian, ca. 220 a.d.), History of Rome Diod. Diodorus of Sicily (historian, ca. 30 b.c.) Dion. Hal. Dionysius of Halicarnassus (historian and lit- erary critic, ca. 30 b.c.) Enn. Ann. Ennius (Roman poet, ca. 200 b.c.), Annales Abbreviations xv FGrHist F. Jacoby, Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker frg. fragment (a partially preserved ancient text) Front. Strat. Sex. Julius Frontinus (Roman general and military writer, ca. 75 a.d.), Strategems Hdt. Herodotus (Greek historian, ca. 430 b.c.) Hieron. in Dan. Saint Jerome (Christian writer, ca. 400 a.d.), Commentary on Daniel Hirt. BG A. Hirtius (Roman general and writer, 44 b.c.), The Commentaries of Caesar on the Gallic War, Book 8 (completed by Hirtius) Isocr. Pan. Isocrates (Athenian essayist and orator, fourth century b.c.), Panegyricus (ca. 380 b.c.) Livy T. Livius (Roman historian, ca. 15 b.c.) Lys. Lysias (Athenian orator, ca. 390 b.c.) Nep. Paus. Cornelius Nepos (Roman biographical writer, ca. 50 b.c.), Life of Pausanias OGIS Orientis Graeci Inscriptiones Selectae Paus. Pausanias (historical/geographical writer, ca. 150 a.d.) Plaut. Amphitr. Plautus (Roman comic playwright, ca. 200 b.c.), Amphityron Plaut. Stich. Plautus, Stichus (performed at Rome in au- tumn 200 b.c.) Plin. NH Pliny the Elder (Roman statesman and sci- entist, ca. 70 a.d.), Natural History Plut.. Arat. Plutarch (Greek biographer and essayist, ca. 110 a.d.), Life of Aratus of Sicyon Plut. Arist. Plutarch, Life of Aristides the Just Plut. Artax. Plutarch, Life of Shah Artaxerxes III Plut. Cleom. Plutarch, Life of Cleomenes Plut. Dem. Plutarch, Life of Demetrius the Besieger xvi Abbreviations Plut. Eum. Plutarch, Life of Eumenes Plut. Flam. Plutarch, Life of T. Quinctius Flamininus Plut. Mor. Plutarch, Moral Essays Plut. Pyrrh. Plutarch, Life of King Pyrrhus of Epirus Pollux, Onom. Julius Pollux (Greek essayist, second century a.d.), Onomasticon Polyaen. Polyaenus (Greek military writer, ca. 160 a.d.), Strategems Pomp. Trog. Prol. Pompeius Trogus (Roman writer, ca. 40 b.c.), Prologue to His World or Philippic History (a work now extant only in the epitome of Justin, a Roman writer of unknown date) Ps.-Xen. Pseudo-Xenophon, “The Old Oligarch” (Athenian oligarchical pamphleteer, ca.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • RICE, CARL ROSS. Diocletian's “Great
    ABSTRACT RICE, CARL ROSS. Diocletian’s “Great Persecutions”: Minority Religions and the Roman Tetrarchy. (Under the direction of Prof. S. Thomas Parker) In the year 303, the Roman Emperor Diocletian and the other members of the Tetrarchy launched a series of persecutions against Christians that is remembered as the most severe, widespread, and systematic persecution in the Church’s history. Around that time, the Tetrarchy also issued a rescript to the Pronconsul of Africa ordering similar persecutory actions against a religious group known as the Manichaeans. At first glance, the Tetrarchy’s actions appear to be the result of tensions between traditional classical paganism and religious groups that were not part of that system. However, when the status of Jewish populations in the Empire is examined, it becomes apparent that the Tetrarchy only persecuted Christians and Manichaeans. This thesis explores the relationship between the Tetrarchy and each of these three minority groups as it attempts to understand the Tetrarchy’s policies towards minority religions. In doing so, this thesis will discuss the relationship between the Roman state and minority religious groups in the era just before the Empire’s formal conversion to Christianity. It is only around certain moments in the various religions’ relationships with the state that the Tetrarchs order violence. Consequently, I argue that violence towards minority religions was a means by which the Roman state policed boundaries around its conceptions of Roman identity. © Copyright 2016 Carl Ross Rice All Rights Reserved Diocletian’s “Great Persecutions”: Minority Religions and the Roman Tetrarchy by Carl Ross Rice A thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of North Carolina State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts History Raleigh, North Carolina 2016 APPROVED BY: ______________________________ _______________________________ S.
    [Show full text]
  • VU Research Portal
    VU Research Portal The impact of empire on market prices in Babylon Pirngruber, R. 2012 document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication in VU Research Portal citation for published version (APA) Pirngruber, R. (2012). The impact of empire on market prices in Babylon: in the Late Achaemenid and Seleucid periods, ca. 400 - 140 B.C. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. E-mail address: [email protected] Download date: 25. Sep. 2021 THE IMPACT OF EMPIRE ON MARKET PRICES IN BABYLON in the Late Achaemenid and Seleucid periods, ca. 400 – 140 B.C. R. Pirngruber VRIJE UNIVERSITEIT THE IMPACT OF EMPIRE ON MARKET PRICES IN BABYLON in the Late Achaemenid and Seleucid periods, ca. 400 – 140 B.C. ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad Doctor aan de Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, op gezag van de rector magnificus prof.dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-10444-0 — Rome and the Third Macedonian War Paul J
    Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-10444-0 — Rome and the Third Macedonian War Paul J. Burton Index More Information Index Abdera, Greek city on the h racian coast, 15n. second year 41 , 60 , 174 political disruption sparked by Roman h ird Macedonian War embassy, 143 second year troubles with Sparta, 13 , 82n. 23 brutalized by Hortensius, 140 Acilius Glabrio, M’. (cos. 191), 44 , 59n. 12 embassy to Rome, 140 Aetolian War s.c. de Abderitis issued, 140 , see also second year Appendix C passim given (unsolicited) strategic advice by Abrupolis, king of the h racian Sapaei, 15n. 41 Flamininus, 42 attacks Macedonia (179), 58 , 81 Syrian and Aetolian Wars Acarnania, Acarnanians, 14 second year deprived of the city of Leucas (167), 177 Battle of h ermopylae, 36 – 37 First Macedonian War recovers some cities in h essaly, 36 Roman operations in (211), 25 Aelius Ligus, P. (cos. 172), 112 politicians exiled to Italy (167), 177 Aemilius Lepidus, M. (ambassador) h ird Macedonian War embassy to Philip V at Abydus (200), 28 , second year 28n. 53 political disruption sparked by Roman Aenus and Maronea, Greek cities on the embassy, 143 h racian coast, 40 , 60 , 140 , 174 two executed by the Athenians (201), 28n. 53 declared free by the senate, 46 – 47 Achaean League, Achaeans, 12 – 13 dispute between Philip V and Rome over, Achaean War (146), 194 44 – 45 , 55 , 86 , 92 , 180 Archon- Callicrates debate (175), 61 , 61n. 29 , embassy to Rome from Maronean exiles (186/ 62n. 30 , 94 – 96 5), 45 congratulated by Rome for resisting Perseus Maronean exiles address senatorial (173), 66 , 117 commission (185), 46 conquest of the Peloponnese, 13 , 82n.
    [Show full text]
  • Archaeology and History of Lydia from the Early Lydian Period to Late Antiquity (8Th Century B.C.-6Th Century A.D.)
    Dokuz Eylül University – DEU The Research Center for the Archaeology of Western Anatolia – EKVAM Colloquia Anatolica et Aegaea Congressus internationales Smyrnenses IX Archaeology and history of Lydia from the early Lydian period to late antiquity (8th century B.C.-6th century A.D.). An international symposium May 17-18, 2017 / Izmir, Turkey ABSTRACTS Edited by Ergün Laflı Gülseren Kan Şahin Last Update: 21/04/2017. Izmir, May 2017 Websites: https://independent.academia.edu/TheLydiaSymposium https://www.researchgate.net/profile/The_Lydia_Symposium 1 This symposium has been dedicated to Roberto Gusmani (1935-2009) and Peter Herrmann (1927-2002) due to their pioneering works on the archaeology and history of ancient Lydia. Fig. 1: Map of Lydia and neighbouring areas in western Asia Minor (S. Patacı, 2017). 2 Table of contents Ergün Laflı, An introduction to Lydian studies: Editorial remarks to the abstract booklet of the Lydia Symposium....................................................................................................................................................8-9. Nihal Akıllı, Protohistorical excavations at Hastane Höyük in Akhisar………………………………10. Sedat Akkurnaz, New examples of Archaic architectural terracottas from Lydia………………………..11. Gülseren Alkış Yazıcı, Some remarks on the ancient religions of Lydia……………………………….12. Elif Alten, Revolt of Achaeus against Antiochus III the Great and the siege of Sardis, based on classical textual, epigraphic and numismatic evidence………………………………………………………………....13. Gaetano Arena, Heleis: A chief doctor in Roman Lydia…….……………………………………....14. Ilias N. Arnaoutoglou, Κοινὸν, συμβίωσις: Associations in Hellenistic and Roman Lydia……….……..15. Eirini Artemi, The role of Ephesus in the late antiquity from the period of Diocletian to A.D. 449, the “Robber Synod”.……………………………………………………………………….………...16. Natalia S. Astashova, Anatolian pottery from Panticapaeum…………………………………….17-18. Ayşegül Aykurt, Minoan presence in western Anatolia……………………………………………...19.
    [Show full text]
  • The Mysterious World of Celtic Coins
    The Mysterious World of Celtic Coins Coins were developed about 650 BC on the western coast of modern Turkey. From there, they quickly spread to the east and the west, and toward the end of the 5th century BC coins reached the Celtic tribes living in central Europe. Initially these tribes did not have much use for the new medium of exchange. They lived self-sufficient and produced everything needed for living themselves. The few things not producible on their homesteads were bartered with itinerant traders. The employ of money, especially of small change, is related to urban culture, where most of the inhabitants earn their living through trade or services. Only people not cultivating their own crop, grapes or flax, but buying bread at the bakery, wine at the tavern and garments at the dressmaker do need money. Because by means of money, work can directly be converted into goods or services. The Celts in central Europe presumably began using money in the course of the 4th century BC, and sometime during the 3rd century BC they started to mint their own coins. In the beginning the Celtic coins were mere imitations of Greek, later also of Roman coins. Soon, however, the Celts started to redesign the original motifs. The initial images were stylized and ornamentalized to such an extent, that the original coins are often hardly recognizable. 1 von 16 www.sunflower.ch Kingdom of Macedon, Alexander III the Great (336-323 BC) in the Name of Philip II, Stater, c. 324 BC, Colophon Denomination: Stater Mint Authority: King Alexander III of Macedon Mint: Colophon Year of Issue: -324 Weight (g): 8.6 Diameter (mm): 19.0 Material: Gold Owner: Sunflower Foundation Through decades of warfare, King Philip II had turned Macedon into the leading power of the Greek world.
    [Show full text]
  • The Greek World
    THE GREEK WORLD THE GREEK WORLD Edited by Anton Powell London and New York First published 1995 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2003. Disclaimer: For copyright reasons, some images in the original version of this book are not available for inclusion in the eBook. Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 First published in paperback 1997 Selection and editorial matter © 1995 Anton Powell, individual chapters © 1995 the contributors All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Greek World I. Powell, Anton 938 Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data The Greek world/edited by Anton Powell. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Greece—Civilization—To 146 B.C. 2. Mediterranean Region— Civilization. 3. Greece—Social conditions—To 146 B.C. I. Powell, Anton. DF78.G74 1995 938–dc20 94–41576 ISBN 0-203-04216-6 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-16276-5 (Adobe eReader Format) ISBN 0-415-06031-1 (hbk) ISBN 0-415-17042-7 (pbk) CONTENTS List of Illustrations vii Notes on Contributors viii List of Abbreviations xii Introduction 1 Anton Powell PART I: THE GREEK MAJORITY 1 Linear
    [Show full text]
  • Reconstructive
    RECONSTRUCTIVE Angiosomes of the Foot and Ankle and Clinical Implications for Limb Salvage: Reconstruction, Incisions, and Revascularization Christopher E. Attinger, Background: Ian Taylor introduced the angiosome concept, separating the M.D. body into distinct three-dimensional blocks of tissue fed by source arteries. Karen Kim Evans, M.D. Understanding the angiosomes of the foot and ankle and the interaction among Erwin Bulan, M.D. their source arteries is clinically useful in surgery of the foot and ankle, especially Peter Blume, D.P.M. in the presence of peripheral vascular disease. Paul Cooper, M.D. Methods: In 50 cadaver dissections of the lower extremity, arteries were injected Washington, D.C.; New Haven, with methyl methacrylate in different colors and dissected. Preoperatively, each Conn.; and Millburn, N.J. reconstructive patient’s vascular anatomy was routinely analyzed using a Dopp- ler instrument and the results were evaluated. Results: There are six angiosomes of the foot and ankle originating from the three main arteries and their branches to the foot and ankle. The three branches of the posterior tibial artery each supply distinct portions of the plantar foot. The two branches of the peroneal artery supply the anterolateral portion of the ankle and rear foot. The anterior tibial artery supplies the anterior ankle, and its continuation, the dorsalis pedis artery, supplies the dorsum of the foot. Blood flow to the foot and ankle is redundant, because the three major arteries feeding the foot have multiple arterial-arterial connections. By selectively performing a Doppler examination of these connections, it is possible to quickly map the existing vascular tree and the direction of flow.
    [Show full text]
  • Antiochus IV Rome
    Chapter 22 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 11 & 12 Babylon Medo- 445BC 4 Persian Kings Persia Alex the Great Greece N&S Kings Antiochus IV Rome Gap of Time Time of the Gentiles 1wk 3 ½ years Opposing king. Greek Empire Chapter 8 Alexander The Great King of the South King of the North 1. Ptolemy I Soter 1. Seleucus I Nicator 2. Antiochus I Soter 2. Ptolemy II Philadelphus 3. Antiochus II Theos 3. Ptolemy III Euergetes 4. Seleucus II Callinicus 5. Seleucus III Ceraunus 4. Ptolemy IV Philopator 6. Antiochus III Great 5. Ptolemy V Epiphanes 7. Seleucus IV Philopator 6. Ptolemy VI Philometor 8. Antiochus IV Epiphanes Daniel 9:27 The 70th Week 1 Week = 7 years 3 ½ years 3 ½ years Apostasy Make a covenant Stop to Temple sacrifice with the many Stop to grain offering Abomination of Desolation Crush the elect (Jews) Jacob’s Distress Jacob’s Trouble Tribulation Daniel 11:35 Some of those who have insight will fall, in order to refine, purge and make them pure until the end time; because it is still to come at the appointed time 1 John 3:2-3 2 Beloved, now we are children of God, and it has not appeared as yet what we will be. We know that when He appears, we will be like Him, because we will see Him just as He is. 3 And everyone who has his hope fixed on Him purifies himself, just as He is pure. Zechariah 13:7-9 8 “It will come about in all the land,” Declares the LORD, “That two parts in it will be cut off and perish; But the third will be left in it.
    [Show full text]
  • The Beyond Heroes Roleplaying Game Book I: the Player's Guide
    1 2 The Beyond Heroes Roleplaying Game Book XXXII The Book of Earth’s Chronology Writing and Design: Marco Ferraro The Book of the History of the World Copyright © 2020 Marco Ferraro All Rights Reserved This is meant as an amateur free fan production. Absolutely no money is generated from it. Wizards of the Coast, Dungeons & Dragons, and their logos are trademarks of Wizards of the Coast LLC in the United States and other countries. © 2018 Wizards. All Rights Reserved. Beyond Heroes is not affiliated with, endorsed, sponsored, or specifically approved by Wizards of the Coast LLC. Contents Foreword 3 Creation Era 20,000,000,000 BC - 100,000 BC 3 Atlantean Era 100,000 BC - 70,000 BC 7 Dark Ages Era 70,000 BC - 20,500 BC 9 Roman Era 12,042 BC - 160 AD 12 Middle Ages Era 161 AD - 1580 AD 22 Discovery Era 1581 AD - 1900 AD 35 Heroic Era 1901 AD - 2100 AD 43 Enlightenment Era 2101 AD - 2499 AD 87 Far Future Era 2500 AD – 999,999 AD 107 Final Era 1,000,000 AD+ 112 3 Foreword The Creation Era The Beyond Heroes Role Playing Game 20,000,000,000 BC - The Big Bang is based on a heavily revised derivative creates the currently existing universe. version of the rules system from From the massive explosion mass and Advanced Dungeons and Dragons 2nd energy condense to form the universe. edition. It also makes extensive use of This is repeated an infinite amount of the optional point buying system as times over the multiverse.
    [Show full text]
  • The Political and Military Aspects of Accession of Constantine the Great
    Graeco-Latina Brunensia 24 / 2019 / 2 https://doi.org/10.5817/GLB2019-2-2 The Political and Military Aspects of Accession of Constantine the Great Stanislav Doležal (University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice) Abstract The article argues that Constantine the Great, until he was recognized by Galerius, the senior ČLÁNKY / ARTICLES Emperor of the Tetrarchy, was an usurper with no right to the imperial power, nothwithstand- ing his claim that his father, the Emperor Constantius I, conferred upon him the imperial title before he died. Tetrarchic principles, envisaged by Diocletian, were specifically put in place to supersede and override blood kinship. Constantine’s accession to power started as a military coup in which a military unit composed of barbarian soldiers seems to have played an impor- tant role. Keywords Constantine the Great; Roman emperor; usurpation; tetrarchy 19 Stanislav Doležal The Political and Military Aspects of Accession of Constantine the Great On 25 July 306 at York, the Roman Emperor Constantius I died peacefully in his bed. On the same day, a new Emperor was made – his eldest son Constantine who had been present at his father’s deathbed. What exactly happened on that day? Britain, a remote province (actually several provinces)1 on the edge of the Roman Empire, had a tendency to defect from the central government. It produced several usurpers in the past.2 Was Constantine one of them? What gave him the right to be an Emperor in the first place? It can be argued that the political system that was still valid in 306, today known as the Tetrarchy, made any such seizure of power illegal.
    [Show full text]
  • Public Finance and Democratic Ideology in Fourth-Century BC Athens by Christopher Scott Welser BA, Sw
    Dēmos and Dioikēsis: Public Finance and Democratic Ideology in Fourth-Century B.C. Athens By Christopher Scott Welser B.A., Swarthmore College, 1994 M.A., University of Maryland, 1999 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Classics at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island. May, 2011 © Copyright 2011 by Christopher Scott Welser This dissertation by Christopher Scott Welser is accepted in its present form by the Department of Classics as satisfying the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Date________________ _______________________________________ Adele C. Scafuro, Advisor Recommended to the Graduate Council Date________________ _______________________________________ Alan L. Boegehold, Reader Date________________ _______________________________________ David Konstan, Reader Approved by the Graduate Council Date________________ _______________________________________ Peter M. Weber, Dean of the Graduate School iii CURRICULUM VITAE Christopher Scott Welser was born in Romeo, Michigan in 1971. He attended Roeper City and Country School in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, and in 1994 he graduated from Swarthmore College, earning an Honors B.A. in Economics (his major) and Biology (his minor). After working for several years at public policy research firms in Pennsylvania and New Jersey, he decided to pursue the study of Classics, an interest of his since childhood. Upon earning an M.A. with Distinction in Latin and Greek from the University of Maryland at College Park in 1999, he enrolled in the Ph.D. program in Classics at Brown University. While working on his Ph.D., he spent two years as Seymour Fellow (2002-2003) and Capps Fellow (2004-2005) at the American School of Classical Studies at Athens and participated in the summer program of the American Academy in Rome (2000).
    [Show full text]
  • Politics and Policy: Rome and Liguria, 200-172 B.C
    Politics and policy: Rome and Liguria, 200-172 B.C. Eric Brousseau, Department of History McGill University, Montreal June, 2010 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Arts. ©Eric Brousseau 2010 i Abstract Stephen Dyson’s The Creation of the Roman Frontier employs various anthropological models to explain the development of Rome’s republican frontiers. His treatment of the Ligurian frontier in the second century BC posits a Ligurian ‘policy’ crafted largely by the Senate and Roman ‘frontier tacticians’ (i.e. consuls). Dyson consciously avoids incorporating the pressures of domestic politics and the dynamics of aristocratic competition. But his insistence that these factors obscure policy continuities is incorrect. Politics determined policy. This thesis deals with the Ligurian frontier from 200 to 172 BC, years in which Roman involvement in the region was most intense. It shows that individual magistrates controlled policy to a much greater extent than Dyson and other scholars have allowed. The interplay between the competing forces of aristocratic competition and Senatorial consensus best explains the continuities and shifts in regional policy. Abstrait The Creation of the Roman Frontier, l’œuvre de Stephen Dyson, utilise plusieurs modèles anthropologiques pour illuminer le développement de la frontière républicaine. Son traitement de la frontière Ligurienne durant la deuxième siècle avant J.-C. postule une ‘politique’ envers les Liguriennes déterminer par le Sénat et les ‘tacticiens de la frontière romain’ (les consuls). Dyson fais exprès de ne pas tenir compte des forces de la politique domestique et la compétition aristocratique. Mais son insistance que ces forces cachent les continuités de la politique Ligurienne est incorrecte.
    [Show full text]